Nicholas II (Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov), the eldest son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Mary Fedorovna, was born May 18 (May 6, old style) 1868 In the tsarist village (now the city of Pushkin Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg).

Immediately after birth, Nikolai was enrolled in the lists of several Guards regiments and was appointed chief of the 65th Infantry Moscow Regiment. The childhood of the future of the king was held in the walls of the Gatchina Palace. Regular home sessions from Nikolai began in eight years.

December 1875 He received his first military rank - ensign, in 1880 he was produced in the companions, four years later became a guarantor. In 1884. year Nikolai entered the actual military service, in July 1887. years began to regular military service in the Preobrazhensky regiment and was produced in headquarten; In 1891, Nikolai received the rank of captain, and in a year - Colonel.

For exploring state affairs from May 1889 He began to attend meetings of the State Council and the Committee of Ministers. IN october 1890. The year went on a trip to the Far East. For nine months, Nikolai visited Greece, Egypt, India, China, Japan.

IN april 1894. The engagement of the future emperor with the princess Alice Darmstadt-Hessian, the daughter of the Great Duke of Hessian, granddaughter of the English Queen Victoria, took place. After the transition to Orthodoxy, she accepted the name Alexandra Fedorovna.

November 2 (October 21st Study) 1894 Alexander III passed away. A few hours before the death, the dying emperor ordered the Son to sign a manifesto about the eDilance on the throne.

Coronation of Nicholas II took place 26 (14 by old style) May 1896. Thirtieth (18 old style) May 1896 during the festival on the occasion of the coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow at the Khodynskaya field there was a crush, in which more than a thousand people died.

The reign of Nikolai II was held in the situation of the growing revolutionary movement and complication of the foreign policy situation (the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905; bloody Sunday; Revolution of 1905-1907; First World War; February Revolution 1917).

Under the influence of strong public Movement in favor of political transformations, 30 (17 old style) October 1905Nicholas II signed the famous manifesto "on the improvement of state order": the people were given freedoms of speech, press, personality, conscience, meetings, unions; The State Duma was created as a legislative body.

A turning point in the fate of Nicholas II became 1914 - The beginning of the First World War. Of August 19 (July 19, old style) 1914 Germany declared the war of Russia. IN august 1915. Nikolai II, Nicholas II accepted the military command (earlier this position performed the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich). After the king, most of the time spent at the expense rate of the Supreme Commander in Mogilev.

In late February 1917 In Petrograd, unrest began, which turned into mass performances against the government and the dynasty. The February Revolution found Nicholas II in the bet in Mogilev. Having received news about the uprising in Petrograd, he decided not to make concessions and power to clean up in the city, but when it turned out the scale of the riots, he refused this thought, fearing the big bloodshed.

At midnight 15 (2 on old style) March 1917 In the salon-carriage of the Imperial train, standing on the ways at Pskov Train Station, Nikolai II signed an act of renunciation from the throne, having passed the power to his brother to the great prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, who did not accept the crown.

20 (7 old style) March 1917 The temporary government issued an order for the arrest of the king. Twenty-second (9 old style) March 1917 Nicholas II and his family were arrested. The first five months they were protected in the royal village, in august 1917 They were crushed into Tobolsk, where Romanov had eight months.

At the beginning 1918. The Bolsheviks forced Nicholas to remove the shoulder shoulder colonel (his last warrior rank), he was perceived as a severe insult. In May of this year, the royal family transported to Yekaterinburg, where they were placed in the house of Mining engineer Nikolai Ipatiev.

On the night of 17 (4 by Old) July 1918and Nicholas II, Queen, five of their children: daughters - Olga (1895), Tatiana (1897), Maria (1899) and Anastasia (1901), son - Cesarevich, Heir to the throne Alexey (1904) and several approximate (only 11 people) . The shooting occurred in a small room in the lower floor of the house, there the victims brought under the pretext of evacuation. The king himself shot out of the pistol to emphasis the commandant of the Ipatiev House Yankel Yurovsky. The bodies were taken out of the city, doused Kerosene, tried to burn, and then buried.

In early 1991the urban prosecutor's office was filed the first application for discovery under Yekaterinburg bodies having signs of violent death. After many years of research of the remains discovered under Yekaterinburg, the Special Commission concluded that they are really the remains of nine Nikolai II and his family. In 1997. In the Petropavlovsky Cathedral of St. Petersburg, they solemnly buried.

In 2000. Nicholas II and his family members were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

October 1, 2008 Presidium of the Supreme Court Russian Federation Recognized the last Russian king Nicholas II and his family members victims of illegal political repression and rehabilitated them.

The birth of children is joy, and in the imperial family - the joy is double, especially if a boy appears on the light, because the boys provided the "stability" of the ruling dynasty. In general, since Pavlo I, who had four sons, the problem of the heir throughout the 19th century. It was not relevant to the imperial family. There was always a "reserve" in a straight downward line, which allowed it painlessly to replace "dropped out" for various reasons of emperors or Cesarevich.

All Russian empress gave birth at home, that is, in those imperial residences in which they turned out to be at the time of birth. As a rule, during childbirth or in close proximity to the maternity room, all relatives were present that turned out to be nearby. And the husband literally "kept his wife's wife" Being in the maternity hospital. This tradition dates back to the times of the Middle Ages, in order to make sure the truth of childbirth and the heir.

Starting from Paul I, all the imperial families were large. No matter what limitation of the birth rate could not be. The Empress, Zesarevna and the Great Princess gave birth, how much "God gave". An exemplary family man Nicholai with his wife had 7 children, four sons and three daughters. In the family of Alexander II and Empress Mary Alexandrovna, despite the weak health of the latter, there were eight children - two daughters and six sons. In the family of Alexander III and Empress Maria Fedorovna had six children, one of whom died at an early age. It remains in the family three sons and two daughters. Five children were born in the family of Nikolai II. For Nikolai, the absence of the heir could turn into serious political consequences - numerous male relatives from the junior branches of the Romanov House were ready with a great desire to inherit the throne, which was absolutely not satisfied with the royal spouses.

The birth of children in the family Nikolai II.

The first birth of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna were severe. In the diary of Nikolai, time is mentioned - from one in the morning until late evening, almost a day. As the younger sister of the king remembered, great Princess Ksenia Aleksandrovna, "Baby dragged with forceps." Late in the evening on November 3, 1895, the Empress gave birth to a girl who parents called Olga. Pathological clans, apparently, were caused by the weak health of the empress, which at the time of birth was 23 years and the fact that she suffered from adolescent age with sacral pains. Pain in the legs pursued her all life. Therefore, households often saw her in a wheelchair. After a severe childbirth, the Empress "got up on his feet" only by November 18, and immediately sits in a wheelchair. "Singing Alix, who rode in a moving chair and even visited me."

Great Princess Olga Nikolaevna

The Empress gave birth to less than two years. This pregnancy also turned out to be difficult. On the early timing Pregnancy doctors feared miscarriage, because in the documents deafness it is mentioned that the Empress got up from bed only on January 22, 1897. Ie Arrived about 7 weeks. Tatiana was born on May 29, 1897 in the Alexander Palace, where the family moved for the summer. Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich recorded in the diary: "In the morning, God gave them majesty ... Daughter. The news quickly spread and everyone was disappointed, as they waited for the Son. "

Great Princess Tatyana Nikolaevna

In November 1998, it turned out that the Empress was pregnant for the third time. As in the first birth, she immediately sit down in a carriage, as it cannot walk because of pain in the legs, and drives along the halls of the Winter Palace "in chairs." On June 14, 1899, a third daughter was born in Peterhof - Maria. A series of daughters in a royal family caused a sustainable mood of frustration in society. Even the next relatives of the king in their diaries have repeatedly noted that the news of the birth of another daughter caused a sigh of frustration throughout the country.

Great Princess Maria Nikolaevna

The beginning of the fourth pregnancy courtesy doctors confirmed in the fall of 1900. Waiting has become unbearable. In the diary of the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich recorded: "She very much ... Everything is therefore tremendous hopefully. That this time there will be a son. " On June 5, 1901, the fourth daughter of the king was born in Peterhof - Anastasia. From the diary of Ksenia Aleksandrovna: "Alix feels great - but my God! What a disappointment! Fourth girl! "

Great Princess Anastasia Nikolaevna

The Empress itself was desperate. Her fifth pregnancy began in November 1901. Since this pregnancy, the royal family tied exclusively with the "Passs" of the court extrasens of Philip, then it was hidden even from the nearest relatives. According to the recommendation of Philip, the Empress did not allow Medchi to him until August 1902, i.e. Almost to date. Meanwhile, the childbirth did not come. Finally, the Empress agreed to test himself. Life-obstetrician Ott after surveying Alix announced that "the Empress was not pregnant and was not pregnant." This news collapsed by a terrible blow to the psyche Alexandra Fedorovna. The child she had sheltered from November of the month was simply not. It became a shock for everyone. In the official government messenger published a message that the pregnancy of the Empress ended with miscarriage. After that, the police ordered to exclude from the Opera "Tsar Saltant" the words "Birthday the queen in the night is not the son, not the daughter, not a dog, not a frog, so, the ignorant animal."

Empress with Cesarevich Alexei

Paradoxically, after unsuccessful pregnancy, the Empress did not lose faith in Philip. In 1903 following the advice of Philip, the whole family visited the Sarov desert. After visiting the village of Diveev, the Empress became pregnant in the sixth time. This pregnancy ended with the safe birth of Cesarevich Alexey July 30, 1904. Nikolai wrote in the diary: "An unforgettable great day for us, in which the mercy of God clearly visited us. At 1.4 days, Alix was born a son, which, with prayer, they were told Alexei. Everything happened remarkably soon - for me, at least. " The Empress gave birth to the heir very easily "for half an hour." In Ov written book She wrote: "Weight - 4660, length - 58, head circle - 38, chest - 39, on Friday, July 30, in 1Ch.15 min in Popolunny." Against the festive bustle of royal parents, there was anxiety, will not be a disturbing signs of terrible disease. A number of documents show that the hemophilia at the heir's parents learned literally on his birthday - the baby had bleeding from the umbilical wound.

Tsearevich Aleksey

Igor Zimin, "Children's World of Imperial Residences."

The birth of children is joy, and in the imperial family - the joy is double, especially if a boy appeared on the world, as the boys provided the "stability" of the ruling dynasty. It was important for the ruling emperor and Heir-Cesarevich. In general, since Paul I, who had four sons, "The problem of the heir" throughout the XIX century. It was not relevant to the imperial family. There was always a "reserve" in a straight downward line, which allowed it painlessly to replace "dropped out" for various reasons of emperors or Cesarevich.

