What is not grown in garden and summer cottages, in vegetable gardens, inveterate gardeners. An unexpected option is tobacco for smoking. Why not? A good way for a smoker gardener to stock up on his own.

How to grow tobacco for smoking in the garden

Features of the growing process

The main feature of tobacco is a wide variety of varieties. They differ greatly in planting, care and harvesting methods. For example, makhorka is the most unpretentious option. If you grow ordinary tobacco in the garden, you will have to make a little more effort. He loves warmth more, less water.

IMPORTANT! To grow tobacco in the garden, it is better to know in advance which variety is suitable for a particular area.

In general, tobacco is planted, processed and fed like many other plants. For example, the process of transplanting seedlings into the ground smoking tobacco very similar to planting tomatoes. It follows that everyone can grow tobacco in the garden.

Seedlings of tobacco in separate pots

Seed planting

In order to get seedlings of tobacco, seeds should be sown. Tobacco is quite capricious and thermophilic, therefore it requires proper care and knowledge of the process. At the first stage of interaction with him, it is recommended to plant not a large number of units of a plant to understand the principle of its cultivation.

Tobacco seeds have some characteristics:

• the size. They are so small that they look more like dust. Hence the peculiarities of planting the seed of tobacco for smoking: it is enough to simply "scatter" them over the surface of the earth and only slightly press them;
• germination. Tobacco seeds retain their germination property for a long time. This means that old enough seeds can also be sown;
• number. A quarter of a gram of tobacco seeds is enough to obtain a result in the volume of the annual "smoker's stock". Such a small amount of material gives a decent yield.

Tobacco seeds - photo

Due to these features, a specific fit is required. Tobacco seeds are not planted deeply. The maximum depth of their planting is up to 1 cm. To do this, it is enough to simply scatter them onto the surface of the ground and just press a little into it. After that, gently pour a thin stream of water. If the pressure is too strong, the seeds will easily wash out and spread over the surface, going beyond the allotted limits.

ATTENTION! Tobacco seeds can also be planted slightly germinated, this will speed up the process of seedling germination. To germinate seeds, you need to soak them in water 4-5 days before planting.

Temperature is an important factor influencing the seed germination rate. It should be in the range of 25-28 degrees, otherwise the seeds may not sprout at all.

Video - technology of planting tobacco seeds

Planting seedlings in open ground

How to understand that the tobacco seedlings are ready to be moved into the open ground of the garden? There are a number of signs for this:

• seedlings have a height of about 15 cm;
• leaves have formed on it, on each unit there are about 5 plants;
• the root system has developed enough;
• frosts have passed and the likelihood of their occurrence is minimal. This factor is extremely important, since any sudden drops in temperature can destroy the entire crop.

ATTENTION! Before transplanting into open ground, tobacco plants must be hardened. Otherwise, they will not be able to adapt to the changed conditions.

The essence of hardening is to reduce the frequency of watering and periodically carry seedlings to the open air. This will help strengthen the plants and make them slightly more resistant to impact. environment.

The very process of planting in the ground does not differ much from the standard one. Each bush is planted in separate holes, after pouring plenty of water into it. In addition, it is worth planting tobacco with a small amount of soil so that the root system is not severely damaged. This will help the plants cope with the stress of the transplant more easily and get sick faster.

Planting tobacco seeds in open ground

Care and feeding

Tobacco care involves doing the following on a regular basis:

• weeding is necessary as soon as they appear;
• loosening the soil around the plant. It helps oxygen to saturate the soil and nourish root system tobacco;
• top dressing. It is similar to that made for tomatoes;
• watering. Tobacco does not like abundant watering, it is better to water rarely, but abundantly. In total during the summer (not very hot) 3-4 times are enough.

When to harvest and how to dry it?

Growing tobacco is not as critical a process as harvesting and drying it. The result directly depends on the correctness of these actions. Improper drying or fermentation can negate all efforts to grow tobacco for smoking.

Tobacco drying is a critical step in the tobacco growing process

You should remove tobacco that has changed the color of the leaves. If at first, at the stage of maturation and growth, they are green, then ready for harvesting are closer to yellow. If there are leaves of different colors on one bush, then they should be collected as soon as they are ready. Hence, the harvesting process is sometimes delayed for a long time.

Tobacco drying takes place in several stages:

1. Hanging leaves. After harvesting, the leaves are hung in a room that must be ventilated and sufficiently humid. This is necessary so as not to dry out the leaves.

   Hanging tobacco leaves

2. Drying directly. It will take about a month for the tobacco to dry to the desired limit. During this period of time, it remains only to wait and monitor the maintenance of conditions in the room.
3. Preparation for fermentation. Sufficiently dried leaves are evenly moistened by spraying water on them. They should soften a little. After that, they are stacked on top of each other and covered with foil.
4. Fermentation. Prepared leaves are placed in jars or other containers. This is necessary to regulate the strength of the tobacco and change its taste.

   Tobacco drying process in the attic

Pests and diseases

To protect the crop from pests, it is worth knowing which ones threaten the tobacco.

Peach aphid	Pest that infects plant leaves	Threatens complete destruction of the crop or a significant decrease in the amount
Mosaic	It appears in accordance with the name. Some leaves remain green, some turn yellow	Lack of treatment threatens the destruction of plants
Blackleg	The plant lays down, the stem becomes thinner, withers	Destruction of the plant
Black rot	Plant wilting, drying out	Crop failure
Powdery mildew	White-yellow bloom in the form of a cobweb on the leaves, gradually full coverage of the plant	Reduces the yield, negatively affects the quality of tobacco

Diseases can cover the entire plant and move to neighboring ones. Treatment is carried out in the same ways as for other plants. Suitable for processing copper sulfate and other means depending on the degree of damage to plants.

Video - step-by-step instructions for growing tobacco in the garden

Thus, it is possible to grow tobacco for smoking in the garden. To do this, it is enough to take care of him in approximately the same way as for other plants. Tobacco does not like abundant watering, but loosening should not be neglected. In addition, the air temperature is important. After harvesting, it is important to properly dry and ferment it. It's a shame to lose harvested crop tobacco at the last stage, therefore, the drying process should be treated with special responsibility.

In our country, cigar or cigarette tobacco can be grown in open ground exclusively in the southern regions. As for the northern and central regions, they will need greenhouse structures for this. But makhorka has become widespread throughout Russia (with the exception of the Far North, of course).

