Hygienic bases of planning and improvement of settlements. Types of populated areas and the factors of their development give the planning of settlements

07.06.2021 Cead furniture

The concept of settlements and their classification

Locals are usually a place of permanent or temporary residence of people working at manufacturing enterprises and in institutions located in this area. In addition, in the settlements there are employees of science and art serving the cultural and domestic needs of the population, etc.

Popular areas in Russia are divided into urban, rural and settlements depending on the production activities of the population.

The city is called the settlement with the number of residents for less than 12 thousand people, of which no more than 15% may be associated with agriculture.

In the working villages live from 3 to 12 thousand years. The number of the population of country settlements is at least 2 thousand servants, of which no more than 25% can be occupied in agriculture. In the resort villages, at least half of the population is temporary residents - resting. Rural includes settlements with residents engaged mainly in agriculture.

Depending on the population population, settlements are divided into:

- super-brook cities (more than 3 million years);

- the largest cities (from 1 to 3 million years of age);

- large cities (from 250 thousand to 1 million years);

- large cities (from 100 to 250 thousand servants);

- middle cities (from 50 to 100 thousand years);

- Small cities and towns (from 5 to 50 thousand people);

- large rural settlements (from 1 to 5 thousand people);

- Middle rural settlements (from 200 people up to 1 thousand people);

- Small rural settlements (less than 200 people).

In addition, special regulation objects are allocated in the Urban Planning Code:

- Moscow;

- Saint Petersburg;

- cities - centers of constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

- resort cities;

- historical settlements, as well as settlements, in whose territory there are monuments of history and culture;

- urban and rural settlements with a special regime of vital activity (military towns, other closed administrative and territorial entities, settlements in state nature reserves, national parks, natural parks, etc.);

- Urban and rural settlements, which are located in the regions with extreme natural and climatic conditions or especially unfavorable environmental conditions arising from radioactive pollution, increased seismicity, or subject to emergency situations of technogenic and natural nature.

Planning settlements is a functional organization of their territory and mutually linked accommodation on this territory, quarters, industrial, administrative, cultural and household buildings and structures of improvement in accordance with the requirements of the rational organization of material production and living conditions of people.

The rational device of the production area in the agricultural location, mechanization of production processes and a decrease in operating costs depends on the proper planning. Consequently, the layout of rural settlements has a lot of economic and economic importance in organizing agricultural enterprises. In addition to economic importance, the layout should meet the requirements of technical, sanitary, zoogigenic and architectural.

Rural settlement planning projects are closely related to the organization of agricultural enterprises. The planning of rural settlements is influenced by the social form of economy and its size, on the basis of which the planned and design task in the planning of the settlement is drawn up.

The task of the draft rural settlement plan is to determine the composition of buildings and facilities in the settlement and outline their placement on the territory, and in this regard, to conduct the organization of the territory itself.

This task is solved for each specific object of design in accordance with its value, modern state and prospects for further development, as well as taking into account all local conditions of the area of \u200b\u200bits location.

The best solution of the planning project is such that provides:

- the greatest amenities for the production, social activities and life of the population and creates conditions for increasing labor productivity;

- good sanitary and hygienic conditions for improving the productivity and household activities of the population;

- the appropriate use of land and the right record of all its natural features;

- the possibility of expedient implementation of the necessary measures for the improvement of the territory (water supply, electrification, cleaning of the territory, landscaping, etc.);

- the cost-effectiveness and availability of costs for the implementation of intended planning, construction and improvement;

- Beautiful appearance and architectural expressiveness of the settlement as a whole and individual parts.

The basic principles of the draft planning rural settlements are:

- ensuring equal cultural and living conditions compared with the urban population;

- reduction of non-production loss of labor, time and means;

- accounting of functional and technical features of the object;

- Accounting for landscape and other natural features of the territory;

- a combination of a creative approach with technical elements.

The population is not static, it is always possible to build something in it, reconstructed and landscaping in accordance with the requirements of the present.

Chapter II. Source materials for compiling

The most appropriate is the compact type of depth planning, in which there is a pronounced separation into residential neighborhoods with the help of several parallel and perpendicular streets. On the contrary, the linear arrangement of buildings along the transport highway is clearly inappropriate and dangerous.

At the same time, with a high length of such villages, sometimes reaching a few kilometers, the cultural and domestic service of the population is largely difficult.

The internal planning of the rural settlement must necessarily provide for the division of its territory into two zones - economic and residential. In addition, it is necessary to allocate a public center with the placement of administrative and cultural institutions, shops, etc.

Such a functional distribution is extremely important in hygienic terms, as it contributes to the protection of the population from some of the hazards associated with agricultural production. The noise, dust and gases caused by the movement of mechanized transport, repair shops, grain dryers, etc. can be attributed to the number of these harm.

In addition, livestock buildings, poultry farms and navigation can serve as sources of bad smells and the place of debris, located in the industrial zone. It is also possible to infection with soil eggs of geohelmintes and causative agents dangerous for people of zoonoses. To eliminate these harm, it is necessary to place the appropriate objects from the leeward side relative to the residential quarters and below the last on the relief.

At the same time, it should be envisaged between them the presence of landscaped unresolved areas in the form of a sanitary-protective gap with a width of 150 to 300 m. At the same time, it is necessary to adhere to a certain order in the location of the economic buildings. The closer to the houses should be warehouses, and then the entire livestock farms and especially the pressure and a veterinary insulator.

The living area, which includes the estate of the collective farmers, the public center, cultural and domestic, children's and medical facilities, should be located at the most favorable territory. In its internal layout, it differs significantly from the city residential area.

This is primarily determined by the fact that every collective farm yard has its own household plot of approximately 0.25 hectares. As a result, the building density rarely exceeds 5-6%, and the population is 20-25 people per 1 hectare.

"Hygiene", V.A. Pokrovsky

The state of health of the rural population

The state of health of rural residents is due

lifestyle
nutrition
motor activity,
work features,
the environmental condition of the place of residence, etc. factors.

Note 4.

The incidence of the population of different age groups in rural areas is much lower than in similar groups of persons living in the city. Thus, rural residents are much less likely to become rinopharygitis, trachins, pharyngitis and laryngitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma.

There is a direct relationship between the level of environmental pollution and the emergence frequency

skin diseases
diseases of the respiratory and digestion organs,
allergic and endocrine diseases,
congenital pathology
impaired functions in the reproductive sphere,
increasing the number of pregnancy complications,
the emergence of neurosis, psychosis, various personality disorders,
the development of vascular lesions of the brain.

The environmental state of the environment has an impact on the average age of the sick and severity of the course of many diseases, such as

diabetes,
hypertonic disease,
ulcerative ulcer of the stomach and a 12-rosewoman,
bronchial asthma.

Basic Environment Health Activities in Countryside

In the recovery of the environment, sanitary and technical measures focused on the capture, cleaning and processing of harmful pollutants play an important role.

Leading place occupy:

return to the production of valuable products, materials and raw materials;
the introduction of progressive modern technologies providing the organization of low-waste or waste-free production and reducing the amount of effluents and emissions;
recycling issues.