All Russian empress gave birth at home, that is, in those imperial residences, in which they turned out to be at the time of birth. None of the speakers did not give birth to specialized clinics, which in the XIX century. Already existed. Even when in 1904 on Vasilyevsky Island Life-Okusher D.O. OTT opened a luxurious obstetric clinic, none of the special imperial surname she took advantage of it. They gave birth according to the tradition of the house, adapting one of the rooms for the maternity ward.

Tsearevna and the Empress, despite the coming birth, steadily observed the "schedule" of transition from the residence into the residence, regardless of the terms of pregnancy. At the same time, the Liebe obster followed relentlessly for a pregnant special imperial name. She gave birth in the residence in which the contractions began. Nicholas II was born in May 1868 in the right wing of the first floor of the Alexander Palace of the Tsarist village, where, following the tradition, the royal family just moved for the summer. Of the five children, Nicholas II, one daughter was born in the Alexander Palace of the Tsarist village, and three daughters and son - in the Nizhny (new) palace in Peterhof. For Life-Okuscher D.O. Ot, nearby from the Lower Palace, in which Nikolai II family lived in Peterhof, in the Freintie house allocated a two-room apartment, where he lived, waiting for the onset of the next genera of the Empress.

As a rule, during childbirth or in close proximity to the maternity room, all relatives were present that turned out to be nearby. And the husband literally held a giving birth to his hand, being in the "Major Chamber". This tradition was tailored to the times of the Middle Ages. According to the ancient European tradition, the highest aristocracy had the right to be present at the kind of queens, directly making sure in the "truth" and childbirth, and the heir, their future ruler. Therefore, the presence of the emperor or Cesarevich next to the giving birth pursued a goal not only to support his wife, but also to keep a long tradition.

The birth of a child in the imperial family was reported by the publication of the relevant "Manifesta", which "embedded" the child born in the family hierarchy of Romanov, officially proclaimed the infant "Highness". When Nicholas I in 1827, the second son was born, then in "Manifesto" it was reported: "We declare to all true our subjects, that at 9 April of September, the courtesy of our spouse, the Empress of Alexander Fedorovna was resulted from the burden, the birth of our son who was named after Konstantin …" one .

In addition, the birth of a royal infant learned on the artillery volley of the guns of the Petropavlovsk fortress. The number of salvages notified about the infant field. 101 Volley meant the birth of a girl, and 301 - a boy.

The whole palace servants, who was on duty on the birthday of the child, necessarily received memorable valuable gifts 2. It should be added that subjects informed not only about the birth of a child, but also about the occurrence of pregnancy in the Empress. Such ads were printed in the Official Chronicles section of the Government Bulletin.

A separate manifest of the subjects was notified of new highly universal dates in the imperial calendar.

In Manifesto on March 1, 1845, it was indicated that "the birth of the courtesy of our Grand Prince Alexander Alexandrovich (the future of Alexander III. - I. 3..) We command it to celebrate on the 26th day of February, and the aesenitism on the 30th day of August "3.

In childbirth, the Minister of the Imperial Yard was present at birth. Again, in order to guarantee the "truth" of the fact of birth of a child. However, in the XIX century. This requirement no longer adhered to literally, but the Minister of the courtyard during childbirth was "outside the door" of the room in which the Empress or Tsearevna gave birth, and it was necessarily prepared five options Manifesta, in which officially announced the birth of a child. The king himself removed the newborn yard minister and entered the selected name 4 in the decree. When Empress Alexander Fedorovna was preparing to give birth to the first child in 1895, then, according to the procedure adopted, in the depths of the office of the Ministry of the Imperial Court was pre-prepared five projects Government Decision on the birth of a child. These projects provided for all possible options: 1) Birth of the Son; 2) the birth of the daughter; 3) twins from two sons; 4) twins of two daughters; 5) Twin from the son and daughter.

Only the name of the child was passed in the project and did not indicate his birthday. The draft decree on the birth of the Son was formulated as follows: "On the day of this ... a kind of spouse, our sovereign of Empress Alexander Fedorovna safely resolved from the burden of the birth of a son, set about ..." 5.

Starting with Paul I, imperial and grandnya families were large. No matter what limitation of the birth rate did not go. The Empress, Zesarevna and the Great Princess gave birth as "God gave". In the family of Paul I, Empress Maria Fedorovna gave birth four sons and six daughters. At the same time, the first child was born in December 1777 (the future emperor Alexander I), and the last - in 1798 (the Grand Duke Mikhail), i.e., for 22 years, Maria Fedorovna gave birth to 10 children.

Alexander I did not have sons. Alexander I's wife, Empress Elizabeth Alekseevna, gave birth two daughters who died at an early age. It should be noted that relations between spouses were very complex and Alexander I had side children.

From the exemplary family man Nicholas I and his wife, Empress Alexander Fedorovna, was seven children - four sons and three daughters. The first child was born in 1818 (future Alexander II), the last (Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich) - in 1832

In the family of Alexander II and the Empress of Maria Alexandrovna, despite the weak health of the empress, in 18 years it was born eight children - two daughters and six sons. The first child (Great Princess Alexander Aleksandrovna) was born in 1842, the last (Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich) - in 1860

In the family of Alexander III and Empress Mary Fedorovna also born six children Of these, one child in a year old died. It remains in the family three sons and two daughters, The first child (Nicholas II) was born in 1868, the last (Great Princess Olga Aleksandrovna) - in 1882, i.e., six children were born for 14 years.

In the family of Nikolai II and Empress Alexandra Fedorovna from 1895 to 1904, five children were born. For Nikolai II, the heir's problem turned into serious political consequences - numerous male relatives, from the junior branches of the Romanov House, were ready with a great desire to inherit the throne, which, naturally, neither Nicholas II, nor Alexander Fedorovna, was completely unknown.

Thus, the birth of sons in the imperial family had not only the nature of the usual human joy, but also became an event of a large political value, creating a margin of the strength of the ruling dynasty.

Imp. Maria Fedorovna and Son Nicholas. Autumn 1868

In 1817, the childless emperor Alexander I told his younger brother Nikolai Pavlovich, which intends to transfer the throne to him. Only brothers became known about this decision: the great prince Konstantin Pavlovich and the Great Prince Nikolai Pavlovich. Later, this decision was issued legally. Therefore, when in 1818, Alexander Nikolaevich was born in Moscow, he was perceived in his family already as a future heir to the throne. With a new political defold, Nikolai Pavlovich was interested in the birth of sons, and when in August 1819 his wife Alexander Fedorovna gave birth to a second child, the great princess Maria Nikolaevna, he took "not with special joy: he expected his son; Subsequently, he often reproached himself for it ... "6. However, later God gave him sons whose offspring, in turn, strengthened the dynastic foundation of the Russian Imperial House.

The problem of the throne at all times in a variety of countries is intertwined with backstage intrigues. Especially acutely collided with her the family of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II. The main dynastic task of any empress is the birth of the heir to the throne. Therefore, any ailfish of a young woman was written off on the previously expected pregnancy. It is quite characteristic of the phrase, recorded in the diary of the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich in December 1894, less than three weeks after the marriage of Nikolai and Alexandra, but more than six months after the engagement in Coburg: "Young Empress has been bad in the church again. If this comes from the cause, the most desired Russia, then thank God! " 7.

BEFORE. Ott.

Okusher Dmitry Oskarovich Ott was the largest gynecologist of his time. Back in 1893 he was appointed director of the Imperial Clinical Obivinal Institute. For the first time, Nikolai II mentions Professor from his diary on September 26, 1895. A month before the birth of the firstborn in the imperial family, the Lab Okusher personally came to the Winter Palace. Nikolai recorded this in the diary: "Ott and Gunst came to inspect my dull!" A day later, he again mentioned that "Ott and Gunst are satisfied." Soon it was time to give birth, and in the diary of Nicholas II, it is mentioned that the contractions continued for almost a day - from one in the morning and until late evening. Only at 9 o'clock in the evening on November 3, 1895, Empress gave birth to a girl who parents called Olga. All this time, there was a professor of Ott and the midwife of Evgenia Konradna Günst.

The first birth of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna were severe. Although they were preparing to take in the Winter Palace, the Empress gave birth in the Alexander Palace of the Tsarist village. As the younger sister of the king, the Great Princess Ksenia Alexandrovna, the baby "dragged the tongs". Olga baptized on November 14, 1895 in the Big Church of the Catherine Palace in the Tsarskoye Sel. Only a month and a half after the birth of the royal family moved with a little daughter in the Winter Palace.

Pathological bodies, apparently, were due both to the weak health of the empress, which at the time of birth was 23 years old and the fact that she suffered from youthful age with sacroist-lumbar pains. Pain in the legs pursued her all life. Therefore, households often saw the empress in a wheelchair. However, in spite of the traditions, herself began to feed her daughter from November 5, than the king was very proud of. A few weeks later, the king once again mentioned among the doctors who were in the palace when bathing a child, D.O. Ot. The older sister of the Empress, Elizaveta Fedorovna, wrote in a letter to Queen Victoria, which was "beautiful" during childbirth. The last time Nicholas II mentioned the name of D.O. From November 30 - "attended the daughter bath. OTT was also there; Now he is rarely coming. " Okusherka E.K. Günst said goodbye to the royal family on December 20, staying in the winter palace for three months.

The successful first birth of the Empress marked the beginning of the court career of D.O. From November 4, 1917, from November 4, 1895 by the Named Decree of November 4, 1895, addressed to the Minister of the Imperial Court of D.O. Ottered was "the all-consant posts were granted to the Life-Okushehs of the courtyard of his imperial majesty with leaving in their positions and titles." In the form of the list of D.O. From December 1, 1895, these posts and titles were recorded: "Director of the Misual Institute, Liebe-Onceforge, Consultant and Honorary Professor on Female Diseases under the Clinical Institute of the Grand Princess Elena Pavlovna, Doctor of Medicine, a Valid Stat Counselor." It can be added that on the basis of the "position" of the court medical part of the Ministry of Imperial Court, the title of Life-Medica "was carried out beyond all the rules at the discretion of their majesty."

After severe birth, the Empress gets up "on his feet" only on November 18, 1895 and sits in a wheelchair: "Singing Alik, who rode in a moving chair and even visited me" 8. Apparently, the first birth was adversely affected by its weak health, and therefore renewed renewing procedures are renewed. The king recorded in the diary on November 28, 1895: "Alika bathed again - now she will still take daily salt baths" 9.

