In ancient Rome, other interesting architectural structures of public non-residential destination were erected. First of all, it is, of course, temple complexes, basilica, amphitheaters, circus, theaters, thermals, triumphal arches and columns.

Temple complexes. If we talk about the Roman temple architecture, the temples were often raised in the cities of the Roman state or in the form of built-in temple complexes on the forums, or as separate buildings. Initially, the Romans borrowed a typical temple from the Etruscians and a Tuscan warrant with an antablemant, consisting of one archite, was introduced into its composition, which later began to use the ionic, Corinthian order, and during the Empire period - and composite order. In addition, the Romans borrowed a strongly protruding roof at the Etruscans. If you compare the general silhouette of the Roman and Greek temples, the Roman temples differ in greater dynamism and harmony than Greek temple buildings. In addition, the Roman temple differs from the Greek coolest roofing rods. In terms of Roman temples differ little from Greek, mostly they had an elongated rectangular plan and were solved as a periputer or a sler, but sometimes round temples were met - monoparters. In Rome, this type can be attributed to the temple of the Vesta goddess on the forum, the round Temple of the Twilight Janus on the forum and the temple of Venerum Barbarum (Venus bearded) there on the forum. Unlike the Greek temples set on a high stylobate, the Roman temples stand on the podium with the ladders of ordinary sizes, placed only from the main entrance, from the west. It was also borrowed by the Romans from Etruscans. A vivid example of such a temple is the famous temple in the city of Nimea, erected in 27-24. BC, already during the reign of Octavian August (Fig. IV.9).

Basilica. Basilica is called a huge structure that served as a place of public meetings (trade congresses, political meetings, court sessions). In the plan, this is an elongated rectangle, divided into longitudinal halls - rows of columns. Moreover, the middle oil is higher than the rest and is punctured by a semicircular niche-ansis. Depending on the size of the basil, it can be three or five-fruined. The entire building overlapped with a wooden roof. The most interesting Roman basil was the basilica maxiance in the Roman Forum, in which the space of the main nef was blocked by crusades. Of the most interesting Roman basils of the Empire period, the Palace of Elena and Emperor Konstantina Great in the city of Trier (now in this basilica from 350 g. The Catholic Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady is located from the Basilica's period of the Empire. In the same time there is an earlier Basilica of the Emperor Konstantin era (Fig. Iv.10). In addition, you can give an example of the well-preserved basil in the city of Maastricht (Holland), where in the Roman Basilica IV century. AD Cathedral Cathedral St. Serberia, Bishop Maastricht, as well as Roman Basilica in the Lateran Hill in Rome, which after 313 was rebuilt into the first palace of Roman dads and to the Cathedral of the Latheran Cathedral, consecrated in honor of St. John the Baptist (Fig. IV .eleven).

Amphitheatry. served for mass spectacles. Usually in the center of the Amphitheater had an oval type of Arena for gladiatorial battles. The exits from the arena were on both sides, from both ends of the arena.

Usually under the arena was located the ground floor, and in its galleries - service premises. Some amphitheaters could be filled with water with the help of aqueducts, and then gladiator battles on the rafts or battle on mini galleys were arranged. Spectator ranks were located around the arena. In essence, the layout and architecture of Roman amphitheators resemble modern circus. The most grandiose amphitheater of the Roman era is oval in terms of Amphitheater Flaviev (Colosseum), built in the era of the Board of the Flaviev dynasty in II century. AD Also interesting are the famous Veronian amphitheater in the city of Verona and the Amphitheater of Palmira (Vaalbek in modern Lebanon), which was built during the reign in Palmyra. Proconsula Province of Syria Mark Lucia Septimia Ottena in 268-270. AD The last two amphitheater continues to be used and currently for theatrical and opera festivals (Fig. Iv. 12).

Circus in the Roman state is special structures for equestrian competitions, similar to the Greek and later Byzantine hippodrome. Up to our days in Rome, the remains of the Bolshoi Roman circus were preserved, which accommodated up to 250,000 spectators. Circus was built by longitudinal and horseshoe-shaped in the plan (Fig. 4.20).

Fig. 4.20.

Roman Theater. Unlike Greek, it was not on the natural slope, but on special arches. This allowed the Romans not to depend on the conditions of relief in the construction of theaters. Usually the Roman theater was built as a building rising above the Earth, having several floors. The planning of the Roman theater was different from the planning of Greek. Thus, the choirs of the Roman theater were transferred to the podium, and the liberated area was used to accommodate viewers. The theatrical action took place not in the orchestra, as in the Greek Theater, but on Skene. On the Marsfield in Rome, the well preserved Roman theater I reached us. BC. - Marcello Theater (Fig. 4.21). He is interested in the fact that in this theater, all three tiers of Arcad have been preserved, each of which is decorated with three warrant styles: the lower arcade is a doric order, the upper - ionic and arcade of the third tier - composite.

Fig. 4.21. :

but - reconstruction; b. - Modern view

Finally, the most interesting social structures in Rome include terms and triumphal memorial arches and columns.

Terms - Roman baths, the most complex in the constructive and technological relationship of the construction of ancient Rome. They played the role of the Public Assembly Place. The term the term included halls for recreation, sports halls, libraries. The terms consisted of three main complexes. Frigidari - halls where there were pools with cold waterCaldria - halls where there were hot water pools, and tolery - halls, where pools were placed with warm water. There were libraries and sports complexes around these halls. The terms were heated with the help of caloric heating. They had a symmetrical planning structure, which was designed for two parallel human streams (male and female). It must be said that the giant terms were built by the state for people of small and medium wealth and were free. Therefore, there you could see the senator, and the freedman, and the slave, and the free craftsman. But still the bulk of rich Roman Patriches preferred their own domestic baths. The terms were open 24 hours a day. To this day in Rome, the terms of Emperor Karakalla are preserved (Fig. 4.22) and the terms of Emperor Diocletian. In the small Austrian city of Magdalenberg, architectural fragments of the former Roman military settlement were preserved, where you can also see both public terms and a home bath in the house of the head of the local military garrison.

Fig. 4.22.

Triumphal archesand columnsusually erected in Rome in memory of the victories of the Roman weapons. The height of the Arch usually reached 30-40 m, for example, the Tracaan column height than 30 m. The most ambitious structures were erected in Rome in the early period of the empire. In the period of the Late Empire, a decorative principle was greatly felt in columns and arches, for example, in the Arch of Constantine height of 21.5 m near the Colosseum, built in 315 AD. In memory of the victory over Mackencie (Fig. Iv.13).

The top of the construction activity of the Romans are engineering facilities.They erected collectors, sewer systems, underground water pipes, aquedels, warehouses, as well as public restrooms in the cities. In Rome, such structures were preserved to this day as the warehouses of Emiliev, which stretched 500 m along the shore of the Tiber. The territory of the empire was covered with a network of roads. Typically, the Roman road was built in this way: there was a powerful pillow from sand and gravel from below, which the stone plates of huge thickness were laid on the solution (Fig. Iv.14). Flat stone slabs were laid on the bridges. Before our time, many bridges were preserved, for example Ponte Fabrizio (the arched span of which is 24.5 m), built in 62 BC. In Rome across the Tiber River, Trajanov Bridge across the Danube, erected by an apolodor engineer. The length of the bridge exceeds 1 km, and it rises on 20 stone pylons with a height of 44 m. In the second century. BC. The total length of water pipes in the state was about 430 km.

In the era of the Late Empire in the state began to build fortress structures. At the heart of Roman cities lay the planning of the Roman military camp - Kastrema, where two "streets", Cardo and Dekumanos crossed at right angles. Ranned-medieval Romanesque fortresses and castles were created under the strong influence of the serf architecture of the Late Rime period.

Ancient Rome architecture is a logical continuation of the architecture of the ancient Greeks. The first major buildings in Rome were produced in the Etruscan style, so the Roman architecture has learned the most important form of Etruscan architecture - a circular arch, i.e., a semicircular stone coating, transferred from one place to another, and folded so that the parties in contact The components of its individual stones are located in the direction of radii of the circle, are held with their mutual space and transmit the general pressure to the other and the other.

The use of this architectural form gave the Romans the opportunity to give a wide variety of their facilities, erect huge buildings, report large size and space inland rooms and boldly build a floor above the floor.

To support heavy arches, arches and domes, columns were no longer suitable, the Romans were replaced by their massive walls and pilasters, and the column receives a decorative value. Although sometimes, such as in portic, leading to the building continues to be used in the same way as in Greece.

As for the style of columns, the Romans did not invent anything in this part: they took ready-made greek styles And just modified them to their taste. Thus, four orders were formed: 1) Roman-Doric, 2) Roman-Ionical, 3) Roman Corinthian and 4) composite.

In addition, the Romans came up with an even more magical style, connecting his columns to the details of the Corinthian and Ionian Capitals, namely, placing the first horizontally lying volutes in the Akant leaves. Thus, the style was given to the name of the "Roman" or "composite".

In the period ongoing from the middle of the II century. Before the fall of the republican rule (i.e., until 31 g. BC), marbled in the first marble temples in Rome. Temples began to resemble Greek more, although they kept constantly some differences from them. The Roman temple of this and subsequent epoch was usually one killer oblong, a quadrangular form, which was standing on a high foundation, and to which the staircase was led only with one, short, front side.

Along with such sanctoes of Greek type, the Romans were built, in honor of some deities, round churches that make up their own invention, introducing into them, however, many Greek elements.

Roman forum

The most brilliant period of the history of Roman architecture begins with the time of the seizure of Augustus begging over the republic and continues until the death of the Emperor Adrian, i.e. until 138 of our era. (, Mausoleum August, K)

At Domitsian Rome was decorated with a triumphal gate, perpetuating the memory of the victories of title over Jews and about the ruin of Jerusalem - a building, curious especially because we first see a completely defined, characteristic type of Roman triumphant arches, which were built before, but not with such a proportionality of parts and with less decoration, and also because the semi-colonges, adorning this gate, represent the first famous example Capitals style composite.

