The possibilities of using telemetry to record human and animal brain biotlocks in space flight (W. Eyidi)

I will tell you very briefly about the work we have done over the past three years. We wanted to check the ability to record the electroencephalogram (EEG) of humans and animals during the space flight (including overclocking steps when lifting and braking during descent). In this report, I will touch the four questions: 1) Development of electrodes impact methods for recording biotoks deeply located brain structures; 2) Development of special equipment for EEG recording and for training animals; 3) Special check on the centrifuge and vibratethend while simultaneously recording biotypes; 4) Analysis of data obtained in flight to minimize the requirements for telemetric equipment.

We checked the methods of impact of electrodes in deep brain areas and often compared various types of electrodes on the same brain. In some parts of the brain, we introduced hard electrodes, which presented a metal rod, from the tip of which a thin wire was removed. Thin wires without rods were injected into symmetrically located brain. Records obtained using these electrodes when checking an object on the vibrite and centrifuge, compared with each other. To determine damage, we investigated these parts of the brain under the microscope.

The brain sections that are most sensitive to changes in the physical and mental state are located in the temporal area. Studies were conducted on cats, macales and recently - on chimpanzees. We introduced electrodes to various surface and deep sections of the brain, but most of my communication refers to the reactions of deep areas of the temporal brain. Often asked whether the introduction of electrodes in the brain is possible without damaging it when checking the object on the vibrite and centrifuge. We studied the effect of repeated tests on the centrifuge (acceleration 8 g - 10 g) and on the vibrationande. A few months after the last test, such animals did not have a stronger reaction of the glill in the course of the electrode than in animals that did not undergo inspections. Thus, a fairly widespread opinion that the electrodes are cutting a brain portion having a jelly-like consistency, was not confirmed. Be that as it may, the brain does not behave in a similar way. This we checked many times and in different conditions.

FIG. 1 shows a monkey (macaque), tied to the seat of centrifuge. Each of the two small traffic jams are suitable for wires from 18 electrodes that are associated with an amplifying system using a special cable designed for managed shells and intended for transmitting very small signals. The design of the cable allows you to minimize a dangerous static load on it. There is a layer of aluminum powder between the inner and outer wicker shells of the cable, thanks to which any bends do not lead to damage to the wires.

Similarly, we have renewed the impact of electrodes in the chimpanzees brain. The three-year-old Schimpanzee male was accustomed to the centrifuge seat. On his head, a regular device with traffic jams was strengthened. This was preceded by more than annual preparatory work. We used the stereotactic atlas, with which it is possible to get into any area of \u200b\u200bthe brain with an accuracy of 1 mm, knowing the body weight and, of course, the size of the head. It was, as far as I know, the first chimpanzee, which was introduced by the electrodes and recorded the biotoks of the brain.

Used instrument

A few years ago, we developed an amplifier that meets our requirements. This EEG removal amplifier is very stable and has an amplification coefficient of about 40,000. All temperature-sensitive elements are placed in a block of magnesium alloy. After assembly and check, the amplifier is placed in a shell of rubber with epoxy filler. This unit (when working with a maximum gain), stood tests on the vibrite at frequencies of 2-5 kHz and accelerations up to 25 g. The amplifier has a resonant peak at 750 Hz, but this is not reflected in its performance. The amplifier is very stable and able to withstand any external influence. They can even score nails, and this does not affect its normal operation.

At the following stages of work (relatively recently), we constructed a microminiature amplifier, placed in the electrode, attached to the skin of the head (Fig. 2 and 3). This design is designed primarily for human research in space flight. The three-stage amplifier on the transistors is strengthened between two layers of nylon. The size of the device is less than 12 mm in diameter and height. It is placed in an epoxy or lonely plastic sheath, which attaches an electrode sensor used to record the EEG. From above, the device surrounds stainless steel head, playing the role of the screen. Signals are accepted from its lower side and come through a layer of spongy substance impregnated with electrode paste. Attaching the head of the head is made using a cork pad.

For electronics specialists, I can report that the input impedance of the amplifier was 150 com. Two such devices included in the differential scheme have an input resistance of 300 com. The output resistance of the device is only 1500 ohms, and therefore the device is very resistant to indignations arising from the concise cable when the head of the person or the animal is rotated. The gain of the instrument is approximately 100, which provides output signals of the order of several malelvolt. These signals can act directly to the generators of the subcarrier frequency used in telemodest.

With a centrifuge experiments, we have developed a special training panel. A similar panel was adapted earlier on the basis of Holloan Air Forces for experiments with chimpanzees. On three small screens located in the front of the panel, various characters appear at the same time. The monkey learns some particular symbol, presses on it and receives a delicious pill as a reward. The difference of our panel from the panel used on the Holloan base is that we have several million non-refining combinations of symbols. The fact is that chimpanzees are a very highly developed monkey, which can quickly remember the limited sequence of symbols, after which it pays very little attention to them.

For telecés, we used the standard subcarrier system of the uzo (controlled by impulses The defendant's requester). It was convenient for our laboratory work, since we could simultaneously use a standard device for logging on a magnetic tape. The record was carried out on two tracks, and the data from 14 channels of the telecast (Fig. 4) was recorded on each of them. Although the device imposes some limitations on the frequency band and the amplitude of the signals, the system as a whole is quite flexible. It has valuable advantages with some calculations when signals from heads installed on multiple channels can be used for tasks, solved usually when receiving signals from various recording devices.

Test results

For experiments with people and animals, we used a large centrifuge, developing acceleration to 10 g. With this centrifuge, we imitated the 14-day orbital flight of monkeys in the "Atlas" rocket, in which they felt independently based on the developed skills to recognize images. At the end of the "flight" accelerations were close to those observed when the rocket braking.

In experiments with cats, with increasing transverse acceleration to 8 g, there was a sharp increase in the number of regularly emerging rhythmic discharges in the temporal area. This phenomenon disappeared when acceleration was invariably maintained at an 8 g. When the acceleration begins to decrease, it occurs again, fading when the centrifuge is moving to a constant acceleration. With such an increase in longitudinal accelerations, when the animal loses consciousness, there is a very unusual discharge of pulses, resembling epileptic form. It arises in the deep areas of the temporal shares of the brain, it applies to other departments and is accompanied by the movements of the muscles and other signs of the epileptic seal. In some cases, it is not accompanied by motor reactions, but, of course, at this time, all the skills of the animal on recognizing images are completely or largely disappeared.

