Urbanization and human production activity in Moscow are becoming dominant over the natural factors of soil formation, forming specific soil groups and complex soil cover under new environmental conditions. This process is also exacerbated by the significantly dissected relief of the territory of Moscow, which creates differences in the conditions of drainage and the nature of moisture in certain areas of the city. The complexity of the soil cover is also determined by the difference in the age of the territories - from the ancient city center with the formation of soils on a thick cultural layer to new areas of residential construction, where soil formation develops on fresh bulk or mixed soils. The contrast and heterogeneity of the soil cover is also due to the complex history of the development of the city, the mixing of buried historical soils of different ages and cultural layers.

One of the most characteristic features of the structure of the soil cover of the city, in contrast to the soil cover of the Moscow suburbs, are:

• mosaic, horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the soil cover as a result of local anthropogenic impacts in the process of city formation;
• fragmentation of the distribution of the soil cover, its discontinuity (discreteness); in Moscow, as in any large city, there is a spatial change of soils, soil-like bodies and soils by building foundations, communications, quarries and sealed soils under roads and asphalt-concrete pavements;
• artificial borders between soil contours and geometric rectangular shape of soil contours; the boundaries of the contours are largely determined by the location of roads and buildings.

In Moscow, the natural soil cover in most of the city has been destroyed. Soddy-podzolic soils have survived only in islands in urban forests (Losiny Ostrov, Fili-Kuntsevo, etc.). Bog and podzolic-bog soils have been preserved in parks and forest parks, alluvial floodplain soils of varying degrees are disturbed. The altered variants of the listed soils (Urbo soils) combine the undisturbed middle and lower parts of the profile and the anthropogenically disturbed upper layers. Soils differ in the nature of formation (bulk, mixed), in humus content and gley content, in the degree of disturbed profile, in the number and composition of inclusions (concrete, glass, toxic waste, etc.) and other indicators.

Most urban soils (urbanozems) are characterized by the absence of genetic soil horizons; Soil profiles combine layers of artificial origin, different in color and thickness, as evidenced by sharp transitions between them. In the conditions of a large city, the degree of openness of the territory depends not only on the degree of urbanization, that is, on the age and intensity of urban construction, but also on the method of land use. The sealing process becomes one of the factors that further complicates the structure of the soil cover in the city. The areas of open unsealed plots vary greatly in different areas of the city - from 3-5% in the center to 70-80% on its outskirts - and depending on the type of economic use. The smallest open surface areas are in industrial areas (80-90% of the area is sealed). The lands of the natural complex and the agricultural zone are sealed by 10-20%. An intermediate position is occupied by land under residential development, which, in turn, can vary in the degree of sealing from 20 to 75%.

When compiling the map, the modern classification of urban soils and the national classification of natural soils were applied. Four large soil groups are shown in color on the map: the soil cover of a hilly, gently sloping watershed; soil cover of an ancient flat water-glacial plain; soil cover above the floodplain slope terraces of the river. Moscow and the soil cover of the floodplain of the river. Moscow and its tributaries.

In addition, on the map in each of the four groups, the contours show the modifications of the soil cover depending on the functional use of the urban area. For example, differences in the soil cover of a hilly gently sloping watershed, which is formed on moraine and mantle loams, partially covered by a sandy cultural layer. In the residential zone, humus, weakly and medium thick urbanozems are common, and up to 30-40% of its area is occupied by sealed soils (ekranozems). Soils in industrial zones are represented by chemically contaminated industrial soils on bulk and imported soils, urbanozems are partially preserved, peat-bog soils are common in depressions, and significant areas are occupied by sealed soils. Intruzems are fragmented in small areas (around some gas stations), in the areas of new buildings - soil-like bodies (replantozems). The most preserved soil cover is represented in urban forests and forest parks, where soddy-podzolic and soddy-urbopodzolic soils are common on moraine and mantle loams, and in depressions - peat-bog and soddy-podzolic gleyed and gley soils.

I. The soil cover (SP) of the hilly, gently sloping watershed is formed on moraine and mantle loams, partially covered by a sandy cultural layer, and occupies about 24% of the city's territory. This BCP is distributed in the southern, southwestern and partly in the northern parts of the city.