Fragment Arch Tita

In the last period of the history of Roman architecture (from 138 to 300 years), each emperor tries to leave the memory of any significant structure. Antonin pious is building in Rome by the Temple of Antonin and Faustina; Mark Aureliy - a column of his name according to Trajanova; Septimia north - heavy, burdensome architectural and sculptural jewelry triumphal gates in imitation of the arch of tit, as well as a small, but harmonious proportions and the well-beautiful in the details of the Vesti temple in Tivoli. Karakalla gives Rome unusually extensive and luxurious public baths, Aurelian - the colossal temple of the sun. With diocletiane, the terms are built, even more spacious and magnificent than the baths of the Karakalla, but representing, according to the design and location, only a vaccine from them.

Based on

amazing imagination. Almost 3000 years of abundant on the events of the history of Roman lands, with an estate, the city of the masterpiece architecture of varying degrees of antiquity and importance, different style and directions of architecture. From the ruins of the ancient walls, arches and temples to the buildings of the twentieth century, for example, the construction of Termini Station. In the capital of Italy, almost at any step it is possible to admire harmonious and exquisite in the implementation of artistic ideas of the architecture of Rome.

To find out in detail the dates of the construction of many buildings of the Rome architecture completely not easy - and it is necessary, to find out in this case encyclopedic accuracy; Since with often feelings prevail over the mind. But, to distinguish the ancient Roman temple with a Christian Basilica, the traveler is the most weakly prepared in world history: there are pagan chic portico, columns and passages, here - ascetic modesty of lines and focus on spiritual in damage physical.

The architecture of Rome is the reflection of the main historical and cultural periods of the formation of the capital of Rome. In general, the historical architecture of Rome is possible to divide into a number of large temporary groups: ancient buildings, the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Construction of New Time.

Rome architecture: antiquity

The monuments of the ancient architecture of Rome - almost the main cause of the interest of international traveler groups, every year almost on the ones of exciting Roman sights.

The Palatinsky Hill is the place of the appearance of Rome as the city - the greatest concentration per unit area. Roman Forum and Colosseum, the terms of Caracallas, circus and amphitheaters, Saturn's pagan altars and volcanoes, arches Septimia of the North and Constantine, many temples and ruins of residential areas with delicious mosaics - this is only a small part of the ancient architecture.

The connoisseurs of Christian antiquity will be delighted with the visit to the temples of Santa Constanta and San Clement. As well as from the dungeons of the Church of St. Agnes, in which the pioneers of the new religion were hidden from the imperial persecution.

The symbol of Rome and Italy generally acquired his name because of the wisp of Nero's giant statue set in front of him ("Colossus"), initially he was famous as Amphitheater Flaviev. The amphitheater was built in the first century, the amphitheater became the largest construction for massive functions on the territory of a whole Roman Empire. The diameters of the facility - 156 and 188 m, in height - almost 50! No wonder that on such expanses could accommodate more than 50,000 spectacles of Romans.

Rome Architecture: Colosseum

He survived the Colosseum, in fact, not flawlessly. The frantic history of the region predisposed to an accelerated collapse of the structure (by the way, the first in the light of preservation of the Roman amphitheater is located in Tunisian El Jime; he also plays the role of the Colosseum in cinema), but the former greatness did not disappear: here, the openness of the mouth, travelers are facing Anfilades Arch, the last of which disappears somewhere high in the sky.

In order to avoid large queues at the entrance in the Colosseum, we buy tickets in advance via the Internet.

The legendary architecture of Rome includes the Roman forum - at one time the central market, and now the area fills the center of the ancient part of the city. He is the epicenter of the public and political life of Roman citizens. Just from there and takes my source today's meaning of the word "Forum".

It should be borne in mind that the forum is not the easiest in the sense of perception as an example of the architecture of Rome. Many ruins here look at such a degree with ruins, which imagination calms down. Therefore, it is worth preparing that to admire the full architecture of Rome will be only the most knowledgeable or stubborn. As a result, it should be borne in mind that in the summer the sun here is relentless.

Near the forum was at first there were pagan sanctuations. With the collapse of the Empire, he lost his social importance and practically the porceress Bianoan until Christians began to erect their temples on it. In 19-20 centuries, there were archaeological excavations, as a result, the forum received modern cultural significance.

Currently, the forum concentrates a lot of ancient architectural artifacts near himself, for example, a sacred road, capitol, Saturn temple and so on. It is possible to approach him from the street Foli Imperial or from the Capitol, bypassing the Capitolian descent from Form Romano street. Another road to the forum passes through the temple of the consent, the portico of blessing gods, a Mamert prison, which makes it possible to also familiarize themselves with these monuments of the ancient architecture of Rome.

Terms of Caracalla

Bath, something for a Russian person is not alien to them, was rather popular and in ancient Rome. But the ancient Roman bath saunas was named differently - the terms. There went to warm up, swim, and at the same time and talk, disassemble business questions, find suitable partners for our ancient Roman business.

The terms were built at the beginning of the 3rd century of our era in the emperor, who managed under the name of Septimia Bassiana, but the most famous, as it often happens with the Roman emperors, nicknamed Karakalla in saved historians.

It is amazing that a large-scale, grand and luxurious structure of the Term Caracalla in the functionality was "only" with public baths, which promised to visitors, however, many hours of diverse holidays, and bathing, and sports, and still intellectual. It was a huge public structure, stunning with its dimensions and luxury finishes. It is possible to insist that the terms of the Caracallas are also majestic and monumental as the Colosseum or the Mausoleum of Adriana.

In order to avoid large queues at the entrance to the terms of Caracalla, we buy tickets in advance via the Internet.

Middle Ages

Not very prosperous Middle Ages and tangible worsened the appearance of the eternal city during Vandalian invasions, and presented a number of attractions of the Architecture of Rome. One of the most famous refers Castle Sant Angelo on the West Bank of Tiber. Feudal turrets, braces and halls with high dark ceilings in conjunction with powerful teeth in the literal sense of impenetrable fortress walls give a visual idea of \u200b\u200balarming life in those times.

It makes sense to visit the church of Santa Maria-Sopra Minerva: Her facade was restored in the 19th century, however, the initial medieval style of Rome architecture was carefully preserved. It makes sense to visit the temple of Santa Maria del Anima, built at the end of the 14th century for the needs of pilgrims in Rome.

Architecture Rome: Castle of the Holy Angel

The unique architecture of Rome is the Castle of the Holy Angel. The construction of the Castle of the Holy Angel began to Rome back in 135. For his almost 2000, he was repeatedly reworked and used as directly the castle, and was also a tomb, a residence of dad, a repository, and, of course, Dokton. Now in the Castle of the Holy Angel, the Military Historical Museum is located in which travelers can see the secret archive, the Treasure Hall, Papal Apartments, Loggia Paul III, the Clemental Hall VII, the courtyard of Alexander VI and many other things - more than 50 rooms that form a real labyrinth!

The building acquired its name in 590, when, during the plague Pope, Gregory was a great vision, in which Mikhail's roof was on the roof, put the sword into the sheath. This marked that the ferocious disaster came end. Just after that, the fortress became called the castle of the Holy Angel.

Renaissance

Most of the architecture of Rome, which can currently see, is related to the Renaissance period - the restoration of classic harmony canons after the sullen mid-centuries. By the way, for the comfortable radial location of Rome's streets should be grateful to Renaissance City Planners. Meaning the buildings of this period, the most attention to itself focuses on the architectural dominant of Rome - the Cathedral of St. Peter and the Sistine Chapel, and many more minor churches and temples.

It is worth paying attention to the outgoing elegant domes of Renaissance buildings: on a row of them (for example, at the highest point of Rome - the dome of St. Peter's Cathedral) It is possible to climb and through this a bird's eye view and Rome historical, and the luxurious decoration of the interior of the cathedral . Well, in the completion of the Renaissance in the architecture of Rome, Buchet dismisses Barochko, with all its valitious bas-reliefs, rounded marble cupids and tropical gypsum flora. Behind the baroque feelings should go on with three elegant fountains, and do not need to skip the colonnade of St. Peter's Cathedral.

The heart of the Vatican and the whole Catholic community, St. Peter's Cathedral - one of the main attractions of the Architecture of Rome. It is possible to look like an ancient Rome with a bird's-eye view, admire the interior of the cathedral from the population of the dome, to press in Messe and even be a blessed pontiff.
St. Peter's Cathedral is, without embellishment, the story itself, realized in stone.

The list of famous people, one way or another, made hands to his architecture and the interior, will fill out not one page, and the fates of the whole world, states and peoples were solved inside its walls. The history of the cathedral takes its source in the 4th century from the construction of simple basilica over the alleged burial of the Apostle Peter. Until the 15th century, the structure was not particularly different. And in 1506, the papal rally was conceived to remake the Basilica to the Monumental Cathedral, the Catholic Center and the Symbol of Ponti Power.

In order to avoid large queues at the entrance to St. Peter's Cathedral, we buy tickets in advance via the Internet.

Modern architecture Rome

The architecture of Rome of the New Time in Rome is also presented in large quantities, to a considerable extent due to the construction of the Italian fascism and the power of Mussolini. Within the revival of the idea about the Great Rome and the Great Romans, the architecture of Rome of that time came out pompous, pathos, cumbersome and harsh.

Most of her concentrated on the West Bank of the Tiber River and in the Prati area. One example of the Architecture of Rome began the 20th century is the Palace of Justice.

But genuine masterpieces are found among heavy new imperial buildings, for example, the modernist structure of Termini Station, completed in 1950, with a facade of travertine and metal inserts-panels, a symbol of modern energetic Rome.