The weak health of the Empress 10 and the birth of the girl immediately led to various rumors. Even the older sister of Alexandra Fedorovna, the Great Princess Elizaveta Fedorovna, in a letter to Queen Victoria found it necessary to mention that "you know about terrible rumors who are unknown who dissolve that Alik is dangerous and can not have children and what operations need."

The Empress gave birth to less than two years. In a letter to the mother in January 1897, Nicholas II reported that "yesterday, Alik decidedly felt movement - jumping and jolts" 11. This pregnancy also turned out to be not simple. Apparently, in the early grades of pregnancy, the doctors feared the miscarriage, because in the documents, it was deeply mentioned that the Empress got out of bed only on January 22, 1897, larger, without getting up, seven weeks. All this time, there was a Life-obsher D.O. OTT. In the same documents, it is mentioned that he himself catches in a stroller Empress in the garden next to the Winter Palace. The threat of miscarriage is confirmed by the reference of Nicholas II in a letter to the mother that "we are more than careful when moving and with any change change on the sofa" 12. Nevertheless, literally on the eve of childbirth, according to the tradition, the royal family moved for the summer to the Alexander Palace of the Tsarist village, where Tatiana was born on May 29, 1897. On this day, the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich recorded in the diary: "In the morning, God gave them majesty ... Daughter. The news quickly spread, and everyone was disappointed, since the Son was waiting for "13.

In November 1898, it turned out that the Empress was pregnant for the third time. As in the first birth, she immediately sit down in his stroller, because he could not walk because of his feet and went through the halls of the winter palace "in chairs." On June 14, 1899, the third daughter was born in Peterhof - Maria.

A series of daughters in the royal family caused a sustainable mood of frustration in society. In 1913, the Obninsky wrote wrote: "The light met the poor baby laughter ... Both parents became superstitious ... And when Cahotochiki Georgy died, the new heir died, the traditional title" Cesarevich "from a superstitious fear, as they said that this title prevents the appearance On the light of the boy "14. Count VE. Schulenburg, who served in the Life Guard by the Ulan Region, recalled that Olga's birth was encountered with gloating, and after the birth of other great Prince among officers, countless "unworthy sharpness and charges" began.

Even the next relatives of the king in their diaries have repeatedly noted that the news of the birth of another daughter caused a sigh of frustration throughout the country. Ksenia Aleksandrovna, Junior Sister Nikolai II, recorded in the diary back in November 1895: "The birth of his daughter Niki and Alik is a lot of happiness, although it is a pity that not a son" 16. The sister of Empress Elizabeth Fedorovna wrote the English Queen of Victoria: "The joy is huge and disappointment that this girl is fading from consciousness that everything is good" 17. What is characteristic, such records appeared in the intimate correspondence of the royal relatives already at the birth of the first daughter of the tsarist couple - Olga Nikolaevna.

The beginning of the fourth pregnancy courtesy doctors confirmed in the fall of 1900. Waiting has become unbearable. In the diary of the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, it was written: "She very much loose ... Everything is therefore preferably hope that this time will be the Son" 18. In June 1901, the midwife empress E.K. Gunst "mistakenly suggested" the offensive of premature births 19 and therefore emergend from their estate in the Kursk region of Professor Popov. He was invited to examine him three times to inspect the empress in the new Peterhof 20. Inviting a new obstetrician indirectly indicated that the empress for this time relations with the Life-obstetrician D.O. Ottll changed. The fact is that the Empress endured only those physicians who confirmed her own diagnoses. On June 5, 1901, the fourth daughter of the king was born in Peterhof - Anastasia.

After the birth of the fourth daughter, the discreet at the beginning of the intonation of discontent breaks through. In June 1901, a record appears in the diary of Xenia Aleksandrovna: "Alik feels great - but, my God! What disappointment! .. 4th girl! " 21 Uncle emperor, famous "K. R." - Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich - recorded at the same time in the diary: "Sorry, Lord! All instead of joy felt disappointment, so waited for the heir and here is the fourth daughter "22.

Disappointment was common. Alexander Fedorovna itself fell into despair. The absence of a direct heir to the king revived the "project" of the autumn of 1900, when the legal possibilities of transferring power to bypass the existing laws of the eldest daughter of the king - Olga Nikolaevna. A. V. Bogdanovich recorded in the diary on July 9, 1901: "Myasoedov-Ivanov said that Witte with Solsky is spent on changing the throne to make the heiress of the daughter of King Olga" 23. And therefore it is no coincidence that it was in 1901 near the throne begins to appear a series of charlatans, which promised to help the royal family to solve this delicate problem.

By 1901, four girls in a row were born in the family of Nikolai II, such a family of Romanov. Paul I's wife, in a row, gave birth to five daughters, but before it was born two boys - Alexander and Konstantin Pavlovichi.

The absence of a direct heir to the imperial couple was worried not only the court circles. After the birth of the third daughter, since 1899, letters from various countries are beginning to enter the Ministry of the Imperial Court: England, France, Belgium, USA, Latin America and Japan with proposals to inform the secret that guarantees the birth of the heir.

The tips were not disinterested. The amounts were called different, in some letters in several tens of thousands of dollars. It is noteworthy that the Russian submitted gave advice to their king "for nothing." But at the same time, the advice of foreigners, as a rule, was based on the theory of the Austrian Embryologist of the Professor of the University of Schenka known at the time at the time. He published a number of investigations on the development of eggs and senses in the lower vertebrates and became known for its experiments on the definition of germs in mammals and a person with the help of the appropriate feeding of parents 24.

Tips for Russian subjects looked easier. Among the authors were the people of the most different public situation: the commander of the 2nd company of the 8th pontoon battalion of Adam-Henry Character from Tiraspol, retired lieutenant colonel F.F. Likhachev from Mogilev province, assistant to conduct trials from Vladivostok I.V. Butchers, controller-mechanic of the telegraph service L. Zandman from Omsk, Taganrog, I.V. Tkachenko, Lieutenant-General Engelardt General, Bezannan David Sutsevich from the Koven County, Zemsky Feldscher N. Lyubovsky from Novgorod province and many others.

In order to submit the content of these "simple" councils, we turn to one of them, written relatively knowledgeable man in medicine, Feldsher N. Aubovsky: "You can predict what sex an egg is separated by a woman in this menstruation and, therefore, you can have a child of the desired Floor. Such a strict sequence in the selection of eggs in women, I dared to call the law of nature "25. They were given and such: "Ask the sovereign, your spouse, to go to the left side or, otherwise, to the left side of your Majesty, and I hope that it will not pass and the year, as all Russia refers to the appearance of the desired heir." 26

Due to the abundant flow of such letters (the archival business has more than 260 sheets) there was a certain procedure for working with them. Head of the Office of the Ministry of the Imperial Court Colonel A.A. Mosolov wrote: "According to the order of letters and petitions established at the Ministry of the Imperial Yard, which enclosed this kind of tips, they are left unanswered and without further movement." 27 However, as follows from the same case, some letters were still taken into account. In a letter dated April 28, 1905, the peasant of the Tula Province of the village of Hotunks D.A. Kiryushkin writes VB. Frederixes that "in 1902, January 7, I had a happie to be in the palace at your high expire on the birth of the heir to the throne. I petitioned before your high alarming about the assumption of me and the report to His Imperial Majesty to the Emperor's Emperor. " In 1907, he recalled his letter again: "I was in the Palace entrusted to you, for explaining why boys and girls are born" 28. The peasant presisionly demanded from the minister of the courtyard of the fee, since the birth of Cesarevich Alexei he tied up with his advice.

Thus, the peculiarities of the domestic political situation, the relationship in the imperial surname, the characteristics of the character of the empress Alexandra Fedorovna prepared the appearance at the court of French Charlatan Philip. The history of his appearance under the Russian court writes in detail in the "memories" S.Yu. Witte. According to him, the wife of the Grand Duke Peter Nikolayevich, Milita - "Chernogorka No. 1", became acquainted with Philipp, and Milip Philip-to-Wrest to their great princes of Nikolayevich and then to their majesty.

The fact is that Philip cured the son of Militsa - Roman. Witte mentioned that Chernogorki petitioned that Philip allowed medical practice in Russia and gave him a medical diploma. Perhaps this is the only case in the history of the award of scientists of degrees in Russia, when "Contrary to all the laws at the Military Minister Kuropatkin, he was given by Dr. Medicine from the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy and the Chin of a Valid Stat Counselor. All this without any announcements. Holy Philippe went to the military tailor and ordered a military-medical form "30.

At the same time it should be noted that information about the extrasens entered the palace from various sources. Head of the P. I. Rachkovsky, the head of the P. I. Rachkovsky at the request of the palace commandant P.P. Hesse gathered a dossier on Philippe, where he introduced him to Charlatan. But faith of the imperial family in Philip was so strong that the head of the foreign agents of the Police Department since 1882 was immediately removed from office in 1902.

The Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich in the "Memories" wrote that "the French Messenger warned the Russian government against this ingratiated foreigner, but the king and the queen adhered to another opinion ... He argued that he had a power of suggestion, which could influence the gender of the child's mother in the womb. He did not prescribe any drugs that could be tested by court doctors. The secret of his art consisted in a series of hypnotic sessions. After two months of treatment, he announced that the Empress was waiting for the child "31.

The fifth pregnancy Alexandra Fedorovna began in November 1901. Since this pregnancy, the royal couple tied up exclusively with the mysterious "Passams" of Philip, it was hidden even from the nearest relatives. Nikolai II sister Ksenia Alexandrovna only in April 1902 learned from the Empress about her pregnancy. In his letter to her, Alexander Fedorovna wrote: "Now it is already difficult to hide. Do not write Mother, as I want to tell her when she returns next week. I feel so well, thank God, in August! " 32.

On the recommendation of Philippe, the Empress did not allow the physicians until August 1902. By the spring, everyone noticed that she strongly stunned and stopped wearing a corset. Officially was announced about her pregnancy. As Witte wrote: "The Empress stopped walking, lying all the time. Life-obstetrician from his assistants moved to Peterhof, waiting with the hour for an hour this event. Meanwhile, childbirth did not come. Then Professor Ott began to persuade the empress and the sovereign, so that he would explore the Empress. The empress for obvious reasons did not allow himself to explore herself before childbirth. Finally she agreed. Ott explored and announced that the Empress was not pregnant and was not pregnant, which was then declared in the relevant form. "33

This news collapsed by a terrible blow to the psyche Alexandra Fedorovna. The child she was sheltered from November 1901 simply was not. It was a shock for everyone. News instantly became known among Aristocratic Beaumd. Ksenia Aleksandrovna in a letter of August 19, 1902 to Princess A.A. Obolensk, nearest Freillan and Friend of Empress

Mary Fedorovna, wrote: "We all go, as in the water omitted from yesterday ... Poor A.F. It turned out to be not pregnant at all - 9 months she had nothing and suddenly came, but completely normal, without pain. The third day, Ott saw her for the first time and stated that no pregnancy is no, but fortunately, everything is fine inside. He says that such cases are and what this happens as a result of Malokrovia "34. Great Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich recorded on his diary on August 20, 1902: "From August 8, the permission from the burden of the Empress was waiting daily ... Alika was very crying. When, finally, the Dr. Ott and Günst admitted to it determined that there was no pregnancy, but did not exist "35.