In the sectors of the national economy, it is necessary to apply production technologies on a closed cycle, providing for all waste recycled and used in subsequent stages.

City-forming Group, Population, First Term, Racket Term, Migration, Production Power, Functional Zoning, Wind Rose, Residential Zone, Residential Foundation, Street Network Development Coefficient, Artificial and Natural Restrictions, Boulevard, Home Street

The goal of the course project is to draw up a project planning and building a settlement that meets technical and economic indicators.

During the work, calculations were made to determine the population for the estimated period, the number of apartments and houses, family composition. In parallel, the area of \u200b\u200bthe territory, in accordance with natural and artificial restrictions, is defined. On this basis, a reference plan of the village "Istoer" was drawn up, which contains two functional zones: residential and industrial.

At the end of the project, a residential zone was planning, recreation area and production zone; The balance of the territory was drawn up and a technical and economic evaluation of the territory was made.

As a result of the work on the project, the general plan of the village "Isto" was drawn up.

Introduction

Chapter 1 General information about the territory and settlement

1.1 Location

1.2 Natural conditions

1.3 Production and development prospects of the village "Isto"

Chapter 2 Preliminary Calculations to the Project

2.1 Calculation of the population

2.2 Calculation of the number of families

2.3 Calculation of the required residential fund by types of houses

2.4 Calculation of Cultural House Building

2.5 Drawing up a list of designed residential buildings, buildings and buildings of cultural and domestic

2.6 Calculation of production buildings and structures

2.7 Calculation of the territory

Chapter 3 General Planning Scheme

3.1 Preparation of the Superior Plan

3.2 Functional zoning of the territory of the village "Istoor"

3.3 Drawing up a general living area planning scheme

Chapter 4 Planning and building residential zone

4.1 Streeting system development

4.2 Placement of sites for manor and blocked houses

4.3 Organization of residential territories

4.4 Planning Public Public

Chapter 5 Planning and Building Production Territories

5.1 Production complexes

5.2 Placement of buildings and structures in the complexes

5.3 Types of complexes and their buildings

Chapter 6 Technical and Economic Evaluation of the Project

6.1 Absolute Natural Technical and Economic Indicators

6.2. Relative Natural Technical and Economic Indicators

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

The settlement is a limited part of the territory on which the constant population is fixed by material funds.

All settlements are divided into cities and rural settlements. The rural settlement is characterized by small size, small number and population density, which is the predominant part of which is occupied in agriculture.

Since rural settlements are part of agricultural production, it is necessary to organize so territory in order to provide rational production technology. This carries out a project planning and building a territory.

The planning project solves the problem:

a) determination of the prospects for the development of agricultural production;

b) determination of the prospective number of population;

c) the definition of the required volumes of residential, cultural and industrial construction, its placement;

d) development of proposals for environmental protection.

The project makes it possible to achieve a high socio-economic level of life of the rural population.

Chapter 1 General information about the territory and settlement

1.1 Location

Komsomolsky district was formed in December 1926, its area is 25.2 thousand square meters. km. The Komsomol district is located in the central part of the Khabarovsk Territory. The area of \u200b\u200bthe district covers the floodplain part of the Amur River for 260 km, the low-lying part of the left inflow basin of Amur - River Gorin, the pool of the right influx of Amur - River Gur and the pools of such small tributaries, as a sofa, mast, Belgo, etc. District borders in the south-west With Amur, in the West and North-West with sunny, in the northeast with Ulch, in the east with Bedensky and in the south with Nanai areas.

The Komsomolsky district occupies a convenient transport and geographical position. Among the transport communications, the leading role belongs to railway transport. The Amur Water Road, Crossing the District, provides communication with the southern and northern territories of the Khabarovsk Territory, gives way out of the Pacific Society for the Courts of Mixed Swimming River-Sea. For many settlements, water transport serves as the main type of communication (Belgo, Verkhnestambovskoe, Nizhnestambovsk).

By the nature of the relief area can be divided into 2 parts: lowlands floodplains of the Amur River, its tributaries and hills.

The slopes of levola and right-bank mountains addressed to Amuru are moving into the whispered surfaces of the high pearled terraces from 50-60 m and below. Amur Valley within the area of \u200b\u200brelatively non-rider - 10-15 km, sometimes 20 km.

1.2 Natural conditions

The territory of the district enters the region of moderate latitudes, which is characterized by changing the directions of air flow from winter by summer.

In winter, the territory of the Komsomol district is distributed by the northeast ridge of the Asian maximum, which determines the domination of dry continental air from Transbaikalia and Yakutia. Stable negative temperature is set in the first decade of November. Winter begins with the transition of the average daily temperature through - 5 ° and this occurs approximately November 3. The absolute minimum account for the Second Decade of January (-48 °). Winter is cold and low, solar and dry, last five months. The precipitation falls on average about 63 mm. The height of the snow cover is 23-27 cm. The small height of the snow cover in combination with low temperatures predetermines a significant freezing of soils. This process begins approximately from October 24, lasts 168 days and ends on April 10. The soils on the plain sites are freezed by an average of 160 cm, and in some years to 300 cm.

The process of the destruction of the winter anticyclone begins in March\u003e,\u003e but the circulation continues to remain winter for a long time. Spring comes quickly: at the beginning of the second decade of April, the average air temperature passes through 0 °. However, in April and in May, frost are frequent. The precipitation in the spring falls little, but winds are intensified, mostly the northern direction.

In summer, the transfer of wet Pacific air of moderate latitudes is observed, which leads to precipitation. Summer in the area is warm and wet. The warmer month of July with an average monthly temperature of + 19 ° (absolute maximum + 33.7 °). Although summer maximum temperatures are low, but due to the large humidity of air (the average air humidity - 88%) is felt by a strong heat. During the summer, 52% of the annual precipitation falls. The most rainy month is August. On average, 448 mm of precipitation falls for the warm period.

The climate on the overwhelming part of the area is cool, moderately wet. The growing season is up to 150 days, the sum of active temperatures (greater + 10 °) 2000 ° - 2300 °, the amount of precipitation on average is 578 mm. Maximum precipitation falls for July - August. Starting from the spring months, the territory of the district is subject to the invasion of Sukhovyev

The territory of the Komsomol district flows 197 rivers, the total length of them is 5140 km. All Rivers of the Area belong to the Amur River Basin. Amur here takes little tributaries and is a water transit site. The largest tributaries: GUR and Gorin. The rivers are characterized mainly by rain food, mountain, the valleys are narrow, u-shaped, with rocky, cloth shores. On the territory of the area there are 11 lakes, the water surface of which is 158.1 sq. Km.

The soil of the district belongs to the Amur Monsoon Soil Fatition. They are characterized by the following features:

1) the intensive nature of weathering, leading to the extinguishing of the soil strata;

2) the development of anaerobic glying processes leading to soil fever;

3) the weak development of the soda formation process;

4) Intensive development in separate places of the turf process.

The soils specific for the territory of the area are brown, mining and podzolic, meadow-marsh, alluvial.