In experiments with monkeys, with an increase in longitudinal accelerations, similar phenomena were observed. The animal was unconscious, the recorded signals were faded. With a sharp decrease in acceleration, convulsive discharges appeared, after which the consciousness was restored (Fig. 5).

Two years ago, we started the study of the vibration action on a monkey, dressed in a foam suit in which a certain pressure was maintained. Recently, we use other methods, and the monkey is attached to the seat resembling a cosmonaut's chair.

At a vibration frequency of about 10 Hz, shifts of the rhythms of the electrical activity of the brain appear. When we noticed them for the first time, we decided that it was just artifacts. But these shifts were observed on certain resonant frequencies and disappeared on others, and they were different for various brain areas and at different times. We recently found that these phenomena disappear during the death or haunted animal. It is clear that these are not artifacts, but something indicating a substantial anomaly of rhythms caused by vibration. We did not notice the residual phenomena after this test. Animals that were subjected to checking on the vibrite 2 years ago (FIG. 6) are in excellent condition.

In order to find out how appropriate is the EEG record with a long-term space flight for registration, say, sleep cycles - wakefulness, we have continuously recorded signals from surface and deep sections of the brain in chimpanzees located in different states - from the waking state before the navigation, accompanied by lowering the eyelids and urination. At the beginning of sleep, there was a regular increase in the amplitude of the waves. No need to be an EEG expert to distinguish, sleeping or awakens an animal, since the regular appearance of waves with a large amplitude gives, as we call, "needle" record. When the animal wakes up, sits down and looks around, the EEG acquires a completely different character (Fig. 7).

So, it is safe to say that there is already one area in which EEG can give denna information. There is reason to think that with long-term weightlessness it is possible to break the sleep cycles - wakefulness. It is known that the dolphins sleep very little. It is likely that a person would have ashamed of the same little if he was in a state of weightlessness without clothes and at temperature equilibrium with the environment. It seems to us that all this is worth further study.

Methods for reducing information redundancy

Finally, we go to the question of reducing the reduction of information contained in the data obtained by telecases. If we were able to eliminate the need to telecast a large number of untreated data, it would be very beneficial for both the experiment itself and to reduce errors in the data obtained. In one of our laboratories, we work on choosing the most suitable form for recording data and on the method of their processing in order to reduce redundancy. Information from the devices located in this laboratory can act directly on the IBM 7090 input. I would like to characterize the type of tasks that can be solved using such machines, as it helps to understand the importance of collaboration of biologists and engineers. I have incurable from the desire to "do everything yourself," but nevertheless I have to say that it is the information that we can get from the records of the brain biotok, obtained when solving animals of the recognition problem, clearly shows how important our union with engineers is.

In the typical EEG of the animal recorded in solving them, the character recognition problem (for food), according to the nature of the brain waves, the period "before recognizing" and the period of "recognition" is clearly distinguished. All of our EEG, except for one, are recorded from deep sections of the brain, and only one entry is made from the visual zone of the bark. In order to simply analyze our records and establish the nature of these wave processes, we used the method of autocorrelation analysis. Calculations showed a significant difference between EEG during the period "before recognition" and during the "recognition period". We were amazed, finding that on the basis of this analysis we can distinguish the correct actions of the animal from incorrect.

For example, you can construct a mutually correlation function of the oscillation phase in different parts of the brain. I will not stop here on how we measured the phase. For the correct animal reactions, this correlation function has one species, and for the wrong one. We compared the results on various days of learning and found that mutually correlation functions coincide for all cases of the correct animal reactions, as well as for all incorrect reactions, and between the first and the latter there is a significant difference. This is a very interesting application of a method, well-known mathematicians and engineers using it to solve the problems of vibration of managed shells, etc. Now this method has taken a certain place in the analysis of EEG.

We used a significantly more complex analysis method, which allowed us to identify mutually correlation functions on amplitude and phase in the entire frequency spectrum. This method of analysis, which was also designed to study the vibrations of missiles, allows, for example, to determine the correlation of the oscillation phase in two parts of the brain at frequencies from 2 to 20 Hz. We found that with the correct reaction of the animal, these oscillations at frequencies 2-12 Hz are shifted by phase by + 30 °. With an irregular reaction of the animal in the phase corner, significant changes occur, and the phase from + 90 ° to -90 ° is shifted at a frequency of 5 Hz. We observed similar phenomena in different animals and in various situations, and we simply hit the constancy of the difference in the phase shift with incorrect and correct reactions.

We also used a mathematical method designed to analyze the testimony of the magnetometer located on the Earth's satellite. The changes in the magnetic field of the Earth produce a very small phase modulation of the sinusoidal output signal. If the magnetic field of the Earth was constant, then no modulation would have happened at the output of the device would be an ideal sinusoid.

We used this method for analyzing the EEG obtained by recognizing the animal of a certain symbol (for food). The fluctuations recorded at the same time have almost a stable frequency. The result obtained can be represented as a modulation of some "central frequency" of about 5.5 Hz. This frequency appears only at the moments of the greatest attention of the animal.

I know that the objectives of this conference does not include a detailed discussion of the process of processing the data obtained, and only emphasize that such processing methods allow you to obtain very valuable information from very complex records.

Discussion of the report

Cornson. Is the vibration on the electrical activity of all parts of the brain? Is it possible to investigate this activity using some soothing means, such as phenothiazine or any drugs, relaxing muscles?

Aidi. First of all, we are interested in the sources of those sharply pronounced changes that we observe EEG. Their apparently should be sought in two systems: muscular and articular and vestibular.

To the areas of the brain, the most reacting to external perturbations, include the reticular system of the brain stem, some primary sensitive areas and temporal share. In these areas, rhythms observed in solving animals of any task in order to obtain food are most noticeable. The visual zone of the cortex acts even when the animal's eyes are tied. To exclude the factor of visual stimulation, we conducted several experiments with monkeys, who were tied with eyes. Thus, there are some specific brain areas exhibiting the greatest sensitivity. However, we do not know anything about the paths of this activity.

