With which insulation, the wire is paired through the tree. Hidden wiring in a wooden house - how appropriate is it? Installation requirements and general work plan
Residential buildings from wood - Some of the most ancient architectural structures. But now, in our days, when the range of building materials amazes human imagination, most of the happy owners of the country area prefer to use wood with environmental qualities and natural beauty, which is not compared to any finishing material.
Requirements for wiring in wooden buildings
For a start, anyone wants to engage in independent electricity in a wooden house should understand that knowledge about how to distinguish the zero wire from the phase analogue or connect the socket with the switch is not enough. First of all - this due to improved security requirements Use of electrical appliances in wood buildings.
It is better to entrust all the work by qualified electricians. But to be aware in the basic rules how to break the wiring in a wooden house is needed to each homeowner even for the simple reason that it will allow to evaluate the work of specialists. So, what rules are presented to electrical wiring in wooden residential buildings?
- It is important to completely eliminate or to minimize the possibility of fire cable fires, to prevent the transfer of an open source of fire to the wooden parts of the house when a closure occurs in the electrical circuit.
- Main indicators and features used in cable wiring must accurately comply with the standards and rules and have a sufficient supply of power, withstanding peak loads. In no case should any manifestations of the heating of the introductory wire or terminal compound.
- Technical condition electric wires It should not allow even the slightest risks of lesion of residents at home or animals by electric shock.
The question of the aesthetic component in conditions wooden houses Must move to the background. To date, there are many options for solving this problem. But in no case cannot be neglected by the safety rules to improve the external characteristics of the structure. Such actions can lead to irreversible consequences.
Features of the input of electricity in a house of wood
The most dangerous district electric wiring The inlet of the wires through the wall of the attic made of wood is considered. Among the folk craftsmen there is an erroneous opinion that to ensure secure cable entry into the house is enough a piece of rubber hose. But the use of such a material is not applicableSince the composition of the rubber product includes a soot representing carbon, which is well spent current.
Therefore, in the process of aging of the rubber hose, bridges, transmitting, electricity with rather high resistance indicators may appear. Because of this, the cable heating occurs on local areas, which can lead to the fire of dry wood.
If the main purpose of the owner wooden house It is the complete reconstruction of electrical wiring and bringing the latter to the proper state, then you need to start the upgrade from entering the electrical cable to the building. Wherein specialists are considered two main methods. how to make a power cable into a wooden building:
- The gasket of the electric power cable under the ground is the most reliable safety, as the wires are hidden from influence external factors. But in terms of value, this option is too expensive and implies to carry out earthworks. According to the rules of laying underground wiring, the depth of the trench should be at least 80 cm.
- Air wiring, implies work on an electric post, which, without the presence of the necessary tolerance, is strictly prohibited. This can only make qualified electricians.
The plot of electrical line from the high-voltage pillar to the wooden structure should be performed from the wires whose cross section is more than 16 mm. Optimal are self-supporting aluminum wiresHolding quality isolation. The operational resource of such a cable must be 25 or more.
Naturally, entering such a line inside the room is unacceptable. If you follow established rules, laying electrical wires with cunning parts from aluminum by easily flammable constructive elements Houses are strictly prohibited. Therefore, in the construction of wood, only copper conductors can be laid.
The connection of the electrical cable should be carried out from the outside of the house. For this use special complications, thanks to which provided quality contactwhich is not oxidized in the future and does not spark. Plots of electrical wiring, passing through wooden walls or overlaps between floors, must be concluded in metal sleeves. Thanks to this additional precaution, the following goals are achieved:
- the electrical cable will be protected from mechanical damage caused by the displacement of the structure of the house due to the shrinkage or the soil oscillation;
- metal refractory material that will reliably protect the wooden surface from ignition in a short circuit situation, leading to heating and further wiring;
- wiring in hard-to-reach and low-rise places will be reliably protected from small pests - rats and mice.
If we consider the thickness of the pipe walls, it is regulated by the current rules. If you need to break the wires, the cross section of which does not exceed 4 mm, the pipe with the walls of 2.8 mm is mounted, and in the case of the use of a more powerful cable, thick-walled protection up to 10 mm is used. it will not allow the extension of a metal sleeve With short closure. This rule is applicable to all sections of electrical wiring in a wooden house.
Laying wires from entering the house to the electric shield
Another important piece of electric wiring of wooden houses is the interval of input to the distribution panel of the outdoor electrical system. The special specificity of this site is considered the latter from the overload using machine guns. And considering that it is paired in an attic or utility room, then the danger of a fire in the event of a short circuit is greatly increasingSo it's not worth relying on automatic protecting substation. Therefore, two cardinal methods are used to solve the problem.
- The cable over the entire length consists in a pipe from the metal, with the parameters corresponding to the established rules. But this method is applicable to a length of up to 3 m at short intertires.
- A more acceptable method is considered to install the automaton placed in the hermetic boxing directly before entering the line into the wooden room. The trigger threshold of such a device should be higher than the main machine placed in the distribution device.