The Palace of Justice is one of the most famous attractions of the architecture of Rome and Italy as a whole. Currently, the building is the residence of the Supreme Court of Court, it is located in the Prati area, close to the Castle of the Holy Angel. One of its main strong features is its exterior: a lot of decorative elements in the form of sculptures and lepnine are concentrated on the castle. When visiting Rome, be sure to look at this amazing structure.

The beginning of the construction of the castle fell on March 1488. During his construction, Giuseppe Dzanarrelli, keeper state seal. Just he defended that the palace was built in the Prathi area. Then there were already judicial institutions in that part of Rome, but the Palace of Justice became the largest of them. For the construction needed platforms that were created from concrete. During the construction, excavations conducted a lot of sarcophagus.

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🌍 Geographical conditions

Italy coastline, despite the long and narrow shape of this peninsula, is much less cut with bays or natural harbors than the shores of Greece. Italy does not have an excess of the islands. Although a significant part of the country is very mountainous, but thanks to the main direction of the main mountain range, the Apennins stretching from one end of the peninsula to another, Italy, like Greece, is not fragmented with small valleys, separated from each other in the mountains. Hence the following difference in the nature and fate of the Greek and Roman peoples.

BUT) The Romans were never for navigators and their colonial activity was completely different than the Greeks;
B) The absence of a sharp rivalry between Italian cities, which protected their independence less jealously than Greek, made it possible to raise Rome by absorbing neighboring states that did not manage to Athens or Sparta.

Thanks to its geographical location, Italy served as an intermediary in dissemination of art and culture in Europe.

⛓ Conditions for choosing materials

Italy on its geological structure is significantly different from Greece, where the main and almost only building material There was marble.

The following materials were held in Rome at hand:

1) Travertine - solid limestone with tivoli;
2) Tuf, from which most of the mountains surrounding Rome consists;
3) PIPERINA, which was mined in the Albanian Mountains and Putzzolan.

The region also in excess was gravel and high-quality sand. What allowed the Romans to invent concrete, which consists of a lime solution, volcanic sand and rubble.
The selection of such materials contributed to the strength of Roman structures and the ability to give the ledge any form.

The walls of the late structures were usually built from such concrete and were faced with brick, stone, alabaster, porphyram or marbles of the most varieties for the scenery.

🙏🏻 Religious conditions

The close relationship of the religion of ancient Rome with its state-owned device has led to the fact that heavenship was supported by the ruling tip only on political considerations. The emperor began to reward divine honors. Accordingly, precisely because the temple architecture bears an official imprint.

👩💻 Socio-political conditions

In the early era of the peninsula was populated by three peoples.

In the middle part – Etria, Etrusks lived - the nationality of probably Aryan origin, settled in Italy to prehistoric times and conducted great construction activities.

On the south There were so many Greek colonies, this country was named Great Greece.

The rest of Italy, excluding Cisalpinskaya Galliawas busy tribes that belonged to the same family as the Greeks.

The form of the state device in ancient Italy was that cities and areas were combined with each other.

Rome was first controlled by elective kings, with the participation of the Senate and the People's Assembly, but about 500 BC Republican image of the board was introduced, and in 27 BCWith August, an empire arose.

📕 Historical conditions

Roman civilization exists from 8 tbsp. BC. 5 tbsp. AD The year of Rome's foundation is considered to be 750 BC.

The republic led a lot of successful wars and conquered several Etruscan cities, but in 390 BC. He herself was defeated by Gallov, which continued to rule in Northern Italy for a certain time.
About 343 BC The conquest of Rome Italy began, was completed in 60 years.

Then the turn of wars with nations who lived outside Italy came.

First Punich War Rome with Carthagen ended with the defeat of Carthaginian and the transformation of Sicily on the first Roman province.

Second Punich War It was the most difficult of all that still led the Romans. The Carthaginian commander Hannibal invaded Italy from Spain, defeated all the Roman army hesitated on him and lasted there until they were attacked by Carthage.

Third Punich War ended with the complete destruction of the Carthage, which was turned into a Roman province called Africa.

Macedonia and Greece were conquered, the replacement of the last little as a result of the resettlement of many Greek artists and transportation in Rome, partly under the guise of military production.

Periods of ancient Roman architecture:

1. 1. Republican (end VI - end of I centuries. BC) Houses Pompeii and Herculaneum, Sibila Temple in Tivoli, Temple Fortune Virilis in Rome.
2. 2. Imperial (end of i century BC - 476 N.E.) Gardens Bridge in the Nimme; the complex of the imperial forums (Forum Trajan et al.); Triumphal Arches of Titus, Septimia of the North, Constantine; Flaviev Amphitheater (Colosseum) Pantheon; The terms of emperors Karakalla and Diocletian.

Features of the architecture of ancient Rome:

• Large-scale urban planning
• Strictly organized city layout
• Forum - Center for social life of the capital
• Rationalism
• High level of engineering art
• Development of civil architecture. Variety of types of facilities
• Satisfying the practical household and social needs of the masses
• Use of concrete structures

🏛 Constructions of ancient Rome:

The wall and arch in the Roman architecture performed the main constructive function.
The walls were erected from small, coarse and cheap materials, like a brick, concrete and stalled marble. The Romans are the first, applying concrete, introduced into the use of the mass of the broken stone associated with the solution. Such walls had a rough-incomplete view. The Romans used two main types of masonry: Tested (quadrov), which was driving dry, and concrete.

Concrete laying was five types:

Opus Incertum. - facing by stones of the wrong shape;
Opus Reticulatum. - lined with square stone, located diagonally, at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizon.
Opus testaceum - Type of wall masonry, in which the walls laid out from burnt bricks, and concrete fell between them.
Opus Mixtum - Wall laying with brick facing, with tuff pads.

Arch. The Romans were needed huge sizes, because, unlike the Greeks, they carried not so much spiritual jacks as the state system. Therefore, to solve this task, they came up with one very important thing: if you build everything from racks and beams, but to build a wooden pattern, to lay out the fitted stones on it and close it all the trapezoid castle stone, after the template and the design stands.

The Romans actively introduce the arch, which is a revolutionary invention. The arched construction is more stable than the fekoy-beam, because the arch operates on the transfer of the strength of the returner to certain points: the extended wedge-shaped stones are based on each other and consistently betray the load going on top, the neighboring segment until it goes into support. An important advantage of the arch, besides its stability, is the ability to perform it in large sizes.

In ancient Rome, the Roman or semi-curvillery arch was common, which has the form of a semicircle, the center of which is at the level of arched spots.

Arch - Convex overlap or coating that connects walls, supports of buildings, structures, bridges, etc. Archings made the possibility of overlapping large spaces than made it possible to make a shook-beam system. The arch is formed by the multiple repetition of the arch along the horizontal axis.

Dome - Design, overlapping round, polygonal and elliptical in terms of space in the form of an arch, the inner surface of which is created by rotating the curve (arc, a quarter of a circle, ellipse, etc.) around the vertical axis.

🏗 Architectural nature of constructions of ancient Rome:

Holes played a leading role in the facades of Roman structures. Their top was rectangular, more often semi-curvous. A semicircular window was often seen, divided into three lumets with two stone columns.

Large arches often laid out on the circles installed in their heels for the ledges of the wall.

The vaults and domes and most cases had a thorough treatment of the inner surface of the caissons. Wooden overlaps were also suitable.

Round cylindrical arch of concrete and stone - the main form of overlapping. A crusade was also spread, which was overlapped in square structures.
Round structures overlapped with a dome arch, and polygonal - closed arches.

The roof was arranged with terracotta, like Etruscans. Flat roofs were arranged with brand iron and concrete, for example, over some of the large halls of Roman term. The ceilings were often decorated with various geometric patterns - a combination of squares, rhombuses, octagons like that.

Orders were applied due to the arch, gradually losing their constructive significance towards decorative. Columns become pilasters. Orders often placed one over the other and several tiers.
The columns were put on the pedestals to increase their height.

Tuscan orderHe had a smooth column without a flute and a simple antablement.

Doric order Romanians were rarely applied. Doric column received a base. The Romans were modified by Abaku and Echin, redesigned eaves, entering the belt belt (denticul). All triglyphs were placed on the axes of the columns. Mutules were usually placed only over triglyphs, their slope is insignificant.

Ionian order He had a cap, who often had volitions from all 4 sides. Antablements are richer than in the Greek-Ionical Orders.

Corinthian order He was a favorite order of the Romans and was used for the largest temples. The scanty leaves are becoming softer. The rods of the columns were decorated with flutes.

Complex (composite) order The Romans were invented and met, as a rule, in the decoration of the triumphant arches. The Kapilee is a combination of the ionic (upper part) with the Corinthian (lower part) the remaining details are arranged on the Corinth sample and no less richly decorated.

The Romans were not strong in any sculpture, nor in painting, but appreciated the Greek samples.
Archings, floor, decorated with mosaic. The rich and beautiful effects were achieved by the liquefit of the floors and the facing of the walls of various marble. The first primitive frescoes appeared.
Characteristic was spiral curled branch of acanta with curls decorated with rosettes or figures of fantastic animals and birds. For the Romans, an important civilian, so-called ordinary architecture.

The composition of the characteristic Roman city ensemble - the form bears on itself traces of the influence of compositions greek agori. and folk dwellings.

The prevailing type of developed residential building was atrium-peristyl. Usually he was located on the elongated area, deaf outwardly fell apart from the streets. The front of the house occupied atrium - a closed room, on the sides of which houses were located and utility rooms. In the center of the atrium there was a swimming pool over which the open part was left in the roof for lighting and draining water into the pool. Atrium through the table was the peristil with a garden inside. The whole composition developed into a depth of the axis with the consistent disclosure of the main spaces.

IN roman forums Reflected the same idea of \u200b\u200ba closed axial composition - order peristyle, but increased to the size of the city square. In the initial period, the forums usually served as markets and at their perimeter to galleries were adjacent benches, and sometimes other public buildings. Over time, they turned into front areas for public meetings, solemn ceremonies, cult action, etc.