Delgado. It is not clear that it was recognized as the best: rod or flexible electrodes? The second question: in which region of the brain there is the slowest recovery of the rhythm at the end of the acceleration action? I think, speaking about the temporal share, you basically mean Ammonov Horn.

Aidi. It is very interesting that the ammonov horn is particularly slowly coming to normal after the validity of long-term accelerations. It leaves 30 seconds to 1 min, and for almonds - even more - 2-3 minutes.

Regarding the quality of the electrodes, I can say that, thoroughly studying the set of EEG recorded in the tests on the centrifuge, we did not find the differences in curves obtained by flexible and with the help of rod electrodes.

With histological examination, it was found that the rod electrodes did not cause serious damage at the place of their input to the brain. We did not find significant differences between deep (below 10-15 mm) areas of the animal brain, tested on a centrifuge, and other animals that did not pass these tests. It is possible that in the accelerations created in our experiments, the brain behaves like a viscous liquid, in which only the most surface layers are moved. I do not know if all this is, but we consider such an assumption correct.

Mackay. Were there electrodes perpendicular to the direction of acceleration?

Aidi. No, they were arbitrarily located.

Mac Call. What was the method of calculating the correlation functions of the phase shift?

Aidi. We used the method of mutually correlation analysis. The mechanical correlator was originally used. Then we recorded on the magnetic tape and the magnetic correlator was used. Recently, we use a computing machine with a very large program based on rocket vibrations. We get auto and mutually correlation functions and corresponding spectral densities.

The next fact is interesting, although it may be upset by our plans. If you take records of 4 EEG channels on a segment of 200 seconds and interrupt the recording of each channel 167 times in 1 second, then we will receive a relatively small amount of data. However, the IBM7090 computing machine with the corresponding program needs 90 minutes to study these data. It is not, strictly speaking, data seal.

Today, no one has a doubt that the vital activity of the human body is closely related to electromagnetic processes. Nervous cells carry electrical charges, electrical pulses continuously pass through nervous fibers, then strong, then weak. An example of strenuous electromagnetic activity is the work of the brain. Electromagnetic processes are continuously performed in the brain. If metal plates connected via the amplifier with the registering device are on the forehead and the head of the recording device, then the continuous electromagnetic oscillations of the cerebral cortex can be fixed. At the same time, their rhythm, form and intensity are directly dependent on the state of the person.

As a result of numerous experiments of scientists who investigated the work of the brain, very curious data on electromagnetic oscillations were obtained. In the brain of the sitting calmly with closed eyes, not thinking about any of the person takes about 10 oscillations per second. When a person opens his eyes, brain waves disappear and appear again when the eyes are closed. Interestingly: when, for example, a person falls asleep, the rhythm of the oscillation slows down. By the nature of oscillations, it is possible to quite accurately determine the moment of the beginning and end of the dream.

In the diseases of the brain, the character of electromagnetic oscillations varies particularly sharply. All this once again proves that brain cells are in a state of constant activity and large quantities of their "fluctuate" together, like the violins of a huge orchestra.

It is assumed that electromagnetic oscillations do not just accompany the work of the brain, but are the most important point of all its livelihoods. The nerve impulses arrive in the brain do not go beaten ways, but change the whole picture of the distribution of oscillations in the crust of large hemispheres.

The nature of the electromagnetic activity of the brain is changing with age throughout life and learning. At the same time, it should be emphasized that each sensation, each thought, does not correspond to their own, defined oscillation. What a person thinks, on the form of electromagnetic oscillations, scientists have not yet learned to determine.

What functions perform electromagnetic processes in the brain, we also do not yet know. But they clearly show that the material basis of our thinking is the electromagnetic processes in the most highly organized matter, which nature has created on our planet. This idea is confirmed today by numerous examples from life and practice.

We still do not know specifically, what is the mechanism of perception of magnetic fields in the brain. But modern biophysics has already investigated many issues related to electromagnetic oscillations and, in particular, with a phenomenon for the transmission of thoughts to the distance.

The laboratory assistant put on the head of the test light wreath, the retinue of the finest metal plates, and on the right hand - the same light bracelet.

Only one thing is required from you, "he explained," think and just think ...

About how your hand, say, squeezes any object.

Started! - The command followed, and the laboratory manner turned on the installation.

A strange thing, a person did not press any buttons, did not turn the handles, but only mentally imagined the movement of his hand brush. And the iron "hand", resulting in motion using hydraulic and electrical devices, just repeated a mental order of a person, obeying his will.

How does this miracle act? The work of such a "hand" is based on the biotoks of the body, i.e. the currents produced in the nerve cells. When a person moves his hand or foot, biotoks arise in his muscles. But a person can, at his request, cause the appearance of biotok in the muscle and regulate their strength without producing any movements. Just only the signal, the order of the brain: "Let the muscles reduce". And necessarily the biotok of certain power.

The first model of artificial hand controlled by biotoks was created in 1957. In subsequent years, the model was improved. The participants of the 1st International Congress of the Federation for Automatic Controls became eyewitnesses of such an unusual picture. A fifteen-year-old boy who lost his hand brushes, took an artificial hand a piece of chalk and wrote on a clear handwriting on the board: "Hello to the participants of the Congress!" The brush of the prosthesis, which the welcome words was bred, seemed alive. She shrived and squeezed. Her movements operated muscle biotoks.

Artificial hand makes it possible to perform work, which is under the power of a skillful master. With it, you can work with a file and a hammer, print on a typewriter, driving a motorcycle and car. Scientists want artificial hand to not only gain great strength and the ability to reproduce the movements of the fingers, but also could distinguish hot and cold, wet and dry, smooth and rough. In the Central Research Institute of Prosthetics and Prosthetroincing, a hand layout is made with pressure-sensitive sensors reinforced on fingertips. Soviet engineer A. Shneider Developed an even more perfect hand prosthetic, which is able to send the nervous system to the power of the compression of the fingers.