In the residential zone (14%), urbanozems with low and medium humus and low-medium thickness are widespread. In the central part of the city, urbanozems are formed on the cultural layer, large areas are occupied by sealed soils - ekranozems.

In the industrial zone (5%), soils are represented by chemically contaminated industrial soils on bulk and imported soils, urban soils are partially preserved, and peat-bog soils are common in depressions. Intruzems are fragmented in small areas (around some gas stations), in areas of new buildings - replantozems.

The best-preserved soil cover is represented in urban forests and forest parks (5%), where soddy-podzolic and soddy-urbopodzolic soils are common on moraine and mantle loams, and in depressions, peat-bog and soddy-podzolic gleyed and gley soils are common.

II. The soil cover of an ancient flat water-glacial plain, composed of sandy-loamy sandy, light loamy deposits, occupies about 27% of the city. This BCP is distributed in small areas both in the northern and southern parts of the city.

In the residential zone (17%), low- and medium-humus, medium- and thick urbanozems are formed on fluvioglacial sands and sandy loams, as well as on bulk, imported and mixed soils. In the city center, urbanozems develop on a sandy cultural layer. Ekranozems are widely represented. Replantozems are formed on the territory of new buildings, and intruzems near some gas stations.

Complexes of industrial and urban soils are common in the industrial zone (6%), depending on the degree of chemical contamination of soils. With the deterioration of natural drainage in shallow flat closed depressions on flat leveled areas, the level of soil and ground waters rises and soil flooding occurs, semi-hydromorphic soils are common: gley varieties of urbanozems and peat-bog soils.

Natural soddy-podzolic and disturbed soddy-urbopodzolic soils (4%) are confined to urban forests (for example, Losiny Ostrov) and forest parks.

III. The soil cover of the floodplain slope terraces of the river. Moscow is formed on sandy-sandy deposits, sometimes covered with mantle loams, and occupies a significant part of the city (32%). The relief, and, accordingly, the soil cover of the floodplain terraces has been greatly changed: the territory has been planned, most of the ravine-beam network has been filled in. With a relief dissected by beams and ravines, it is in this part of the city that landslide processes are activated and soil erosion develops. As a result of pruning and backfilling of slopes, unregulated runoff of rain and melt water, the area of ​​eroded soils has increased in the last decade.

In the zone of residential development (20%), urbanozems of low and medium humus, medium and strong, are widespread. In areas of new buildings, replantozems and thin urbanozems are formed. In the center of the city, ekranozems are widely represented on the cultural layer.

In the zone of industrial enterprises (7%), heavily chemically polluted soils are widespread - industrial and intruzems in combination with urbanozems, here the daytime surface of the territory is also covered.

In this part of the city, the territories of the natural complex with natural soils (5%) under forest parks (Vorobyovy Gory, Neskuchny Garden, Filevsky, etc.) have been preserved. These are soddy-podzolic and to varying degrees disturbed soddy-urbopodzolic soils, partially washed away and old-arable. Natural soil combinations have been preserved in the natural complex: combinations of automorphic soddy-podzolic soils of watersheds, semihydromorphic soddy-podzolic gley soils of gentle slopes, and hydromorphic bog soils of depressions and depressions.

IV. The soil cover of the floodplain Moscow and its tributaries (7% of the area) has undergone significant changes due to the radical restructuring of the relief. Here, ravines and ravines were mostly filled up, opening into the valley of the river and its tributaries, and part of the floodplain was either flooded by the waters of overlying reservoirs, or raised above the water level by adding soil by 3-4 meters. A special soil cover is formed here, unfortunately poorly studied.

Most of the floodplain (about 4% of the city's territory) is built up; urbanozems and replantozems are formed on bulk and imported soils, often gleyed and waterlogged.

Significant areas are still preserved under industrial zones with developed gley and swampy industrial and replantozems, as well as under dumps, wastelands and filtration fields.

Alluvial soddy and meadow soils of the valleys have been preserved mainly on the periphery of the city, since the soil cover of the valleys of small rivers is rapidly destroyed and fragmented, especially in places surrounded by built-up areas.

Airfield soils.