According to a wooded zoning, the territory of the Komsomol district is located on the border of the Taiga County and the districts of mixed broadst forests. The geographical location of the area and determined the nature of growing vegetation, which is represented by the types of Okhotsk-Kamchatka flora (Larch Dauroskaya, Spruce Ayanskaya, Fir Blind, etc.), some kind of blends of mixed coniferous-decide forests (Keedr Korean, Lipa Manchu, ash Manchursky, white birch and yellow, aspen and others).

1.3 Production and development prospects of the village "Isto"

The city-forming group A is presented. The age structure of the population and the existing number of production frames. The group represent employees of enterprises employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations of the city-forming importance to which include: industrial and agricultural enterprises, enterprises and organization of logistics, storage and processing of agricultural products, external transport, construction industry and maintenance. Indicate it, as a rule, in the design task. Disabled population b and able-bodied population T, these data are presented in detail in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 - Data on the number of production frames and the age structure of the population in the projected territory

Data on the family structure of the population, the presented in the designer village are presented in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 - data on the family structure of the population

The development of the project planning and development in the village "Istoor" provides for the placement of certain industries, the data are shown in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3 - industries in the village of "Isto" for the estimated period

Name of the manufacturing industry	Branch of production
per 1000 inhabitants	by 546 inhabitants
1. Land use, ha
2. Livestream
Cattle
in t. --- Cows
Nets
Calves up to 6 months
Young older than 6 months
3. Machine repair service
a) cars, total
including truck
Passenger
Special
b) tractors, total
in t. --- tracked
Wheel
c) combines, total
in t. --- grain
Special
d) agricultural machines trailed, requiring a parking area, total, m 2
in total --- under the canopy
On an open area
4. Warehousing, tons of stored products
a) grain, total
in t. --- seed
Food
Fodder
b) potatoes and root, total
in the city --- seed
Food
Forage
c) Food vegetables
d) Silo and Senage
e) coarse feed
e) fuel and lubricants (capacity planning by 50% of the need)

When placing construction objects in the village, in addition to the specified task, it should be provided:

In industrial construction:

a) a greenhouse-green complex, the size of which will be determined by the standards per resident of the village: for winter and spring greenhouses - 3 sq.m. construction area; For greenhouse territory - 5 greenhouse frames; For open warmed soil - 10 square meters. m;

b) the complex of the CRS is presented for the binding content of cows and nonsense;

In housing construction:

Building is made by houses of the following types and dimensions of these areas: For large families out of 5-6 and more people - single-quality houses of a manor type with a plot of 0.2 hectares; For families of 4 people - two-quartered houses of a manor type one-storey with a plot of 0.2 ha at home; For families of 3 people - four-quartered houses of blocked type with a plot of 0.3 ha at home; For single and families of two people, there are two-storey houses of sectional type 8 and 16 apartments with a plot of 0.08 hectares per apartment.

Chapter 2 Preliminary Calculations to the Project

Based on the original data for the design, calculations are made: the promising population, the projected and preserved fund of residential, cultural and industrial buildings and structures, the required territory.

The draft planning of the village "Istoer" was selected the estimated period of twenty years.

2.1 Calculation of the population

The population's population is determined on the basis of data on the prospects for the development of the settlement in the settlement system, taking into account the demographic forecast of the natural and mechanical increase in population and pendulum migrations.

The purpose of the calculation of the population is to determine the prospective number of population primarily (five years) and the estimated period (twenty years). The calculation is based on the number of a city-forming group (group A). The population in the newly designed village is calculated on the full labor balance formula.

H\u003e p\u003e \u003d (A * 100) / (T--Y-U + N-b), (2.1)

where h\u003e p\u003e is the project number of the population, a person;

A - the number of city-forming personnel, permanently residing in a given territory, a person;

T - population in working age,%;

Population in working age occupied in the home and personal subsidiary farm,%;

y - students in working age, studying with a separation from production,%;

u - non-working disabled people in working age,%;

n - working retirees,%;

B - serving population group,%.

first of all:

H\u003e p\u003e \u003d (210 * 0.7 * 100) / (58.6-6-5-2 + 3,46-15) \u003d 432

2) for the estimated period:

H\u003e p\u003e \u003d (210 * 0.7 * 1,2 * 100) / (58.6-5-6-1,5 + 5,19-19) \u003d 546

2.2 Calculation of the number of families

The calculation of the number of families is made in order to use this value when determining the required number of apartments and houses that need to be built to ensure the standard level of residence of each family.

Calculations are made by the formula:

X \u003d (H * 100) /  (C\u003e i\u003e * p\u003e i\u003e), (2.2)

where x is the total number of families on the perspective;

H - the estimated population;

C\u003e I\u003e - Numerical composition of one family;

P\u003e i\u003e - Share of the family of i-th type in the total number of families.

The calculation is performed Table 2.1, the initial data on the family structure of the population are presented in Table 1.2. When performing a project, calculations are performed for the population of the population primarily and the estimated period.

Table 2.1 - Calculation of the number of families

Numerical composition of the family	Family structure	Number of families
First of all	Settlement

2. 3 Calculation of the required residential foundation by houses

To ensure normal housing conditions, each family needs to have their own separate housing, so the number of apartments needed to design is taken equal to the calculated number of families. During the design, it is guided by the recommendations of SNIP 2.07.01-89 that "in rural settlements it should be provided mainly to one-, two-quartered residential buildings of the estate with land with apartments, also (with the appropriate substantiation) sectional houses up to four floors.".. Performed in the table.

Table 2.2 - Calculation of the needs of the residential foundation by houses

Type of residential building	Required number of apartments, units.	Project need
Apartments, units.	Houses, units.
Per. queue	Calculate Time
Per. queue	Calculate Time	Per. queue	Calculate Time
manoring Somboy Two Guardian
2) Blocked four-quarters
3) sectional two-story Eight-quarter Sixteenthvarical

At the same time, the analysis of the existing housing stock is performed and the nature of further use for each existing home is preliminary, namely: preservation (with the need for reconstruction or without); re-equipment for another purpose; disassembly and transfer to a new place; demolition for urban planning considerations and so on.

2.4 Calculation of Cultural House Building

Calculation of the capacity of institutions and maintenance enterprises and the size of their land plots is made in accordance with the "Annex 7" SNIP 2.07.01.89.

The list (composition) of tasks depends on the category of the designed settlement. The calculation is performed according to Table 2.3.

Table 2.3 - Calculation of institutions and maintenance enterprises and the size of their land

Institutions, enterprises, facilities	Regulatory indicator for 1000 inhabitants	Project indicator for 546 inhabitants
Capacity	Section size, m 2, ha	Capacity	Section size, ha
Children's preschool institutions, place		on 1st place
Secondary school students		50 m 2 per 1 student
Feldshera-Obstetric Item, Object			1 on us. Punk
Pharmacy (VI-VIII Group), Object			1 on us. Punk
Sports Territories (Stadium), ha
Club, places with population numbers, thousand years: from 0.2 to 1.0 from 1.0 to 2.0 from 2.0 to 5.0		On the task of facing
Shops, m 2 of the retail area: Food products; Non-food products		Bargain. Centers up to 1 thousand people. from 1 to 3 thousand people. 0.2-0.4 g
Dining room, seats
Household service enterprises, working. places
Laundry, kg linen in shift		0.1-0.2 ha on the object
Dry cleaning, kg things in shift		0.1-0.2 ha on the object
Bath, seats		0.2-0.4 ha on an object
Communication Department with Sberkassa, Object		0.3-0.35 hectares on the object	1 on us. Paragraph
Administrative building, object		0.1-0.15 ha on the object	1 on us. Paragraph
Bakery, object: Up to 1 thousand people; From 1 to 7 thousand years.		0.1-0.2 ha by	1 on us. Paragraph
Park, Squares, Boulevards, ha

The fourth column in the cap records the promising number of residents of the designed settlement, which was previously defined in section 2.1. The ratio of the prospective number of population to regulatory (1000 people) is determined and the regulatory indicators and the size of the site are multiplied by the obtained value of the recalcity. The results of these calculations are recorded in the corresponding graphs.