To coordinate the motor functions of the bioelectric hand, various logical and computing devices are recently used. The prosthesis are laid by programs of various movements, so that a number of complex movements can be carried out from one command.

Artificial hands will be useful not only to disabled, but also healthy people, especially shochefts, pilots, cosmonauts.

Biotoki can be strengthened, after which they can be transmitted over long distances over the wires and radio. Consequently, artificial hands will work where insecable or in those places where the person does not get. Artificial hand, managed by the desires of a person, can perform complex manipulations with microscopically small objects under a microscope, penetrate into the nuclear installation area, without fear of increased radiation. Bottok manipulators can go down to the bottom of the sea and, receiving bioelectric impulses through the multi-meter water stroke, explore the seabed. With the help of powerful metal grips, you can prepare for a raising of a sunken ship. Control over the action of steel "hands" will be carried out underwater teleglasses. Everything that happens in the depths of the sea can be seen on the TV screen.

In the processes of management, you can use biotoks of various human muscles. For example, the biotoks of the heart muscle successfully control the X-ray apparatus, as a result of which it is possible to obtain a picture of the heart at any time of its reduction. They can control and feed chloroform operated.

The facial muscles located in close proximity to the brain centers and with a small mass (the less weight of the muscle, the faster muscles work), you can connect to the auxiliary braking system of the car, triggered in the event of an emergency stop.

For emergency, i.e., always unexpected, the car's stops are most suitable for eyebrows. Steel springs are attached to the usual driver points, to the ends of which silver contacts are connected, pressed to the abnormal arcs. Conductors from contacts are connected to a differential amplifier on transistors. The output signal from the amplifier is fed to the multivibrator, the circuit of which is a high-speed relay. The latter transfers the excitation to the contactor of a powerful electromagnet installed on the vehicle brake pedal. At the time of the dangerous situation, the driver is enough frowning eyebrows, and the car will stop.

Currently, the possibility of creating a device that could transform the movements of the human eye apple into impulses commanding the controls by various objects are studied. For the same purposes, you can accommodate sensitive nervous endings on the surface of the human body.

The bioelectric method opens a fundamental ability to manage the technical system, without moving the hand, does not strain muscles without uttering a word. It is only enough to wish to man, and inanimate matter will obey unspoken wishes.

Before us is the model of the ring electric railway, which is a loaf running a small locomotive with a trailer. In the chair at the model sits a man. It is worth only to think that the train moves, as he obediently starts into the path. It is worth mentally ordering that the train stops, and it fulfills this command. At the request of a person, the train changes the speed of movement. All this is not a fairy tale, and being. The model of such a toy railway is built by engineers of the Central Research Institute for Prosthetics and Prosthetics. A device operating on the principles of biotechnical control, removes one signal from the muscles, flexing the brush, and the other with the muscles that are inflicted.

Scientists working in the field of bioelectric management systems make attempts to compare them with modern electronic computing machines. When we draw or write, "scientists say," our hand moves according to a specific program. In the implementation of this program, tens of muscles can simultaneously participate, and in the fibers of each of them circulates the flows of pulses flowing from the brain. We watched the eyes of how the hand or pencil moves in our hand is moving, and the threads of individual bioelectric pulses coming into the brain, signaling about how the specified program is performed. The brain compares the program with its implementation and continuously gives the commands that ensure the correct movement of the hand.

Approximately the same scheme employs many modern electronic computing machines. In each such machine there is a control unit that converts a person-defined program to a set of pulses, and feedback devices that inform the management node on how the program is implemented. In the management node, the specified program is continuously compared with its implementation. Pulse streams, permanent, but variables in frequency are circulated by control circuits. Such systems are called closed or feedback systems.

Of course, a comparison of the e-machine with a brain, feedback devices with nerve cells, actuating engines with muscles, a machine gun with a living organism wears an external, purely conditional nature. At the same time, the cybernetic approach to nature is exactly similar analogies served as the source of the idea of \u200b\u200bbioelectric management. It is not by chance that various logical and computing devices are used in bioelectric control systems.

The problem of bioelectric control will be finally solved when the chain that transmits information from person to the technical device will be reduced to a minimum of units. The bioelectric system of exposure to humans will be, according to scientists forecasts, in the near future it is used in the management of tractors, rolling mills, excavators, machinery, cranes, etc.

All this, of course, is forecasts for the future. As far as they are real, life will show. An amazing picture of the use of bioelectric equipment in the future drew a large Soviet specialist in the field of automatic control academician A. P. Blagonravov. He said that it was already quite specifically the question of creating such a robot, which will be our twin and at our request will collect minerals for us on Mars, or, say, congratulate on the victory of a new champion in Rio de Janeiro, while We will be in Moscow ourselves. And we are not talking about a simple mechanical robot capable of performing a specified program. It is about creating such a robot that will obey your thought. This is not mystic, not fiction!

While it is in the future. But the first steps towards this wonderful future have already been made.

The successes of scientists in creating "smart", endowed with artificial intelligence of robots, will soon solve many scientific and production problems and, in particular, to carry out the transition to a higher level of automation - to flexible industrial complexes, shops and factories - machine guns Future.

Brain biotoks for various diseases

A. F. Makracchenko and N. L. Gorbach noted a significant variety of electroencephalographic paintings with multiple sclerosis and, therefore, the absence of a kind of specificity of the changes in the biotok of the brain at this disease. Dominated significant disorganization and desynchronization of arrhythm, often with a strengthening of both fast EEG components and decesses and the appearance of 0Vill. Austna was observed only in one patient with illness of the disease about 20 years and with a pronounced symptomatics of brain damage.

From the point of view of understanding changes in the main rhythm in EEG in the pathological violation of corticultural relationships, the condition of bioelectric phenomena in the cerebral cortex is defined in the chronic form of encephalitis, in particular with epidemic encephalitis.

There is a certain connection between the character of EEG disorders and clinical manifestations of epidemic encephalitis. So, under the akinetic form of Parkinsonism, electrical activity decreases, and in hyperkinetic increases.