Another option to solve the problem is the placement of automata and an electric meter on outer wall Outside a wooden house in a separate protected box. Naturally, this option is the most reliable, though uncomfortable for the owners of the housing.
Installation of distribution panels
The electrical input cable in a wooden house directly without additional branches enters the distribution panel, which consists of the following elements:
- a plastic or metal box with places for placing the device, control of electricity consumed and automatic protective devices;
- electrical counter with appropriate sealing;
- two-pole or three-pole automatic device protection of the main introductory cable;
- protective machines for domestic wiring wiring in a wooden house;
- it is very convenient if garage and yard lighting are allocated in a separate zone, as well as the power supply of utility rooms.
The calculation of the power of the machine for each individual zone is performed individually. The main rule that is guided by warning protection in the event of overload On the weak section of the domestic wiring. At the same time, the optimally selected nominal provides maximum safety. Do not get involved in savings when purchasing the hardware of the distribution system, as the safety of people depends on this.
Open wiring in a wooden house
If we consider the wiring methods of wiring in a wooden house, then the open version of the wire laying can be attributed to the safest. Plus, all such work will cost the homeowner an order of magnitude cheaper. Electrical cables are kept on the inner walls and the ceiling of the room. For aesthetic camping wires they can be reappeted in retrostile Or put in a decorative box of plastic.
The electrical cable is peeling into a self-refining channel. At the same time, in construction stores you can find a product suitable in accordance with the common building style. Such a box is popular in log houses and buildings, covered with clay from wood with smooth wall surfaces.
The use of cables in the overall will give electrical wiring aged view in retrostyle. Wires resemble twisted cords, fixed to a wooden wall through a ceramics insulator. This method is considered sufficiently safe for the simple reason that cable has high-quality double insulation And does not contact directly with wooden surfaces. Plus, this type of wires will emphasize the overall styling of the construction.
Hidden wiring in a wooden house
If we consider the hidden wiring in a wooden house, then its installation is very laborious and, if necessary, the modernization or repair of electrical cables makes the procedure costly and inconvenient. But despite this, most wooden owners country houses Preferring exactly the hidden way of installing electrical cables.
Homeowners wooden buildings do not want to spoil appearance Road finishes with distribution panels and wires. Bookmark hidden wiring begins at the stage of design of the building. At the same time, for security purposes, the wires are placed in a pipe of metal or galvanized, which must be painted. For the lift of the cable to the outlet or switch, a special hole protected from fire is placed.
Installation of power grids in wooden buildings by a hidden way should be carried out only in accordance with the norms and rules for conducting electrical work and using special materials to ensure protection against fire. Cable passing in the floors of the building be sure to fit into a metal sleeve or pipe from non-combustible plastics.
Also hidden way Wiring can be placed in grounded metal pipes. Log buildings are often sitting on, which must be considered, not allowing the effects of logs on wires or metal sleeves. For cable wiring, special metal sleeves are used. But due to the fact that open and indoor methods Pasters of wires in a wooden house have their own advantages and disadvantages, then most often they are combined.
Electrical installation features
After studying the electrical wire wiring circuit in a wooden building and applying cable lines you can move to the installation of electrical distribution devices - Sockets, lamps and switches. At the same time, the attachment of all electrical nodes should be performed only on a predetermined metal platform, fixed on a wooden surface. Only due to metal protection, it is possible to ensure the proper level of fire safety in the wood house. This rule concerns and distribution boxes.
The problem of many independent repair lovers when installing electrical wiring is non-compliance with the norms and fire safety requirements in wooden buildings. In no case you can not use standard wires and electrical appliancesSince this is contrary to safety regulations.
The laying of electrical wiring in wooden buildings should be performed only taking into account all the recommendations, which will ensure the durability and efficiency of the work performed, as well as the safety of all residents of the house.
XXI century - century of synthetic materials. Most of the things around us, buildings, household items and, even, our food are created artificially substances that have a multitude of useful qualities, except one. All of them alien to the human body. It is impossible to talk about direct harm to a person, but also does not build about significant benefits.
In the process of evolution, the human body, as one of the most complex systems, was formed surrounded by natural materials. Therefore, it should live in a natural environment. No one, naturally, does not encourage Robinzon. But create your own environmentally friendly corner in the form of a wooden house or cottage - the optimal exit to organize your life in accordance with the requirements of the soul and body.
In this article, we consider how it should be mounted on all standards and rules.
But the designs of wooden houses are distinguished by one unpleasant property - they are burning. Framework can begin from an incorrectly constructed furnace or chimney, but much more often, this happens as a result of electrical wiring problems. No matter how much man wants to get closer to nature, without electricity in modern world It is impossible to do.
The times, when there was a kind of thick black wire, wound on the ceramic insulators driven into the wall, have long passed. Modern wiring must comply with certain technical parameters, at the same time be invisible and accessible to conduct preventive, repair and measuring work.
Most often in the reports of fires in wooden houses, where the property is destroyed, people crouch and die, the reason for the occurrence of fire is written, it has arisen as a result of a short circuit. But it rarely mention that the reason for this notorious "short circuit" is other factors, among which the most common is the illiterate installation of wiring in a wooden house, the desire to save on important nodes and parts, elementary negligence and sludge. It is much easier to write off everything for a short circuit. Technical term, and whose straight guilt does not provide.