Growing tobacco at home

Once growing tobacco at home for the purpose of its further sale, it was considered a common occupation for many families, and self-garden, as it was called, was a familiar commodity in the markets. This was largely due to the high cost of tobacco products, but later, when cigarettes became noticeably cheaper, this type of business began to decline. Be that as it may, even today the makhorka has a lot of admirers, so the question of how to grow it on your site is still relevant.

Cultivation of smoking tobacco - is it worth it?

Let's say you are a smoker and live somewhere in the southern part of the country. You have several acres of land on which you would like to grow tobacco. In this case, you should start with simple calculations: one cigarette contains about 1 g of tobacco (the lower the quality, the less), which means that its pack contains about 20 g. On average, a smoker needs one pack of cigarettes per day or from 6 to 8 kg of tobacco annually. If conditions are favorable, one plant can produce up to 30 g of tobacco, while 6-7 copies can be planted on 1 m². If the variety is large-leaved, then the planting density should be 30x70 cm, and if we are talking about makhorka or plants with medium leaves, then 20x70 cm. It follows from this that in total, it is necessary to plant from 270 to 300 plants, which will require about 40 m² ... Moreover, the tobacco itself in this case will be extremely strong, so it will have to be diluted with the stems. If this suits you, if you considered everything to be quite appropriate, or if you plan to sell products, then proceed according to the step-by-step instructions given in this article.

All parts of the plant contain nicotine

Note! All parts of plants contain nicotine - a powerful cardio and neurotoxin that leads to short-term euphoria (most of this substance is in the leaves - from 0.75% to 2.8%).

Step-by-step instructions for growing tobacco

The article will focus on how to breed ordinary tobacco. If you give preference to Nicotiana rustica (this is the scientific name for shag), then you will not need most of the advice presented, since this variety is less thermophilic and easier to care for. In the regions of the middle lane, it is sown in May in open soil (under a film or any other covering material) so that it has time to develop and give a good harvest.

Growing tobacco on site

Traditionally, work should begin with the selection of planting material. There are tons of tobacco varieties available, but you should only choose local ones.

Table. Tobacco varieties zoned in the CIS

Note! Then there is the Kentucky Burley, which has the advantage of being low in sugar, so the foliage doesn't ferment. Immediately after drying, the leaves are steamed and crushed for consumption.

Stage one. Germinating seeds

The cultivation technologies of tobacco and makhorka are in many ways similar, and the main difference lies in the same ripening period. So, makhorka ripens in 75-80 days, and tobacco, therefore, in 105-120 days. You also need to remember that seeds in this case are not grown in the garden, that is, in open soil - this should be done in a greenhouse or, alternatively, at home, using pots or seedling boxes.

Step 1. First, prepare the previously purchased seeds - soak them in a solution of tartaric acid (proportion - 3 ml per 1 g of grains) for 24 hours 2-3 days before sowing. The air temperature all this time should fluctuate within 25-30 ° С. This simple procedure will provide earlier ripening of seedlings (by about 7 days) and an increase in germination by 20%.

Tobacco seed

Step 2. After 24 hours, remove the seeds from the solution, dry them a little and place them in a ceramic / enamel bowl with a 3 cm layer.

Step 3. Keep the material in this form for several days, moisturizing and stirring at least 5-6 times daily. As for the air temperature, it should already be 27-28 ° C.

Stage two. Preparing the greenhouse

In view of the fact that it is more expedient to grow tobacco seedlings in a greenhouse, we will focus on this option. So, take care of the nutrient layer, consisting of humus and sand in a ratio of 3: 4. Fill the greenhouse with the resulting mixture in a layer 10 cm thick.

The greenhouse must be covered with humus and sand.

Seeds should be sown in the last days of February or early March, so take extra care that the greenhouse structure is heated. The area of ​​the structure will be insignificant, so this will not cause any special difficulties.

Stage three. We sow seeds and grow seedlings

Step 1. Immediately before sowing, moisten the nutrient layer (water consumption for irrigation should be 1 l / m²). Over time, by the way, the watering rate will have to be increased to about 4 l / m².

Step 2. Sow tobacco kernels superficially, spreading them evenly over the moistened soil. Consumption should be 4 g / m² (if sowing makhorka, then 20 g / m²).

Step 3. After sowing, gently press the seeds into the soil by about 0.3 cm (for tobacco, this figure is 0.7 cm), then pour water over it. Water with extreme care, otherwise the grains may go too deep.

Step 4. Reduce the air temperature in the greenhouse to 20 ° C.

Sowing tobacco seeds for seedlings

Further care for the seedlings consists in meeting several important requirements.

1. Feed the plants regularly with a solution made from potassium salt, superphosphate and ammonium nitrate (20 g, 50 g and 30 g, respectively, for every 10 liters of liquid).
2. The consumption of the ready-to-use mortar should be approximately 2 l / m² of soil.
3. You can also use organic fertilizer- chicken manure diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 7.
4. Reduce the frequency and amount of watering 7 days before the expected transplant date. Moreover, the last three days, tobacco seedlings do not need to be watered at all.
5. Hardened and quality plants should have a firm stem that does not break when bent.
6. Water the plants with plenty of water a few hours before transplanting to make them easier to remove from the soil.

Ready-to-transplant tobacco seedlings

After 40-45 days, when the height of the stems reaches 15 cm, the thickness is 0.5 cm, and on each plant there will already be several true leaves, transplant the seedlings into open soil.

Stage four. We transplant seedlings

During the transplant, the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm should rise to somewhere around 10 ° C (the specific indicator depends on the climatic zone).

How to properly transplant tobacco seedlings

Step 1. Make shallow holes first. The distance between them should be between 25 cm and 30 cm, and the row spacing should be at least 70 cm.

Step 2. Pour 0.5-1 liters of water into each well.

Step 3. Remove plants one at a time and transplant into holes. In fact, the technology is practically the same as when planting tomatoes. However, remember that any transplant is a shock to the seedlings, so try to keep the soil in which the plants grew on the root system.

Step 4. Before planting, dip each plant in a special mixture of clay and cow dung.

Step 5. Fill the holes with soil, carefully compact it.

Grown tobacco seedlings in open ground

Stage five. Further care

In the future, regularly weed and loosen the aisles, and also apply top dressing. During the entire growing season, tobacco should be watered no more than 2-3 times (water consumption should be 8 liters per bush). Also periodically make pinching (removal of lateral shoots) and perching (breaking off inflorescences).

Tips for growing and caring for tobacco

Possible diseases

There are two of the most common tobacco problems. Let's consider how to deal with them.