The study of oscillations of bioelectric potentials in patients with akinetic form of Parkinsonism found a general weakening of the electrical activity of the cortex of the brain, arrhythm in frequency does not exceed 8-10 oscillations per second. Its amplitude is uneven, frequent interruptions are noted up to 2.5 seconds. Slow waves are recorded in all leads, which, when illuminating the eyes, either do not change or several are rapidly.

In the literature there are interesting data on changes in the electrical activity of the brain and with such a general infectious disease as rheumatism characterized by a widely common lesion of the connective tissue.

The first study in this area was carried out by Niman on 20 patients. Despite the fact that in a small exception, all patients were observed by a clinically favorable flowing form of rheumatism (light arthritis, cardits with spontaneous improvement subsequently) without significant mental and neurological manifestations, 14 of them discovered clear electroencephalographic pathology, the arrhythm was weakened, sometimes absent , dominated bilateral slow d and in the waves; In some cases, the tendency to the formation, smoothing of the biotok curve was noted; In one case, localized acute waves were recorded in a serial survey of EEG in the process of recovery in half of the patients, the normalization of EEG was observed with a decrease in slow oscillations and the appearance of rhythm. The author notes only a weak correlation between the severity of somatic rheumatic symptoms and the degree of pathologicality, in half cases, with clinical improvement, the EEG was normalized very slowly and not enough, which, according to the author, testifies to the presence of chronic SU clinical ameption.

M. G. Astapenko from 20 examined by nonspecific infectious polyarthritis discovered 18 EEG violations in the form of the oppression of arrhythm or phenomena of disorder; Sometimes slow pathologically appeared. I. A. Bronzov studied the bioelectric activity of the brain in 40 patients with acute and subacute rheumatic polyarthritis and rheumloard. The author believes that acute forms of rheumatism are characterized by the dominance of high amplitude arrhythm. The transition of the process into the subacter phase is characterized by a decrease in the level of electrical activity, mainly due to the reduction of amplitude and the percentage of arrhythm. According to the observations of the bronze, the EEG dynamics has a certain prognostic value, indicating in some cases to the subsequent favorable or unfavorable prolonged course of the disease.

Electricencephalographic studies in cerebral rheumatism in domestic literature are first represented by the works of M. M. Model and T. P. Simeon. They lead four observations, in which patients with different forms of rheumatic lesions of the brain on EEG found diffuse changes in the form of tachirths, weakly pronounced docks, individual peak potentials.

When the potentials are assigned from different parts of the brain - electroencephalography - the brain potential is obtained - the electroencephalogram. V. V. Pravdich-Neminsky (1925) recorded the potentials of the mammalian brain by means of a high-alignment-string galvanometer. Berger (1929) For electroencephalography, a person used a minority galvanometer with an amplifier. In humans, potentials record either during the operation on the brain directly applying electrodes to it, or their outdoor assignment from the head, or the immersion in the microelectrode brain.

For electroencephalography, cathode or electromagnetic ink high-solid oscilloscopes are used, transmitting very weak brain fluctuations without distortion, the voltage of which is usually 5-40-50 μV. In healthy people, the potential difference is rarely higher than 200 μV.

Modern devices enhance the potentials usually 4 million times, but can reinforce 10 million times or more.

Electroencephaloscopy is also used to study the brain potentials - electroencephaloscopy vibrations of the glow of 50-200 points of the brain with changes in potentials (M. N. Livanov and V. M. Ananiev, 1960).

The electroencephalogram is the result of the addition of time and space of many potential fluctuations having different frequencies, phases and amplitudes. The amplitude is the magnitude of the wave from the peak to the peak, measured in millimeters. The amplitude can be recalculated by the amount of potential difference in microvolts or millivolts.

Quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram is performed by automatic electronic analyzers and counting machines. Simplified analysis of frequency and amplitude, the main components, is done using a ruler and a circulation. On the electroencephalogram of a healthy person, there are four main types of waves reflecting oscillations.

Alpha Rhythm. Characteristic, almost regular fluctuations in the potentials of the wakeful calm brain, when attention is not attracted to anything, there are no visual, hearing and other irritation and relaxed muscles. These are slow, long and large waves having a sinusoidal shape. Each alpha wave is a potential fluctuation with a duration of 90-120 ms. Alpha Rhythm is 8-13, on average 10 Hz, amplitude 50-100 μV. Alpha Rhythm is well expressed when lying with closed eyes. There are some individual differences. Alpha Rhythm is clearly visible in people and monkeys, prevails in the occipital region. Alpha Rhythm, registered in the area of \u200b\u200bthe skin and propriceceptive analyzer, is called rolandic. When opening the eye and the emergence of visual images, alpha rhythm disappears. In people who have a living visual imagination, it is absent, and in those who prevail or kinesiness perceptions prevail, it remains even with the eyes of open and active thinking. The instability of the alpha rhythm is marked approximately 2/3 of healthy people, the absence is in 15%, and the rest is stability. The character of alpha rhythm congenital. It is the result of the activities of the crust and the reticular formation.

Beta rhythm - characteristic of the active state of the brain, faster, short and small waves. Duration of single potential fluctuation 40-50 ms. Beta rhythm is equal to 14-100 Hz and more (in person - from 80 to 250 Hz). Amplitude 5-10-30 μV. It prevails in the frontal and central regions. The amplitude and frequency of beta-rhythm increase with mental activity and emotions.

Delta Rhythm - Frequency of 0.5-3.5 Hz, usually 3 Hz, amplitude up to 250-300 μV. Duration of single potential fluctuation 250-500 ms. It is observed during sleep or in violations of the activities of large hemispheres.

Teta Rhythm - Frequency 4-7 Hz. Duration of single two-phase potential fluctuations 150-250 ms. Theta rhythm is registered with negative emotions, unpleasant and pain irritation, the cessation of pleasure. Due to the function of the limbic system and visual bugs. Registered in the hippocampus during starvation and defensive reflexes of animals.

The greatest range of oscillations of the property delta rhythm, the smallest - beta rhythm. In addition, an overedctional rhythm is observed as a result of summation of postsynaptic potentials (frequency of 1-8 in 1 min). There are spontaneous oscillations of membrane potential, VSP and less frequent TPSP. In the pyramidal neurons, peak reaches 85 mV, and in neuroglia cells - 50-70 mV.