What does short circuit arise from? First of all, it is a test of isolation. It may appear due to mechanical damage to the outer layer of the wire when fixing the line in the wall, overheating of the network by exceeding the permissible loads or other reasons caused by the human factor. A short circuit is accompanied by a very fast, almost instantaneous release of a huge amount of thermal energy. At which the wires themselves and part of the insulation are ignited.
The only thing that is threatened by such a process is the operation of automatic fuses and the cessation of electricity supply to the home network. It is much worse if there are wooden or plastic elements of the house design in the zone of elevated temperature. Fire in this case is inevitable.
How to correctly calculate and mount the inner hidden wiring in a wooden house, without the risk of unexpected situations? For this, there is a special document - "rules of the electrical installation device". Do not relate to it with disregard, as another bureaucratic fiction. Like the Military Charter, most of the safety rules are written by blood. Each limit arose not only as a result of the calculations of engineers, but also due to specific accidents.
One of the requirements for such work is that the hidden wiring in a wooden house should be performed using wires coated with non-combustible insulation. One of these are the wires of MAROD WGNG (A), LS, RKGM or NYM WGG.
The wires are laid inside the metal tubular channels, reliably interconnected by the welding method or bolted fasteners with electrical conductivity. The tubular circuit is mandatory grounded, to avoid the occurrence of sparking or breakdown.
The use of corrugated pipes from plastic or metal in wooden buildings is not allowed if they are reliably not isolated from contact with combustible materials with a layer of non-combustible substances of low thermal conductivity. Treatment of a non-combustible impregnation of such protection is not, as at high temperatures of the electrical arc, the shortcuting effect does not have.
How can not make wiring in a wooden house
When installing electrolytes in the houses from the tree, many electricians, especially non-professional, allow the most common, therefore the most dangerous error - the wire directly onto the wooden structure, and also cover the pipeline with the wooden finishing materials.
Excessive hopes for the strength of the wire isolation turns into fire after several years of operation. Inside wooden channels there are many processes that cannot be provided.
Temperature differences, change in humidity, dust accumulation, deformation cause micro-injunction of insulating materials even the highest quality. With sufficiently high loads, for example, when the lighting is included in all rooms, there is a TV, a refrigerator, and even a bread maker or a multicooker, it is possible to break through between parallel running conductors. If they are not fend off from the wooden base, wiring in a wooden house lights up - Fire is inevitable.
To make attention to: When installing hidden wiring in a wooden house, it is forbidden to lay the cable directly on wooden bases, as well as perform a gasket using corrugated pipes (corrugations), metalworks and plastic boxes. This is a violation of the "rules of the electrical installation device" 7.1.38.
The use of plastic smooth or corrugated pipes is dangerous due to the possibility of damage to the rodents. As practice shows - modern mice and rats are very loved to enjoy insulated wires, and the pipes. The accumulation of wood dust in boxes and channels leads to a very rapid fire and spread of fire throughout the house.
The danger is that the flame applies inside the walls. It is almost impossible to put out it with conventional firefighters, even if it is detected at the initial stage.
Installation of wiring in a wooden houseEspecially in its careless execution, often accompanied by microscopic insulation damage, which, when heated, can cause closure. The temperature of the arc arising from the wrappering of the conductors reaches 5000 ° C.
Plastic boxes and corrugated sleeves of such a temperature do not stand and roast, giving flame access to wooden designs. Even with special substances, the tree when heated to such an extent is flammable.
Do not protect from so high temperature and steel corrugated sleeves. Their walls are very thin and are not designed for such a high level of heating. One of the characteristics of protective channels for laying electrical wiring is the localization ability - the property to withstand the short circuit process without burning throughout the time that is necessary for self-effect of the arc.
With a sufficient level of this parameter, only steel boxes and pipes possess. They are the only possible elements for laying hidden power grids in wooden buildings.
Metal pipes are very technological to install the channels of the electrocable passage. In addition to the possibility of cutting them into pieces of the required length, they can be connected different ways: welding, soldering, threaded couplings, tees, etc. The stability of pipes to corrosion can be increased, painting its protective paint.
The cost of steel pipes is comparative with the cost of a corrugated sleeve of good quality. Copper pipes are somewhat more expensive, but they are easier in installation and practically not subject to atmospheric influences.
How to perform the installation of hidden wiring in a wooden house
There are many ways to install hidden wiring in wooden houses, but only a few of them are correct. The first rule that needs to be guided during design and installation is the maximum compliance with fire safety requirements.
Hidden wiring in a wooden house should be laid in non-combustible materials with localization ability.
Aesthetic and design considerations must retreat to the background. The same applies to the cost of work. With a possible fire, the losses will be significantly larger than the cost of high-quality wiring of the power grid.
As mentioned above, the most qualitative material For laying cables and wires in hidden cavities and voids behind the lining of walls or ceilings are metal pipes and steel boxes. If PVC is used (non-supporting combustion) materials in the form of corrugated logs or mounting boxes, then they should be protected from all sides, weakly conductive heat.