In addition, it was necessary to clearly explain the whole country where the child of the Empress was. From this delicate situation it was necessary to somehow go out. Therefore, in the official "government messenger" on August 21, 1902, a message was published: "A few months ago, in a state of health, the Majesty of the Empress of the Empress Alexandra Fedorovna occurred, pointing to pregnancy. Currently, due to the deviation from a normal course, the ceased pregnancy ended with miscarriage, accomplished without any complications at normal temperature and pulse. Life-obstetrician D.O. OTT. Life surgeon Girsh. Peterhof August 20, 1902. " On August 27, 1902, another bulletin was followed, in which it was reported that her majesty "is on the path to complete recovery."

This event gave rise to the people a lot of rumors that the queen gave birth to the "unaware little girl". Secretary of State A.A. Polovtsy in August 1902 wrote: "In all classes of the population, the most ridiculous rumors spread, such as that the Empress gave birth to a freak with horns" 36. He called the "shameful adventure of the Empress Bribs". In the aristocratic environment, this information also caused the most different senses. Yes, and the power gave serious foundations for criticism. In Nizhny Novgorod, the police confiscated a calendar, on the first sheet of which the part of the female, carrier in a basket of four small piglets, was depicted. After the "miscarriage", the police ordered the words excluded from the opera "Tsar Saltant" words: "Bettered the queen in the night is not the son, not the daughter, not a dog, not a frog, so - the ignorant little animal. 37.

In August 1902, the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich recorded in the diary: "Yesterday, for the signatures of Life-Okuscher DM. Others and Life Surgeon Girsha announced in newspapers Bulletin ... The text of the bulletin criticizes, especially the word "thanks" 38. As a result, this in general is tragic for royal family Stories behind the empress is finally fixed by the diagnosis of hysterical. The Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich wrote about the "acute nervous disorder" 39, S.Yu. Witte calls it "abnormal hysterical special" 40.

However, it is impossible to call the occurred miscarriage, probably, since the queen endowed the laid time, it was not a false pregnancy. Objective medical information is contained in the archive of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty Nicholas II: "Liebe Medica Explanations of the Girsha Obuscher about the causes of false pregnancy Alexandra Fedorovna." On the envelope, it stands the neck "completely secret" and "Highestly behavior to keep not printed in His Majesty's office." Since this episode is mentioned in many memoirs and these events largely explain the characteristics of the character of the empress, we will allow the vast quotes from this that has previously not published a document: "Her Majesty was the last time monthly blood for the first day of November. From that time, blood did not appear anymore, which made her Majesty consider himself to be pregnant since that time, waiting for permission in the first days of August, that is, for a normal period of pregnancy. Although this time the pregnancy in its current and differed from the previous minor abdomen, nevertheless, feeling quite good and without experiencing any pain or unpleasant sensations, Her Majesty believed that the pregnancy proceeds correctly and did not find it therefore necessary to apply for the medical council Before the expected permission from the burden. Meaning set time In addition, on August 16, it seemed to bleeding in the morning, in terms of its number and nature of the appearance did not differ from ordinary monthly cleansions (there was a minor heighting, however, it was marked by the Majesty in the month of July).

The above circumstances prompted Her Majesty to seek medical advice to the Majesty of the Majesty of Life-Akusutra Professor Ott, who, being invited to Her Majesty about 10 am on August 16, inspected Her Majesty in the presence of the Günst, and found that on the basis of this Studies are excluded any idea of \u200b\u200bpregnancy, and not only in the final period, but in general, in such a stage of development, which is recognized as an obstetric science of recognition. This conclusion gave the right to the entire complex of objective studies and in particular the size of the uterus itself almost unchanged the norm.

Over the next days: 17th, 18th, on August 19, the bleeding of Her Majesty lasted at a very moderate degree, and by the evening of the 19th, the Majesty felt pain in the nature of the nature, which reminded the birth of births, which by the morning of the next day Duck, and during the morning toilet, a fleshy formation of a walnut of walnut was detected from the genital organs, spherically - oblong slightly flattened form and with a relatively smooth surface. In appearance, the formation described (which is confirmed by both microscopic examination) can be taken for the dead fruit egg no more than 4-week development. At the opening of the selected egg in its cavity, the embryo cannot be detected, the aqueous and lumpy shell is well expressed; The latter is strongly thickened and in one department is impregnated with hemorrhage. All the egg wears signs of maceration and some swelling, representing the so-called meaty barn (Mole Carnosum). The allocated egg, opened by the professor, was shown by Life-surgeon Girsha and Mrs. Günst.

Based on all of the foregoing, it should be recognized that the delay in monthly blood in Her Majesty was due to the conception occurred, and the pregnancy ceased to early stage The development of the fruit egg, and the measurant egg as the so-called "stock" remained in the uterus of the uterus, up to its allocation of it, which occurred only on August 20.

In addition to the specified location in the uterine uterus of a measureful egg for a long delay in monthly offices, it could not affect the anemia and the associated disruption of metabolism in the body of the Her Majesty.

Peterhof August 26 days 1902 Life-obstetrician of His Imperial Majesty, Professor DM. OTT. Life Surgeon, His Majesty Doctor Medicine Girsch "41.

This document was on a special storage mode in the archive of the Ministry of the Imperial Court. Frederic's courtyard minister, given the delicious nature of the "disease," proposed the king of several options for storing the documentation related to the events of the summer of 1902. Nicholas II chose the most "closed" version by which all medical materials should have been kept in a special package, "not opening" 42.

The Great Princess of Xenia Alexandrovna also mentioned this episode in a letter dated August 20, 1902: "This morning, A.F. There was a little miscarriage (unless you can call it out!), i.e. just a tiny egg! Last night she had pain and night, too, and in the morning it ended when this story came out! Now, finally, it will be possible to declare this and tomorrow the newspapers will appear - with a message about what happened. Finally, the only way out of this sad case was found "43.

In 1928, D.O. himself OTT told about this story as follows: "It was the fifth pregnancy of the Empress. The empress passed for two months that the term in which she, according to her calculations, was to give birth. She felt well, and I did not look at her, and I saw her pregnant for the first time in the seventh month. Births approached, and I was invited to live in Peterhof. I am hit the appearance of the empress, the figure did not change at all, there was no belly. I pointed to it and asked for permission to inspect it. She answered me: "Bleiben Sie Ruhig, Das Kind Ist Dahinten" (be calm, baby there). The lifestyle she led low-rise, almost daily hours in eleven he left for a great prince Nikolai Nikolayevich and returned at three nights, but I did not intervene. One day I am hurry for the Empress: it sits excited, on a shirt of blood drops. The sovereign walks around the room, it is very worried and asks it to examine. Inspection showed that the pregnancy was, but the egg did not develop. This is what is called fleshy, or blood, zakos. Thanks to bleeding, he came out. I explained what's the matter. The sovereign asked me to hastily go to the great prince Vladimir Alexandrovich, where there was a whole yard on the "kissing of the hand" on the occasion of the wedding of Elena Vladimirovna, and inform the Minister of Frederix's courtyard. I did it. Frederick asked: "QUEL EST Le Mot D Ordre?" (What are the orders?). I said I do not know. Frederick asked me to write a bulletin. I wrote so that anyone between the rows could understand what was discussed. Another day I am reiterated to the palace. There I am waiting for Frederica and Personal Physician Empress Dr. Girsch, German, and give to read a foolishly compiled piece of paper. I say that it is not good for anything that I otherly wrote. I have been told that the sovereign ordered me to sign this piece of paper. Well, I signed. So there was a notice that everyone knows "44.

As we see, the entire "pregnancy" of the Empress was patronized by the "holy" Philip, who lived in the estate of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich Znamenka, and Alexander Fedorovna visited him daily. About Philippe The Settlement of the king knew very little, because the acquaintance with him was not advertised. The Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich called him in the diary in August 1901. "Some Filippov, not the doctor, not the scientist engaged in the vaccination and treatment of various diseases." But after a few days, he meets him personally: "We drank tea with Militsa and saw him. It is a small height, black-haired, with black mustes of a man of 50 years old, very nondescript, with a bad South Franczesian reprimand "45.

In fact, Filipp Name-Vasho, a native of Lyon, graduated from only three courses of the medical faculty of Lyon University. Having found the ability of psychics, he left the university and began to specialize in the treatment of nerve diseases. Especially often his clients were women, and, as a rule, very wealthy. In this field, he gained very widely known. But since he did not have a medical diploma, Philip was repeatedly attracted to criminal responsibility for illegal medical practice. Over time, he managed to bypass this obstacle, taking a graduate doctor as a "companion".

In the diary of Nicholas II and the correspondence of the imperial couple, it is called "our expensive friend." The degree of influence of Philip on the king eloquently says the next entry in the diary of Nicholas II for July 1902: Mr. Philippe spoke and teach us. What a wonderful watch !!! ". Such a character of the king's diary records is quite rare, as Nicholas II differed extremely misfortune for emotions. In addition, apparently, the teacher intervened not only in the personal affairs of the king. On July 22, 1902, the Empress writes the king, serving on the yacht to Germany to meet with Emperor Wilhelm II: "Next to you will be our dear friend, he will help you to answer Wilhelm." Apparently, the summer of 1902, when the imperial couple expects the appearance of a "wonderful" successful boy to the light, was the time of the greatest influence of Philip. And again it is necessary to emphasize that this influence began to take political in nature. All this could not disturb the closest surroundings of the royal family. The political activities of Philip also mentioned N. Berberov in the book "People and Lodge". She wrote: "In Russia, the activities of" Martinists "were revived with the help of two charlatans, paws and philippes" 46.