Necrozems (soils included in the complex of urban cemeteries).

Agricultural arable soils are confined to the slopes and bottoms of small rivers, tributaries of the Moscow and Yauza rivers (Moscow Agricultural Academy named after Timiryazev, Botanical Gardens, Dolgoprudny agrochemical experimental station, arable lands of state farms within the city, private farms, etc.). In total, about 5% of developed and cultivated arable soils, including agrourbanozems (culturozems), are distributed on the territory of Moscow on various elements of the relief.

Photo 5 from the presentation "Soil" to the lessons of the surrounding world on the topic "Soil"

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The soil

"The air around the world" - Let's save the Earth's atmosphere. I breathe, and therefore I live ... The air we breathe. Warm air lifts us up to the clouds. Air is a mixture of gases. Fluffies. Air retains heat very well. On Triton. The world. Can you see air? Take care of the forest and the ocean!

"Soils" - Soils and soil resources. What does the soil "mirror of the landscape" mean? Who was the founder of the new science "Soil Science"? Soil types in Russia. What factors influence soil formation? Soil profile Meadow felt, What determines soil fertility? Knowledge check. What is soil? Fill in the table "Types of soils".

"Protection of nature" - And small fish... And our green forest. Why did You arise in the eternal course, Which the mind could not determine. SAVE NATURE Completed by: Ilya Kochetygov, 5 "B". Beauty... Let's protect and preserve our nature! And man without nature?... Nature can exist without man, Man! Would like to move here...

"Multi-colored rainbow" - And the seven-colored arc enters the meadows. Know Hunter. Why is the rainbow multicolored? Where. Colors of rainbow. Each. The sun shines and laughs, And the rain pours down on the Earth. Desires. Is sitting. Pheasant. The work of the primary school teacher Kucherova I.V. The sun's rays, falling into the sky on raindrops, break up into multi-colored rays.

"Children and nature" - Omul. Birds should not only be loved -. There are few such beautiful creations of nature on the planet as sacred Baikal! Yellowfly. The children actively participated in all ongoing environmental events. Writer Valentin Rasputin about Baikal. Eco-project of the 4th class “Nature of the native land. Ecoproject 2–3 cells. "Secrets of the forest dwellers".

"Inhabitants of the soil" - Medvedka. Ground beetle. The soil. May beetle larva. A. Teterin. There is a wonderful pantry on Earth. ciliates. A bucket of potatoes in a wonderful pantry turns into twenty buckets. The shovel said, "Earth to dig." The boots said, "Land to walk on." Mole. Woodlice. Scolopendra. And people said: "Land to live!".

In total there are 14 presentations in the topic

With this soil map of the Moscow region, you can see with great accuracy what type of soil is in your chosen place. For example, when choosing a place to buy a summer house, you can check whether there are peat bogs nearby, which are a constant source of peat fires and smoke, how fertile the soil is on a potential site, and whether it will require additional investments to improve it. An explanatory note is attached to the map.

The map was drawn up in 1985. Scale 1:300000. Responsible map editor: Satalkin Anatoly Ivanovich. The special content for the soil map was compiled and developed by S.V. Mitkova and N.V. Litvinov under the direction of A.V. Tsyganova and A.K. Ogleznev (Central State Design Institute for Land Management) with the participation of N.V. Loshakova (Institute of Soil Science and Photosynthesis of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Editorial board of the series of bast soil maps: A.Z. Rodin - Chairman of the Editorial Board, M.I. Andryunova - executive secretary, A.A. Zhirov, N.V. Komov, E.P. Kulikov, V.P. Sotnikov, Yu.V. Fedorin, I.N. Stepanov, L.L. Shishov.

State Agro-Industrial Committee of the RSFSR, All-Russian Production Design Association for the Use of Land Resources, Central State Design Institute for Land Management. The map was prepared for publication by the Cartography Production Association in 1988 and published in 1989. Editor N.P. Fetisova. Technical editors N.P. Belova and S.N. Zubko. The circulation of the card was 1000 copies, the price was 1 rub. The administrative division is given for 1987.