Alabaster, cement plaster, concrete can be used as such insulation pads. The layer thickness is determined by the calculated power of the wiring.
But the most reliable way to protect the house from the emergence of a fire when faults in the electrical wiring is installation using steel or copper pipes and boxes. Copper pipes are much more technological - they can be bent in any direction without the use of complex special tools, which is especially relevant when laying the wiring of a complex branched circuit.
The use of steel pipes is somewhat more complicated and requires a certain qualification of installers. This is especially true for the replacement of individual sections of wiring. Sharp edges of metal boxes may damage insulation. Therefore, these operations are manufactured using special tools. Applications of additional tools requires the procedure for cutting the thread if it is necessary to connect the sections or fixing the boxes.
Electrician in a wooden house - choose the track of the electrical wiring
Selection and markup of electric strip track cable lines Must be carried out in strict compliance with PUE requirements. The number of turns and bends should be minimal. If the cable broach is difficult, due to the characteristics of the architecture of the building or the presence of communications in the walls, the complex places are installed special metallic dispensers (steel or copper). Their amount is not regulated, but also should not be excess. Each connection, even fulfilled by all the rules, is an unnecessary link, contributing to the system uncertainty and weakening the overall resistance of the chain.
Their installation should also comply with certain rules, for example, the boxes are strictly prohibited to close with decorative panels, overlap or other elements that wanted access to maintenance, control or measurement.
The depth of installing pipelines for electrical wiring should be selected so that the supporting characteristics and strength of wooden walls and floors are not disturbed. The number and location of the bends, dispensers and other elements is calculated so that, if necessary, it was possible to replace the wire on the power supply site without the need to damage or disassemble the wooden structures.
The diameter of the metal pipe and the thickness of its walls is selected based on the cable properties. The cable laid in the pipe should occupy no more than 40% of its internal section and easily stretch out the entire length of the site. In addition, it is not allowed to lay one cable in each pipe, but several. At the same time, their total section also should not exceed 40% of the diameter of the pipe. The cable cross section is determined by the outer diameter, including isolation.
When installing hidden wiring in wooden houses using metal pipes, the thickness of the pipe wall should be chosen based on the cross section of the cable (wire), which passes in this pipe.
| Section of wires of wires, mm2 | Pipe with wall thickness not less, mm | |
| Aluminum wires | Copper wires | |
| 4 | 2,5 | Not normalized |
| 6 | - | 2,5 |
| 10 | 4 | 2,8 |
| from 16 - to 25 | from 6 - to 10 | 3,2 |
| from 35 - to 50 | 16 | 3,5 |
| 70 | from 25 - to 35 | 4 |
Before the operation of the cable pulling, the insulation resistance is performed. This is done to determine the compliance of the wire with the technical conditions of the project documentation and to verify the condition of the cable. Check shows whether insulation was not broken during transportation, storage or preparation for operation.
The process of pulling the cable occurs with the use of special stroke plastic sleeves, which protect isolation from damage to sharp edges of pipes or boxes. After pulling, the insulation is measured again to eliminate the possibility of connecting the conductor damaged during operation.
Only wires with special label are used in wooden houses. Their insulation does not ignite even at very high temperatures.
Wiring in a wooden house - which wire should be selected for laying in pipes
After making the wiring and markup scheme of all wiring nodes, it is necessary to determine which wire it is in the installation. Special wires have been created for wooden structures under the labeling of VVGNG (A) and VVGNG-P (A). This is a copper wire with solid veins, which can be up to five.
Wire isolation double. The inner layer is made of polyvinyl chloride and isolates each living separately, and each wire is painted in another color, which facilitates the installation of switches, lighting and other devices. The outer part of the cable is covered with a special non-combustible protective insulation of composite plastic. It is very durable and flexible, it makes it easy to stretch the cable of considerable pipe with a special steel cable.
Such wires are operated when temperatures range from -50 to +50 ° C. Isolation has very high anti-corrosion properties, does not react with chemicals and is not deformed at temperature differences. The properties of non-proliferation of combustion correspond to GOST R IEC 60332-3-22.
Wires type WDGG LS, VVGNG-P LS in terms of its qualities are not inferior to previous modifications of cables, but, in addition to them, during heating, do not emit harmful opaque substances and a poisonous hydrogen chloride. This indicates the LS index.
The corresponding GOST 22483 NYm cable is also created on the basis of copper lived, but has triple insulation. The veins are isolated multicolored polyvinyl chloride separately, then all together with polyolefin composite material And they are to the shell of non-combustible polyvinyl chloride. Such a cable may have up to five lived. It is produced in German modern technologyknown as VDE.
Placing sockets and switches
Hidden wiring in a wooden house It is not necessary without installing sockets and switches. In places setting outlets and switches, you must remove the nests for the installation of metal boxes using special tools, where the instruments are fixed. These boxes, as well as assembly, broach and dispensers are installed on special technology.
It provides for a few mandatory operations that must ensure a reliable connection of the pipe and the box to a single integer to fix the reliable contact between all the elements.