For institutions that need new construction, according to the catalogs of passports of typical projects in accordance with the calculation capacity, types and the number of buildings are selected, or are developing individual projects. When selecting typical projects, focus on those major building materials and the material and technical base of construction, which are characteristic of the design region.

2.5 Drawing up a list of designed residential buildings, buildings and buildings of cultural and domestic

After the calculation and selection of typical projects of residential buildings, institutions and service enterprises are combined in the list, which is issued in Appendix A.

2.6 Calculation of production buildings and structures

The calculation of the requirements for the construction of buildings and structures necessary for agricultural production is carried out taking into account the provision of each industry of production by the main and utility premises in accordance with the promising needs of the designed species of agricultural production.

The list of buildings and structures for production complexes in the village "Istoer" is issued in Appendix A.

Buildings and facilities are selected using lists, catalogs, albums of passports of typical projects intended for the design area.

2.7 Calculation of the territory

The preliminary definition of the required territory for the settlement is made separately for each of the two main functional zones - residential and industrial.

The preliminary definition of the territory required for the residential zone is performed in Table 2.4 using the regulatory data provided in it on one house (apartment) take into account the presence of a street network of green plantings.

Table 2.4 - Calculation of the required territory for the residential area of \u200b\u200bthe village "Isto"

The total territory of the residential zone T\u003e f\u003e is determined from the expression

T\u003e F\u003e \u003d T\u003e 1\u003e + T\u003e 2\u003e * K\u003e 1\u003e, (2.3)

where T\u003e 1\u003e - the area of \u200b\u200bresidential territories;

T\u003e 2\u003e - Public territory area;

K\u003e 1\u003e - the coefficient of development of the street network for the rural settlement, K \u003d 1.2.

T\u003e f\u003e \u003d 20.04 + 5.42 * 1, 2 \u003d 26.54.

The calculation of the required territory for the production area is made using formulas

T\u003e PR\u003e \u003d T\u003e I\u003e * K, (2.4)

where T\u003e pr\u003e is the area of \u200b\u200bthe production area;

T\u003e i \u003e\u003e\u003e - the area of \u200b\u200bproduction complexes (livestock, warehouse, machine-repair and other);

The coefficient, taking into account the area of \u200b\u200broads and the green hedges around the complex (taken equal to 1.2).

The area of \u200b\u200beach production complex is calculated by the formula

T\u003e i\u003e \u003d (PZ * 100) / P\u003e i\u003e, (2.5)

where the PZ is the area of \u200b\u200bdevelopment of the I-th complex, m 2., is determined by the list of designer buildings and structures (Appendix A);

P\u003e I\u003e - Regulatory density of the development of the I-th complex (accepted according to Table 2.5).

Table 2.5 - Regulatory densities for building complexes

Using the application data and the above formulas, we obtain the size of the territory required to accommodate the production area:

livestock complex:

S\u003e CRS\u003e \u003d (12836 * 100) / 25 \u003d 5,1344

warehouse complex:

S\u003e SK\u003e \u003d (6533 * 100) / 25 \u003d 2,6132ga

mathematical machinery complex:

S\u003e MK\u003e \u003d (5710 * 100) / 25 \u003d 2,284ga

building yard:

S\u003e SD\u003e \u003d (1494 * 100) / 20 \u003d 0.747ga

5) Greenhouse complex:

S\u003e TK\u003e \u003d (7641 * 100) / 35 + 5500 \u003d 2.7331

other buildings:

S\u003e PZ\u003e \u003d (10963 * 100) / 25 \u003d 4,3852ga

S\u003e Pr\u003e \u003d 17,8969 * 1.2 \u003d 21,4763ga

Chapter 3 General Planning Scheme

The general planning scheme is a sketch decision of the architectural and planning composition and the planning structure as a whole, where local conditions and sanitary and hygienic, engineering and construction, architectural, fire and veterinary requirements are observed.

3.1 Preparation of the Superior Plan

The basis for drawing up a project planning project is a reference plan - a drawing compiled on the basis of the topographic plan of the area selected for the construction of a new or reconstruction of an existing rural settlement, which shows the modern use of the territory remaining for the prospect of material and natural elements and construction constraints. The territory chosen for the designed village has a sufficient size favorable for construction and expedient placement of residential and industrial areas. Natural conditions. No less attribute to engineering and geological conditions that affect the cost of exploration of the site. When evaluating climatic conditions, the characteristics of the climate on the projected territory over a number of years are considered: temperature regime, solar radiation, ground freezing depth, wind mode, air humidity.

The soil is assessed primarily in terms of their use in agricultural production.

The listed conditions for the territory of the territory are called restrictions and refer to the group of natural restrictions, since they are created by nature.

The results of the analysis of the territory using the conditions listed above are applied to the topographic plan, turning it in this way in the support.

The sequence of compilation of the reference plan:

a) is aggravated with areas with relief slopes less than 0.5% and more than 8%;

b) along the reservoirs of the dotted line, territories are separated from the depth of groundwater less than 1.5 m (horizontally);

c) the sanitary protective strips along the railways of 100 meters are distinguished;

d) the sites of entry and departure from the settlement and the direction to the district center, other settlements are determined.

When developing a reference plan, along with the use of these restrictions, the architecture and landscape of the terrain are studied. Such learning is necessary in order to achieve in the future in the design of the organic combination of natural features of the terrain and planning. Work on the preparation of the reference plan can be considered a comprehensive urban planning assessment of the territory.

3.2 Functional zoning of the territory of the village "Istoor"

Life, rest and work of residents of rural settlements are the main components of the functional content of its livelihoods. Each of the named functions is carried out on a separate area of \u200b\u200bsettlement, called the functional zone. The differentiation of the territory of the settlement in nature is called functional zoning.

For rural settlements, the presence of two main functional zones: residential, or residential, and production.

The residential area is designed to accommodate residential foundation, public buildings and structures, streets, squares, parks, gardens, boulevards and other common areas, as well as individual utility and industrial facilities that do not require the device of sanitary protection zones.

In turn, industrial enterprises of agricultural purposes need to be placed separately from the rest of the development, creating an independent production area. The production area should have convenient connections with a residential zone and driveways.

The production area is located downstream, relief and with a leeward side. The size of the sanitary zone depends on the composition, capacity and harmfulness of complexes included in the production area.

The minimum sanitary gap for the livestock complex is 300 meters. Complex of general purpose - 50 meters.