The ideological and composite center was the temple located in the middle of a narrow side of the rectangular area on its main axis. Rising on the podium, he dominated the composition. In terms of the temple had the shape of the rectangle, to which the portico was attached. A similar composition of the temple was traditional in Rome and left its origins to the ancient types of churches of the Etrisian archaic period. In the composition of the Forum, the frontal construction of the temple emphasized his depth-axial structure, and a rich portico (composite, Corinthian, less often an ionic order) emphasized the entrance to the temple. Starting from the republican period in Rome, several forums were consistently erected. Later, the emperors interpreted the forum as a monument of their own glory.

According to its magnificence, luxury, size and complexity of the composition stands out forum Emperor Trarana (Architect Apollodor Damasky, 112-117). In addition to the main square and the temple, a five-span elongated hall was erected on it - basilica area of \u200b\u200b55x159 m and two symmetric libraries buildings, between which a memorial was erected on a small area column Trachana 38 m high. Its marble trunk is covered with a spiral ribbon of bas-relief with 2500 figures depicting the episodes of the victorious hikes of Trian. The triumphal arch serves as a parade entrance, the statue of the emperor is installed in the center of the square, the temple is in its depth. Made from marble colonnades and porticors who had different and sometimes huge sizes were the main motive of the ensemble.

Triumphal arches built in a complex with forums and on the main roads - one of the most common types of memorial structures in Rome. Arched and vaulted forms were initially widespread in utilitarian structures - bridges and aqueducts.

With a huge scope went to Rome palace construction. Especially standing out imperial Palace on Palatina, consisting of a palace itself for the front desk and the emperor dwelling. Parade rooms were located around an extensive peristyle courtyard. The main place is the throne room - struck with its size.

The hall overlapped with a cylindrical arch of the span of 29.3 m, which was tested above the floor level of 43-44 m. The main premises of the residential part were also grouped around the peristry on the terraces of the hills, using the methods of construction of villas. Will construction also acquired a wide scale in Rome. In addition to major palace complexes in them, the principles of garden-park architecture were carried out with the greatest latitudes, which were intensively developed from the I century BC. (, First floor. II century, etc.).

The most grandiose public buildings of Rome, implemented in the imperial period, are associated with the development of arous and vaulted concrete structures.

Roman theaters Based on Greek traditions, but unlike Greek theaters, whose spectator places were located on the natural slopes of the mountains, were separate buildings with a complex substructure supporting the venues for viewers, with radial walls, pillars and stairs and passages inside the main semicircular volume in terms of volume ( marcello Theater in Rome, II century BC, who accommodate about 13 thousand spectators, etc.).

Colosseum (Koloshee) (75-80. N. E.) is the largest amphitheater of Rome, intended for the fighting of gladiators and other contests. Elliptical in terms of (dimensions in the main axes of about 156x188 m) and a grandiose height (48.5 m), he accompanied up to 50 thousand spectators.

In terms of construction is dissected by transverse and annular passages. A system of main distribution galleries was arranged between the three external ranks of the columns. The stairs system associated gallery with evenly located in the amphitheater funnel by the outputs and outdoor entrances to the building arranged throughout the perimeter.

The structural base is 80 radially directed walls and pillars carrying overlap crops. The outer wall is composed of travertine quadrov; In the upper part, it consists of two layers: internal concrete and exterior of travertine. For facing and other decorative works, marble and knock were widely used.

With a great understanding of the properties and work of the material, the architects combined various rocks of the stone and concrete compositions. In elements experiencing the highest voltages (in pillars, longitudinal arches, etc.), the most durable material - travertine is applied; Radial walls of tuff are lined with brick and partially unloaded with brick arches; The inclined concrete arch in order to relieve weights is a lightweight pumice as a placeholder. Brick arches of various designs permeate the thickness of the concrete both in the vaults and in the radial walls. The "carcass" structure of the Colosseum was functionally appropriate, provided coverage of internal galleries, passes and stairs, economical on the cost of materials.

The Colosseum also gives the first example of a bold solution of awning structures in the form of a periodically suitable coating in history. On the wall of the fourth tier, the brackets that served as supports for the rods were preserved to which a giant silk awning was attached using the ropes, which defended the audience from the scoring rays of the sun.

The external appearance of the Colosseum is monumental due to the huge size and unity of the plastic development of the wall in the form of a multi-tiered arcade arcade. The system of orders gives the compositions of scale and along with this special nature of the relationship of plastics with a wall. At the same time, the facades are somewhat dry, the proportions are heavy. The application of the Arcade Arcade introduced a tectonic duality into the composition: Multi-tier, completed by the Orders system serves here exceptionally decorative-plastic targets, creating only the illusory impression of the warranty of the building, which illuminates its array.

Roman term - complex complexes of numerous premises and courtyards intended for ablution and various occupations related to recreation and entertainment. In Rome, 11 major imperial term and about 800 small private term were built.

Pantheon in Rome (about 125) - the most perfect sample of the Grand Church-Rotonda, in which the dome diameter reached 43.2 m. In Pantheon, structural and artistic tasks of creating the largest in Rome (unsurpassed to XX century) are brilliantly (unsurpassed to XX century).

The spherical arch is made horizontal layers of concrete and rows of burned brick, representing a monolithic, deprived of a mass frame. To facilitate weight, the dome gradually decreases in thickness to the top, and the composition of the concrete is introduced with a light aggregate - Pampus crushed stone. The dome rests on the wall with a thickness of 6 m. The foundation is a concrete with an aggregate from travertine. As the wall elevates the travertine is replaced by a lighter tuff, and in the upper part - brick rubble. The filler of the lower zone of the dome also serves as a brick crushed stone. Thus, in the design of the Pantheon, a system for facilitating the weight of the concrete aggregate was consistent.

The unloading brick arches system in the thickness of the concrete evenly distributes the force of the dome to the edges and unloads the wall above the niches, reducing the load on the columns. The multi-tier arches system with a clearly conducted subordination of the main and secondary parts allowed rationally to distribute the efforts in the design, freed it from the inert mass. She contributed to the preservation of the construction despite the earthquake.

Artistic building of the building is determined by the constructive form: a powerful dome volume outside, a single and holistic space inside. The centric volume of rotunda outside is treated as an axial front-alone composition. Before the magnificent octal-column portion of the Corinthian order (the height of columns is 14 m), there was a rectangular courtyard with a solemn entrance and a triumphal arch by the forum type. A developed space under a portion with four row of intermediate columns as it would prepare a visitor to the perception of a huge space of the interior.

The dome, in the top of which is left round with a circular opening with a diameter of 9 m, dominates in the interior. Five rows of decreasing koneson make the impression of the dome "frame", a visually faithful array. At the same time, they give the dome of the plasticity and proportionate to the scale members of the interior. Lower tier warrant, focusing deep niche, effectively alternates with lined marble massive supports.

The intermediate between the order and the dome of the Attica strip small scale of the membership contrastly emphasizes the forms of the dome and the main order. The expressive tectonics of the composition is combined with the effect of the flowing on top of multiple lighting and thin color nuances generated by marble cladding. A rich festively magnificent interior is a contrast with the appearance of Pantheon, where the simplicity of monumental volume is dominated.

An important place in construction was covered by indoor halls - basilica who served for various types of meetings and meetings of the Tribunal.

The following architectural eras are allocated in the architectural traditions of ancient Rome:

• Epoch Antonins (138 - 192)
• Epoch of North (193 - 217)

Epoch of the kings (753-510 BC) and period of the early republic (V - IV centuries)

The oldest era of the Roman architecture, which comes on the period of the kings (according to the ancient tradition of 753-510. BC) and at the time of the early republic (V - IV centuries), we are very little known. In any case, in those days, the Romans did not show any significant creative activities in the field of creating original architectural forms; During this period, Rome was in cultural, and first in political, dependence on Etruria. The materials we have not only about Roman, but also about the Etruscan architecture of this time, extremely scarce.

The most oldest Etruscular temples known to us go to the VI century. BC e. They represented the rectangular, elongated in terms of construction, covered with two-tie roofs, with a very deep, who occupied half of the whole building, portico. Wood columns were very far from the other; In shape, they closely resemble Dorian, but had bases, a smooth trunk and a strongly developed abacu.

The antablement was also made of wood and abundantly covered, like the roof of the temple, painted relief decorations from the terracotta.

This type was juno Temple near Fali. A deep portico was supported by three rows of columns, six in each. With each side of the sides, the three columns located in a series were framed. There were no premises that fit Pronaos or the described in the temple. A small cell was separated by longitudinal walls on three long and narrow premises; The rear wall of the cellas closed all the buildings, as her wings, speaking for the side walls, reached the line of colonnade of the side of the temple.

A completely similar on the plan, the temple of Juno was built in 509 temple of Jupiter Capitoliysky, the lower parts of which are preserved to the present. The temple was standing on a high way. The three-part killer of the temple was devoted to Jupiter, Junon and Minerve.

This early period includes the so-called Tullianum - A small, round in terms of construction, initially blocked by the pseudo-ship from gradually shifting stones.

In the next time, the upper part of the arch was dismantled, and over Tullianum was constructed to be built, covered by a semi-curvous architecture, which served in Rome a prison.

ABOUT residential buildings We can judge the described period, mainly on the reproducing forms of hut with Italian terracotta urns. The oldest of these urns rise to the first centuries of the first millennium; Judging by these monuments, the dwelling device was very simple: these were round in terms of huts with a high straw roof, fortified through jelia and branches. The light source in these buildings served doors. In such a guise, the Roman dwelling was represented in the subsequent era; Apparently, the remnant of this tradition is the round form of the temple of Vesta.

In the future, it gets widespread the rectangular house in terms of the house, in the center of which was a large room - atria, where the hearth was located. Around Atry has the rest of the rooms. It may be originally closed, the atria then becomes open: the light penetrated into the room in the roof (complusion) into the room, the water was flowing through it during the rain into a special, which was under the tank (IMPLUVIUS).