Contact is necessary for grounding the entire design. If a ensured the continuity of the circuit of the entire metal structure, then it is enough to run the ground only on the camshaft. In case of possible breaks, it is necessary to install an additional grounding wire that is connected by the soldering method with each box and pipe. Ground electrical network in a wooden house is very an important element ensuring fire and electrical safety, preventing from possible sparking and overheating of the chain elements.
There are several options for fastening the boxes to the pipes. The most reliable and quality is soldering or welding. They provide the most reliable contact, protected from corrosion and resistant to mechanical effects.
In the case of the use of copper pipes, their ends, which are in the box are collapsed. If steel pipes - the connection with the box occurs by screwing the nuts. In this case, a special thread must be cut at the ends of the pipe, and the nuts themselves after the maximum dense twisting must be fixed and protected from corrosion.
Distribution and technological boxes must comply with the protection class not lower than IP -54, which corresponds to protection against the penetration of industrial and household dust inside the volume and water spray from entering the box.
Testing after mounting wiring in a wooden house
After the installation of metal pipes and the boxes of the future power grid, grounding is performed, which should determine the reliability of the connection of all parts of the chain. All structural elements must be connected into one continuous chain, providing protection on any area when connecting to a tire with the labeling "RE".
After the end of the test work and eliminate all possible shortcomers, work on the cable laying is made. It will not be superfluous that the insulation resistance of each cable site is made before starting the installation and after it. The length of the cable must be selected so that in each mounting box a certain amount of length is created, which may be required when connecting connections.
In the case of accurate matching of the cable length, the distance between the installation boxes, if you want to connect a different device, switch or perform other works, you need to change the cable on the entire length of the site. The process is quite time-consuming, and the cost of high-quality cable is quite high.
Used B. laying wooden houses Only three-core or pental cables with mandatory grounding. Electricity - The thing although the usual, but very dangerous. Operation of the network without grounding contradicts not only safety regulations, but also elementary common sense.
Most often wooden houses are erected in country areas. The advantage of these buildings is low material costs for the construction and high construction speed. The main disadvantage of this solution is a high probability of ignition in the event of an emergency in electrical wiring. As a result of sparking and short circuits of the wall and the ceiling easily light up. Hence the high requirements for laying the cable in structures with combustible surfaces in PUE and other NTD. Therefore, let's understand how the wiring should be carried out in a wooden house safely, according to GOST and PUE.
Requirements
- Lighting
- Sockets
- Powerful electrical appliances
Be sure to protect these groups with individual automata and RCD. The protective shutdown device must be installed on the chains, from which the water heater, electrocobotyl, dishwasher and washing machine And other powerful consumers, especially if they are in raw rooms.
Then for cable with a cross section lived in 1.5 square meters. mm (lighting circuit) Select the machine with a rated current of 6-10 amps, and for 2.5 square meters. mm - 16 amps.
Group UzOs on the sockets or individual consumers should have a leakage current (differential current, it is id) within 10-30 mA, and the general Uzo, it is also called input or fireproof with a leakage current more than group, for example 100-300 mA .
Also, selective UzO is sometimes installed on the input - it differs from the usual high time of response. The rated current of the UDO should be higher than the current of the automaton, which is protected by this group, that is, AB to 10A - UZO on the 16a, AB to 16A - UZO on 25a.
Single-phase shield assembly scheme in a wooden house:
If you conducted 3 phases to the area, the distribution shield scheme may be viewed:
After the wiring is carried out, and the shield is assembled, we recommend calling an electrician so that it all checked and possibly eliminated explicit errors. Next, you need to pass acceptance tests, get an act of admission to the network connection, as well as call the RES representative to seize the counter and the introductory machine.
That's all step-by-step instruction, explaining in detail how wiring is carried out in a wooden house with their own hands. Be sure to carry out the electrical installation on PUE and other existing standards. They are designed and collected on the basis of large number accidents that could be avoided by simply observing the rules. We hope that the advice provided and the schemes helped you independently perform electrical installation or at least save on some stages of installation.
Installation of wiring in a wooden house is a more responsible event than a laying of conductive tracks in a brick or concrete structure. This is due to the specifics of the material: the tree is burning, even if it is impregnated with the composition preventing ignition from random coal.
The importance of the right installation
The temperature of the electric arc arising from the short circuit of the conductors through which the current voltage is running into the standard 220 V, can reach 5000 ° C (!). From temperature, melting steel, no fire impregnation helps.
Despite this, wiring in a logging of rounded logs or frame cottage house Often they make the sleeves, if not to say negligently.
It is usually motivated by reluctance to mess around a lot from the cottage, where they live two or three months a year. But it is worth understanding: poorly made inner wiring of a wooden house can leave you without this home.
Please note that under the "poor quality" is primarily meant "not according to the rules provided for the wooden house." The usual practice of installing household power grids in the apartment or brick house For wooden, it is not suitable due to the flammability of the material of the building.
What regulations say
The rules of the device of electrical installations - Pue - this question gives a unambiguous answer. Hidden wiring In the voids of partitions from combustible materials is allowed only in metal pipes with the property of localization.