Among the environments of Nicholas II, it was quite widely known that the king easily agrees with the opinion of the last interlocutor. Historian and politician P.N. Milyukov in the "Memories" even tried to classify these influences. At the beginning of the reign on making decisions, the mother of the emperor and his uncle was influenced, since 1901, the stage of influence of "Chernogorok" and Philip, and "This period was marked by the sacrifice and transition from Monsier Philip to his own national yurodiv, such as Fanatic or Odor, Idiotics Mitya Kozelsky Or is the latest - Siberian "Varnak" - Grigory Rasputin, finally mastered the will of the king "47. This is the same as Minister of Foreign Affairs (1906-1910) A.P. Ozolovsky: "Is it possible to be surprised that the emperor could have to get under the influence of such a vulgar passing, which was the famous Philip, who began his career as a butcher in Lyon, who later, who was alien, a hypnotist and charlatan, who was convicted in France for various fraud and cumshot In the fact that turned into a welcome guest in the Russian Imperial Dvor and became an adviser to the empress and the emperor not only for personal matters, but even on the affairs of great state importance "48. All attempts to the immediate circle of the king (Empress Maria Fedorovna, sister of King Ksenia, sister of Empress Elizabeth Fedorovna) to neutralize the influence of Philip was unsuccessful. In this context, you can mention that, according to some researchers, the Edition of S.A. Nilusov famous "Protocols of the Zion Wise men" is associated with the attempts of Empress Maria Fedorovna, which was Ozerov (spouse S.A. Nilus), discredit the representative of Lodzh Martinists Philip 49.

Paradoxically, but after frozen pregnancy, the Empress did not lose faith in him. At the end of 1902, Philip declared her that she would give birth to the Son, if he would turn to the patronage of St. Seraphim Sarovsky. After that, Philip went to France, where he died in 1905

Despite the objections of the Ober-prosecutor of the Synod KP. Pobedonossev, Seraphim Sarovsky urgently canonized. In July 1903, the royal family, following the Council of Philip, visited the Sarov desert. After visiting the village of Diveeva (Sarov desert), Empress became pregnant in the sixth time. This pregnancy ended with a prosperous birth in July 1904. Tsearevich Alexei.

In the correspondence between the king and the queen for 1914-1916. Philip's name was repeatedly mentioned with reverence. As a later recalled A.A. Cubilava: "When I just got closer to her Majesty, I was surprised by her mystical stories about M. Philippe, who recently died." Until the end of life, the royal family was carefully kept as shrines, gifts of a French clairming. Cubeova mentioned: "In their majesty in the bedroom there was always a cardboard frame with dried flowers, given by M. Philippe, which, according to him, were touched by the Savior himself" 50.

Such a reverent attitude to Philip is explained by the fact that Nicholas II and Alexander Fedorovna were absolutely convinced that the birth of Cesarevich Alexei was the result of the wonderful influence of psychic. This is evidenced by the note written by the king to one of the Black Morok, Milice Nikolaevna, on the birthday of the long-awaited heir: "Dear Militsa! There is not enough words to thank the Lord for his great grace. Please give some way our gratitude and joy ... to him. Everything happened so soon that I still do not understand what happened. The child is huge, with black hair and blue eyes. He is inflicted Alexei. Lord with all of you. Nicky »51. "He" is, of course, Philip, and it was his king to him "our gratitude and joy."

Thus, the episode of the summer of 1902 had significant political consequences. First, the soil is prepared for the appearance of a new "dear friend." Secondly, the royal family matured to various "influences", mixed in mysticism. Thirdly, there was a rupture of the king, and especially the queen, with the imperial surname. Fourth, behind the empress the reputation of hysterical with the Iron Will was fixed. All this largely prepared a rapid drop in the authority of the imperial surname and the comparative ease of falling a 300-year-old Romanov dynasty.

The long-awaited Cesarevich Alexey Nikolaevich was born on July 30, 1904 in Peterhof. It should be noted that the royal family in February 1904 finally left the Winter Palace, in which they lived about 9 years, and moved to the royal village.

On this day, Nicholas II wrote in the diary: "An unforgettable great day for us, in the cat. So obviously visited us the mercy of God. At 1 1/4 days, Alik was born a son, a cat. With prayer, Alexey ordered. Everything happened remarkably soon - for me, at least. In the morning I visited as always at Mom, then I took the report of Kokoktsov and wounded with Wafango ART. Klepikov officer and went to Alik to breakfast. She was already upstairs, and half an hour later it happened this is a happy event. There are no words to be able to thank God for the comfort of difficult trials in this godin! Dear Alika felt very good. Mom arrived at 2 o'clock and spent a long time with me, until the first date with the new grandson. At 5 o'clock. I drove to a prayer with children, to the cat. The whole family gathered. Wrote a lot of telegrams. Misha arrived from the camp; He assures that he has resigned. Dinted in the bedroom. "

The Empress gave birth to the heir is very easy - "half an hour." In his notebook, she recorded: "Weight 4660, length 58, head circle 38, breasts 39 .... In Friday, July 30, at 1 h. 15 m. Popolden" 52. The next day, on August 1, the newspapers began to be published in the state of the state of the health of the empress and the heir. In total, nine ballots came out, which were published in newspapers from 1 to 8 August 1904. They were noted that the "State of Heir to Cesarevich in all respects is satisfactory." It was emphasized that the empress itself feeds the cheer of the heir. On August 8, the newspapers were printed that "the feeding of Jesarevich's heir to the in August parents is successful." On August 1, 1904, a decree was published in which the regent "in case of the death of OUR ... Until the majority of him, we are appointed by our beloved brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich." The Hermann Emperor Wilhelm II 53 became a gymnask Zesarevich. On the day of the baptism of the heir published a manifesto with ordinary milles and benefits.

Against the background of this festive bustle of royal parents, there was anxiety, whether the disturbing signs of terrible illness will not seem. Usually in studies dedicated to this topic, it is written that hemophilia has become known five weeks after his birth. On September 8, 1904, the king was recorded in the diary: "Alik and I were very concerned about bleeding at a little Alexey, which continued with breaks until the pupid evening ... about 7 hours they put a dressing" 54. Then, he over the next three days with deeply alarm stated: "In the morning there was blood on the dressing; from 12 o'clock before the evening there was nothing "; "Today, the whole day of Alexey did not show blood; On the heart, the tight care failed "; "The bleeding has ends for two days."

Manifesto about the birth of Cesarevich Alexey

At the same time, a number of documents show that hemophilia at the heir's heir's parents found out literally on his birthday. Since the birth of the heir to the parents directly connected with the magical influence of Philip, they did not have secrets from the Great Militian Princess, who supported the relationship with psychic. Already on August 1, 1904, Nicholas II wrote to her: "Dear Militsa. I am writing to you from the words of Alik: Thank God the day passed calmly. After dressing at 12 o'clock and to 9 hours and 30 minutes in the evening there was no blood drop. Doctors hope that it will continue. Korovin remains overnight. Fedorov leaves to the city and return tomorrow. He both really like it! A small "treasure" is surprisingly calm, and when he is drawing, or it sleeps, or lies and laughs. Parents now gone a little from the heart. Fedorov said that, on approximate calculus, blood loss in two days is from 1/8 to 1/9 of the total amount of blood "55.

Apparently, the appearance of a record of bleeding in the king's diary for September 8 is explained by the fact that all August parents hoped that the bleeding would no longer repeat. But after the diagnosis was finally delivered, the king made this scary record for him.

Thus, two bleeding were documented. The first immediately after childbirth and the second in early September 1904, which everything broke in places. Near the heir was constantly surgeon S.P. Fedorov, who "both extremely liked" and "remained in the palace of two and a half days low-speed" 56. Since that time, the heir's disease turns into a constantly acting destabilizing political factor, due to a high degree of personification of political life of autocratic Russia.

For the empress, the accomplished tragedy becomes obvious. Since she, apparently, repeatedly spoke on this topic with her older sister Irena, then for her then, in September, the impotence of doctors in the fight against this disease was completely obvious. And although the best doctors from the Military Medical Academy are immediately involved, it is already then, in September 1904, it hopes more on a miracle than for medical care. These sentiments of the empress testifies to her phrase in a letter to the king of September 15, 1904, written in Peterhof: "I am sure that our friend protects you the same way as he is a small shore last week" 57.

This phrase is a significant fact that it already reads the entire future scenario of the tragedy of this family. "Friend" is not yet Rasputin, and Philip, he immediately notified about the disease of Cesarevich, and hope for the help of "friend" in the care of "small" much more than helping doctors. In November 1904, heir again needed medical care. Medicine Assistant Polyakov reported that S.P. Surgeon Fedorov inflicted "two more visits."

The child's illness immediately acquired the nature of the state secret, and even the next relatives were far from immediately learned about this terrible disease. How carefully the secret was hung, says that the Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich only in January 1909 recorded a diary about the heir: "He has a foot hurts, say that this is inflammation knee SustavaBut I probably do not know "58. Probably, these harmless rumors about the "inflammation of the knee joint" were deliberately distributed in order to hide the terrible truth about hemophilia. About the "diversity" of rumors related to the "diagnosis" of Cesarevich's disease, numerous memoir mentions are evidenced. In January 1911 A.A. Bobrinsky recorded in the diary: "At the heir, something like appendicitis on the soil of an erroneous homegrown medical diagnosis" 59. However, the degree of awareness of the capital Beaumd was different. The gap is amazing into the degree of awareness of various people in the authority elite of St. Petersburg. On the one hand, in November 1904 A.V. Bogdanovich recorded in the diary: "About the heir spoke today Sturmer, that allegedly he has one disease with which he was born, and that now one surgeon is non-extent in the palace" 60, and on the other hand, the American ambassador to Russia J. Mare I wrote at the end of 1916: "We heard a lot of different kinds of stories about the state of the heir. The most believable us seems to us the version that Alexei has some difficulties with blood circulation. Blood seems to be too close to the skin surface "61.

A. Vyrubova notes in memoirs that "their Majesty hid the disease Alexei Nikolaevich from everyone, except the closest relatives and friends" 62. The disease was hidden so carefully that, even the sister of King Ksenia Alexandrovna did not belong to these "close relatives", who learned about the disease of the nephew from his sister, the great princess Olga Alexandrovna, only in March 1912: "Olga told us in March About your conversation with it 63. She said for the first time that this terrible illness was sick and from this that she herself was sick and never finally recover "64.

In a royal family, four more daughters grew, and since women were carriers of a mutant gene, then, of course, the question arose: Will his daughters be as unhappy as their mother, giving birth to the incurable child? Senior Olga was already a bride, but she was not in a hurry to choose the groom. However, perhaps the grooms were not in a hurry, well representing the consequences of hemophilia. Periodically called various names, from the Romanian Prince to the Grand Dmitry Dmitry Pavlovich. But all these intentions remained only in the plans. Was there no concerns for fate of daughters?