On the outdoor guide of this type of houses gives us a presentation made from limestone a rather large Etruscan urn located in Berlin.

One of the early houses of Pompeii, known as Casa del Chirrgo., in the oldest of its part, built from limestone and related no later than K III. BC e., it is the construction of the type described. Atriya's atria, located in the center of this house, had a beam overlap, based exclusively on the walls and did not have a support in the form of pillars or columns.

Both in the early period and at a later time of the end is a parade. In it, Roman nobils were kept, according to the right they gave them, portraits of their ancestors.

The phenomenon that we can observe throughout the Roman architecture, namely, a significantly more secular nature of the latter compared to the Allen architecture, where the cult buildings occupy a paraborn position, and the era is also affected by us. Even at the end of the IV century. Price Appia Claudia The famous big road is constructed ( Via appia) Water pipes are built ( Aqua Appia.), Bridges, etc.

Via Appia.

It is extremely difficult to establish where the art of the construction of arches has come to Rome has long been long-known in the East: does it penetrate directly from the Hellenistic world or became known in Rome thanks to Etruscs? The oldest consignments known to us in Etruria belong to the IV century. BC e.

One of the samples of such an Etruscan facility are related to the III century. Ornate decorated gate Perugia (Porta marzia) Locked in a semi-Russian archway laid out of a large number of wedge-shaped blocks.

Cloaca Maxima. (underground channel, which served for water waters with the Square forum), built around 184 BC. e. (?), was blocked by a vault from the wedge-shaped stones.

A vivid example of the bridge buildings of the Republic of the Republic is built in 110 g. - A large bridge, which had several spans, whose arches were laid out of the wedge-shaped blocks.

The era of the republic. III - II century BC.

With III century. In the cultural life of Rome begins a fracture. Rome gradually begins to be included in the orbit of Hellenistic culture. In the second half of the III century. Libyan Andronicus translates the "Odyssey" to the Latin language and puts the beginning of the Latin tragedy and the comedy created by Him Allenic samples. At the same time, the activities of the NEMI and somewhat later - anonya and the plate, which created the Roman national literature, while using the artistic heritage of Eldlas in its widest way.

Similar phenomena occurred, apparently, in the architecture of this time. In any case, relating to III century. BC e. found in the tomb of scapions on Via Appia. Large sarcophagus from Gray Pelterina, on which a long epitaph of L. Cornelia Scipion Barbatu is decorated, decorated with a purely Hellenic architectural ornament. Above the profiled base is a wide smooth field, similar to Dorian architect; Above - Dorian triglyphic frieze, in which methas are decorated with rosettes; Rising under the frieze cornice is decorated with Ionian dentikulus. Such a combination of elements of the Dorian and Ionian orders, we have already met in the architecture of the southern Italy of the Hellenistic Time: in the Antablement of the Temple III -II century. in Poseidonia (Pestume).

During II century. In Rome, a number of structures similar to the type of buildings of Hellenistic cities appear. About 159. Nasika Scipipio Costsor temple of Jupiter Capitoliysky colonnades; Special market premises, which served for trade and proceedings, basilica are being built (about 185 Basilica Porcia., in 179- Basilica Aemilia.).

With the beginning of the second half of the II century. BC e. Activities are related Hermogeene from Salamin, apparently, first applied marble in Rome when building temples Jupiter Stator and Juno Regina.

From the same time we have evidence of a polybia about the plan that Roman troops have always been strictly and steadily with the breakdown of the camp. Behind the lack of space, we cannot give a detailed description of it and limit ourselves to only the indication that the entire melting system was built on direct, intersecting under the right angles, lines. Wide straight streets located with a uniform network, divided the camp to the right sites, each of which occupied a special squad. In general, the Roman camp plan is very similar to the melting of the Hellenistic city (Wed with pricing or Alexandria). However, it should be noted that we meet with the same "correct" melting of the city, we are pretty early in Etruria, for example in the city of V c., Who were under Marzabotto, near Bologna.

To II century And the very beginning I in. BC e. The monuments of the next construction period of Pompei are constructed from Tufa, on which it is clearly traced by the Hellenization of the Italy's home. An example of the latter can be one of the large and complex houses, called usually Casa del Fauno.. It has two located one not far from another entrance, each of which leads to special attainments. One of these atrimes is an old (Tuskalansky) type with a beam overlapped on the walls, the other - a new type (tetrastile), in which the ceiling besides the walls relies on four columns, standing near the implusion angles.

Both atria is surrounded by small rooms. At the atria, in the next part of the house, the large open peristyle rectangular shape was framed by small premises. The roof edges of this peristyle were supported by 28 (7 × 9) columns of the Ionian order, which carried Dorian Antablem; Finally, behind this peristil was the second peristyle, large sizes framed by bunk-tier colonnadium (13 × 11 columns). The lower columns were Dorian, the upper - Ionian order. A garden was placed in the second peristyle.

The walls of the house were covered with plaster and decorated with the painting of the so-called first pombie style. This style is usually referred to as inlaid due to the fact that it imitates the wall cladding with multi-colored marble rocks.

In II century Greece became the Roman province. This opened the greatest opportunities to penetrate the Rome of Hellenic culture. Countless artistic values \u200b\u200bwere exported by winners as trophies. Many educated Greeks, usually as slaves, appeared in Rome.

Temples II c. It is clearly indicated by gradually growing Hellenization. Constructed at the beginning of the II century. Small temple B. Gabiy, about 24 m long and about 18 meters wide, still has a deaf back wall peculiar to the Italian temples; The elongated kella from three sides is framed by columns, the number of which from the facade is six, from the sides - by seven; But the depth of the front portication is already significantly reduced. The columns of the temple are preserved only in the lower parts, and, judging by the shelters of the trunks and profiling of the bases, could be an Ionian or Corinthian orders.

Much more Hellenized built in II century. apollo Temple in Pompeiy, which represented the Corinth Periputer, on the short sides of which stood on six, and in long - ten columns. A small chill of the temple was very moved away from the front facade, but, at the same time, a certain space was left between the rear wall of the hollows and the rear facade. The temple was standing on a high way; From the facade side, it was not a very broad staircase.

Sulla's era (beginning of the i century BC)

From the era of Sulla (The beginning of the i century. BC. E.) reached us several temples. IN Kore The front part of the Temple of the Doriy Orders, who stood on a high way was well preserved. On the front facade there were four columns, from the sides - three; From the cells, only the front wall and the beginning of the side are preserved.

Almost one from another, Dorian columns differ exclusively dry, strongly elongated proportions. Columns are on small bases. The trunks are stationed only in the middle and upper parts, in the bottom they only have the appropriate velvenesses of the face. The capitals are very small: echins are not noticeable, Abaki narrow.

Entablature dorian Orders It is very different from classic buildings with their exceptionally light proportions. Archored height is significantly less than the height of the frieze. For each interco-luminous, four metops accounts for each other, between which are very narrow triglyphs. By virtue of the ease of architecture, the cornice seems heavy. Well preserved frontoth has pretty cool rods.

By the beginning of the i century. BC e. relate two temples in Tibur (Tivoli): pseudoperipter and round. First, apparently dedicated to Sibylla, It was built from travertine and tuff and covered with plaster. He stood on a low way and was a small temple of the Ionian order, who had four columns on the facade side. The deep portico of the temple behind these columns was framed on both sides, with an intercalolymy from the walls of Calytes, ending with incomplete columns. The rest of the temple was held by a large one-heel oblong cellae, the walls of which were decorated with semi-colonels from the outside: there were four of them on the rear facade, on the sides (including ants) - five.

In this pseudoperipter, we can already observe one characteristic feature, which will continue to get a big distribution in Roman architecture: the use of a column, which in Hellenic architecture performed purely structural tasks, only as a decorative element, dismembering and reviving the wall surface.

The second temple seems to dedicated Vesta, it was also a small (diameter of about 14 m) a round building, which was standing on the way and framed by eighteen columns of the Corinthian orders. Easy antablement consisted of a narrow archite, decorated with the relief ornament of frieze, and a simple and strict cornice. The round kellae of the temple had a wide door from the southwestern side, on both sides of which there were two narrow windows. A non-smoke staircase led to the door to the rise of the submitter. By type, the building is very close to round Greek buildings IV century, but there is a greater ease of the proportions of the Corinthian colonnade. At the same time, in the round plan of this building, it is impossible not to note the presence of a local tradition, ascending to primitive round huts.

Travertine was used to facing the pylon, on columns, antablem, the framing of the door and windows; As for the rest of the parts, i.e. the main mass of the subit and the walls of the camberries, the latter were built of small irregular debris of tuff and travertine on a lime solution. This technique of building walls on the solution receives wide distribution in Roman architecture in the subsequent time.

I in. BC e. There was a time of nomanization of Italy. Old local Italian cultures in this era were finally broken. But at the same time, the previously advanced process of perception of the Rome of Hellenistic culture has become more strengthened, which penetrates wider and deeper than it was two centuries before. Lucretia and Cicero are transferred to Roman soil Greek philosophy, Varion - Science, Katull - poetry.

In this era, a number of buildings are erected in Rome, and many of them are constructed with exceptional luxury. In 78 BC e. was built Tabular (Senate Archive), in which arched floors were combined with a colonnade - a reception that received the widespread use in the future and became one of the most characteristic features of Roman architecture. In all likelihood, the combination of these two elements took place in the appearance begun in 54 basilica Juliastanding on Forum Romanum. The melting of buildings on the forum was distinguished by comparative freedom.

To i c. BC e. Refers a small ionic pseudoperipter - Temple Mater Matuta. (Fortuna Virilis) in Rome. By type, this temple is close to the pseudoperipter in Tibur; He had a pretty deep six-column portico, framed from the facade of four columns, Ants in Portica was not, and his side sides were completely open. The rest of the temple was occupied by Kealis, the walls of which were decorated with semi-columns: on the back wall there were four, on the side - five.