3.3 Drawing up a general living area planning scheme

Special functional areas can be allocated in a rural settlement: a public center and a rest area.

1) Placing a public center. A public center is part of the residential area where the main functions of the administrative, cultural life and domestic service of the population are concentrated. The position of the public center is shifted from the center to the entrance to the village.

The center is located along the main street. The general binding element of the public center is space space. A public buildings are grouped around the square.

The area has a rectangular shape with the aspect ratio of 1: 1.6.

2) The recreation area is located along the river on the periphery of the residential area.

Figure 1 - Location of the Public Center and Recreation Area

3) Placing green spaces. In the populated place, green plantings serve to organize recreation and sports, improving the sanitary and hygienic state of the environment, improve the aesthetic expressiveness of the settlement. Green plantations within the settlement include parks, squares, boulevards, gardens of residential groups, green areas of sites of public buildings and landscaping of streets. Of particular importance to the park - the main place of rest for residents of the settlement, it is located near the residential territories on the river bank.

4) Tracing the main streets. In the village of "Isto" a street network represents a unified system of communication paths, ensures the most convenient and short connections both inside the residential zone between individual residentials and with a production zone and external roads.

Entrance to the village - Street, which is a continuation of the village road to the public center from the district highway, its width is 25 meters. Street to the production zone is caseal and is the main focus of the working population to production complexes. Street leading from the Square of the Public Center to the Recreation Area - Boulevard. It decorates the village, a width of 30 meters (Figure 1). All the rest of the roads in the village of 15 meters.

5) Public buildings around the square are located.

6) Construction zoning provides the most appropriate and compact location of residential buildings in accordance with their types, as it makes it possible to provide the smallest length of centralized communications covering together with production facilities the largest objects of the residential area and residential areas that have the greatest density of the residential fund.

The task of building zoning is to establish the boundaries between the construction zones and the organization of the adjoining them to each other.

Chapter 4 Planning and building residential zone.

The design process involves:

1) the development of the outdoor network system;

2) the solution of the planning structure of the residential zone;

3) the solution of the architectural and planning composition of the residential zone;

4) placement of sites for manor and blocked residential buildings;

5) organization of residential territories.

4.1 Streeting system development

When designing the village of "Istoor" there is a unified system of the street-road network. The following categories of streets and roads distinguish in rural settlements:

a) the village road, providing a link between the rural settlement with external roads of the total network;

b) the main street, serving the relationship of residential areas with the public center;

c) the street in the residential building;

d) economic passage.

For each street, the transverse profile is developed - the image of the street in a vertical section perpendicular to its axis. The profile show the placement and dimensions of all components of the Street of the elements. The transverse profile gives a representation not only about the horizontal arrangement and size of the elements of the street, but also about its high-altitude organization. This profile is called architectural. He complements the street drawing in the plan, showing its spatial look and revealing the architectural appearance of the street (Figure 2).

Figure 2 - examples of architectural profiles of streets:

a) Home with one-story building,

b) secondary, residential street

When tracing streets take into account the dominant direction of winds, their repeatability and strength. This is due to the fact that the winds ventilate the streets or are the cause of drafts on them, and also contribute to the spread of fire in fires, the transfer of dust and snow.

Transit motion, associated with the large intensity of freight and passenger automobile transport. The road to the production area is built bypassing the settlement at a distance to a residential building of 100 meters.

Tracing provides a breakdown of residential territory for blocks with a length of 300 meters, and the width of the quarter depends on the area of \u200b\u200bthe subsidence, is 120 m.

The result of tracing is a network of streets and passages related to each other, with the main streets and passing next to the residential zone by village roads.

One of the main conditions that must be observed at the same time is the intersection of all the streets at right angles.

4.2 Placement of sites for manor and blocked houses

Placing areas, take into account the following:

a) For the convenience of organizing the territory of the village, the plot at the estate house is taken equal to 0.2 hectares.

When planning sites and placement of buildings, sanitary requirements should be taken into account, solar insolation of residential premises.

b) With blocked houses, 0.075 hectares is allocated for one apartment, for the placement of household buildings. The instructions of the blocked houses are divided into equal parts. The most appropriate options for dividing plots at the house are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 - options for planning sites for residential buildings:

1 - a manor unit house with a plot of 0.2 hectares;

2 - a manor one-quality house with a plot of 0.2 hectares,

3 - a manor two-quartered house with a plot of 0.2 hectares,

4 - a manor two-quartered house with a plot of 0.18 hectares;

5 - blocked four-quarter house with a plot of 0.3 hectares;

6 - blocked two-quartered house with a plot of 0.24 hectares;

7 - blocked four-quartered house with a plot of 0.3 hectares,

8 - blocked three-quartered house with a plot of 0.24 hectares.

Along the streets of the house should be located as close as possible to each other, but with the provision of fire standards.

4.3 Organization of residential territories

Plots for manor, blocked houses create quarters of residential territories.

Quarter - part of the settlement, limited by the main, secondary streets and travel. If the quarter is built up with residential buildings, then it is called residential. Quarter size 300 meters.

With a manor building - the quarters with one-sided, bilateral buildings. Plots have a rectangular shape.

Quarters with sectional houses are built up with a group type.

Group reception is most common when erecting sectional type houses. Its essence is that several residential buildings are combined into a single composition with an inland landscaped courtyard for children, recreation of residents and placement sites. The entrances to the house are addressed inside the yard and internal arrip passages to them. These drives are designing along the facades with the entrances at a distance of 3-6 m from them. For the convenience of traveling and turning the transport on them, extensions are arranged, and in the end of the deadlords - reversal sites. Near the homes group, garages and parking lots of personal use are built.

In the village of "Istoor" the quarter is designed with sectional houses (their dimensions are shown in the list of designed buildings and structures). In the courtyard of the group, it is necessary to place platforms for household purposes, children's, sports and leisure adults.

4.4 Planning Public Public

The main conditions for posting public buildings: the convenience of visiting them by the population, the convenience of work in them and the ease of operation of these buildings.

A brief description of the most popular types of public buildings and structures, as well as the conditions for their placement, are shown below:

1) Children's preschool institutions that have in their composition two main premises: a game room-dining room and a bedroom. On the plot, except for green spaces, there are shadow cans, devices and equipment for games and classes and other elements of improvement. The building is located at a distance of 10 m from the road. It is focused so that the game rooms ensure the continuous three-hour insolation duration.

2) secondary schools. The school building on the plot takes central place. The distance from it to the road and the orientation of the building are the same as the nursery garden. The site places sites for training sessions, sports, mass games. The school is located near the stadium.

3) Administrative buildings and communications enterprises. The building of the local administration is located on the square. It hosts the building itself, a small platform for assembly, a shopping courtyard, landscaping the territory on the inner boundary of a strip of green plantings 6-10 meters width. The building of communication and the bank is located on the main street.

4) Sports-park territory. The planning of sports and park areas is starting with the placement of the stadium, the platforms for volleyball and so on. These objects are placed simultaneously with the parallel organization of the two main zones of the park - a quiet and active recreation. Wareered plantations should take at least 35% of the territory.