1. Aphid... Use Rogor-S to fight it.
2. Peronosporosis... It can be defeated with a 4% suspension of zineb, introduced in a proportion of 5 l / 10 acres, or with a 0.3% polycarbacin solution.

Peronosporosis tobacco

Features of harvesting

Step 1. As soon as the leaves turn yellow, you can remove them, without fail, starting from the lower tiers. It is important that each leaf is intact and dry.

Step 2. Transfer all these leaves to the shade for 12 hours, placing them neatly in a 1-inch (30 cm) layer. During this time, they will be sufficiently attached.

Step 3. Next, put the leaves on the cords and hang to dry. If you dry in the open air, then select for this appropriate place protected from precipitation and wind. If the weather is sunny, the leaves will dry faster, and the process will take no more than 2 weeks in total.

Drying tobacco leaves

Step 4. Take 5-6 cords with foliage, folded four times, and hang them on a special hook. This design is also known as havanka.

Step 5. Transfer one or more harbors to the drying room by hanging them on the bars.

Drying tobacco after harvesting on the harbor

Step 6. With the onset of autumn, remove the leaves, smooth them gently and put them in piles. That's it, the tobacco is already ready for use!

As you can see, there is nothing difficult in growing tobacco, the main thing is desire, as well as adherence to all the tips given in the article.

Video - How to remove and how to dry tobacco

Video - Film about growing tobacco from A to Z

Video - Features of growing tobacco

It is not difficult to grow tobacco or makhorka; these crops have no more secrets than vegetables. True, you will have to tinker with the post-harvest processing of tobacco - fermentation to make it aromatic. But this is no more difficult than canning cucumbers. If you smoke, boldly follow the path of the ancient Indians, from whose "personal plots" tobacco came to us.

If makhorka grows everywhere: from the south of Russia to the Arctic, then tobacco is more thermophilic. He succeeds well south of 55 ° north latitude, approximately this line passes through Ryazan, Smolensk, Ulyanovsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo.

Tobacco varieties for cultivation

It is better to choose zoned varieties. So, Trapezond Kubanets and Trapezond 162 are recommended along with the North Caucasian for the West Siberian region. Sigarny 17 and Bryansky 91 are considered the best for the Central, and Trapezond 15 - for the Central Black Earth Region. Most varieties have been created and zoned for North Caucasus where tobacco is a traditional culture.

On personal plot I advise you to plant Trapezond 15 and Trapezond Kubanets. They ripen in 100 days, a month earlier than many other varieties. Flexible - quickly adapt to different climatic conditions while maintaining good smoking properties.

Beds and tobacco seeds

The average smoker smokes up to 8 kg of tobacco per year. Based on this, we determine the landing area so that whole year do not go to the tobacco shop.

Under favorable conditions, about 30 g of smoking tobacco can be obtained from one plant, and six to seven plants can be placed per 1 square meter. The planting density of large-leaved varieties is 70 x 30 cm, and the planting density of medium-sized tobacco and makhorka is 70 x 20 cm.It turns out that you need to grow 270-300 plants, occupying about 40 square meters. m. plot.

The seeds of the crops in question are as small as dust. In one gram there are about 12.5 thousand pieces of tobacco seeds, makhorka - 4 thousand pieces. To get the annual "norm" of a smoker, you need to sow only a quarter of a gram of tobacco seeds or three-quarters of a gram of tobacco seeds.

Sowing and planting tobacco

Tobacco and makhorka are grown through seedlings, with or without a pick. The seedlings are 40-45 days old. It works well in a greenhouse, greenhouse, on a sunlit windowsill in a room - in a flower pot or wooden box, where nutrient soil is poured with a layer of 8-10 cm.

It is easier to sow dry seeds, but better to sow seeds. In this case, 4-5 days before sowing, the seeds in a cloth must be soaked in a warm clean water, you can add a few drops of tartaric acid or a few crystals of potassium nitrate to it. The soaking time is 24 hours. This accelerates the germination of seeds, reduces the time for forcing seedlings by 5-7 days. It develops better, the yield increases.

Then rinse the seeds, remove excess water and put on germination in an enamel or earthenware dish in a warm place, and it is better not to cover. Moisten the rag periodically. Usually on the 3-4th day the seeds are pecked: white "dots" appear. A sprout longer than the seed should not be allowed to form: such sprouts break off easily. When two-thirds of the seeds are nibbled, they must be dried to flowability, mixed with well-disinfected fine sand or crushed humus. If germinated seeds cannot be sown immediately, then they can be stored for a day or two at a temperature of plus 1-2 ° in the refrigerator.

Important! The seeding depth is no more than 0.3-0.5 cm for tobacco, 0.7-0.8 cm for tobacco. Sprinkle the seeds with humus and sand (3: 1). Water the soil before and after sowing through a thick strainer.

Watering small-seeded crops is a delicate matter. It is impossible to overmoisten, as well as overdry the seedlings. It is best to water a little, almost daily. Before the “cross” phase (cotyledons and two true leaves growing across) usually consume only 0.5 liters of water per sowing box; keep crops where it is warmer + 23 + 25 °. Then it is desirable to lower the temperature to 20 °, and double the watering until the “ears” phase (3-4 true leaves usually stick up). It is better to dive seedlings in the "ears" stage.

Sprinkle the seedlings with fertile soil two or three times and feed with a solution mineral fertilizers(for 10 liters of water 30 g of ammonium nitrate, 20 g of sulphate or potassium chloride). You can use an infusion of chicken manure: pour 1 kg into 10 liters of water, leave for 10-12 days for fermentation, stir from time to time. Strain the fermented mass and add 4-5 parts of water to 1 part of the liquid.

Seedlings are planted with a height of 14-16 cm, having 5-6 developed leaves, not counting the cotyledons, a stem 0.3-0.5 cm thick and a well-developed root system.

Seedlings need to be hardened 7-8 days before planting, reducing watering and accustoming them to open air. 2-3 days before planting, watering not dived seedlings completely stop. Water the seedlings abundantly 2-3 hours before planting.

They begin planting in the ground when the danger of spring frosts has passed, and the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm rises to 10 °, from about April 20 to May 25. Make holes along the prepared furrow, pour 0.5 liters of water into them and spread the seedlings. With your right hand, deepen the hole with a peg, place the seedlings vertically into it with your left hand, press the moist soil to the roots, and sprinkle dry soil on top so that the moisture evaporates less. It makes sense to plant extended seedlings deeper - additional roots will grow.

During the growing season, regularly loosen the soil, remove weeds, feed and water. You can feed based on the fertilization rates of tomatoes. Usually they are limited to two or three waterings per summer, spending 6-8 liters of water per plant. It itself will tell you: if the leaves have wilted a little, watering is needed. But it is better to underwater than overmoisten.