The temple stood at a low way. He represented a curious combination of the structure of the old Italian temple with a deep portico and pushed back a kite with forms of construction of an Ionian order. The outlines were a simple and rigorous character who answered the style of the Roman sculpture of this time (Pasitel's school).

August epoch (30 BC. E.- 14. N. E.)

30 BC e. Opens a new stage of Roman history: this is the start time of the principle. At the same time, in the same year, the last of the remaining independent Hellenistic states, Egypt, became part of the Roman powers. In the era of August (30 g. BC. E.- 14. N. E.) is developing intensive construction in Rome; Dozens of luxury buildings are restored and built, in which the previously not used marble is widely applied. Augustus is proud that he accepted Rome Malinyan, and left marble.

A number of monuments constructed in this era are directly related to the emperor and has its appointment to glorify its activities.

In 2 g. BC e. Concrete was finished temple Mars ultrator (Temple of Mars Ultor). This rather large temple of the Corinthian orders had eight columns on the front facade. The front portico of the temple was very deep. Move the colonnada moved back the colonnades. On the back side, the temple was closed by a deaf wall, formed a rather large absidation against the entrance to Celly.

Temple Marsa was the main building forum Augustus. From three sides it was framed by lush colonnades, and semicircular extensions were located against the side of the temple. The Hellenistic reception of the organization of the internal space area by means of a colonnade is carried out here with exceptional symmetry, which, as we will see in the future, is a characteristic feature of the melting of the architectural ensembles of the Roman Empire.

An exceptionally clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe temple architecture of the August era can be given to the built in 4 N. e. temple in Nimefamous Maison Carree. This Corinthian pseudopheripter has a deep ten-roll portico, and six columns stand at the front facade. A large chill of the temple from the outer sides is decorated with semi-colonels. Light architecture crowned colonnade, frieze is covered with relief ornaments, the cornice is thoroughly decorated.

No less richness is distinguished to decorate the eaves of the Koncordi Temple, built in 10 g. e. In Rome and the frieze of the temple in Pile.

In general, it can be noted that the temple in Nimea, apparently, like other buildings of the August era, has a parade frowning look, sharply distinguishing it from the simple and strict Temple of Mater Matuta. A completely similar way can be compared statue of August. (Prima Porta.) with the sculptures of the late republic (for example, the Vatican statue of the Roman in Tog).

This desire to give the architectural monument a lush character was, apparently, the cause of domination in Roman architecture, starting with the era of August, Corinthian order. This can also be delivered in connection with such frequent use of the column as a purely decorative element.

The Roman Society of this time considered art as a subject of luxury and the most sophisticated comfort; Such an understanding of the art perfectly meets the concentration of exceptional attention in architecture on the decoration of the building, the desire to make it possible is more illuminated, and the wider use of decorative, often hedonistic content (statues of satriirov, Vakha, Venus, etc.) sculptures in homes, villas, Parks, etc.

This hedonism in art is responsible, just as this time took place in Greece, and hedonism in philosophy. Back in I. BC e. Lucretius wrote his poem De Rerum Natura, in which the Epicurus's teachings outlined, which received widespread recognition among a significant part of the Roman Society Rights.

At the same time, such structures as the temple in Nimea, despite all the proximity of their Greek temple, are in the root differ from it the lack of a stepped pedestal characteristic of the Hellensky periphert, which gives a whole "heroic scale", which we talked above. The mythological world characteristic of the Allen culture was alien to the Romans even after the perception of them by the Ellin mythology and the religion of the Olympic Pantheon.
The usual staircase leading to the temple in Nimea, on the contrary, emphasizes the purely antropic nature of the construction, which fully meets the teachings of the epicura.

The attention is also at the root of the great nature of the ornaments that adorned Hellenian and Roman buildings. Conditional geometrized plane ornament of the Greek Temple If there is some motives taken from the plant world, it gives them to such a strongly processed form that they do not differ in principle from linear decorations (see parfenon ornaments). In the Roman ornament, plant motives fully retain living organic forms, which clearly indicates the more realistic nature of Roman decorative art (see the frieze of the temple in the field and ornaments of the Altar of the World of August). This more realistic character, fully responding to the sober practicalism of the Romans, received an expression in the statue plastic: a sculptural portrait occupies the same dominant position in Roman art, as well as a typewriter athlete statue in Greek; The nature of the Roman religion corresponds to this and, in contrast to the peculiar Greece, transcendental animism has long been immanent animation.

In 13-9. BC e. was cooked altar of the world of Augustus (Ara Paris Augustae.), which represents a small rectangular building (11.6 × 10.6 m), an obscured by a high wall, completely covered with rich scenery; On the walls below there were wide belts of the embossed ornament, and at the top-relief zoofor (Corinth pilasters were in the corners). From the east and the West, the wall was interrupted by a wide door to which a small staircase was led. The very altar was placed in the center of the structure. All the construction was performed from marble moon.

The task of the construction of the altar of the world of Augustus is close to the one that the builders of the Grand Pergamine Altar were allowed; But the most quick glance is to make sure how different both monuments are. The external registration of the Pergamian altar is also built on the principle of periptera, although the colonnade is placed on a high adventure decorated with burners. The altar of the world is limited to a solid, richly decorated with a wall. This principle of focusing the wall, often combined with direct, but with a vaulted overlap, is one of the most characteristic phenomena in Roman architecture. He found a bright expression in the triumphal arches, the row of which was built in the era of August.

Pretty simple forms differs built in 8 G. BC. e. single-break arch in Sousse. A large pass (8.75 m in the embroidery and 5 m wide) is framed by a semi-curvous arch, an underlined triple filter, and smooth walls that are enlivened by incomplete Corinth columns in the corners of the building and flat pilasters flanking the passage. The columns support Corinthian antablement with decorated faces frieze. A small sleek attack is towers over the eaves, which continues the main surface of the bottom wall.

It was rapidly decorated triumphal Arch near St. Remy., the upper part of which is not preserved. It has increased the number of incomplete dormitory columns and embossed decorations.

In the triumphal arch, in addition to said, characteristic of the Roman architecture of the focus and vaulted overlapping, another no less typical phenomenon can be noted: the reduction of columns and supported by the antablemer, who played such an important constructive role in the Ellinskaya architecture, to the degree of purely decorative elements applicable only dismembering and revive the surface of the wall.

Constructed in the era of August and the gallery-colonnade, so characteristic of Hellenistic architecture. About one of them, framed by the temple of Mars Ultor, we have already mentioned. Especially grand sizes differed in the II century. BC e. and rebuilt during August "Portico Octavia"; It was in it to three hundred columns of the Corinthian order and a large number of works of sculpture and painting.
In 11 g. BC e. It was built that came to us in a strongly damaged form filled from travertine marcello Theater.. In contrast to the Greek theaters, which, in essence, constitute only a device for the auditorium convenient for this purpose of the hillside, before which the corresponding stage buildings were erected, the Roman theater is an architectural monument of the usual type, within which scenic structures are gradually increasing Places for viewers.

A very monumental forms of Marcello Theater had an outdoor view characteristic of Roman civil buildings: rhythmically repeated, located in two tiers, mighty posts moved along with high semi-curvous arches of archs. The pillars and part of the walls were decorated with a purely decorative appointment with columns who supported the Antablement: in the first tier - the Dorian order (with a cornice decorated with dentikul) and in the second - Ionian.
Undoubted interest is the gravestone monuments of the era of August, which are distinguished by a large variety of forms. Apparently, a peculiar echo of the inclusion of Egypt into the Roman powers and the associated admission of artistic values \u200b\u200b(Wed, for example, the third pompsey style) is a gravestone monument of Cestse, who deceased in 12 G. BC. e. It has the shape of a four-grand rather high pyramid. The monument was built of brick and lined with marble.

The tombstone monument of the bread supplier M. Vergil Evrisaka erected into the same era was a very peculiar structure: in the lower part of the construction there were massive squares and round poles that supported the high walls of the building. The smooth of these walls was revived by special films, denoted by the throat of the quasher or the crowns of pyfhos for stocks; Above passed uninformed embroidered frieze and cornice. In this, very original in forms, the monument should not be noted a peculiar manifestation of those aspirations to the realism in the Roman architecture, which we have already spoken.

In gravestone monument of Juliyev in St. Remy. Concentrated all the characteristic features of the architecture of the August era. On the square discrepancy of the pedestal the base lined with reliefs; It has a tetrapilon - the gate, opening in all four sides. Corinth columns supporting antablement are prescribed to the corner of the tetrapilion; Finally, the entire building grows the Rotunda of the Corinthian order.

Being Via Appia Mausoleum Cecilia Metella (Mausoleo Di Cecilia Metella) It is a massive, reminiscent tower, a construction of a cylindrical form. The unintended smooth walls of this monument impressed the impression of relics. In the Mausoleum of August and his family we find a close motive of a large (88 m in diameter), a massive, tower facility from marble, which here serves as cloyda closed by the trees of Kurgan.
Along with the magnificent mausoleum, who served the graves of the emperor and public versals, and more modest underground columbaria, which were rectangular premises, which were rectangular, whose walls were covered with small niches, where the urns were put in the died.

From the residential buildings of this time, we mention about libya House on Palatina, decorated with painting corresponding to the second pompian style (architectural), used in the Epoch of the Late republic and the beginning of the principle. A characteristic feature of this style is the revival of the wall surface by applying architectural parts (columns, pilasters, etc.). The main surface of the wall imitates cladding; In addition, some individual paintings are complied.

Along with the second style in the era of August, it is used when painting houses and the third pompsey style. It is distinguished by the predominance of the ornament, in the spirit of which the architectural elements of the painting are processed; It is also characteristic of this style an abundance of Egyptizing motifs.

Finally, it should be noted that in the era of August, a number of buildings of pure utilitarian purposes are built. An example is the grandiose aqueduct Agrippa near Nima(known under name Pont du Gard), whose length reaches 269 m.