In the zone of a quiet rest, only walking tracks, alleys and arbors are designed. Green plantations should be placed on 60% of its territory.

Placing all the facilities and platforms, create a system of garden-park tracks and alleys connecting all objects with each other, with a club, with the main entrance and other inputs from the streets. Club is built next to the sports and park territory.

Chapter 5 Planning and Building Production Territories

On the planning of industrial territories, everything is associated with the placement and layout of industrial equipment. It provides for the provision of areas necessary for the placement of buildings and structures, industrial equipment, parking lots of machinery and mechanisms, animals, materials and products providing production processes.

The purpose of the planning is to provide economical and safe in connection with the labor protection of workspaces, equipment, materials and machines.

The planning of production areas includes production buildings and structures that ensure the completed cycle of individual production operations.

5.1 Production complexes

The production complex is a group of industrial buildings and structures located on the compact territory associated with the technological process and common transport and energy devices.

In its appointment, production complexes of agricultural enterprises are divided into two main groups: complexes for the production of products for agricultural products and general education complexes.

The first group includes cattle, greenhouse greenhouse. The second group includes complexes serving all the production of an agricultural enterprise: a machine-repair complex, a building courtyard, a warehouse complex, other buildings.

5.2 Procedure for Designing the Production Zone

After calculating the territory required for production complexes and in general, for the entire production area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement, it is proceeded by the placement of individual complexes and sites (Chapter 2).

5.2.1 Placement of complexes within the boundaries of the zone

The greenhouse and greenhouse complex is located next to the livestock complexes to ensure the minimum distance of delivery in them, as biofuels.

Placing complexes, you should simultaneously design and roads that allow you to achieve entry into each of them both from the residential zone and from any land use site. In this case, the length of the roads must be minimal.

Thus, when placing complexes, the following specific requirements take into account:

a) organizational and economic - placement of complexes regarding agricultural land, crop rotations, roads and scratoproins, as well as the path of communication with them, bypassing the living area;

b) sanitary and hygienic and veterinarine - observance of sanitary gaps to residential and public buildings and vetering gaps between the livestock complexes; The location of the production complexes relative to the relief, wind directions, the flow of rivers and streams.

5.2.2 Placing buildings and structures in the complexes

The main principle of planning and building of any production complex is the accounting of rational production technology.

Fire breakdowns should be observed between buildings and structures in the complexes, except for sanitary and veterinaries.

When designing livestock complexes, it is necessary to provide not only buildings and structures, but also dangling courtyards with them.

5.2.3 General requirements for building complexes

The distances between buildings are made in the smallest to ensure minimum costs in the construction of engineering communications and equipment, but optimal compared to technological, fire-fighting, sanitary and veterinary gaps between buildings.

Each complex should be geographically independent and separated from adjacent complexes and roads with fences and strips of green spaces with a width of 6-10 meters.

Of all the production buildings, only livestock and poultry industry require strict orientation by countries of light.

Group reception is applied in complexes in which the production process combines several operations and more than one building is involved in each of them.

Along the inner borders of the complexes of the building are placed according to a distance of 6 m and more from fences and green spaces to ensure the area of \u200b\u200bthe building from all sides by the fire engine.

Compliance with clear, direct development lines ensures strict order in the system of placement of buildings, facilitates the organization of production processes, their mechanization and automation, equipment engineering improvement and transfer of the planning plan to nature.

5.3 Types of complexes and their buildings

5.3.1 Cattle Complexes

For cattle, two content systems are used - skinding and non-credible.

When the cat's content is covered, placed in the stalls on the binding. During the day, animals (with the exception of cattle on fattening) a walk of at least two hours is arranged.

The main on the farm is the premises for the content of animals, auxiliary - warehouses with feeds, feed-making and other.

The arrangement of animal husbandry buildings in the complex area of \u200b\u200bthe complex is solved by an ordinary reception. Pulling yards are located at the longitudinal walls of animal husbandry buildings.

The stern building group is located closer to the premises with the largest livestock of adult animals. Since the silo requires additional processing, then the silos are located closer to the feeder.

The apparers are placed outside the farm boundaries in compliance with the established break and convenience of delivery to them manure from animal husbandry buildings.

The sheds or canopies for the current reserves of coarse feed and litter can be placed in the fodder of the buildings.

5.3.2 greenhouse greenhouse complex

The greenhouse-greenhouse is placed on a plot, a well-warmed sun having a southeast exposure of the slopes.

Design begins with zoning the area of \u200b\u200bthe complex. The areas of greenhouses, greenhouses and an open insulated soil are envisaged.

The location of the greenhouses are used by the ordinary with separate greenhouses, placed them with a break of 5-6 m.

The Greenhouse Quarter is 25 greenhouses for 20 frames each. Warehouses and utility rooms are placed at the entrance to the site of the complex, and some on the borders of the complex.

5.3.3 Warehouse complex

The territory of the warehouse complex is intended for storing and processing seed, insurance and food funds of crops and for storing various material values. It is divided into zones in accordance with the types of treated and stored products (grain, vegetable and others).

Closer to the entrance to the site of the complex is located canopy for auto goods, which with the same convenience should be used by all groups of the warehouse complex.

In the zones of the complex, all buildings are located in the technological sequence.

5.3.4 Machinerary repair complex

The machine-repair complex of any agricultural enterprise is designed for storage, periodic inspections, maintenance, current and overhaul machines. The complex includes premises for repair, storage of machines and open vehicles for parking machines.

Machine repair workshop is usually located in the center of the courtyard, and all other premises and platforms - along its perimeter.

5.3.5 Construction complex

Buildings and platforms of the construction complex are placed in strict accordance with the sequence of the production process. At the entrance is placed platforms for round forest and 5-6 m from it - sawmills. Then provides a platform for storing sawn forest. After an air or fire drying, the sawyard forest enters further processing in a carpentry-carpentry workshop, behind which there is a warehouse of finished products.

At the site of the construction complex it is necessary to envisage the possibility of turning unloading forestry and transport that exported products.

Chapter 6 Technical and Economic Evaluation of the Project

In a compiled planning project, all established rules, norms and requirements must be followed. The settlement must meet the interests and needs of the economy, local natural conditions, have the clarity of construction, compactness, architectural integrity and completeness. It should provide the best conditions for labor, life and recreation of residents.

The final project of planning and building a settlement must have favorable technical and economic indicators that characterize the cost-effectiveness of its decision.

6.1 Absolute Natural Technical and Economic Indicators

1) Project population: 546 people.

2) Number of housing foundation designed in the village, apartments:

Q \u003d Q\u003e Us\u003e + Q\u003e bl\u003e + q\u003e c\u003e, (6.1)

where Q\u003e Us\u003e - the number of apartments in manor houses;

Q\u003e bl\u003e - number of apartments in blocked houses;

Q\u003e C\u003e - the number of apartments in section houses.

Q \u003d 70 + 52 + 72 \u003d 194 apartments

Including the existing saved fund:

Total: 194Qour,

in the homes of the manor type - 70 apartments;

in the houses of a blocked type - 52 apartments;

in the houses of sectional type - 72 apartments.