Snip gives a more vague wording, so it is recommended to be guided by PUE. Under the flammable material is meant it is a tree, even having fire impregnation.
Under the metal pipe - a steel or copper pipe of a square or round profile, which has a regulated wall thickness - at least 2.8 mm for any cable with a cross section of conductors up to 4 mm.
For cables with a cross section 6-10 mm, the thickness of the pipe wall should be 3.2 mm.
In this case, it is forbidden to tightly "score" the pipe with cables - the cable must occupy no more than 40% of the lumen.
To enter the cable from the LAM in the wooden house, only a thick-walled steel sleeve is used.
This requirement is due to the following situation. If a short circuit occurs when the cable breakdown, only a thick-walled pipe is able to withstand the flash until its self-pulling or a triggering machine.
The use of metalworks or other "armor" from corrugated metal or plastic for hidden wiring in a wooden house is unacceptable for the following reasons:
The main "unofficial" rule of high-quality wiring in chopped wooden houses is prevailing security over external beauty.
Laying in trumpet
The laying of wiring in steel or copper pipes, observing the above requirements, is possible only at the stage of building the house "from scratch".
For example, when installing wiring in a house of glued bar, installing a system from such pipes, cutting boxes and sockets (also metal) is carried out at the framework of the frame installation.
Rules of hidden wiring power cables In a wooden house, you do not allow laying cable in a metal or plastic corrugation in the dug strokes. Inside the walls of a wooden house in thick-walled pipes, it is admissible, but it is difficult because of the need to bend pipes and make complex connections with couplings, fittings or welding.
There are a number of requirements that are obliged to follow when installing hidden wiring in a wooden house.
The inner surface of steel pipes should be painted or galvanized to avoid corrosion, copper - painted to protect against oxides.
The use of metalworking / steel corrugations on bends and transitions sees the entire design - transitions are provided by threaded compounds or welding joint-B-joint.
The horizontal pipes of electrical wiring in a wooden house are kept under a small angle to exit condensate, at the lowest point is made a hole for flowing fluid (not inside the wall). For the entire system, grounding is provided - separately from grounding, which is provided by the wiring.
On wooden houses, only metallic are used for outlets and switches. Compounds of the sawn (distribution) box with pipes included in it should be sealed.
To avoid damage to the cable shell with an acute edge when leaving the pipe, the edge must be spanned, or is provided with a protective plastic plug.
Open Wiring - Installation Features
If the wooden house is already built, but there was a need to replace wiring in it, then this can be done without dining the stroke in wooden partitions, which often do not too thick and durable.
Recall that the aluminum wire, the most popular electricians in the past years, are categorically unacceptable in a wooden house because of its tendency to fractures and fire hazard.
Open wiring in a wooden house is quite possible. Here are some options.
You can hold a cable directly along the wall of the house, enclosing it into a standard plastic corrugation or metal flexible armor.
An open way allows such a wiring method, since the focus of ignition in the event of a short circuit will be visible immediately. Fire inside the wall will not happen.
Mounting on the wall is carried out by conventional clips for corrugations.
Wiring in typical cable channels - the same method as for the apartment, only between the cable channel and wooden wall There should be a non-combustible gasket from asbestos or, for example, felt. A variety of such wiring is the wiring disguised under the plinth.
Fresh look at the old methods. The wiring is attached on the wall of a wooden house on ceramic or plastic (non-combustible) insulators, while maintaining the lumen of at least 10 mm from the wall.
Special, "under ancient", twisted power wire and outlet of the same style.
An open installation of a system of metal pipes is also possible.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Montage
All these wiring methods for the wooden house have their advantages and disadvantages. Installation of wiring along the wooden wall of the house in a corrugated pipe is easiest that there is no problem with the initiation in the junction box.
The minus is the inesthetics of this method, as well as the need to remove the entire corrugated pipe, to access one cable.
In this regard, the cable-channel is preferable, the benefit that now in the market you can find the coloring of the box "under the tree", and choose the individual shade under the color of your inner coating.
Cable Channel is convenient when installing it is easy to open and close, and relatively safe for a wooden house, as itself is made from non-flammable plastic.
If you wish, you can hide the wires by selecting the "bottom" wiring in the cable channel disguised under the plinth.
Please note that it is unacceptable to close the wires for real plinth!
Lighting or connection of outlets with a load is not more than 16 a can be carried out using wiring "under the antiquity".
For this, specially stylized wires, insulators between the wall and wire, sockets and the like are produced. But note that for a powerful load, such as a welding machine, it is necessary to provide a socket to which a suitable cable is connected with a cross section of at least 2.5 mm.
General rules for installation
Wiring device in a wooden house open way Must be carried out in compliance with the following norms:
- the cable input point from the power transmission into the wall, as well as the point of passing the cable through the inner floors only in metal thick-walled sleeves;
- the distance from the cable to the wall at the installation of the open method is not less than 10 mm;
- must be mounted grounding;
- only the cable in the non-combustible shell is used;
- podozhetals and junction boxes in a wooden house only made of metal;
- connections of wires between themselves only in mounting boxes, and only with the help of spring / screw terminals or a stuck twist, which is closed by a cambrick or cap;
- upholstered twist is unacceptable.