In flowering plants, break off the inflorescences (verchkovation) and regularly remove the lateral shoots (pinching).

S. Cherkasov, candidate of agricultural sciences. The magazine "Household economy".

Tobacco growing, video

• Video.

Unfortunately, there is a huge percentage of people who smoke in Russia. People cannot give up their bad addiction in any way, which harms not only the person who smokes, but also his environment. According to VTsIOM, about 1/3 of all Russians smoke. 75% of men and 21% of women smoke regularly. These are terrifying statistics. The worst thing is what last years the percentage of women who smoke has increased.

We urge you to quit smoking. This is a habit that is killing you from the inside out.

This article is dedicated to people who smoke who cannot quit smoking in any way. Who have already tried to quit many times and have tried all the methods. There is a great solution for you - growing tobacco at home. This business is extremely exciting and interesting. Subject to all the rules of cultivation, the finished product is of very high quality. This is not comparable to what we buy in stores under the guise of tobacco and cigarettes.

Tobacco companies openly poison smokers by adding toxic chemicals to cigarettes to reduce the final cost of the product. At the same time, the price of tobacco products in stores is increasing every month.

For reference. The cost of 1 pack of cigarettes is from 1 to 5 rubles per pack.

A conclusion can be drawn from all this. Tobacco companies poison smokers for a lot of money, making just fabulous capital!

A bit of math. In 2016, the average price for a pack of cigarettes is 75-80 rubles. The average smoker smokes 10-20 cigarettes a day (0.5-1 packs). 80 * 365 = 29,200 rubles. That is, the average smoker spends on cigarettes per year 15-35 thousand rubles... But this money can be spent with considerable benefit.

The benefits of growing tobacco at home.

Growing and processing tobacco in the garden does not incur any costs (other than the initial cost of purchasing seeds). After you get the first harvest, you no longer need to buy cigarettes in the store every day, spending a lot of money on it. You yourself will have a very huge amount of tobacco, which is not only enough for yourself, but you can also treat your friends.

But the most important thing is that the product will be natural, which means it will not be so harmful.

Growing tobacco is a hobby during which a person rests. There is something sacred in this. You will feel like a Cuban tobacco baron. In this article we will tell you everything about growing tobacco, you will learn the whole process - from A to Z. Everything will be accompanied by visual videos, it will be very easy to figure it out.

How to start growing tobacco in the garden?

How to start growing tobacco in your garden? This question is asked by many novice tobacco growers. Let's try to figure it out. It is necessary to decide on the variety, prepare containers for planting seedlings, prepare the soil for planting seedlings.

The choice of the variety.

First of all, you need to decide which variety or varieties to grow in your garden. There are a huge number different varieties... For beginner tobacco growers, universal varieties, such as Virginia 202 or Herzegovina Flora, are best suited.

Virginia 202.

Tobacco Variety: Virginia 202

Description... Virginia 202 is a very common tobacco variety that grows well in Russia in various climatic zones. The advantage of this variety is the low content of various harmful resins. At the same time, it has a very pleasant sweetish taste. Virginia 202 tobacco is one of the most widespread varieties in the world and is cultivated everywhere. Was bred in Russia, in Krasnodar Territory... Read more: Virginia Tobacco 202.

Tobacco Herzegovina Flora.

Photo: Tobacco Herzegovina Flor.

Herzegovina Flora tobacco is Stalin's favorite tobacco. Iosif Vissarionovich himself spoke about this while smoking his pipe. Herzegovina flora is a very common variety. Possesses very good taste and aroma qualities. The leaves are of moderate strength. Perfect for beginners.

Planting tobacco seeds for seedlings.

The homeland of tobacco is South America. The plant is thermophilic and ripens quite late. Therefore, on the territory of Russia, tobacco should be planted first on seedlings. The timing of planting seedlings is early spring. Seedlings can be planted throughout March.

Seeds should be planted in small containers. Disposable cups are very suitable for this purpose. A hole is made in the cups from the bottom to create drainage. Place a small layer of small pebbles or eggshells on the bottom.

After preparing the container, it is necessary to prepare the soil. Tobacco grows well only on fertile soil. It is advisable to buy a special universal soil for seedlings in the store. With this soil, you need to mix ordinary disinfected soil from the garden in a ratio of 1 to 1. Add a little wood ash... The earth must be disinfected with a solution of potassium permanganate.

Will go directly to planting agricultural technology. There are several points here. Tobacco seeds are very small and inconvenient to work with. You need to be very careful. Water the soil well in a glass before sowing warm water... Then gently pour the seeds evenly out of the bag into the container. Sprinkle with earth on top with a layer of no more than 1 millimeter.

Cover the container tightly with polyethylene and place in a warm place. The tobacco grows within 3-5 days. As soon as the first bores begin to appear, the film must be removed and placed in a bright place, for example, on a windowsill.

Tobacco seedling care.

Let's talk about caring for tobacco seedlings at home.

Leaving before the pick.

Before picking, caring for tobacco seedlings is extremely simple. Immediately after the first shoots appear, you need to remove the film and put the container with seedlings on a light windowsill, preferably on the south side. If this is not done, then the seedlings will be very elongated and will grow very poorly.

Constantly you need to monitor the moisture content of the soil, as soon as it is dry, it should be watered with settled water room temperature... It is highly discouraged to water the plants with cold water.

Periodically, containers with seedlings need to be turned to the sun with the other side. This will ensure uniform growth and prevent stretching.

Picking tobacco into separate cups.

Tobacco pick

Tobacco pick is the process of planting seedlings at a normal distance from each other.

Growing tobacco without picking is simply impossible. The seeds are very small and the seedlings are very frequent. Tobacco grows quickly enough and the seedlings begin to interfere with each other's growth. As a result, the seedlings are very weak and elongated.

It is best to dive the tobacco into separate containers. For these purposes, it is best to use plastic disposable cups. For tobacco seedlings, they are spacious; in separate containers, the plants will grow better. It will then be convenient to plant seedlings from plastic cups in open ground. Read more in the article: Tobacco picking.

Leaving after a pick.

It is necessary to dive tobacco seedlings when 2-3 true leaves appear. By this time, the plants will grow tightly in one container. Plants dive into disposable cups, 1-2 pieces in one cup.

Photo

After picking, it is advisable to water the tobacco every day until it takes over in a new place.