According to J. Warez's testimony, Olga Alexandrovna's great princess was sure that her nieces were carriages of a mutant gene. And if they married, they would transfer this disease to their children. She argued that "they had severe bleeding. She recalled what a panic rose in the royal village, when the Great Prince of Maria Nikolaevna removed Glands. Dr. Sklyarov, whom the Great Princess presented to the Empress, expecting a common simple operation. But barely began, as the young Great Princess richly slept blood .... Despite the fact that the bleeding continued, he managed to successfully complete the operation "65.

Many memoirs and historians later wrote about this secret and hearing hearing. The attitude to this situation among them was different. Promocatically configured authors justified the actions of the royal family. For example, E.E. Alferiev in his book wrote that "on political and dynastic reasons, so as not to give the opportunity to the enemies of Russia to use the heir's disease in their, criminal purposes they were forced to hide it"66. Historian S.S. Oldenburg in his two-volume history of the reign of Nicholas II simply stated that "the heir's disease was considered a state secret, but the sense of it is nevertheless widespread" 67.

The critics of the dynasty noted the catastrophic consequences of the closedness of the royal family and the futility of this position. For example, Felix Yusupov noted that "the heir's disease tried to hide. It was impossible to hide to the end, and the stealth only increased all sorts of rumors that were generally generated in society thanks to the secluded life of the sovereign "68. They talked about the fact that Alexey mentally retarded, epileptic, that "as if nihilists launched a child aboard the imperial yacht" 69.

According to the impressions of P. Gilira, who saw Tsearevich in February 1906, he did not impress the sick child: "He had a fresh and pink color of the face of a healthy child, and when he smiled, two holes were drawn on his round jams" 70. Numerous photos confirm it.

Not everyone was so kindly perceived by Alexey. They looked at him not as a sick child, but as on the heir of a huge power and future ruler. Many wondered: What is the future of their country, when will the leap be a cripple? These sentiments are reflected in the memoirs of the Countess M. Kleinmich: "began to say that the child was weak and was short-lived. They said that the child has no cover cover, the absence of which should cause constant hemorrhage, so that his life could fade away from the very insignificant ailment ... Thanks to careful care for him, the child survived, began to get better, was a smart, but he could not walk for a long time, And the appearance of this little creature, constantly in the hands of a hefty Cossack, made a depressing impression on the people ... This little cripple - in it the coming of the Great Russia? " 71. In addition, the monarchists took care of the excessive proximity of Rasputin not only to the Empress, but also to the heir. M.V. Rodzianko wrote that "not without reason, was the concern that the constant sermon of sectarianism could have an impact on an impressionable children's soul ... will give it to the world of harmful mysticism and can make it in the future of a nervous and unbalanced person" 72.

The first serious crisis in the development of the disease occurred at the end of 1907, when Cesarevich was already three and a half years 73. He for the first time seriously injured his leg. As the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich wrote: "Three years old, playing in the park, Cesarevich Alexey fell and was injured" 74. According to the testimony of the Great Princess Olga Aleksandrovna, it was during this crisis Rasputin for the first time stabilized the position of the sick child. According to her, "the doctors were not completely none. Frightened more than us, they all the time they were pulled out. Apparently, they simply could not do anything. " She writes that only after the appearance of Rasputin, the situation has changed, and "the baby was not only alive, but also well" 75. A. Vyrubova, who briefly mentioned the crisis of 1907, did not mention the word about the intervention of Rasputin, on the contrary, she emphasized that the heir was sick in the fall ... nothing helped him, except for the care and care of his mother "76.

During the first serious crisis in the health state of Tsarevich, the Alexander Palace of the Tsarist village was first invited by a foreign specialist. It was a professor of the Orthopedics of Berlin University Dr. Albert Hoff 77. His invitation was apparently due to the first and last attempt to turn to the experience of European specialists. Since they were no longer invited, this experience was not particularly successful. However, it may be consulted for a qualified order in the Berlin Orthopedic Institute of a Special Bed for Patient Cesarevich. One can be approved with confidence that since 1907, for European physicians and politicians, the mystery of the diseases of Russian Cesarevich no longer existed.

In March 1908, the next trauma Cesarevich became a reason for the correspondence of the king and the empress of Mary Fedorovna. Alexey fell, hit his forehead, as a result of which terrible swelling appeared on his face. Empress Maria Fedorovna wrote his son from London with anxiety: "I heard, the poor little Alexey hit his forehead, and on the face there were such swelling that was terribly, and the eyes completely closed" 78. In order for the consequences of injury, it took three weeks. In response, Nikolai wrote her mother to London: "You ask about a little Alexey - thank God, a bump and bruises have passed without a trace. He is cheerful and healthy, like his sisters "79. These were the first serious calls, but not the last.

Tsearevich Alexei carries on the hands of Wahmist Pilipenko. 1913

Later, they all merged into a certain disturbing background, to which the royal family was used to and adapted, but did not forget about him for a minute. From the documents we learn about these "invisible" crises. Their seriousness says that the surgeon S.P. Fedorov "In December (for Christmas), 1908 was urgently summoned from Moscow" 80 to Zesarevich.

In August 1912, a celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Borodino battle took place in Moscow. The emperor really wanted to show the people of a healthy heir and at least partially dispel those rumors that were connected with him, but the next malaise made it impossible. During all ceremonies he wore his uncle - Boatman A.E. Village. Moscow Governor, at that time V.F. Dzhunkovsky, noticed: "It was painful to see the heir in such a position" 81.

The baptism of the child's born was an important part of not only religious rituals, but everyday life. The concepts of "the godfather" or "godfather" in Russia have never been an empty sound.

Baptist shirt Alexei.

The child's baptism procedure is one of the spent court ceremonies with clear, once and permanently defined ritual. Naturally, the solemn ceremony gathered all the Cash "Family". Naturally, baptism was furnished with all possible traditional pomp. The child was put on the cushion from the golden brocade and sheltered the heavy golden imperial mantheus, chopped by the mountain. At the same time, the baptismal shirts of potential autocrats, pink girls and blue in boys, carefully preserved. We have reached the baptismal shirt Cesarevich Alexey, surrounded in Peterhof in the summer of 1904

It is noteworthy that the importance of the event was perfectly realized, and the Baptism procedure itself was tried to fix. And not only in Camera Furiere magazines, but also visual means. Watercolors of the court artist Michaia Zychi reached Watercolors, in which he captured the procedure for the baptism of the future Nicholas II in May 1868. The archive stores the official photo album dedicated to the baptism of the first daughter of Nicholas II Olga in 1895

Baptized two weeks after childbirth. As a rule, where it happened to give birth to mothers. The baptism procedure began with a solemn procession to the temple. If baptism occurred in the house church, it was a solemn procession on the palace halls. If the church was outside the residential residence - the front carriers were used. Gilded carriages formed a solemn train, which the guardsmen convened. Since Alexander II was born in Moscow, the rite of baptism was also performed in Moscow, in the Church of the Monastery of the Monastery. It is noteworthy that the infant's perception is a widowing Empress Maria Fedorovna, following the example of Peter's Mother of the Great, put the baby on the cancer, where the non-relics of St. Alexy, Metropolitan of Moscow were located.

Parents, of course, worried about the health of the baby, no matter how cold and not dropped during the ceremony. Moreover, according to tradition, the child's mother was not present on baptism. The calm of the child during the baptism procedure was perceived as a favorable sign in his fate. It is noteworthy that the highest birthrooms periodically marked psychosis described today in the medical literature. In May 1857, when Sergei Alexandrovich was baptized, Empress Maria Aleksandrovna shared with his Freillian fears that the baby will "bete or strangled during Captain" 82.

Mothers received gifts on the occasion of the baptism of their children. In April 1875, with the baptism of the Great Princess Ksenia, Alexandrovna, her mother, Zesarean Maria Fedorovna received two large pearls from Alexander II in earrings 83.

During the baptism of the baptism of the baby, the stats-lady was carried, which "Assistants" were insured. Some of the stats-ladies managed to take part in the baptism of two emperors. In 1796, the future Nikolai I was in his arms, Stats-Dam Charlotte Karlovna Liven, who was accompanied by Ober-StalMayster L.A. Naryshkin and Count N.I. Saltykov 84. After 22 years, when in Moscow on May 5, 1818, the future of Alexander II was baptized, the same Charlotte Liven added to the temple on his hands of the future emperor. It should be noted that the Stats-Ladas fully understood their responsibility. As they, as a rule, were already older women, then insuring, they resorted to various tricks. For example, when in 1904 the son of Nicholas II was baptized, Stats-Lada Golitsyn carried a pillow from the golden matter, on which a child lay, attaching her to his shoulders with a wide golden ribbon. In addition, she ordered to glue the rubber soles to their front shoes so as not to slip. At the same time, it was supported under the hands of ceremoniesman A.S. Dolgoruky and Count PK Benkendorf 85.

An important part of the baptism procedure was the selection of godparents and fathers. As a rule, this issue was decided not only with the palace layouts, but also high policies. The invitation to the godfather was a sign not only good personal relationships, but also demonstrated the strength of political relations. In 1818, Alexander I, a widowing Empress Maria Fedorovna and his grandfather of Friedrich-Wilhelm III, the Prudorich-Wilhelm III, became percepts of the future Emperor Alexander II. In 1857, Senior Brother Cesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich, the Grand Duke of Hessian Ludwig III, the Great Duke of Hessian Ludwig III and the widowing Queen of the Netherlands of the Netherlands, and the widowing Queen of the Netherlands Anna Pavlovna, were the perceptuals. In 1904, the Many of the Matters of Tsearevich Alexey included his older sister - 9-year-old Olga. Since Alexey is the only son of the Russian monarch, he had "serious" godfathers - the king of England Georg V and the German Emperor Wilhelm II, Danish King Christian IX and Grand Duke Alexey Alexandrovich.

The older brothers and sisters of the newborn participated in the baptism procedure. For children, it became important experience in participating in the solemn palace ceremonies. They were preparing, especially girls. One of the daughters of Nikolai I recalled how they were preparing to the christenings Konstantin Nikolayevich, born in September 1827: "To the christening, the curls were fought, we had dresses - neckline, white shoes and Catherine ribbons over the shoulder. We found yourself very spectacular and inspireing respect. But - about disappointment! - When dad saw us from afar, he exclaimed: "What a monkey! Now remove ribbons and other decorations! " We were very saddened "87.