When a person intends to make a motor act when applying a conditional stimulus, a wave E ("wave waiting") arises, which continues until the emergence of an unconditional stimulus and abruptly breaks at the time of action. Unlike other responses caused, this wave does not change even after thousands of samples, while the attention of the subject does not weaken (Walter, 1963).

The wave e appears with conscious acts, with unconscious - it is not. It is unstable when the vegetative nervous system is excited. Substances that increase the excitability of the nervous system are strengthening it, and downgrades - inhibit. Its appearance not less than in 200-300 ms and duration up to 10 s suggests the participation of the mediator in its occurrence.

Synchronization - equally directed by phase and duration of potential fluctuations in the neuron group or in various parts of the brain. In this case, the amplitude of the waves increases and their alpha rhythm is formed.

Desynchronization - Violation of synchronization. At the same time, different rapid fluctuations in small amplitude potentials are recorded.

With static muscular efforts, long desynchronization is observed, with dynamic operation, each new movement causes desynchronization of synchronization.

The electroencephalogram is a relatively permanent indicator that has basic physiological significance. It does not depend on changes in cardiac activity and. However, enhanced hyperventilation of the lungs, causing a reaction shift to the alkaline side, dramatically disrupts the normal rhythm of any electroencephalogram. In most people, deep breathing for 3 minutes with the normal content of sugar in the blood does not significantly change the rhythm of the electroencephalogram. Since the electroencephalogram reflects the exchange of substances of neurons, and the alpha rhythm is an expression of their normal physiological state, the oxygen starvation, a decrease in blood sugar and alcohol slow down the rhythm and reduce the difference in potentials, and phenamine, caffeine and adrenaline is rhythm. When braking, fatigue, depletion and blood loss, alpha rhythm is absent, and a slower rhythm (delta rhythm) appears instead. With the loss of alpha rhythm consciousness disappears and replaced with a rare rhythm or potentials completely disappear. After the cessation of blood circulation and breathing, the brain potentials are weakened, but disappear only after a while. Anesthesia also causes a weakening of potentials.

In mental illness, there are or persistent slow waves, or most often quick waves associated with excitation. A significant increase in the potentials of large hemispheres occurs in rabbits already in the first minutes of exposure to large doses of penetrating irradiation. In humans, under the action of the healing dose of X-rays, the changes in the electroencephalogram occur after a few minutes (M. P. Lebanov).

Rhythm depends not only on the functional condition of the cortex, but also from the structure of the cortical fields. For cortical fields containing a large number of star neurons, characterized by alpha rhythm, and cortical tulles, in which there are no these neurons are characterized by beta rhythm. Alpha Rhythm was found not only in the occipital region, but also in the frontal and other areas. In the left hemisphere alpha rhythm has lower oscillations and less regularly in comparison with the right hemisphere, which is associated with a large development and greater activity of the left hemisphere (P. I. Schilberg, 1947).

The disappearance of the slow alpha rhythm and the appearance of a frequent beta-rhythm occurs when neurons are transition from the state of rest in active in irritation of receptors, mental work, mental excitation, emotions. During a shallow sleep, spine-shaped rhythms of 14-22 Hz are observed, periodically varying amplitude. Amplitude changes give the electroencephalogram a view of a number of horizontally located spindles. Noise in the next room does not affect the rhythm of the brain potentials of a sleeping person, but noise in the room where a person sleeps, causes the appearance of frequent rhythms, which indicates the occurrence of waking areas. Under the action of light or alpha rhythm immediately disappears and a beta rhythm appears instead. But after a while alpha rhythm is restored again. This restoration of the regular rhythm of potentials indicates that the brain adapts or gets used to the action of an irritant. But if you turn off the usual stimulus, then alpha rhythm disappears again for a while. Alpha Rhythm disappears in the absence of irritation of external receptors, but when irritating the internal receptors.

Stressful mental work causes disappearance and alpha rhythm and the appearance of beta-rhythm. These frequent waves continue during mental tension continuously, and only after its end they disappear, and regular rhythm is returned.

With mental work in the cerebral cortex, especially in the front sections, synchronization of the potentials of neurons located in different sections is intensified - spatial synchronization. The harder the mental task, the greater the number and the duration of correlations between the neurons. A conditional reflex is formed on spatial synchronization of potentials.

Electricencephalography allows you to objectively explore and switch the attention of the subject from one stimulus to another, which is proved in the following experience. During the recording of the electroencephalogram from the visual region, in the absence of visual irritations, the inclusion of the light stimulus causes the disappearance of the alpha rhythm. If the light continues to act, the sudden inclusion of the sound causes the appearance of an alpha rhythm in the visual region and its disappearance in the auditory area. Registration of biotok makes it easy to install on the disappearance of alpha rhythm in the appropriate areas, Whether sees whether the subject is heard and so on. The disappearance of the alpha rhythm occurs due to the violation of the synchronization of nerve cells of the visual analyzer under the action of extraneous stimuli, since nerve cells that perceive visual irritations capable of synchronizing their activity (EDRIAN).

In children from 10-12 years old, a characteristic of adult alpha rhythm with a frequency of about 10 Hz appears. For healthy children, a large variability of the electroencephalogram is characterized, which distinguishes them from adults. Children did not find conformity between the character of the electroencephalogram and their mental development.

The potentials of large hemispheres reflect the physiological properties of neurons, their excitability and lability and excitation and braking in them.

Alpha Rhythm disappears not only under the action of an irritant causing an unconditional reflex, but also under the action of an irritant that causes a conditional reflex (I. I. Laptev, 1941; P. I. Spielberg, 1947; M. P. Livanov, 1945). According to changes in potentials, it is possible to judge the development of acquired, conditional reflexes (M. N. Livanov, 1945-1969; A. B. Kogan, 1959-1969).

When the potentials from the individual neurons of the brain cortex, it was found that the background potentials of a separate neuron are rapidly expressed in the formation of conditionally reflex excitation, and when working out conditionally reflex braking, they are cut.