Photo

Two weeks after the pick, the tobacco seedlings should be fed. You can use both organic and mineral fertilizers. The most important thing is that they contain a lot of nitrogen. Liquid chicken manure is great. Use it in proportions of 1:10 with water. If the growth of the seedlings does not satisfy you, then you can make another feeding with chicken droppings a week after the first. If there is a risk that the seedlings will outgrow, then the second feeding is not necessary.

Photo: Growing tobacco for smoking

Before planting in open ground, the seedlings should be hardened a little. At first, just open the window in the room with seedlings more often, and a week before disembarking, take it out to the balcony or veranda. Do not water for a week.

Growing mode of tobacco seedlings

Tobacco is a rather thermophilic crop, therefore, when growing, you should adhere to a certain temperature. Ideal temperature- 18-24 degrees. It should be adhered to.

Planting tobacco in open ground.

Photo: Growing tobacco from seeds in the garden for smoking

An important procedure is the planting of tobacco in the open ground.

Seedlings of tobacco are grown on windowsills until the threat of frost is completely over. Then it must be planted in a permanent place. Seedlings of tobacco are planted either under a film, or directly into open ground. When planting, it is very important to comply with all agricultural measures so that the plants begin and immediately start active growth.

The first step is to decide on the location. It is best to make the bed on a slight slope to avoid excess water accumulation. Also, the place should be protected from strong winds.

If you have small plot and there is no way to allocate a whole garden bed for tobacco, then you can plant plants right along the fence in one row. You will get a kind of living fence that will look very beautiful.

It is not at all necessary for tobacco to plow the soil. The site will only need to be well cleared of weeds and a little loosened with a Fokin flat cutter.

Previously, the site for tobacco needs to be fed. Rotted compost is best suited for these purposes. On 1 square meter the area is brought in 0.5-1 bucket of compost.

After selecting and preparing the site, you can proceed directly to planting in open ground. The tobacco is planted at a distance of 20-50 centimeters from each other, depending on the variety. You need to dig holes in the garden. They should be quite deep - 20-30 centimeters. Pour a little rotted compost at the bottom and pour it very abundantly with warm water (at least 0.5 buckets of water per hole).

Now we very carefully remove the plants from the containers, put them in the hole and cover them with earth. It is better to plant tobacco a little deeper than it grew in a glass. It is advisable to mulch the land around the plant (although this is not necessary). It remains only to pour the planted tobacco with warm water. Read more in the article: Planting tobacco in open ground.

Watering tobacco in the open field.

Watering after planting in open ground. Immediately after planting the seedlings in the open ground, tobacco is abundantly watered with warm water. Then watered about 1 time per week.

Watering, a month after planting. Plants that are most demanding on moisture become one month after planting in open ground. It is after this time that a very active formation of organic plant tissues begins. During this period, tobacco should be watered every 3-4 days at the rate of 10 liters per 1 square meter of land.

Watering 2 months after planting. From this time on, watering should be minimized. Moisture becomes less important, and the weather outside becomes more humid, especially at night. Watering should be done only if the soil is noticeably dry.

These tips are not universal, they are only general recommendations... You should always be guided by the weather conditions and the climate of your area.

Read more: Watering tobacco in the open field.

Top dressing of tobacco in the open field.

Fertilizing tobacco after planting in open ground should be done with nitrogen-containing fertilizers. Plants need a large amount of nitrogen immediately after planting to start growing a large amount of green mass, and this directly depends on the yield. It is very important not to skip this growth phase and feed them on time.

Tobacco is fed 7-10 days after planting in open ground. Any complex fertilizer with a priority nitrogen content can be used as a fertilizer. Urea is excellent for these purposes. For feeding, 1 tablespoon of fertilizer is stirred in 10 liters of water and watered at the root.

Read more in the article: Top dressing of tobacco in the open field.

Tobacco picking and punching.

Photo: Shaping tobacco in the garden

Stepsons grow between the leaves. As a rule, a stepson grows between each leaf. They should be removed when they grow by about 1.5-2 centimeters. If this procedure is performed earlier, then there is a high probability that they will grow again. Doing double work is unnecessary, especially if you have planted a lot of plants.

The most convenient way to remove stepchildren is with scissors.

Tobacco usually begins to let stepchildren start from the moment the flowering begins. You need to watch and not miss the moment.

Tobacco shaping is the removal of flowers at the bud stage. This procedure is also done in order to get a larger list of goods. Due to edging, tobacco leaves become much stronger, the nicotine content in them increases.

Peduncles should be removed on early stage budding.

Read more: Grassroots and tobacco growing.

Harvesting tobacco.

Photo: Ripe tobacco leaves

It is very easy to determine the ripeness of a tobacco leaf. The central vein turns white. The edges of the leaf turn slightly yellow, and the middle takes on a dull green color. It is very important not to miss this period and rip off the leaf, otherwise it will overripe, its quality will deteriorate greatly.

The tobacco is harvested from the bottom up as the leaves ripen.

Read more: Harvesting tobacco.

Growing tobacco in the garden for smoking is a very entertaining and exciting business. Once you've harvested and tasted it, you no longer want to buy poison in the store.

Video: Growing tobacco from A to Z. A very visual video about growing tobacco at home from seeds:

This is a whole film dedicated to the cultivation of tobacco.

Another video:

Numerous smokers have already appreciated the benefits of growing tobacco at home. Firstly, pure tobacco does less harm to the body than purchased cigarettes containing various tar. Secondly, the cost of smoking tobacco of its own production is low. Read about how this is done in our article.

What determines the quality of the finished product

Growing a plant yourself is not difficult at all. Even a novice gardener can handle this. It is grown through seedlings, which can either be dived, or skip this stage and immediately plant on the site.

Seedlings of tobacco or makhorka can be grown in about 40-45 days. Some believe that makhorka is another name for this culture. In fact, this is a delusion. The makhorka is a separate plant, but a close relative of tobacco. It comes from a wild variety that grew in South America... Makhorka has a more tart aromatic smell and taste.

The quality of the final product is influenced by three factors:

1. Soil type. The size, color, and texture of the leaves of the crop depend on the properties of the soil. Soil mixed with sand is more preferable.
2. Temperature. The plant is thermophilic. Therefore, it is necessary to choose zoned varieties.
3. Excess air. It is the sufficient amount of air that gives the foliage its scent. As a rule, plantings grown outdoors are more aromatic than those grown in a greenhouse.

The aroma of a dried plant depends on the amount of moisture and mineral salts... The product will turn out to be fragrant if the soil is not waterlogged and dry. The area with plantations is periodically watered, fed with fertilizers or chicken droppings, and also loosened.