3) territory balance

Name of the territory
by project	by calculation, ha

A. g and l and z o n a
1. Residential areas:
a) with a manor building
b) with blocked building
c) with sectional development
2. Public territories:
a) plots of public buildings
b) park and sports complex
c) squares, boulevards
d) Others
3. Transport territories
a) Square
b) streets, passages
Total for residential area
B. p r about and s in o d s t n n n i z o n a
1. Production complexes: A; b; in; etc.
2. Territories of green plantings, village roads
TOTAL FOR THE PRODUCTION ZONE

6.2 Relative Natural Technical and Economic Indicators

All relative indicators are calculated using absolute technical and economic indicators. They give a visual and objective qualitative characteristic of the project planning solutions.

4) population density (PN).

The population density characterizes the number of population coming to 1 hectare of the territory of the residential area of \u200b\u200bthe settlement.

PN \u003d N / S\u003e ZhZ\u003e, (6.2)

where H is the population taken from paragraph 1;

S\u003e Zhz\u003e - area of \u200b\u200bthe residential area taken from the balance of the territory.

Mon \u003d 546 / 25,578 \u003d 21.35

5) the length of streets and passages per resident in the residential area L\u003e 1\u003e and the length of the roads on the 1 hectare zone L\u003e 2\u003e:

l\u003e 1\u003e \u003d L\u003e 1\u003e / n; L\u003e 2\u003e \u003d L\u003e 2\u003e / S\u003e Pr\u003e, (6.3)

where L\u003e 1\u003e is the total length of the streets and residential passages in the residential area of \u200b\u200bthe village; L\u003e 2\u003e - the total length of roads in the production area; - population of the village from paragraph 1 of the system of technical and economic indicators; - Square of the production area (from the balance of the territory).

l\u003e 1\u003e \u003d 3,253 / 546 \u003d 0.006,

l\u003e 2\u003e \u003d 3.87 / 21.7275 \u003d 0.178.

6) Construction cost: only 57286.664 thousand rubles.

including: - housing 30412 thousand rubles.

Public buildings 7350.2 thousand rubles.

Production buildings 19524,464 thousand rubles.

7) The cost of improvement: total (25% of paragraph 7) 14321.666 thousand rubles.

including: - residential zone 7603 thousand rubles.

Production zone 4881,116 thousand rubles.

8) the cost of building a residential area per resident of 69.16 thousand rubles.

The project complies with technical and economic indicators.

Conclusion

In the course of the course project, the initial data was studied, the location of the design site, natural conditions, the number of population was calculated on this basis, the volume of residential fund, the area of \u200b\u200brecreation area, the volume and area of \u200b\u200bbuilding the production complexes.

The result of the course project is the director general of the village "Istoor", which is compiled for a promising population - 546 people.

The village's space is organized so that the production area is located downstream, with a leeward side with a sanitary gap from a residential area of \u200b\u200b80 meters. Convenient entrances are designed for both residential and production zones.

The territory in each zone is distributed rationally taking into account sanitary and firebugs.

List of sources used

1. Mirzakhhanova Z.G., Bulgakov V.A. Khabarovsk region. Ecological condition of territories.

2. The state of the natural environment and environmental activities in Komsomolsk-on-Amur - Koms., 1995.

3. Planning rural settlements: Methodical instructions for the implementation of the course project, / Sost. V.V. Artyomenko, A.P. Ovchakov, V.P. Baskakov. M. All-Russian Institute for absentee learning. 1993. 99 p.

4. Construction rates and rules. Urban planning. Planning and building of urban and rural settlements. SNIP 2.07.01-89. M.: Stroyzdat, 1989. 67 p.

5. Planning rural settlements: Methodical instructions for the implementation of the course project. Part 1. Initial data and preliminary calculations to the project for students of the specialty 310900 "Land Management" / Sost. V.N. Zaitsev, A. V. Khromchenko. - Khabarovsk: Publishing House of the CSTU, 2000 - 33 p.

6. Graphic and analytical decisions on planning and development: Methodical instructions on the implementation of the second stage of the course project for students of the specialty 310900 "Land Management" / Sost. V.N. Zaitsev, A. V. Khromchenko. - Khabarovsk: Publishing House of the CSTU, 2001. - 60 s.

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The main purpose of the dwelling was always the protection of a person from unfavorable meteorological factors (cold, heat, atmospheric precipitation, wind). Optimal conditions should be created in the dwelling to meet the physiological needs of a person (sleep, personal hygiene, nutrition, physical education, etc.); communication and cultural activities (recreation and entertainment, in-family communication, communication with the circle of loved ones and acquaintances); Education and training of children (family and public); homemade household (cooking, child care, cleaning of premises, laundry laundry, clothing cleaning, etc.); Implementation of professional activities, self-education, classes.

The conditions for the placement of residential buildings on land are listed in the construction norms and the rules of SNIP 02.07.01-89 "Urban planning, layout and development of urban and rural settlements" and SNiP 31-01-2003 "Buildings of residential complex buildings". The plot discharged for the construction of a residential building or a cultural and consumer institution should be located on the well-lit by the sun and ventilated territory, removed from the sources of noise and pollution of atmospheric air (industrial enterprises, railways, large street highways), have a sufficient size so that it can be possible Free to place and correctly orient the buildings, arrange holiday facilities adults, for children's games and provide a sufficient number of green plantings.

A characteristic feature of the life of the population in modern conditions is urbanization - the process of focusing the population and economic life in major cities. Urbanization causes very significant changes in the working conditions and life of the inhabitants of large urban centers. These changes can have both favorable and negative impact on the health of the population. Speaking about the positives of urban life, it is necessary to point out great opportunities for public improvement, transport, education, public and cultural life, medical care, etc.

Negative effects include contamination and denaturation of the chemical composition of atmospheric air, as a result of which there is a decrease in the oxygen content in it, the emergence of a number of toxic substances, including carcinogens. A very significant danger represents a change in the physical properties of the air environment, which, above all, relates to a noise factor, the intensity of which in the modern large city is often much more exceeding the permissible standards. It is assumed that strong urban noise is one of the permanent stressors causing the enhanced allocation of adrenaline, violation of the functions of the entire hormonal apparatus, the depletion of the central nervous system, the development of neuroses, the disorder of the cardiovascular system and a number of other pathological reactions.

In addition, a significant smoke and dusting of air inevitably leads to a decrease in the illumination and the drop in the intensity of solar radiation, especially in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, which can cause light starvation.

When planning settlements, the peculiarities of the natural landscape and microclumatic conditions of the territory, surface water pollution, soil, vegetation, atmospheric air, the state of collecting and removing precipitation, melt waters and solid waste has been taken into account. The hygienic characteristics of the sources of noise, electromagnetic background, as well as objects producing harmful substances to the environment.

At the heart of the hygienic approach to the assessment of the residential environment, two interrelated aspects should lie. The first of them relates to the integrated characteristics of the environment, the second - health and living conditions of people. In essence, hygienic studies are devoted to the study of the impact of anthropogenic factors (the organization and structures of human society, industry, transport systems, technicians, the entire artificial environment created) on the natural environment and human living conditions.