An important part of the baptism rite was the laying on the infant "status" orders. According to the tradition at the end of the church service, the Emperor on the Golden dish was taken by the Order of St. Andrei the First Called, which he laid on the newborn. In addition, the baby "was awarded" the orders of St. Alexander Nevsky, White Eagle, as well as the highest degree of orders of St. Anna and Stanislav, was produced in the ensign and he was credited to one of the Life Guards regiments. Girls with baptism received signs of the Order of St. Catherine. Ended the rite of baptism of evening solemn lunch and sometimes illumination.

Top on the day of the baptism of Cesarevich Alexey August 11, 1904. Procession from the lower cottage to the Big Peterhof Palace

Messages on the day of the baptism of Cesarevich Alexey on August 11, 1904. Procession to the lower dacha from the Bolshoi Peterhof Palace

When in the 1840s. Children began to appear at the future Alexander II, the rite of their baptism was repeated before the details. Alexander II's first daughter was born on August 19, 1842. On August 30, the rite of her baptism was held in the Church of the Greater Ekaterini Palace of the Tsarist village. The newborn to bear the newborn by the status was supposed to be the first court lady, which was then Stats-Dama Knyagin E.V. Saltykov. According to the requirements of the ceremony, it was a "Russian" court dress, Kokoshnik with a diamonds, covered by Fata. By tradition, the newborn was put on a brocade pillow, which was kept in the hands of the state-lady, and covered with a brocade coat, attached on the shoulders and chest of the Countess. Pillow and bedspreads held two noble courtes.

It is noteworthy that on the Baptism procedure, but for shirms, there were also persons who provided the "technical side" of what is happening in cases of various "children's surprises": Bonna Englishwoman, Kormilitsa and midwife. As the memoirovka mentioned, the midwife was on a road silk dress and a blond chepts, decorated with a diamond fermoir and 88 earrings. The tradition of presence with the baptism of "technical personnel" has developed much earlier. Nicholas I, describing my baptism, mentions that "during the baptism ceremony, all the female servants were dressed in Fijms and dresses with corsets, not excluding even the breadlides. Imagine a strange figure of a simple Russian peasant from the vicinity of St. Petersburg in Fizhmah, in the corset to suffocation. Nevertheless, it was necessary. Only only my father, at the birth of Michael, freed these unfortunate from this funny torture "89. However, the presence of a nanny at the ceremony of baptism was mandatory, since only a professional nanny could neutralize "surprises" from the baby. The aristocrats did not possess such a "qualifications", and not according to the status it was ...

Nanny-British children of Nicholas II describes in memories, as she was present as a "technical personnel" in the christenings of the two-week Maria Nikolaevna in 1899 in the house church of the Grand Peterhof Palace. According to her memories, the solemn ceremony lasted for more than two hours. The nanny was held in office space near the church, and one of the priests consulted in a nanny, asking how the temperature should be water in the font for the Great Princess. The memoirchka indicates that parents did not participate in the Baptism procedure, and Maria Nikolaevna was dressed in a baptismal shirt, in which in May 1868 baptized Nicholas II.

It is noteworthy that although the baptism procedure was performed with all the laid pomp, but singers in this case sang very quiet so as not to scare the baby 90.

The baptism of the future Alexander III took place on March 13, 1845 in a large church of the Winter Palace. Because Hoffmeystrina Zesarevna Knyagin E.V. Saltykov was sick, then the baby was carried on the pillow of Stats-Dama M.D. Nesselrod, on the sides, she was walking, supporting the pillow and bedspread, two noble dynamics of the Empire: General-Field Marshal Prince Warsaw Passevich-Erivansky and Statis Secretary Count Nesselrode, built on the same day in the title of State Chancellor 91.

The baptism of the future Nicholas II took place on May 20, 1868 in a large church of the Winter Palace. Judging by the watercolor M. Zichi, in this procedure, the grandfather took the most active participation, Alexander II, who, like everyone else, clearly understood that baptism was performed not just his first grandson, but perhaps the future emperor. The watercolors depict four scenes of baptism, and on two of them, Alexander II holds his grandson in his arms. It is noteworthy that during the baptism as Assistants, the Stats-Lamas performed two emperors - Alexander II and the Father - the Grand Duke Alexander Aleksandrovich (future) Alexander III. The fact that the Father, violating the tradition, was actively involved in baptism, apparently was associated with the importance of what is happening. Two emperors, acting and potential, kept their next successor on their hands, strengthening the foundation of its legitimacy.

M. Zichi. Baptism led. kn. Nikolai Alexandrovich. 1868

The contemporary described this event as follows: "The baptists of the newborn took place on May 20 in the royal village with a special solemnity. With a ceremonial procession through all the halls of the Great Tsarskoye Palace, the church of the palace of the newborn was carried by the Gofmäntrine Princess Kurakina, supported on one side by the State Chancellor of Prince Gorchakov, on the other hand, by Field Marshal Knyazay Baryatinsky (the support is not very reliable, since both dignitaries themselves kept their feet). The sovereigns and the Great Princess Elena Pavlovna were perceptuals, and, in addition, by correspondence - the Queen and the Crown Prince Danish "92.

It is noteworthy that in 1845, and in 1868, the heads of the Foreign Ministry (Graph Nesselrod and Prince Gorchakov) and two Field Marshal (General Field Marshal Prince Warsaw Paskevich-Erivans and Field Marshal Prince Baryatinsky) took part in the baptism of future emperors.

It is clear that this was not an accident, it is a distinct "trace" of compliance with the tradition of "former years."

Subsequently, in August 1904, Nicholas II on the day of the baptism of his son Alexei recorded in the diary: "On August 11th. Wednesday. A significant day of the baptism of our dear son. " Of course, the fact of birth, and the baptism of the firstborn for any monarch was "significant", because "throwing the bridge" to the next reign. The Baptism Procedure of Cesarevich was different from the procedure of baptism of his sisters only a slightly greater pomp. 8 horses were brought with a baby with a baby, and not 6, like his sisters. This is all status differences and limited.

By tradition, the baptism procedure was completed by a large lunch, which was attended by the first three classes. In 1857, after the baptism of the Grand Duke Sergey Alexandrovich, 800 people were present at the "three-year dinner".

Of course, during the responsible and crowded baptism procedure, it was not without fuss and linings. During the baptism of Anastasia, the fourth daughter of Nicholas II, in the preparation of the celebration "behind the schedule", and the Golden Care, in which the princess of Golitsyn with a child and her assistants were literally rushed through the streets. "The gold coach, which is usually used for this ceremony, is an old structure, so Boca in both old people were very distant" 93.

Nikolay The second is the last Russian emperor, who became a story as the most weakweight king. According to historians, the management of the country for the monarch was a "heavy curb", but this did not prevent him from making a mortgage in the industrial and economic development of Russia, despite the fact that in the country during the reign of Nicholas II, a revolutionary movement was actively increasing, and the foreign policy situation was complicated. . In modern history, the Russian emperor is mentioned by the epithets "Nikolai Bloody" and "Nikolai Martyr", as the assessments of the activities and the nature of the king are ambiguous and contradictory.

Nikolai II was born on May 18, 1868 in the royal village of the Russian Empire in the imperial family. For his parents, and he became the eldest son and the only heir to the throne, which from the earliest years taught the future cause of his whole life. The Englishman Karl His was engaged in the upbringing of the future king from birth, who trained young Nikolay Alexandrovich freely in English.

The childhood of the heir to the royal throne took place in the walls of the Gatchina Palace under the clear leadership of his father Alexander III, who brought up his children in a traditional religious spirit - he allowed them to play and stir into the measure, but at the same time did not allow the manifestation of laziness in their studies, preserving all the thoughts of sons about The future throne.

At the 8th age, Nikolai second began to receive a general education at home. His training was conducted within the framework of the general gemnasic course, but the future king did not show a special zerry and desire for study. His passion was a military business - already in 5 years he became the chief of the Life Guard of the reserve infantry regiment and gladly mastered military geography, legal state and strategy. Lectures at the future monarch read the best scientists with world names, who were personally picked up for the son of Tsar Alexander III and his wife Maria Fedorovna.

Especially the heir succeeded in the study of foreign languages, so in addition to English, he owned French, German and Danish languages. After eight years, the general gymnasium program, Nicholas, began to teach the necessary higher sciences for the future statesman, part of the Economic Department of the Legal University.

In 1884, at the achievement of the majority, Nicholas II brought the oath in the Winter Palace, after which he entered the actual military service, and in three years he began to regular military service, for which he was awarded the title of Colonel. Completely moving away to the military case, the future king easily adapted to the inconveniences of army life and transferred the service in the army.

The first acquaintance with state affairs at the heir to the throne took place in 1889. Then he began to attend the meetings of the State Council and the Cabinet of Ministers, in which the father introduced him to the case and shared experiences how to manage the country. In the same period, Alexander III made numerous journeys with her son, which began from the Oil East. Over the next 9 months, they traveled Greece, India, Egypt, Japan and China by the sea, and then throughout Siberia, they returned to the Russian capital.

Climbing to the throne

In 1894, after the death of Alexander III, Nikolai, the second joined the throne and solemnly promised to guard the autocracy also firmly and steadily as his late parent. The coronation of the last Russian emperor took place in 1896 in Moscow. These solemn events were marked by the tragic events on the Khodynsky field, where during the distribution of royal gifts there were mass riots, picking up life thousands of citizens.

Because of the massive crush, the monarch who came to power wanted to even cancel the evening ball on the occasion of his climb on the throne, but later decided that the Khodyan catastrophe is a real misfortune, but it is not worth overshadowing the holiday of coronation. These events, the educated society perceived as a challenge, which was the bookmark of the foundation into the creation of a liberation movement in Russia from the king dictator.

Against the background of this, the emperor in the country introduced a tough internal policy, according to which any dissent among the people was pursued. In the first few years of the reign of Nikolai second in Russia, a population census was conducted, and a monetary reform was carried out, which established the Golden Standard of the ruble. Golden ruble Nicholas II was equated to 0.77 grams of pure gold and was half a "harder" brand, but twice the "easier" dollar at the rate of international currencies.

In the same period, "Stolypin" agricultural reforms were held in Russia, factory legislation was introduced, several laws on the mandatory insurance of workers and universal primary education were adopted, as well as the tax fee from the landowners of Polish origin and canceled the penalties, such as a reference to Siberia.

In the Russian Empire, large-scale industrialization was held during Nicholas, the rates of agricultural production were increased, coal and oil production started. At the same time, thanks to the last Russian emperor, more than 70 thousand kilometers of the railway were built in Russia.