The potentials of large hemispheres are not registration of thoughts. The process of thinking is not bioelectric, but a mental process. Registration of potentials and thinking are two different processes that are indigenous, qualitatively different from each other. Therefore, thoughts cannot be transmitted by the distance through the potentials, but are transmitted through words, their sound or written designations that we hear or see and sometimes touches. Consequently, large hemispheres perceive thoughts only through the senses.

In addition, the brain potentials are extremely weak and can be recorded only when grounding significantly stronger electric currents of the trams surrounding us, trolleybuses, electrical appliances, and only by amplifying plants that increase the potentials of the head brass1 and many hundreds of thousands of times.

Slow rhythms are found in large hemispheres of animal brain. The nature of the potentials in different types of animals is distinguished by a large or smaller constancy in various parts of the brain and at different times.

In the cerebeller core, with intact brain, the potentials in which two rhythms differ: a slow rhythm with a frequency of 6-8 Hz and fast rhythm with a frequency of 30-40 and 150-220 Hz. Under the action of afferent pulses in the hippocampus register regular rhythm 4-7 Hz.

Alpha Rhythm is the result of the joint activity of the cortex of large hemispheres and the reticular formation of the Talalamic region. It is slightly different from various vertebrate animals.

The formation of a conditional reflex causing an excitation in the field of the corresponding unconditional analyzer leads to desynchronization. Desynchronization also occurs with external braking and with irritation of the reticular formation. She has a big hidden period.

Synchronization is characteristic of conditional braking. It also occurs with the oppression of the reticular formation. This led to the conclusion that the formation of the conditional reflex is accompanied by the excitation of the reticular formation, and the conditional braking is its oppression. The synchronization of neurons, located far from each other, is the result of involving them in collaboration through subcortical formations. Slow strong potential fluctuations covering large cortex sections are related to the influence of subcortical formations and are diffuse. The local change in potentials in the appropriate analyzer is obtained with any short-term indifferent adequate irritation. It is characterized by a small hidden period and is indicated as primary answer. As this irritation turns into a conditional reflex signal, the value of the primary response is changed. If the potentials from individual neurons are assigned using microelectrodes, it was found that with an isolated action of a conditional stimulus in some neurons arises, in others - braking. In the foci of excitation, high negative potential is found, and in braking foci - positive potential.

The potentials caused by afferent impulses in associative areas are indicated as a secondary answer. People have almost all caused answers - secondary, it is characterized by sensitivity to distract attention. Afferent impulses from specific cores of visual bugs end preferably in the 3rd and 4th bed layers, and from non-specific - in the 1st and 2nd layers.

Nerves permeate the whole body and thanks to them the body acts as a whole. It is worth cutting the nerve leading to any muscle, and it becomes paralyzed, just how the cylinder of the motor ceases to work, if we break the wire transmitting the current pulses of the replacement candle.

In school, we were told about the experiments of the electroplating on the excitation of the nerve endings of the frog paws. Everyone saw that when connecting the current to certain points, the frog paws begin to shrink. This confirms the assumption that the nervous impulse has an electric nature. Actually transmitted by the fibers, the nerve impulse is a short-term electrical pulse.

After these experiments, the nerves began to imagine electrical wires providing signals from the brain to all organs. Modern studies have shown that it is not entirely true. The nerve is not an electric wire, but rather, relay line. The incoming signal is transmitted only by adjacent areas of the line, where it is enhanced and then transmitted further, it is amplified again, and is transmitted again until it reaches the end point. Due to this, the signal can be transmitted without weakening at considerable distances, despite the natural attenuation in the transmission channel.

The neuron body does not differ from other cells either in their sizes nor other features. However, neuron, in contrast to other cells, has not only a cell body - it sends to the study of remote parts of the body of dendrites (processed). The processes apply for short distances. Almost an axon, a diameter of less than 0.01 mm, departs from neuron for huge distances measured by centimeters and even meters. All TSN neurons are collected together in the head and spinal cord and form gray substance.

The mechanism of operation of the axon is not fully understood. It can be simplistic to imagine as a long cylindrical tube with a surface membrane separating two aqueous solutions of a different chemical composition and different concentrations. The membrane is similar to a wall with a large number of semi-open doors, through which the ions of solutions can only be sought with great difficulty. The most amazing thing is that the electric field "pretends these doors", and with its weakening they open wider. In a state of inaction inside the axon there is an excess of potassium ions; Outside - sodium ions. Negative ions are concentrated mainly on the inner surface of the membrane, and therefore it is negatively charged, and the outer surface is positive.

When nerve irritation, partial depolarization of the membrane occurs (reduction of charges on its surfaces), which leads to a decrease in the electric field inside it. In the end, local depolarization of the membrane occurs. So the nervous impulse occurs. Actually, this is a voltage impulse caused by current flow through the membrane. At this point, the doors are opened "for potassium ions. Passing on the axon's surface, they gradually restore that voltage (about 0.05 V), which was in an unexcited nerve.

When depolarizing the membrane section, an electric current appears, directed from inactive until the membrane sites to the depolarized site. As a result, a new depolarized plot arises, which, in turn, excites the processes in the neighboring plot, etc. The self-reproducing state of depolarization begins to spread through uneven fiber, not athighted, at a speed of about 120 m / s. This is the speed of movement of the nervous impulse. It is not difficult to count that the impetus from the brain to the tip of the fingers to the foot in a person, height two meters, comes less than one millisecond.

Sodium and potassium ions, shifted during the passage of the pulse from their capable places, are gradually returned back directly through the wall due to chemical processes, the mechanism of which is still not fully found out.

It causes admiring surprise that all the behavior of higher animals, all the creative efforts of the human brain are based, ultimately, on these extremely weak currents and the finest, microscopic chemical reactions.

Brain waves

In the brain, electrical processes are continuously performed. If you apply metal plates on the forehead and the head, connected through an amplifier with a registering device, you can fix continuous electrical oscillations of the cerebral cortex. Their rhythm, form and intensity are significantly dependent on the state of the person. In the brain of sitting calmly with closed eyes, not thinking of anything about 10 oscillations per second. When a person opens his eyes, faster irregular oscillations appear. When a person falls asleep, the rhythm of the waves slows down, and their amplitude increases. During the dream, the character of the oscillations changes somewhat, which makes it possible to quite accurately determine the one of the beginning and end of the dream.