What you need to know about seed

Tobacco seeds are very small. One gram contains approximately 12.5 thousand. If we take into account that the average smoker smokes 8 kg of tobacco in a calendar year, then we can calculate how much planting material will be needed, as well as what area they will occupy. You can get up to 30 grams from one plant. A simple calculation shows that about 270 seedlings need to be grown.

It is enough to buy one quarter gram of seeds. Plants are recommended to be planted in rows. The row spacing should be 70 cm.If you opt for large-leaf varieties, then they need to be planted after 30 cm, and medium-leaf ones - after 20 cm. Thus, for 1 sq. m you can grow six or eight plants. It is necessary to allocate 34 or 45 sq. m.

What varieties can be grown

With a wide variety of varieties of this culture, it is necessary to choose only those that are zoned across the territory of Russia. You should not try to grow exotic Cuban or Hawaiian varieties - a climate that is too different from ours cannot be recreated even in greenhouse conditions.

Varieties released in Russia:

Name	Description	Photo
Holly 316	Late ripening variety, low nicotine concentration. The growing season is 118-120 days. Differs in a large amount of green mass
Refectory Kubanets	Medium ripening. On average, the growing season takes from 105 to 135 days, depending on temperature and precipitation. On each bush, 27 leaves are collected. Refers to industrial crops
Refectory 92
	Early ripening variety with a large amount of green mass - 45-50 pieces from one bush. It grows intensively, a maximum of 110 days pass before harvesting.
Kentucky Burleigh	An excellent variety with the lowest sugar concentration in the foliage, thereby eliminating the risk of fermentation. After drying, the collection is steamed with hot steam, after which it is cut for final use.

How to germinate grains correctly

Below we will talk about ordinary tobacco. You can also grow makhorka (Nicotina Ructica) in your beds, and it is even easier, since this culture is unpretentious, and already in the second decade of May it is simply sown on the beds, after mixing it with sand.

The best time for sowing is late February - early March. You can sow dry grains or sprouted (pecked). The second option is more laborious, but gives best result- the seeds germinate faster, the period for distilling tobacco seedlings at home is reduced by about 5-7 days. Since the seedlings develop better, the yield of plants is significantly increased.

Seeds should be germinated 4-5 days before sowing. First, they must be wrapped in a cotton napkin and soaked in warm water for a day. An antiseptic is added to the water - a couple of drops of tartaric acid or a few crystals of potassium nitrate. Then the grains should be thoroughly rinsed. When excess water drains, then a damp cloth with grains is placed in an enamel or earthenware dish.

The dishes are rearranged in a warm place - the window sill above the radiator is well suited, there will be enough heat and sunlight... Do not cover it. The cloth should be damp all the time, for which it is periodically moistened with a spray bottle. Grains are pecked on about the third or fourth day. You will see white "dots". When about two-thirds of the seeds are grown, you can sow.

If for any reason you cannot sow germinated seeds, then they must be dried and placed in the refrigerator for storage. At a temperature of 1-2 ° C, they are stored for about two days. If you leave them on a damp cloth, the sprouts will grow rapidly. When the sprouts exceed the length of the grain, they will begin to break off.

VIDEO: How to achieve good tobacco seedlings

Sowing subtleties

For growing tobacco seedlings, not only hotbeds or greenhouses are suitable, but also window sills in the room well-lit by the sun. If you stop at the latter option, then you can use both special boxes for seedlings, as well as ordinary flower pots... The special nutrient soil should be covered with a layer of 8-10 cm and tamped down.

The depth of sowing tobacco seeds at home is 0.7-0.8 cm. Sowing small seeds has its own subtleties. Sprinkle the seeds with a mixture of humus and sand in a 3: 1 ratio. The sand is pre-disinfected. To do this, it can be calcined in the oven or thoroughly poured with a solution of potassium permanganate, and then dried.

Before sowing, the soil is watered. The seeds are mixed with sand or humus and sown. Then they are sprinkled with a mixture of humus and sand. After that, it is poured through a thick strainer. Otherwise, the seeds will go deep into the soil and will not be able to sprout. Until the seeds germinate, it is desirable that the temperature is 23-25 ​​° C.

How to care

Growing seedlings requires daily care. It is very important not to allow the soil to dry out, but waterlogging is no less harmful. Therefore, it is advisable to water it daily and little by little. Until the appearance of two true leaves (phase "cross" - a pair of cotyledons and a pair of true leaves), the boxes are kept at a temperature of 23-25 ​​° C.

After that, the temperature is lowered to 20 ° C, and the watering is doubled. This regime is maintained until 3-4 true leaves appear (“ears” phase - real leaves usually stick up). It is in this phase that it is optimal to dive the seedlings (transplant them into separate cups). If the sowing is not very dense, then the seedlings can not be dived.

As the plants grow, they must be sprinkled with fertile soil. This is usually done two or three times. It is also necessary to revive the seedlings twice with mineral fertilizers. We prepare the following solution:

• 10 liters of water;
• 30 grams of ammonium nitrate;
• 20 grams of potassium chloride or sulfate.

If desired, you can use a solution of chicken droppings as plant nutrition. To do this, you need to pour 1 kg of chicken manure with 10 liters of water. This solution should ferment for 12-14 days. It should be mixed periodically. After the droppings have fermented, they should be strained. The culture can be watered only with a diluted solution: for 1 part of the litter, 4-5 parts of water.

When and how to plant

Seedlings are planted on the site when it has 5-6 true leaves (not counting the cotyledons). At this point, the height of the plants reaches about 14-16 cm, the stem is 0.3-0.5 cm thick, and the root system is already well developed. A week before planting, the seedlings must be hardened: taken out into the open air.

If the seedlings were not dived, then two days before planting, it is necessary to stop watering it. Three hours before disembarkation, it should be watered abundantly.

Such a simple rule will help you to easily separate each plant in order to plant it in the prepared holes (pre-pour about 0.5 liters of water).

It is very important that by the time the seedlings are planted, the soil warms up by about 100 C to a depth of at least 10 cm. In addition, you should not rush to plant seedlings as long as there is a threat of spring frosts. The optimal period for planting a smoking variety is from April 20 to May 25.

Harvesting

This is the most responsible and interesting stage when you need to show maximum dexterity. As soon as all the foliage has turned yellow, you can start assembling.