Yuliyev-Claudiyev Dynasty (15 - 68, N. E.)

From the time architecture of the nearest successors of August (the dynasty of Juliyev-Claudiyev) to us reached us a little monuments. Let us dwell on the main ones.

In 21 n. e. was dedicated Tiberius(possibly constructed earlier) triumphal Arch in Orange. Pretty significant in size (her height is 18 m, width 19.5), it has three spans, from which the average is more lateral. The arch is decorated with palmable incomplete Corinthian columns, four on each side, simple and strict antablem, complex profiling of architectural parts and numerous embossed decorations.

Epoch Claudia (41-54) was marked mainly by the grand structures of utilitarian order, which were big harbor in Ostra, unfinished drainage tunnel in 5540 m long spent on Fusinsky Lake Finally Aqua Claudia. - The largest water pipeline of the city of Rome.

"Golden House" of Emperor Nero, preserved premises

The most famous of the buildings Nero (54-68) - built after a large fire of 64. Architectors North and Cherler « Golden House» ( Domus_Aurea). This huge residence, which occupied the area of \u200b\u200babout 50 hectares, concluded a large palace, built with an exceptional luxury, the park, artificially dug pond; The ensemble included colossal (35 m in the embroidery) bronze statue of the emperor of work Zenodora.

Domus_Aurea. Golden home Emperor Nero. Preserved part available for visits / Uroon Column

We can judge about the magnificent decoration of the Golden House only by insignificant remnants of the secondary parts of the residence of Nero, as well as, to a certain extent, according to the richest Pompei houses of the same time. This is the epoch when the fourth style is dominated in Pompeii, whose characteristic features of which is the abundance of architectural elements of a completely fantastic, bizarre nature and bright, brilliant flavor.

Epoch of Flaviev (69-96) of the era of Trajana (98-117) - Adriana (117-138)

In the epoch Tranaya (98-117) The construction of structures of a purely utilitarian character - roads, bridges, water pipes, harbores, etc., was distinguished. At the same time, at this time, at that time, attention was paid to residential quarters of the city. Frequent labels of large houses aroused the order, forbidden to build multi-storey houses more than 20 m in the embroidery.

In 107-113. in Rome is built by architect Apollodorm From Damascus Grandise forum Trajana, considered in ancient times one of the main attractions of the capital. He is a little inferior in the area to all other Roman forums, together taken.

Forum Trajan, as well as forums of other emperors, had a symmetrical melting of buildings. A large triumphal arch served the entrance to the square courtyard (which was reached 126 m). In the center of the courtyard was placed the equestrian statue of the trayan; From the sides, he was framed by colonnades, behind which were semicircular excesses. Along the far from the entrance side of the courtyard stood a big five-penette basilica Ulpia.having gilded bronze roof. The basilica contained a small area, from the side sides framed by two small buildings of libraries. In the center of this area stood a high column of Trajan. Finally, all the construction was closed by framed by the colonnades of the Temple of Trajan, erected by his successor Adrian. From these numerous structures so far, with the exception columns Tracana, only miserable remnants have been preserved.

Posted in 113-114. The column of Trajan was a very kind of commomoral monument, at the same time served as the gravestone crypt of the emperor. On high, decorated with reliefs of the square pedestal stood equipped with a massive base and light Dorian capitle a grand column; The trunk was covered with a spiral bending a relief belt, which represented the "Wars of Trajan with Daci". Over the capitel - a high round pedestal, on which the statue of Trajan was once stood.

Inside the column was a spiral staircase, leading up to a small platform located above the capita and a statue of a pedestal.

Intensive construction went to the era of trajan and in the provinces. We confine ourselves to refer to the ongoing II century. African city Timgada, planned according to plan resembling Roman lagowers. The city was richly decorated with large colonnades. One of the best of all preserved monuments is a three-spoil triumphal arch; The question of dating her era of the trayana or later is not yet solved.

In 110 burned PantheonArranged Agrippoy in 27 BC e. His restoration was entrusted Apollodore from Damascuswhich is within 115-125 rebound rebuilt the building. Constructed mainly of bricks on the solution, Pantheon reached us in very good condition, only a little distorted later alterations.

The temple was a grandiose, round in terms of building, covered with a dome and equipped with a large portico. The membership of the inner room of the temple is strictly symmetrically. The lower floor of the walls are divided into eight parts alternately located four rectangular and three semi-curvous niches. Against the middle semi-curvous niche is close to it in the form, the arches of the entrance.

Each of the niche was once separated from the central space by two large columns of the Corinthian orders, supported rather simple antablem forms with a smooth frieze; Only in the niche located against the exit, these columns are highly spread and framed it from sides, and the antablement passes along a concave wall line.

Corinth pilasters framed by Corinth Pilasters, wide smooth simplests between the niches were revived by small, supplied in front of them. The second tier lying on the antablemant was dismembered by mighty semi-curvous arches, which were above the niches; Between them there was a wide surface of the wall. The horizontal about the milling plant separated the second tier from the grand hemispheric dome, the surface of which in the bottom and middle parts was revived by five rows of large cassettes. The upper part of the dome deprived of the top of the dome framed a large round window (9 m in diameter), which boldly completed the building.

The diameter of the inner premises of the Pantheon was 43.5 m, and the height of 42.7 m. Complex membership of the inside of the walls and dome of the pantheon, enhanced wealth and diversity of the interior decoration, the exceptional simplicity of the exterior design of the building is abruptly opposed.

It is a grandiose cylindrical tambour, over which the dome of the temple is tested. The surface of the walls of the vestibule is dissected by horizontal hoods into three tiers, and the first and second strictly correspond to the corresponding internal divisions of the building. The third floor is at the level of the two lower rows of the cassette of the dome. The appointment of the wall of this tier is to help counter the enormous power of the dome. The third floor closes the bottom of the dome, which is why the latter makes the impression of flat. The dome was covered with no gilded roof preserved.

The entrance to the Pantheon leads through a large deep portico, which was subjected to restructuring during the II century. In an existing form, it has an eight column of the Corinth Orders (the remains of the foundation that has been tenthly). Four rows of columns are followed by the column of the facade - two in each dividing a portico to three longitudinal compartments. The entrance to Cella flank two protrusions of walls forming a niche; These parts of the building are decorated with Corinth pilasters.

The description of the Pantheon made by us clearly indicates that the focus of the architect's attention was not on the external design of the construction, since the building is given outside in the simplest, if so you can put it, laconic forms: this is a smooth wall, in the cutting of which the architect is limited to horizontal membership, corresponding to the division of the inner parts of the building.

The main problem that was put forward and allowed in Pantheon is the problem of organizing the internal space. Space This was given strictly centric and still limited to the viewer located in the center of the building, which are not leaving in the distance by the straight walls and overlapped by the ceiling, as it took place in the Greek temple, and the soft curve of the ring ring and the dome hemispheres.

This particular spatiality of the pantheon, which is the result of a rounded frame, fully responds to the lighting of the building, is not common in the ancient architecture side (through the door), and the upper - through the round window located in the zenith. Such lighting gave a soft scattered light that did not detect, and smoothed contrasts, contributing to the fact that the complex architectural cutting of the walls and the ceiling makes mainly a purely decorative impression.

Villa Adrian in Tibur

In the building of the Pantheon, especially from the outside, there is a clearly pronounced assertion of the wall as the main architectural element. This focusing of the wall is one of the manifestations of the desire for realism in the Roman architecture, which we have repeatedly spoke. If in the altar of the world of August, the wall performed in disguised form, completely covered with embossed decorations, then in the pantheon it is given in all purity and immediacy.

The smooth impermeable surface of the wall in incomparably greater extent corresponds to the practical and artistic problem of isolation of the building from the surrounding space, which (at least constructively necessary) the colonnades of the Ellensky peripheter, which makes the forms of Roman architecture incomparably more realistic than the forms of Ellinsky architecture.

Decent attention to the appointment of the temple to serve as a place of a cult of not one deity, but the entire totality of the gods. This phenomenon is in connection with the gradual inclusion in the orbit of the Roman religion of all the most important cults that existed on the enormous territory of the Empire, and corresponds to the philosophy of this era. At this time, the teachings of the Stoics, who spoke with the sermon of cosmopolitanism and put forward the provision that all people make up a single organism are used to be widespread.
In 123-126 The successor to Trarana Adrian (117-138) the grandiose is constructed villa in Tibur (Tivoli), which presented a complex complex of buildings. Separate parts of the villa had to perpetuate the memories of Adrian about his travels in Greece and the East, reproducing the Stoa Poikile, the Academy, Liqukey, Pier, the Tempery Valley. This desire to repeat some of the glorified structures of ancient architecture to fully meet the classic trends that dominated the art of the period under consideration, which at the same time the shade of romance.

In the era of Adrian, extensive restoration work on Forum Romanum. In 135, near this area was built big temple of Venus and Roma. The temple framed by porticors was standing on a platform 145 m long and 100 meters wide. The usual submission was absent for Roman temples; In exchange, the temple from all sides surrounded the steps.

The temple was a peripter of the Corinthian order, which had been from the front sides of ten, with long - twenty columns. The inner place of the temple was separated by transverse walls for two cells. Before each of them was a four-column portico (Pronea) in the ants. The floor in the cells was higher than in portica. In the middle of the rear wall of each cells were on a large semicircular niche; They were separated from one to another common wall. In one and these niches, the Statue of Roma was placed, in another - Venus. Long walls of the cells were decorated with colonnades and niches. Both cellars, as well as portico in front of them, were blocked by vaults, which was in a known contradiction with the bartal roof of the temple.

The temple walls were built of bricks; marble was widely applied; The decoration was distinguished by a large luxury.