In the diseases of the brain, the nature of the electrical oscillations varies particularly sharply. Thus, pathological fluctuations in epilepsy can serve as a faithful sign of the disease. All this proves that brain cells are in a state of constant activity, and large quantities fluctuate them together and at the same time, like the musical instruments of the Big Orchestra.

The nerve impulses arrive in the brain do not go beaten ways, but change their picture of the distribution of oscillations in the crust of large hemispheres. The nature of the electric activity of the brain is changing with age throughout life and learning. It should be assumed that electrical oscillations do not just accompany the work of the brain as the noise - the movement of the car, but are the essential point of all its livelihoods. The computer that can perform certain brain functions is even better than he himself, it is the electromagnetic processes that determine all the work.

It should be emphasized that every feeling, every thought, does not correspond to their own, definite fluctuations. What a person thinks, it is impossible to determine the form of electrical oscillations. What functions perform these processes in the brain, we do not yet know, but they clearly show that the material basis of the thinking is the electrochemical processes of the transformation of energy and information.

The brain as an electrochemical system emits electromagnetic waves and has its own electromagnetic field. It uses a combined way to transfer messages, both in the brain itself and to all other body bodies. Each message is duplicated, transmitted in electrical and chemical forms that can move one to another. Messages are transmitted in the form of an electrical signal along the axon of the brain cell, and then pass into the chemical form, reaching the synapse - the connection points with the other cell.

In order to send a message, the brain must develop an electrical signal. For this, the brain should have its own "power plant". Such a "power plant" really exists, although not allocated by a separate object. Each cell produces its own part of the energy. The total capacity of the "power plant" of our brain is about 25 W. This electricity is enough to create an electromagnetic field of necessary force. We can apply the formulas for quantum physics and calculate what distances can extend to the energy impulse generated by our brain.

The brain "power plant" needs "fuel", which brain uses oxygen and other rapid burning products extracted from food. Most of the energy of our body goes to maintain the brain.

The parameters of the electromagnetic field of the brain continuously change, which is accompanied by a change in the frequency of its radiation. It has been established that at every moment the human brain "works" in a specific frequency range. The frequencies on which our brain works in various wakefulness and sleep states are well studied. We can fix them with an electroencephalographer and get the electroencephalogram of the brain (hereinafter - EEG).

The main frequencies (they are also called the rhythms of the brain) four.

• 1. In the active state of wakefulness, our brain operates in a rhythm from 13 to 25 Hz. This is the so-called beta-state.
• 2. Perfect for learning the state of "relaxed attention" occurs at a frequency of 8 to 12 Hz. This is the so-called alpha condition.
• 3. Early sleep stages occur at a frequency of 4 to 7 Hz. This is the so-called theta condition in which the brain processes the information received per day.
• 4. Deep sleep (from 0.5 to 3 Hz) - Delta-state.

As a result of experiments, it was found that we can be much faster and more efficiently learning when our brain is in a state "Relaxed attention ". This condition can be immersed with certain types of meditation, listening to relaxing, sedative music.

The rated rhythms contributing to the emergence of "relaxed attention" were experienced. Especially good, the brain reacts to musical rhythms in the style of "Baroque". The tempo of this style is close to the wavelength of the brain, which is radiated in a state of "relaxed readiness". The book, readable to the music of "Baroque", easily "floats" in our subconscious, we remember its text without effort.

Deep levels of consciousness and memorization are achieved in the states of Alfa and Teta, which are characterized by subjective sensations of relaxation. It is in alpha and theta states that the highest concentration of creative abilities is achieved. How can this state be achieved? Thousands of people do it with daily meditation or relaxing exercises. We will talk about meditation separately. This is a special state of a person when his brain is open and is configured to the perception of certain energy-information fields. From ancient esoteric books it follows that the great feats of truth comprehension are committed in a state of meditation. Learn to meditate means learn to learn.

Meditation in classes are inconvenient. In this state, each person comes in its mode and in the most suitable for him conditions. In classes, certain states are achieved with the help of specially selected music. The impact of some musical works can give the same results much faster and easier. American professor V. Webb, who spent long research on the selection of music for training, came to the conclusion that certain types of musical rhythm helps to relax the body, calm the breath, threaten the chatter of beta rhythms and bring the brain into a state of relaxed attention in which a person is extremely susceptible to new information.

Properly chosen rhythm of music helps us memorize messages. Television advertising prove it daily. The researchers found that various music is required to assimize various information, but in most cases, as already mentioned, preferably musical fragments in the style of "Baroque". Teachers who understand what the brain needs is mandatory using music on training sessions. Music accompaniment is an integral part of all accelerated learning systems.

As for the people who choose independent training, the meaning of the above approval is simple: inclusion the right music when you are going to repeat the learned material, and you remember it much easier.

Our brain works as much as possible when we fall asleep, and this explains the EEG brain: the brain "browsing" photographs of the main events of the day. The researchers believe that it is in this state that the brain analyzes and "sends" information on saving into different memory cells.

It is important to emphasize that at every moment our brain works at a certain frequency. All others are also present, but with less intensity. In addition to the main frequencies (carriers), the brain generates and auxiliary frequencies (subcarriers), as well as their numerous harmonics. For effective learning, you need to choose the frequency on which perception, understanding and retention of new information is most effectively. For this, the brain needs to be the most "tune in." That is why learning in which we want to succeed should begin with relaxation.

• - Use "Relaxed Attention": This is exactly the state of the brain, which is especially effective in the train;
• - If you are in wakeful state - come to people or work on a problem that interests you, - your brain is most likely working in a rhythm from 13 to 25 Hz (beta-level); This condition is not the best to stimulate long-term memory;
• - The ideal for the subconscious activity of the brain takes place at a frequency of 8 to 12 Hz. This is an alpha level, a state of relaxed attention that maximizes the assimilation of the facts and strengthens the memory.