Board and renunciation

The reign of Nikolai second in the second stage passed during the aggravation of the internal political life of Russia and a rather complex foreign policy situation. At the same time, he in the first place was the Far Eastern direction. The main obstacle to the Russian monarch to predominance in the Far East was Japan, which, without warning in 1904, attacked Russian escardu in the port city of Port Arthur and due to the inaction of the Russian leadership, defeated the Russian army.

As a result of the failure of the Russian-Japanese war in the country began to rapidly develop a revolutionary situation, and Russia had to give Japan southern part of Sakhalin and the rights to the Liaodan Peninsula. It was after this that the Russian emperor lost authority in the intelligent and ruling circles of the country, who accused the king in defeat and connections with the unofficial "advisor" of the monarch, but those who were considered a charlatan and a fraudster, who had a complete impact over Nikolai second.

The first world war of 1914 was the turning point in the biography of Nicholas II. Then the emperor was trying to avoid the bloody slaughter with all the forces on the advice of Rasputin, but Germany went to Russia to Russia, which was forced to defend themselves. In 1915, the monarch took over the military command of the Russian army and personally went to the front, inspecting the military units. At the same time, he made a number of fatal military mistakes, which led to the collapse of the Dynasty of the Romanov and the Russian Empire.

The war aggravated the internal problems of the country, all military failures surrounded by Nicholas of the second assigned to him. Then in the government of the country began "treason nest", but despite this, the emperor, together with England and France, developed a plan for the general onset of Russia, which was to end the military confrontation by the country to the summer of 1917.

Nikolai's plans were not destined to come true - at the end of February 1917, mass uprisings against the royal dynasty and the current government began in Petrograd, which he initially intended to stop the power methods. But the military did not obey the orders of the king, and the members of the Sweet Monarch persuaded him to renounce him from the throne, which allegedly helps to suppress unrest. After several days of painful reflections, Nicholas II decided to renounce the throne in favor of his brother, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich, who refused to take the crown, which meant the end of the Romanov dynasty.

Shot of Nicholas II and his family

After signing the king of the manifesto on renunciation, the provisional government of Russia issued an order for the arrest of the royal family and its approximate. Then many have betrayed the emperor and escaped, so only the units of loved ones from his environment agreed to divide the tragic fate of the monarch, who, together with the king, were sent to Tobolsk, from where, allegedly, the Nicholas family should have been shipped to the United States.

After the October Revolution and coming to power, the Bolsheviks, led by the royal family, transported to Yekaterinburg and concluded in the "House of Special Forces". Then the Bolsheviks began to enter the plan of the lawsuit over the monarch, but Civil War did not allow their idea.

Because of this, in the upper echelons of Soviet power, it was decided to shoot the king and his family. On the night of July 16, July 17, 1918, the family of the last Russian emperor was shot in a semi-basement room of the house, in which Nicholas II was imprisoned. The king, his wife and children, as well as several of his approximal, brought to the basement under the pretext of evacuation and were shot without explanation, after which the victims were taken outside the city, their bodies burned with Kerosene, and after buried in Earth.

Personal life and royal family

The personal life of Nicholas of the Second, unlike many other Russian monarchs, was the standard of the highest family virtue. In 1889, during the visit of the German princess Alice Hesse Darmstadt to Russia, Zesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich paid special attention to the girl and asked the father of blessing to marry her. But parents did not agree with the choice of the heir, so the son refused to son. It did not stop Nikolai II, who did not lose hope of marriage with Alice. They were helped by the Great Princess Elizabeth Fedorovna, the sister of the German princess, having made a secret correspondence with the young in love.

After 5 years, Zesarevich Nikolai again persistently asked the consent of his father to marriage with the German princess. Alexander III in view of a sharply deteriorating health allowed the Son to marry Alice, which after the world-building became. In November 1894, a wedding of Nikolai Second and Alexandra took place in the Winter Palace, and in 1896, the spouses accepted coronation and officially became rulers of the country.

In marriage Alexandra Fedorovna and Nikolai II was born - 4 daughters (Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia) and the only heir to Alexei, who had serious healthy disease - Hemophilia associated with blood coagulation process. Tsearevich's disease Alexei Nikolayevich forced the royal family to get acquainted with Gregory Rasputin widely known at that time, who helped the Tsarist Heir to fight the attacks of the disease, which allowed him to acquire a huge impact on Alexander Fedorovna and Emperor Nicholas Second.

Historians report that the family for the last Russian emperor was the most important sense of life. He always spent most of the time in a family circle, did not like his secular pleasures, especially cherished his peace, habits, health and well-being of relatives. At the same time, the emperor was not alien to the worldly passion - he was glad to hunt, participated in riding competitions, rode ice skating and played hockey with Azart.

Thanks to a strong character, she became a support for the mother. After arrest, in Siberia, cared for her: helped dress up, laid her hair, tried to distract from heavy thoughts. December 31, 1917 presented a beautiful notebook for the diary. He inscribed: "My beloved dear mother with the best wishes of a happy new year. May God be blessing with you and always protects you! "

On the evening of July 16, 1918, Tatiana was read to Alexander Fedorovna Bible. After a few hours they were awake, they ordered to dress and go down to the basement - allegedly for moving to another building, but first - for photographing. The whole family was built in a row. Later, the participants in the execution said that Tatyana got up next to the queen, closer, - the last thing she was able to do for mom ...

Princess Maria: "We always rejoice when we are allowed to church ..."

The third daughter was considered a similar to his grandfather - the hero of Alexander III. At the age of 18, she raised his teacher of the English Language Gibbs in the sake of his teacher. Static Russian beauty with luxurious hair and big eyes (in the family they were affectionately called "Mashkin Socks"), she was distinguished by good nature, simplicity, knew how to find a common language with different people with officers, soldiers and even with the Red Guards.

The sounds of shots were heard, the riots could attack the palace. "The Queen and her daughter moved from one rank to another, encouraging soldiers, forgetting about the deadly danger, which was subjected," said Freillin Anna Cubeov.

Later, in Yekaterinburg, the arrested princess communicated with the conversions scored from local workers. Their rigorous jokes were shocked by Olga and Tatiana, but Maria was not lost: calmly and strictly replied to the Grabians. One guard, Ivan Skorovhodov, she tried to teach music.

The courage and strength were combined in Mary with the softness of character."Mashka carry me!" - called Big Cesarevich when he wanted to move to another room. And how he was prayed for his brother! "When I got out of the room Alexey after prayer, I had such a feeling that I came with confession ... Such a pleasant, heavenly feeling," - She wrote her mother. "We always rejoice when we are allowed to church, - reported a friend in the spring of 1918. - But terribly sad that we never managed to make my relics
st. . John Tobolsky. "

Who killed her, just not known. According to Chekist Medvedev, after the first volley, the surviving Maria rushed to the locked door - Dögal, tried to open. Then the Ermakov Commissioner discussed his pistol in her ...

Princess Anastasia: "Hown the Red Guards are armed!"

Even on the front photo in her eyes - the mixture, and the lips seem to be about to smile. Light, wide in the bone, the baby Anastasia was not survived at all because of his addition, on the contrary, he checked, called himself a "shrosk".

Being younger is a special advantage: everyone's favorite "Kubashka", "Sun", "post-rail" had a maximum freedom. At four, she climbed under the table and pinched behind the legs of the great princes (for it flew from the dad). In the park it is easy to climb on a high tree And he refused to descend. Hiding in the buffet from the doctors. painted the face of Cesarevich on the manner of Indian strawberry juice. Outflowed the blast teeth and frightened everyone. And also loved the chocolate, draw and swing on the swing.

When Cesarevich was sick, she sat for hours at his bed, read out loud, told the stories that came up with the move, and in each after all the peripetics won well.
When the family was arrested, she was 15 years old. In Tobolsk, he saw a brica with his father, rode from an ice mountain, played for native comedy plays. Every day I found a reason for joy and shared it in letters:"Now wonderful weather, the sun shines so well!" , "I tanned all of all, directly acrobat!" , "Fell from the swing - there was such a wonderful drop!"
"As the Red Guards are armed, they are directly taken off with a weapon, everywhere hangs something or sticks out," she wrote to her parents in the spring of 1918. "We are terribly well staged an iconostasis for Easter!". And at the end of the letter: "Cute, dear, as you regret. We believe that the Lord will help his !!!"

After the execution of the royal family in Yekaterinburg, white was entered. In the house of Ipatiev, in the room where the Great Princesses lived, the investigators found the drawing of Anastasia: two birchs and between them - empty children's swings.

Tsearevich Aleksey:

"For the Lord, who loves, is punishable". How so? The confessor explained to the little Cesarevich: "God is experiencing us, and if you endure, do not grow, it will bring spiritual fruits."
It was difficult to endure. At eight years, Alexey fell, hurt, a strong fever began. Three weeks of torment Day and night. "If you die, put a small monument in the park"- He asked his parents.

In his bedroom there are a lot of icons, in the center of Kyota - "Resurrection of Christ" with a particle of a stone with Calvary. Every evening my mother comes here, and they pray together. Then Alexey immediately turns the light. Why so fast? "Mommy, I am light, only when you are with me. And when you leave, the circle of darkness".
Does God hear their prayers? Alexey - Heir, he should become strong, at the head of Russia. When it happens, he will make it all happy! Together with dad, they come out of the car on a small station. Some employee with a bow appeals to the king: a big family, poverty ... "From this day you will receive another 30 rubles a month from me," the king promises him. Standing nearby Cesarevich adds: "And from me - 40."

In August 1914 in Moscow, he walks with his mentor at the sparrow mountains. On the way back, in the area of \u200b\u200bYakimanki, the car overturned a crowd ordinary people. They are delighted, everyone is trying to touch him. Osnna son of the king!
In the spring of 17th, he, like the whole family, under arrest. Bright saddimians, boy walks in the garden. Crumple sailors shout to him: "Hey you, the future king!". He looks at them and suddenly answers: "Christ is risen, brothers!" After overpowing grinning, the sailors are pulled out to the whole height: "Truly resurrected !!!".

Their last New Year In Tobolsk: Christmas tree without toys stands on the table. "Lord, help us! Lord, have mercy!" - He writes on Cesarevich in the diary. In Yekaterinburg, he coupled his knee and was heard again. A cheekist Yakov Yurovsky came to him. He looked at his leg, he advised the bandage. Could kiss Alexey - following the example of Judah, the traitor of Christ.

Before the execution of Cesarevich put on the chair. When Yurovsky snatched a gun, Nikolai saddown her son. And immediately collapsed under the hail of bullets. Alexey remained sitting. Long moan. Even after many years, the executioners were surprised by his "strange survivability".