The soil map of the Moscow region is one of eleven maps of the Central District, compiled according to a single technology and published by the PKO "Cartography (Moscow Region) and the Minsk Mapping Factory of the Main Directorate for Geodesy and Cartography under the Soviet Min. USSR during 1987-1990. Also similar maps are known: Bryansk region 1:200000 1988, Vladimirskaya 1:200000 1987, Ivanovskaya 1:200000 1988, Kaluga 1:200000 1989, Kostroma 1:300000 1990, Ryazanskaya 1:200000 1988, Smolenskaya 1:20000 400000 1990, Tula 1:200000 1987 and Yaroslavl region 1:300000 1991

After preparing and linking this map for display on the site, we were contacted by the responsible editor of this and other maps of this series: Anatoly Ivanovich, and this is what he briefly said: " For this soil map and the maps listed in the information to it, of which I am also the executive editor, the cartographic bases in a certain trapezoid (equiangular Gauss-Kruger) were preliminarily made by the cartographic factories under the state order. They were marked with special cartographic information with which the same factories again worked. Then it was very lengthy processes, both regime and production. Special information was created over the course of two decades in the mode of planned state survey work. And these maps were compiled by soil scientists who participated in these works. The compilation and publication of maps was also carried out in accordance with the scientific, methodological and regulatory documentation approved at the federal level for use in surveying and cartographic work. This map was created at the state level.".

The soil content of the maps was developed by soil scientists working and living on the territory of the listed administrative regions based on materials of a larger (1:50000 and 1:10000) scale as of 1985-1986. Under the strict regime conditions of that time, the cartographic base was heavily unloaded. Modern published topographic maps of the listed territories at a scale of 1:200,000 and even more so 1:100,000 were then impossible to present in the open press.

The compilers used a little trick. The lines obtained by converting isohypses on closed topographic maps at a scale of 1: 100,000 (1 km in one centimeter) were used as the boundaries of soil compartments. The terrain proposed by Professor I.S. Stepanov "Morphoisograph" a line of zero curvature separating all elevations and depressions in the direction along the thalwegs (rivers, etc.). To distinguish the boundaries in the perpendicular direction, we used the traditional subdivision of the territory according to isohypses into watershed spaces, slopes and their parts, floodplain terraces, floodplains and their parts.

We must pay tribute to the direct compilers named on the published maps for their enormous, noble work in "shoveling" all large-scale maps throughout the regions, including forest and peat funds. If the scale of soil maps is converted in accordance with the published topographic maps, then it is possible to ensure their very tight “reference”.

We can say with confidence: it will not be possible to compile similar maps with the same detail of soil information in the next 30-50 years, because in the perestroika 90s, not only the service of regular continuous soil surveys was destroyed in the system of the Ministry of Agriculture, later Gosagroprom, Roskomzem, Rosreestr, Rosstroy , but also most of the primary soil survey materials. At the time of publication, soil maps favorably differed in their detail and information content even from fragments of maps for similar territories, which caused displeasure of some colleagues in power in science - luminaries who did not get into this "train".

Conventions

Due to its fertility, it gives life to plants. Most of the soil is organomineral compounds. Other constituents are liquid and gaseous elements. Macro- and microelements influence the growth and development of plants.

Continuous land use is negative. Since the 1980s, 10 million hectares of arable land have become unusable. Most of the soils of Russia were acidified, saline, waterlogged, and also subjected to chemical and radioactive contamination. Soil fertility is adversely affected by wind and water erosion.

Soil types and map of Russia

The vast extent, variety of climate, relief and water regime formed a motley soil cover. Each region has its own type of soil. The most important indicator of fertility is the thickness of the humus horizon. Humus is the top fertile layer of the soil. It is formed due to the activity of microorganisms that process the remains of plant and animal origin.

The following types of soils are most common in Russia:

arctic soils

Arctic soils are found in the Arctic. They practically do not contain humus, soil-forming processes are at a low level due to. The Arctic regions are used as hunting grounds or for the conservation of populations of unique animal species.

tundra soils

Tundra soils are located in and along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. These areas are dominated by permafrost. Lichens and mosses formed during the summer are not a good source for the formation of humus. Due to permafrost, the soil thaws only 40 cm deep in a short summer. The lands are often saline. The content of humus in the soil of the tundra zone is insignificant due to weak microbiological activity. The land is used by the locals as pasture for deer.