Be sure to install the RCD to protect against leakage currents, as well as separate machines to protect against short circuit on each consumer group.
Cable selection
An important stage of installation of wiring is the choice of the main cable. Competently select the wiring cable - it means to solve the main challenge on the safety of a wooden house.
According to modern requirements, the so-called SIP cable is used for broaching from the power line to the house - self-supporting insulated wire.
It uses aluminum conductors with a cross section of at least 16 mm, and there is also a steel reinforcing cable (for rigidity).
The shell of this cable is intended to withstand the effect of adverse external factors within the minimum of 25 years.
But the CIP cable can only be laid to the wall of a wooden house. On the outer side of the wall through special insulators, and better sealed compounds, it connects with a copper cable, for example, the VVGNG (NG is not combustible).
The Vggling section is selected standard - 1.5 mm on the lighting line, 2.5 mm - on household appliances, 4 mm - on powerful consumers like electric stoves, electrical supply lines or welding machine.
Direct twist of aluminum CIP conductor with copper conductors of internal wiring is prohibited.
For wiring inside a wooden house, only copper is used. Choosing a wire brand, use or mentioned already VVGNG, VVGNG (P) marked "GOST".
These types of single-core copper cables are equipped with double non-combustible insulation, while have sufficient flexibility for convenient inner wiring.
You can use the German cable NYM - it is equipped with triple non-flammable insulation.
Distribution shield
The overall distribution shield for wiring in a wooden house should have a metal housing.
Inside the shield there is an introductory automatic protection, an electric meter, one or more RCD (depending on the number of groups of internal consumers). There are also the protection machines that are responsible for individual groups - as much as the UZO.
It is the automation that is responsible for protecting wiring from short circuit and current leakage, which can lead to electrical damage. There are rules for calculating the choice of protective devices according to the characteristics, and to make this choice better to provide a professional.
But it is worth knowing that in most cases the rules are such. Power consumption should not exceed 5.5 kW, a common introductory machine - single-phase, by 25 A, type C.
Machines are installed according to individual groups of consumers (separated by the cross section of the wire). An automatic machine must be installed on the cable with a cross section of 1.5 mm (lighting). On the cable 2.5 mm - 20a.
Separate rules exist for the selection of the UZO. The main thing is that the current limit for the UDO should be an order of magnitude less than for the machine.
That is, the automaton is 16 and the UZO is equipped with 20a, and so on. The three-phase entry for wiring in a wooden house is used very rarely.
How to make a safe wiring in a wooden house?
The most popular material for the construction of country houses was and remains a tree. Which, with all his numerous advantages, has one serious drawback - is, as they say firefighters, "combustible material".
Fire statistics testifies - more than half of the fires in wooden houses occurs due to faulty wiring. In practice, the main cause of faults and the subsequent short circuit is most often the violation of the integrity of the insulation of wires in the electrical wiring. As a rule, it occurs either due to the increased load on the wires or due to mechanical damage to isolation.
Why does it happen?
Most homegrown "masters for all hands", in order to save time, forces and funds, are paving hidden electrical wiring On wooden grounds, boldly hiding it for the ceiling trimming, under the lining of the walls, for the plinth, in the voids of overlaps and speaking the "unreasonable" client, what exactly needs to be done.
Remember! Mount the hidden wiring in wooden houses using the PVC corrugated pipe, plastic box It is impossible!
Why?
In fact, there are several reasons. Below we will look at the two most typical situations arising from the operation of wiring in a wooden house.
Firstly. In the process of laying the cable, the electrician may slightly disrupt the insulation of the wires, and the control electrical insulation of damage may not fix.
However, when connecting all the necessary electrical equipment, the wiring starts to operate in the maximum load mode. Naturally, such an exploitation that causes reinforced heating of the cable or wires is inevitably weaken isolation, due to which a short circuit occurs in the wiring.
Slim thin walls plastic pipes And PVC boxes from unable to withstand the closure without burnout, therefore, the closure, alas, will inevitably entail a fire.
Secondly. Hidden wiring using a corrugated pipe or PVC box, laid in the voids of wooden walls, overlap and floors, is an object of increased attention from the side of the rivets in the wooden houses of rodents, seeking "Try tooth" details of your communications.
For mice, and even more so, for rats, it will not be difficult to plunder a fairly thin pipe or a PVC box, whiten of the conductors of the wires, the consequence of which is a short circuit in hidden wiring.
The situation is exacerbated by the fact that in the voids of the walls and overlap of wooden houses over time, a huge amount of wood dust accumulates. As a result, the slightest spark leads to fire. The worst thing is to immediately determine the place of ignition and liquidate it is almost impossible, since the process of burning, occurring behind the walls and overlaps, is hidden from the eyes. Therefore, even the bay with water and foam everything around, quickly extinguish the fire you can still not.
Is it possible to avoid these problems?