1. Always remove from the bottom row so that the entire mass remains intact.
2. The entire collected trophy is carefully transferred into the shade, but not indoors, but left in the open air. This is necessary in order for the mass to stick slightly.
3. They take twine, fishing line or cords and put each leaf on them separately. Such a device is called a havanka. They are not hung too tightly, but not too rarely. Hang out in the shade in a windless place for 15-20 days for final drying.

1. They are transferred to the room without removing from the harbor, and also hung on supports for another couple of months.

1. Already in September, it can be removed, smoothed by hand or under pressure and stacked. This concludes the process.

VIDEO: Cultivation of smoking tobacco from A to Z

Before you start sowing tobacco seeds for seedlings, you need to purchase soil and containers. I use food containers as a container, and I buy soil. Remember to make holes in the bottom of the containers. There is one more not unimportant moment, the purchased soil can throw out not a pleasant surprise in the form of mold or an excess of mineral fertilizers, but mold on initial stage detrimental to tobacco seedlings, since its seeds are very small. From an excess of fertilizer, the seeds will sprout, but will stop growing. Therefore, to prevent this from happening, I recommend doing a test sowing a month and a half before the main one. At the same time, you will gain the first experience in germinating and accustoming seedlings to the open air.

We fill up the earth in the container, gradually ramming it, to the edge we should have a little less than a centimeter of free space. Pour with settled water so that it seeps out to the middle. I spill not just water, but infusion onion peel... I pour a handful of husks into a liter jar and pour boiling water, then into the microwave for a couple of minutes. Then I let it cool to room temperature and use it. Onion husks contain many macro and micro elements.

We start sowing

Sowing tobacco seeds is best done as follows: first, pour a pinch of seeds onto a sheet of white paper, then press lightly on the seeds with the pad of your finger and shake off those that stick evenly over the surface of the soil.

ATTENTION you do not need to sprinkle the seeds, they should lie on the surface.

Then cover with a lid, we get a mini greenhouse. Don't sow too many seeds in a small area. Do not forget to sign each variety if you have several.

Well, we sowed the seeds. We remove the containers with seeds in a warm place of 26-30 degrees. By the end of the second day, the seeds hatch, provided that the quality of these seeds is good. During these two days we perform four airings as much as possible, for five minutes. On the third day, we move the lid of our mini greenhouse by half a centimeter for air circulation and every day we increase this gap. On the seventh eighth day, we remove the cover completely. These manipulations are needed in order for our seedlings to smoothly get used to the drier indoor air. If you open it right away, on the third or fourth day, the seedlings can simply collapse and dry out (cases in apartments with central heating), since the air humidity during the heating season is very low.

We do not water the seedlings for the first 7-10 days after sowing, the ground will be wet anyway. Next, we look at the state and water it through the pallet, i.e. into the bottom lid, which contains the container. Two weeks after sowing, we feed the seedlings with infusion of onion husks, before diluting it in half with water.

seedling container

a week has passed since sowing

2 weeks from sowing

Timing of sowing tobacco seeds

And the main thing is the timing of sowing tobacco seeds. They are different for each region, so you need to focus on the age of the seedlings, it should be 45-50 days from sowing to planting in the ground. Consider your sowing time from this period. Take your time with sowing. As practice shows, seeds that are sown on time in favorable conditions (longer daylight hours, more sun) catch up and overtake early crops. We sowed seeds, in the next article we will talk about for our seedlings of tobacco.

Importantly, mold on tobacco seedlings!

If you still have mold on the seedlings, or rather on the surface of the soil, you need to immediately break it with a match or a toothpick and treat it with potassium permanganate from a spray bottle or syringe. The color of potassium permanganate should be the color of rich borscht. Stop watering so that the top layer of the soil dries up.

One of the causes of mold is waterlogging and poor ventilation of your mini greenhouse in the first 5-12 days after sowing the seeds.

Mold can kill up to 90% of your crop or even your entire strain. So be careful and do not flood the seedlings, ventilate more often.

What is not grown in garden and summer cottages, in vegetable gardens, inveterate gardeners. An unexpected option is tobacco for smoking. Why not? A good way for a smoker gardener to stock up on his own.

The main feature of tobacco is a wide variety of varieties. They differ greatly in planting, care and harvesting methods. For example, makhorka is the most unpretentious option. If you grow ordinary tobacco in the garden, you will have to make a little more effort. He loves warmth more, less water.

IMPORTANT! To grow tobacco in the garden, it is better to know in advance which variety is suitable for a particular area.

In general, tobacco is planted, processed and fed like many other plants. For example, the process of transplanting smoking tobacco seedlings into the ground is very similar to planting tomatoes. It follows that everyone can grow tobacco in the garden.

Seed planting

In order to get seedlings of tobacco, seeds should be sown. Tobacco is quite capricious and thermophilic, therefore it requires proper care and knowledge of the process. At the first stage of interaction with it, it is recommended to plant a small number of units of the plant in order to understand the principle of its cultivation.

Tobacco seeds have some characteristics:

• the size. They are so small that they look more like dust. Hence the peculiarities of planting the seed of tobacco for smoking: it is enough to simply "scatter" them over the surface of the earth and only slightly press them;
• germination. Tobacco seeds retain their germination property for a long time. This means that old enough seeds can also be sown;
• number. A quarter of a gram of tobacco seeds is enough to obtain a result in the volume of the annual "smoker's stock". Such a small amount of material gives a decent yield.

Tobacco seeds - photo

Due to these features, a specific fit is required. Tobacco seeds are not planted deeply. The maximum depth of their planting is up to 1 cm. To do this, it is enough to simply scatter them onto the surface of the ground and just press a little into it. After that, gently pour a thin stream of water. If the pressure is too strong, the seeds will easily wash out and spread over the surface, going beyond the allotted limits.

ATTENTION! Tobacco seeds can also be planted slightly germinated, this will speed up the process of seedling germination. To germinate seeds, you need to soak them in water 4-5 days before planting.

Temperature is an important factor influencing the seed germination rate. It should be in the range of 25-28 degrees, otherwise the seeds may not sprout at all.

Video - technology of planting tobacco seeds

Planting seedlings in open ground

How to understand that the tobacco seedlings are ready to be moved into the open ground of the garden? There are a number of signs for this:

• seedlings have a height of about 15 cm;
• leaves have formed on it, on each unit there are about 5 plants;
• the root system has developed enough;
• frosts have passed and the likelihood of their occurrence is minimal. This factor is extremely important, since any sudden drops in temperature can destroy the entire crop.

ATTENTION! Before transplanting into open ground, tobacco plants must be hardened. Otherwise, they will not be able to adapt to the changed conditions.