Podzolic soils

Podzolic soils are common in mixed forests. The territories occupy 75% of the total area of ​​Russia. The abundance of water and the cool climate create an acidic environment. Because of it, organic matter goes to the depths. The humus horizon does not exceed ten centimeters. The soil has few nutrients, but a lot of moisture. When properly processed, it is suitable for agriculture. On podzolic soils enriched with fertilizers, cereals, potatoes and cereals give a good harvest.

gray forest soils

Gray forest soils are located in Eastern Siberia, its forest-steppes and broad-leaved forests. The formation of the flora of the region is influenced by the temperate climate and relief. The lands are a combination of podzolic and chernozem soils. The abundance of plant residues, summer rains and their complete evaporation contribute to the accumulation of humus. Forests are rich in lands with calcium carbonate. Due to high fertility, 40% of gray forest soils are actively used for agriculture. A tenth part falls on pastures and hayfields. On the remaining lands, corn, beets, buckwheat and winter crops are grown.

Chernozem soils

Chernozem soils are located in the south of the country, near the borders with Ukraine and Kazakhstan. The thick humus layer was influenced by the flat topography, warm climate and low rainfall. This type of soil is considered the most fertile in the world. Russia owns about 50% of the world's chernozem reserves. A large amount of calcium prevents the leaching of nutrients. In the southern regions there is a lack of moisture. The lands have been cultivated for hundreds of years, but they still remain fertile. More than other crops, chernozems are sown with wheat. Sugar beet, corn and sunflower give a high yield.

chestnut soils

Chestnut soils prevail in the Astrakhan region, the Minusinsk and Amur steppes. There is a shortage of humus due to high temperatures and lack of moisture. The earth is dense, swells when wet. Salts are poorly washed out by water, the soil has a slightly acidic reaction. It is suitable for agriculture if regular irrigation is maintained. Alfalfa, cotton, wheat and sunflower are grown here.

Brown and gray-brown soils

Brown and gray-brown soils are found in the Caspian lowland. Their characteristic feature is a porous crust on the surface. It is formed due to high temperatures and low humidity. There is a small amount of humus here. Carbonates, salts and gypsum accumulate in the soil. Land fertility is low, most of the territories are used for pastures. Rice, cotton and melons are grown on irrigated plots.

Soils of natural zones of Russia

Map of natural areas of Russia

Natural complexes replace each other from north to south of the country, there are eight of them in total. Each natural zone of Russia is characterized by its unique soil cover.

Soils of the arctic desert

The soil cover is practically not expressed. Mosses and lichens grow in small areas. In warm weather, grass appears above the ground. All this looks like small oases. Plant residues cannot form humus. The thawed layer of the earth in summer does not exceed 40 cm. Waterlogging, as well as summer drying, leads to cracking of the earth's surface. There is a lot of iron in the soil, which is why it has a brown color. In the Arctic desert, there are practically no swamps, lakes; in dry weather, salt spots form on the surface.

Tundra soils

The soils are waterlogged. This is due to the close occurrence of permafrost and insufficient evaporation of moisture. The pace of humification is very slow. Plant residues cannot rot and remain on the surface in the form of peat. The amount of nutrients is minimal. The earth has a bluish or rusty color.

Soils of the forest-tundra

The forest-tundra is characterized by a transition from tundra to taiga soils. Woodlands already resemble a forest, they have a superficial root system. Permafrost begins at the level of 20 cm. The upper layer warms up well in summer, which contributes to the formation of lush vegetation. Moisture does not evaporate well due to low temperatures, so the surface is swampy. Forest-tundra areas are a combination of podzolic and peat-gley soils. There is little humus here, the lands are acidified.

Taiga soils

There is practically no permafrost zone, so the soils are podzolic. Iron is destroyed under the action of acids and washed out into the deep layers of the soil. Silica is formed in the upper layers. Undergrowth is poorly developed in the taiga. Fallen needles and moss take a long time to decompose. The humus content is minimal.