From the above, it is clear that the temple of Venus and Roma is a very pretentious monument of a peculiar Greco-Roman eclecticism, which marks the classic aspirations of the epoch, which we have already spoken about. This temple was as far from the works of Ellinsky architecture, the epoch of the latter, as the statues of the favorite of Adrian, the young Vifficon Antique, from the athletes of the sculptures of the classics.

Comparely well preserved built in 132-139 g: Moles. (mausoleum) Adrianaknown now under the name Castello St. Angelo.. This ambitious, once richly decorated monument was a square base, on which there was a tumor tambour, crowned with a shot.

A number of outstanding architectural monuments are built in the Epoch of Adriana and in Roman provinces.

In Athens ends temple of Zeus Olympic, not communicated to the end of Anti-Epiphan and after being destroyed. A number of new buildings forming " Adrian City", Which connected with the" old "city by the large gate (18 m in the embroidery and 13.5 m wide), filled from Pentelikon marble.

In the lower tier, which was a solid wall framed from the sides of Corinth pilasters, a large passage was cut. The passage was flanked by pilasters, also a Corinthian order, but smaller sizes over which a profiled fillet was covered along the arch. Between large and small pilasters on special pedestals stood Cinnf columns who supported the protrusions of the antablemer, crowded the lower floor of the gate.

A very light through the upper tier consisted of Corinthian columns and pillars supported by an antablement, the middle part of which was crowned with a fronton. In this monument, we again find the already marked attempt to give a kind of combination of Greek and Roman elements in sophisticated exquisite forms.

Significant parts are distinguished significantly more monumental adrian Libraries in Athens. A number of round Corinthian columns reached us along the solid wall. A very kind of antablem is crowned with a wall and forms small, corresponding protrusions on the form of capitals. This reception of the revival wall we have already met earlier on the nerves forum.

Of the other buildings of Adrian, we will note the grandiose, very kind of plan temple in Kizika. This temple was a peripter who had six columns from facade and fifteen longies. A small cell, having two doors addressed to the front and rear facades, was the only indoor room of the temple. A large free space between the wit and both facades was filled with columns, the total number of rows from the front was five, and from the back - three.

Epoch Antonins (138 - 192)

Construction activities in the successors of Adrian Antonines (138-192) is significantly paler than in the first decades II century. It does not respond to structures with a purely utilitarian purpose, the construction of which is very intense, but from this era, there are almost no monuments from this era, which would be of great importance in the development of the style of Roman architecture.

For Antonine Pie. (138-161) on roman Forum was cooked temple of FaustinaDecorated with colonnan. The front part of this temple has been preserved. The portico framed large columns of the Corinthian orders, filled from light green marble; From the facade there were six, from the sides - three. Light antablement was decorated with a narrow embossed frieze.

Easmodified in Rome column Mark Aurelia (161-180) did not constitute anything new in architecturally, being mainly repeating the trajan column.

In the era of Antonins in Greece, a number of buildings with a rich proprietary hero of Herodom Attika were built; Note Odeon (closed theater) in Athens and Exceder in Olympia; The latter was a semicircular in the plan, framed by the sides of the wings with a half-welded overlap. This building dramatically disharmoned with all ensemble in Altis.

Antoninov's era refers to the construction of a grandiose acropolis complex Heliopoli. (Baalbeck). It reached a length of almost 300 m and consisted of a colossal temple and a number of premises that predict it, located strictly symmetrically.

The wide staircase led to the twelve-colon portico of propylene, very wide on the facade, but shallow; From there, three doors were led to hexagonal, framed by the courtyard, on the opposite side of which there were also three doors to the next large square courtyard, from three sides framed by colonnades. The back of the courtyard closed a large temple.

It was a colossal peripter, who had ten columns from facade and nineteen - with long sides. Columns up to 19 m height stood on large bases; Smooth trunks were crowned with lush Corinthian capitals. A light Corinth Antablement was richly ornamed with decorations, characterized, like the capitals of the columns, a restless dynamic character.

South of the Big Temple was second peripter, significantly smaller sizes; On the short sides of this temple, it was eight and on the long - fifteen columns. The height of the column was 16 m. The temple was standing on a high way; On the east side, the staircase was led to him, followed by a deep portico. Pronaos was framed by Antami; Ornate ornamented door led from it to Cella. In the depths of the eyelid, there was a wide staircase, on which they climbed into Aditon.

The inner side of the side walls of the Calley was enlivened by the Corinthian columns attached to them. The columns stood on special basements and had small bases, cannoned trunks and very magnificent capitals. Along the wall, above the columns, was the same adhesive antablement as the nerves on the forum. In the intervals between the columns were located in two tiers of niches and tabernacles, which attached the walls similar to the facade of the scene of Roman theaters.

Excessively loaded heavy luxurious decorations, full of restless dynamics, Heliopol's Grand Arrangements have a solemn, somewhat pompous.

These phenomena in architecture curiously compare with the sculptural portrait of the Antoninov era; A contrast comparison of the shape gives it a restless character, which is enhanced by the game of lighting, sometimes creating purely decorative effects.

Epoch of North (193 - 217)

For Septimia north (193-211) Rome produced large restoration work. Of the newly built structures, the most prominent place was occupied by the palace, the entrance to which was decorated with a grand trial scene, named after Septizodium (or Septizonium.), built in 203. It was a complex combination of arrays of walls, arches and columns and in addition to this was abundantly decorated with sculpture; In addition, fountains were introduced into the composition.

It was also abundantly decorated with a large (23 m in the embroidery) three-span archerected in honor Septimia north And his sons, Geta and Caracalla. The Arches are framed by Corinthian cannoned pilasters and Corinthian columns that were standing on special pedestals and supported antablem ledges. Putting columns were decorated with reliefs; On the walls, between the columns, the reliefs covered their reliefs were located in several rows. With this extreme loading, the decorations of the lower middle parts contrasted the smooth surface covered with a long inscription attic.

Karakalla (211-217) Different the terms started by his father. This grand, perfectly equipped, luxuriously decorated building was in a large (350 m long) almost square park, from all sides framed construction. The terms of Karakalla represented a complex complex of various premises, strictly symmetrically arranged and giving a combination of variously organized volumes and spaces.

From the term, quite significant remnants of walls, arches and pillars are preserved. As for the architectural jewelry related to the terms, it is worthy of mentioning the use of Corinthian capitals with the sculptural image of Hercules composed into it.

Intensive construction activities in North Africa went to the era of northern, as a result of which a number of ceremonies appeared. Among them are especially interesting Tebessewhere at the beginning of the III century. A small (9m width, 14.7 m lengths) of the Corinthian order was built.

The temple had a rather deep hex column, and four columns stood by the facade; Walls Cologges outside are decorated with pilasters. The lush capitals of the columns and pilasors correspond to the abundance of the embossed decorations of the antablemer, completely covering not only frieze, but also architect; These decorations do not go continuous tape and separated by columns by special cesuras.

From other buildings in Tebessy, we will also point out triumphant Archerected in 214 in honor Karacalla. This arch is one-time, but opens with a gate not in two, but on four sides (tatrapil).

Final stage (270 - 337)

The epoch that followed the northern dynasty is extremely restless and full of military clashes. It is characteristic that at this time a number of defensive structures are built. Emperor AVRELIY (270-275) surrounds Rome a fortress wall. Close to her urban Gate Verona (famous called Porta Dei Borsari) and Trira (Porta Nigra).

Antique Gate Verona - Port Borsary

In the III century. Fucking bloom Palmyra, scheduled for a predetermined plan and richly decorated with grand colonnades; Decumanus. (The main street) of this city formed a grand prospectus in 1135 m long, on both sides of which stood three hundred seventy-five columns that supported a rather severe antablement. The height of the column was 17 m. On smooth trunks, they are somewhat higher than the middle, they were placed heavily speaking consoles. The colonnades were located at home, warehouses, shops and other buildings. The colonnades ended with a three-proper triumphal arch framed by pilasters and richly decorated with ornaments.

Epoch Diocletian (284-305) and its closest successors is the final stage of the development of ancient art in general and architecture in particular.

The main construction of Diocletian in Rome was grand Termsbuilt in 302-305. According to the plan, they were close to the terms of Karakalla, but a twice as long as the most visitors (over 3,000 people). Pretty significant parts of the thermal diocletian are preserved to the present. Tepidarium. (warm bath) of these terms, serving currently the church ( S. Maria Degli Angeli), I reached us in very good condition. This room overlapped very boldly withdden crusades.

Another architectural monument associated with the name Diocletian is his palace in Salon (Spaladte). It is dramatically different from the residences of the Roman emperors I - II centuries. And fully corresponds to the new conditions of the Roman Empire turning into the eastern desothip.

Palace is extensive rectangular space (more than 37,000 m2), fortified walls and towers. The melting of the premises was carried out on the principle of a military camp. Everywhere the symmetry dominated. Two wide streets divided the palace camp to four equal parts. In one of such rectangular parts there was a large octagonal in terms of construction, near which they were very characteristic for the late ancient architecture, who supported a number of arches, colonnades.

Diocletian successor, McCencies (206-212), builds basilica in Rome, perhaps after his death. This grand building was divided into three nefs, and the middle neckel was significantly wider and above the side (its width was 25 m, the height is 35 m). Middle nave was blocked by three crosses, and each side - three pagiary villages.

In this basilica, we see concentrating on the organization of extensive, symmetrically located internal spaces. Architectural forms are built by means of walls, pillars and arches, the smooth surfaces of which everywhere play a dominant role. The use of a column, even being a constructive part, still has mainly decorative purposes.

In conclusion, mention about triumphal Arch Konstantin (323-37), located in Rome. According to the architectural forms, it is very close to the septimia of the North, but even more than the latter, loaded with sculptural decorations, which not only fill the lower and middle parts of the arch, but penetrate and upstairs in the form of statues on the protracks of the antablemer, under columns, and reliefs between with them. The creative impotence of the era affects the fact that a significant part of sculptures adorning the arch, taken from earlier monuments.