The essence of hardening is to reduce the frequency of watering and periodically carry seedlings to the open air. This will help to strengthen the plants and make them slightly more resistant to environmental influences.

The very process of planting in the ground does not differ much from the standard one. Each bush is planted in separate holes, after pouring plenty of water into it. In addition, it is worth planting tobacco with a small amount of soil so that the root system is not severely damaged. This will help the plants cope with the stress of the transplant more easily and get sick faster.

Care and feeding

Tobacco care involves doing the following on a regular basis:

• weeding is necessary as soon as they appear;
• loosening the soil around the plant. This helps oxygen to saturate the soil and nourish the tobacco root system;
• top dressing. It is similar to that made for tomatoes;
• watering. Tobacco does not like abundant watering, it is better to water rarely, but abundantly. In total during the summer (not very hot) 3-4 times are enough.

When to harvest and how to dry it?

Growing tobacco is not as critical a process as harvesting and drying it. The result directly depends on the correctness of these actions. Improper drying or fermentation can negate all efforts to grow tobacco for smoking.

Tobacco drying is a critical step in the tobacco growing process

You should remove tobacco that has changed the color of the leaves. If at first, at the stage of maturation and growth, they are green, then ready for harvesting are closer to yellow. If there are leaves of different colors on one bush, then they should be collected as soon as they are ready. Hence, the harvesting process is sometimes delayed for a long time.

Tobacco drying takes place in several stages:

Pests and diseases

To protect the crop from pests, it is worth knowing which ones threaten the tobacco.

Name	Symptoms, characteristics	Danger
Peach aphid	Pest that infects plant leaves	Threatens complete destruction of the crop or a significant decrease in the amount
Mosaic	It appears in accordance with the name. Some leaves remain green, some turn yellow	Lack of treatment threatens the destruction of plants
Blackleg	The plant lays down, the stem becomes thinner, withers	Destruction of the plant
Black rot	Plant wilting, drying out	Crop failure
Powdery mildew	White-yellow bloom in the form of a cobweb on the leaves, gradually full coverage of the plant	Reduces the yield, negatively affects the quality of tobacco

Diseases can cover the entire plant and move to neighboring ones. Treatment is carried out in the same ways as for other plants. Copper sulfate and other agents are well suited for processing, depending on the degree of damage to the plants.

Video - step-by-step instructions for growing tobacco in the garden

Thus, it is possible to grow tobacco for smoking in the garden. To do this, it is enough to take care of him in approximately the same way as for other plants. Tobacco does not like abundant watering, but loosening should not be neglected. In addition, the air temperature is important. After harvesting, it is important to properly dry and ferment it. It is a shame to lose the harvested tobacco crop at the last stage, so the drying process should be treated with special responsibility.

In our family Bell pepper love, therefore we plant it every year. Most of the varieties that I grow have been tested by me for more than one season, I cultivate them constantly. And every year I try to try something new. Pepper is a thermophilic plant and quite whimsical. The varietal and hybrid varieties of tasty and fruitful sweet pepper, which grows well with me, will be discussed further. I live in middle lane Russia.

Lush pancakes in a frying pan with banana-apple confiture is another recipe for everyone's favorite dish. So that the cheesecakes do not fall off after cooking, remember a few simple rules... Firstly, only fresh and dry cottage cheese, secondly, no baking powder and soda, and thirdly, the thickness of the dough - you can mold it from it, it is not tight, but pliable. A good dough with a small amount of flour will only come from good cottage cheese, but here again see the point "first".

It is no secret that many drugs from pharmacies migrated to summer cottages... Their use, at first glance, seems so exotic that some summer residents are perceived almost with hostility. At the same time, potassium permanganate is a long-known antiseptic, which is used both in medicine and in veterinary medicine. In plant growing, potassium permanganate solution is used both as an antiseptic and as a fertilizer. In this article, we will tell you how to properly use potassium permanganate in the garden and vegetable garden.

Pork meat salad with mushrooms is a rural dish that can often be found on festive table in the village. This recipe is with champignons, but if there is an opportunity to use wild mushrooms, then be sure to cook this way, it will be even tastier. You don't need to spend a lot of time preparing this salad - put the meat in a saucepan for 5 minutes and another 5 minutes for slicing. Everything else happens almost without the participation of the cook - meat and mushrooms are boiled, cooled, pickled.

Cucumbers grow well not only in a greenhouse or greenhouse, but also outdoors. Cucumbers are usually sown from mid-April to mid-May. Harvesting in this case is possible from mid-July to late summer. Cucumbers do not tolerate frost. This is why we don't sow them too early. However, there is a way to bring their harvest closer and taste juicy handsome men from your garden in early summer or even in May. It is only necessary to take into account some of the features of this plant.

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Many cultures in the first weeks of development need a pick (and even more than one), while others - a transplant is "contraindicated". To "please" both those and others, you can use not quite standard containers for seedlings. Another good reason to try them is cost savings. In this article, we'll show you how to do without the usual boxes, pots, cassettes and tablets. And let's pay attention to not traditional, but very effective and interesting containers for seedlings.

Useful vegetable soup red cabbage with celery, red onions and beets - a recipe for a vegetarian soup that can also be cooked in fast days... For those who decide to lose a few extra pounds, I advise you not to add potatoes, and slightly reduce the amount of olive oil (1 tablespoon is enough). The soup turns out to be very fragrant and thick, and during fasting you can serve a portion of soup with lean bread - then it will turn out satisfying and healthy.

Surely everyone has already heard about the popular term "hygge", which came to us from Denmark. This word is not translated into other languages ​​of the world in any way. Because it means many things at once: comfort, happiness, harmony, a spiritual atmosphere ... In this northern country, by the way, most of the time of the year is cloudy and little sun. The summer is also short. At the same time, the level of happiness is one of the highest (the country regularly ranks first in the UN global ranking).

Meatballs in a sauce with mashed potatoes is a simple main course based on Italian cuisine. The more common name for this dish is meatballs or meatballs, but Italians (and not only them) call such small round cutlets meatballs. The cutlets are first fried until golden brown, and then stewed in a thick vegetable sauce- it turns out very tasty, just delicious! Any mince is suitable for this recipe - chicken, beef, pork.

Chrysanthemum is called the queen of autumn, because it is at this time that its bright inflorescences adorn the garden. But chrysanthemums can be grown throughout the season - from February to December, and in heated greenhouses - during the winter months. If you organize the process correctly, you can sell planting material and chrysanthemum flowers all year round. This article will help you understand how much effort it will take to grow chrysanthemums in large quantities.