Soils of deciduous and mixed forests

Soddy-podzolic and brown soils predominate in broad-leaved and mixed forests. This natural area is home to oaks, larches, maples, birches and lindens. Tree litter forms a lot of humus. The sod layer reduces the power of the earth, so the soddy-podzolic soil is poor in phosphorus and nitrogen. Brown soils are rich in nutrients. Humus gives them a dark color.

Soils of the forest-steppe

Forest-steppes are characterized by high evaporation of moisture; in summer, drought and dry winds are observed. Chernozem and gray forest soils are formed in this natural zone. The humus layer is large, while mineralization is slow. Due to the special fertility of the forest-steppe land, it has been actively cultivated for many years in a row. Plowed areas are subject to weathering and drying.

steppe soils

Represented by dark chestnut, ordinary and low-humus chernozems. The soil has enough nutrients. There is less humus in chestnut soils, so they are lighter than the rest.

Soils of deserts and semi-deserts

Chestnut soils predominate. Due to insufficient moisture, salts accumulate. Vegetation does not form a continuous cover. Plants have deep roots that can extract moisture far from the surface. Salt marshes occur in places. There is little humus; gypsum can be found in the lower layers.

Which region of Russia has the most fertile soils?

Chernozem is the most fertile type of soil. It cannot be created artificially. Chernozem occupies only 10% of the total territory of the country, but its productivity is much higher than other soils. This type is rich in humus and calcium. The structure of the soil is heavy, loose, porous, so water and air easily penetrate to the roots of plants. Chernozem is found in the Central Black Earth economic region, which includes the Voronezh, Kursk, Belgorod, Lipetsk and Tambov regions. Podzolic soils with proper agricultural practices also give a high yield. They are common in the European part of Russia, the Far East and Eastern Siberia.

Soils, complex bio-inert systems, obey geographical laws in their distribution and perform various and numerous functions. In addition to, known since ancient times, the purpose of the soil as the basis for the existence of plants, i.e. sources of food, began to be identified, starting from the middle of the twentieth century, and more general, global functions of the soil and soil cover. Soils are of key importance in maintaining the stability of ecosystems and ensuring their sustainable development. Their ecological functions in this regard are diverse and differentiated in space. Soils ensure the conservation of biological diversity and the gene pool, the redistribution of matter and energy in cycles of different levels, the preservation of objects of material culture, they “remember” past events and respond to current changes in the environment; for example, immobilization and/or detoxification of technogenic pollutants or pathogens that are dangerous to humans and animals is carried out. Different soils - components of the soil cover, perform these functions to a greater or lesser extent and at different speeds.

The soil map in the Atlas was compiled in the traditions of the Russian soil-cartographic school, which were first implemented on soil maps of the early twentieth century, compiled by the outstanding natural scientist V.V. and his students. The immediate predecessor of this map was compiled by E.N. Rudneva "Soil map of the USSR" scale 1:16,000,000 in the Atlas of the USSR (1984). Over the past 20 years, new ideas have emerged about the origin and properties of Russian soils, the composition and pattern of the soil cover.

An essential feature of the soil map of the Atlas is that it was compiled taking into account the new classification of soils in Russia in 1997, built on substantive genetic principles and including all soils of the country, including those transformed by man. Soil diagnostics is based solely on the features of the profile structure, and not on landscape indicators. The transition to substantive-genetic principles brought the classification of Russian soils closer to foreign classifications. The names of soils in the new system reflect the properties of soils to a greater extent than the conditions of their formation. The substantive-genetic ideology of the new classification is the reason for the abandonment of many former landscape names of soils - ", taiga" and their replacement with names that reflect the genetic characteristics of soils.

The soil cover of Russia is characterized by an extremely high diversity, which consists in a wide range of its components - from barren primitive stony soils and powerful peatlands to the most fertile in the world. The general nature of the soil cover is determined by significant territorial differences, which manifest themselves in the form of a system of sublatitudinal zones and subzones, clearly visible in, less clearly in the West Siberian and very weakly in the Far East. Along with the climate, important factors in the formation of the soil cover of the country are the composition of loose deposits and dense rocks, the presence of eternal and the nature of the relief, which control the presence of altitudinal and expositional zonality, the degree of drainage of the territory, limit or contribute to the development of climatically determined soil processes and phenomena.