Taking into account the preemptive functional use, the territory of the city is divided into the following zones:
- residential (residential, public buildings and structures);
- production (industrial enterprises, communal and warehouse facilities, external transportation structures, the path of the Volodorodsky and suburban reports);
- Landscape-recreational (urban forests, forestarks, forestry zones, reservoirs).

Planning settlements may be perimetral, lowercase, free, mixed.

The perimeter development is traditional for many cities, expressive in architectural relation, but unsatisfactory in terms of insolation and aeration of buildings.

With a line building, residential buildings are located along a meridian or a heliotermic axis, which ensures their maximum possible insolation and efficient ventilation.

Free development is most characteristic of modern microdistricts. She is well harmonized with a natural landscape. In hygienic terms, this system also deserves a positive assessment, but it is associated with the elongation of engineering communications and the road network.

Mixed buildings carries elements of previous systems and their advantages and disadvantages.

The microdistrict is the primary structural unit of residential area, a complex of residential buildings and institutions of social and domestic service of everyday use. The area of \u200b\u200bthe microdistrict, depending on the size of the city - from 10 to 60 hectares, but not more than 80 hectares. The population density of the neighborhood depends on regional characteristics, however, to ensure healthy living conditions, it should not exceed 450 people per 1 hectare with a regulatory of the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment of 18 m2 per person.

In old towns, the primary structural unit of residential territory are quarters represented by only residential buildings. During the reconstruction of such cities, the quarterly system is usually transformed into the neighborhoods, with the rules; Increases building strokes.

The industrial zone is designed to accommodate industrial enterprises and related energy, transport, warehouse and other objects. Industry can have a negative impact on sanitary conditions in the village, polluting atmospheric air, soil and open water bodies, smoke, dust, solid waste and wastewater. All this requires the removal of industrial facilities from residential building for certain distances, called sanitary-protected areas, and place them from a leeward side and lower by rivers in relation to residential building.

In accordance with Sanpin 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1200-03 "Sanitary and sanitary classifications of enterprises, structures and other objects" of September 25, 2007, industrial facilities are divided into 5 classes. For enterprises, the size of sanitary protection zones is defined: 1st grade - 1000 m; 2nd - 500 m; 3rd - 300 m; 4th - 100 m; 5th grade - 50 m.

The noise in the cities is almost always local and is caused mainly by means of transport - urban, railway and aviation. Already on the main highways of large cities, the noise level exceeds 90 dB. Events aimed at reducing noise in large cities are hampered by the density of the current development, because of which the construction of noise protection screens is impossible, expanding highways and planting green planes that reduce the noise level on the roads.

The most promising solutions to this problem are to reduce their own noise of vehicles and application in buildings emerging on the most lively highways, new noise-absorbing materials, vertical gardening of houses and triple glazing of windows (with the simultaneous use of forced ventilation). Currently, an increase in the level of vibration in urban areas is observed, the main source of which is transport. Vibration leads to rapid wear and destruction of buildings and structures and can adversely affect the most accurate technological processes.

The greatest harm of vibration brings advanced industries, and, accordingly, its growth may have a limiting impact on the possibilities of scientific and technological progress in cities.

Green areas of settlements have a great hygienic, economic, architectural and aesthetic meaning. They have a favorable effect on the microclimate of the city. In the summer, in the park, the air temperature is 1-3 ° C below, and its relative humidity is 10-20% higher than in the city. In winter in the zone of green spaces, warmer. Green arrays have pronounced windproof properties.

Wind speed in parks and squares, compared with such on the streets and squares of the city, is reduced by 2 times. Crowns of trees reduce solar radiation at 20-25 times, protecting residents of the city, walls of buildings and soil from overheating due to direct solar irradiation. Trees and shrubs, especially hardwood, delay dust, smoke and harmful gaseous impurities in the air by adsorption by their adhesive surface of the leaves and the rough surface of the branches and trunks, as well as as a result of the fallout of dust particles with a decrease in air movement rate. It is well known that the plants contribute to the preservation of the constant oxygen content and a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air.

Important and noiseless properties of green arrays. A long strip of a thick forest of 20 m wide weakens the total sound pressure level by 17-23 dB. The most effective in this regard is placed in the form of parallel strips and with free grouping of trees and shrubs.

The premises of residential and public buildings represent a complex system of natural and artificially created medium with a combined effect of physical, chemical and biological factors.

Physical factors include microclimate, insolation and illumination, electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration of man-made origin.

Chemical factors include exogenous atmospheric air pollutants, household gas combustion products, polymeric pollutants, aerosols of synthetic detergents and household chemicals, tobacco and kitchen smoke.

Biological factors include dustbacterial suspension, as well as various types of ticks. Pliers accumulate mainly in bed, upholstered furniture, where there are hundreds of times more often than in the rest of home dust.

The indoor air purity index is considered carbon dioxide, since its content reflects the chemical composition and physical properties of the air. The optimal carbon dioxide content in the air of the room is 0.1%. At the same time, the small concentrations of carbon dioxide do not always testify to air purity; They may remain low with significant air pollution with dust, bacteria and harmful chemicals that are released from synthetic finishing materials.

For a comprehensive assessment of air pollution, except for the maintenance of carbon dioxide, an integral indicator for organic air compounds is used - air oxidation, as well as the MPC of chemicals of various origin.

Currently, the determination of the total toxicity indicator, characterizing the combined effect of all possible air pollutants, is used to assess the purity of air (the sum of the concentration of pollutants to their MPC). The optimal ratio should be less than or equal to one. About 50 toxic substances are identified, which must be taken into account when calculating the total chemical load. Carbon dioxide, dust, carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, naphthalene, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur gas, polymer destruction products are made of the greatest quantitative contribution to the chemical load.

When evaluating the environmental purity of polymeric building materials, the following basic requirements for them are guided: polymeric materials should not be created in the premises of a persistent specific smell, separating the volatile substances in the air in dangerous concentrations, stimulate the development of pathogenic microflora on its surface, worsen the premises microclimate; must be available wet disinfection; The intensity of the static electricity field on the surface of polymeric materials should not be greater than 150 V / cm (with the relative humidity of the air indoor 60-70%).

Practice shows that it is quite possible to choose the materials for finishing apartments, furniture and interior items that meet the highest environmental safety requirements. If there are several types of finishing materials in the apartment, the level of release of toxic substances in which is approaching or exceeds the MPC, the apartment can represent a serious hygienic hazard.

IN AND. Arkhangelsky, V.F. Kirillov

Homemade Baking Recipes with Photos - Step-by-Step Master Classes

Hygienic bases of planning and improvement of settlements. Types of populated areas and the factors of their development give the planning of settlements

The state of health of the rural population

Basic Environment Health Activities in Countryside

Chapter 1 General information about the territory and settlement

Chapter 2 Preliminary Calculations to the Project

Chapter 1 General information about the territory and settlement

Table 1.1 - Data on the number of production frames and the age structure of the population in the projected territory

where x is the total number of families on the perspective;

Table 2.1 - Calculation of the number of families

Table 2.2 - Calculation of the needs of the residential foundation by houses

Table 2.3 - Calculation of institutions and maintenance enterprises and the size of their land

Biological enzymes

Elder sclerosis: symptoms, prevention and treatment