At first glance, if we make the laying of electrical wiring in a wooden house according to the requirements of SNiP, PEU, there will be no problems. However, in fact, not everything is so simple. First of all, because the requirements of PUE regarding the installation of electrical wiring in wooden buildings are extremely tough. By the way, it is the rigidity of standards most often and forces "home-grown" electricians to violate them.
However, the fireproof electrical wiring gasket in a wooden house - the event is actually done, while you can choose what to use wiring.
The table below shows the types of electrical wiring and methods of laying wires and cables according to fire safety conditions.
Consider more all kinds of fireproof wiring in a wooden house.
Hidden wiring
Although most competent sources on this topic do not recommend Installation of hidden wiring according to the combat, in our case, wooden structures, however conditions compliance with fire safety requirements And the lack of problems with finance can be done.
Below we give a regulatory document (PEU-6) in its part relating to the laying of the hidden wiring indoors.
In fact, ways to fireproof laying hidden wiring in a wooden house just two.
One of them - gasket of hidden wiring with metal Sleeve (Pipes). The main advantage of this method is that in the case of ignition metal tube protects Surface structures from fire.
When using this method of wiring, you will need to comply with several rigid conditions: to protect the walls of the pipe from corrosion, it must be painted from the inside or galvanized. To protect the insulation of the cable from sharp edges resulting in cutting pipes, special plastic plugs should be put on their ends. Plus, for such wiring, you will need to drill in the thicker of the deepening walls in the form of channels, in which, actually, and the metal pipes are then stacked.
The optimal option for such an option is copper pipes. Due to the fact that the pipes made of copper bend enough and can be laid without special tools, the installation of the wiring is simplified at least to some extent. However, for simplicity and convenience, you will have to pay high, literally, the price is the copper pipes are very expensive.
In accordance with GOST R 50571.15-97 (IEC 364 5 52 93): § 522.3.2, pipes should be laid with a minor bias to ensure the possibility of condensate. But be prepared for the fact that in practice, check the quality of metal pipe mounting, the same angle of inclination or tightness of the compounds is extremely difficult if not to say it is impossible.
The second method of laying hidden wiring in a wooden structure - along the layer of plaster (notice) Thick at least 10 mm from all sides.
Method it seems Simple, however, when it is used, the question arises: how to comply with the standards of PEU relative to the changeability of the wiring. Alternatively, you can deposit into plaster, pre-packing it in the corrugation. Formally, of course, the PEU standards will be observed, but on the fact the hard wire will be impossible.
Moreover, no specialist can predict how the plaster will behave on wooden surfaces after a while. Will there be cracked? Will she start fall off? Not to mention that on beautiful wooden surfaces, a thick layer of cement mortar will look at at least strange.
It should be emphasized that both of these methods are quite costly and for funds, and in efforts and in time. Plus, the planning of electrical wiring is still at the construction stage.
Open wiring
- Wiring in an electrical corrugated pipe
This method involves pulling the cable into a flexible corrugated pipe from a special plastic that does not support combustion. Two or more cables can be placed in one pipe.
The disadvantages of this method refers, above all, its inesthetics - you can hardly like the prospect of "decorate" your home with several rows of corrugated tubes. Taking into account the number of electrical appliances in modern house Such rows can be 5-7! In addition, since the corrugated pipe with a cable stretched into it is almost impossible to lay exactly, "in string", all its bends and saggings will also not add charm to your dwelling.
Another minus: a corrugated pipe is an excellent "dust collector", remove from which the accumulated dust is very difficult.
- Wiring in electrical boxes (cable channels)
In this method, the cable is placed in from non-supporting plastic combustion and is closed with snap-on covers.
The main problem when using this method is associated with the inevitable shrinkage of a wooden house. On average, it is 1 cm per 1 m of the house height, and these values \u200b\u200bare given for houses from a high-quality glued bar, whose shrinkage is minimal. In practice, this means that shrinkage in three centimeters (for typical two-storey house) Scroll down all the boxes, the covers will fly, the box itself is cracked. As a result - the wiring will have to redo!
Secondly, to carefully and smoothly install plastic boxes, a certain skill and skill will be required. Add trouble with accessories - alas, manufacturers offer a pretty meager range of turns, corners, plugs, butts, without which it is practically impossible to safely install the cable channels.
Another significant lack of electrical wiring in cable-channels is its boring, office look.
The advantages of this method can be attributed to its low cost, minimal labor costs and the opportunity in the future it is easy to produce any changes.
- Wiring open cable
The last we consider the most optimal of all methods of laying wiring in a wooden house - open cable wiring.
Naturally, when using an unprotected open cable, it is also not necessary to talk about the aesthetics of the room. It is not enough that the cable itself is in the usual isolation (for example, the most common PUNP) looks rather dull, so it will still be necessary to install a gasket from asbestos or metal, protruding from all sides by no less than 10 cm.
However, there is another way. This is the so-called retro wiring on insulators. Its main advantages - the possibility compliance with all necessary safety requirements, a plus, original, extremely popular Recently, the interior design in retro style.
More information about the installation of such wiring you will learn from our next article.
Company SALVADOR LLC