Currently, there are 27 * federal states in the world. As they were created, what the influence of the subjects are on the central government, and it is on them, as the powers between them are delimited - read in the "Kommersant" directory.

Austrian Republic

Form of government:parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 83.9 thousand square meters. km (112th place in the world), population - 8.8 million (97th), GDP - $ 386 billion (28th)

Components:nine lands, one of which is the capital

Arrived after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, was originally called German Austria and planned to become part of Germany. It did not exist as an independent state in 1938-1945 due to accession to the Third Reich. The federal device is enshrined in the Constitution adopted in 1920 by the National Assembly formed on the Common Elections.

The Constitution establishes that the territory of Austria consists of independent lands, but does not give them the possibility of separation. To change the boundaries of subjects, the adoption of identical laws of the federation and land is required. At the conclusion of an international treaty, changing the border of the country, also requires the consent of the affected lands. A significant change in the territory of Austria occurred in 1921, when Earth Burgenland entered its composition, the right to which Hungary challenged. In 1922, Vienna came out of the composition of Lower Austria and became independent land.

The head of state is a nationally elected president. Nevertheless, the main powers of the country management is carried out by the government led by the Chancellor. Formally, he is appointed by the president, but in practice they are becoming a party leader of the parliamentary majority. Parliament consists of two chambers. The lower (national) is elected by party lists, the upper (Bundesrat) consists of land representatives (from 3 to 12, depending on the population).

Subjects exist their parliaments (Landtagi). The executive authority is headed by the head of government (Landezhauptmann), elected by Landtag and the federal president leading to the oath. The federal authorities of the formal influence on appointment do not have.

In the distribution of powers, which is enshrined in the Constitution, the explicit advantage is given to the Federal authorities. These are not only international affairs, economics and finance, security, industry and transport, but even school education. The heads of public security administrations in the lands are appointed directly by the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Austria as agreed with the heads of land. Receipts from taxes are partially distributed among the budgets of various levels, part of the taxes are exclusively lands (for example, Poskemale, on the maintenance of firefighters, on income from spectacular events, hunting fees, etc.). The principles of income distribution are established by the laws taken every five years. Lands have their own constitutions and citizenship, but do not have their own language. They can enter into international treaties only with bordering countries or their parts within their competence and with the consent of the federal authorities.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Form of government:parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 51.2 thousand square meters. km (125th), population - 3.5 million (133rd), GDP - $ 16.6 billion (113rd)

Components:two Education (entitta) - Republic of Serbian (RS) and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBG), as well as the Autonomous District of Brcchko. FBG also has a federated device and divided by ten cantons

It originated as a result of the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The territorial structure is enshrined in the Constitution adopted in December 1995 as an annex N 4 to the Dayton agreements, which made the end of the Civil War in the Republic. The document does not provide for the possibility of separating component parts. Nevertheless, the RS authorities have repeatedly declared the possibility of organizing a referendum about the exit from the big.

The Constitution provides for the formation of government agencies on the national basis. Parliament (Skupshchyna) consists of two chambers. The Chamber of Representatives is elected on party lists in the FBG territory (2/3 of the composition) and PC (1/3 of the composition). The Chamber of Peoples (Upper) includes five representatives of Croats, Bosnians and Serbs, elected by parliaments. The collective head of state, the Presidium, consists of Bosnian, Croat and Serb, elected in FBG and PC, respectively. The Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Government) is appointed by the Presidium and is approved by the Chamber of Representatives. In addition, the country has an international administration led by the High Big Representative, which controls the observance of Dayton agreements. It has broad powers, can dismiss local officials, cancel the laws and publish decrees.

The Constitution lists the responsibilities of the Center (external, customs and monetary policy, foreign trade, issues of immigration, air traffic, etc.). All the powers that are not fixed by him are implementing the subjects that are given significant independence. Both addicts elect their presidents and parliaments have a police, a judicial system and prosecutor's office, statistical and tax services. Until 2006, they also had their armed forces that are now united and subordinate to the Federal Defense Ministry. In addition, education has its own constitutions, citizenship, flag, coat of arms and anthem. They can establish "special parallel relations" with neighboring countries, as well as enter into international agreements with the consent of the Federal Parliament. Brickco District, where, unlike other areas of the country, there is no dominant nationality, formally enters both entitles and is directly subordinated to the federal authorities.

Kingdom Belgium

Form of government:a constitutional monarchy

Place in the world:area - 30.5 thousand square meters. km (137th), population - 11.4 million (79th), GDP - $ 466 billion (24th)

Components:three Communities, Three Regions and Four Language Zones

Belgium was formed as a unitary state, but at the end of the 20th century, in the course of consecutive constitutional reforms, became a unique multi-level federation.

According to the second article of the Constitution, the country is divided into three communities carrying out cultural and linguistic autonomy, Flemish, French and German-speaking. The third article shares the state into three regions with territorial administrative and economic autonomy. This is the Flemish region, or Flanders (44.3% of the territory, 58% of the population and 58% of GDP), Walloon region, or Wallenia (55.2, 32 and 23%), and the Brussels Capital region (0.5, 10 and 19 %). The fourth article defines four language zones - Dutch, French, bilingual metropolitan and German. Flanders and Vallonia each is divided into five provinces with significant independence. The boundaries of all formations may vary only by their legislative bodies.

Formally, the government of the country is appointed by the king and is approved by the two-challenged federal parliament. He heads him, as a rule, a representative of the victim in the election of the party. The Constitution demands that the Cabinet of Ministers, excluding the premiere, consisted of no more than 14 people - equally from the Flemish and French communities. The electoral system is designed so that actually governments can form only coalitions. During the acute political crisis of 2010 - 2011, due to the inability of parties, the country lived without the government 541 days.

The responsibility of the regions includes the management of the economy, including foreign trade and the introduction of local taxes and fees, the development of territories, ecology, etc. Communities are primarily responsible for culture and education, as well as for some social issues. Each region and community have their own parliament and the government, but "Flemish subjects" of them united. The competence of the subjects is enshrined in the Constitution, and the Center carries out "residual", not transferred to them the powers. These are, for example, issues of foreign policy, defense and control of crime, public finance, including the redistribution of income, nuclear energy and government management. At the same time, the Constitution registed the possibility of determining the list of exceptional powers of the Federation, after which the regions will have all the remaining authority. Currently, in the rich Flanders, there are voices about the need to move towards a confederative device of the country, in which the Center would have only questions of foreign policy and defense.

the Russian Federation

Form of government: Presidential and Parliamentary Republic

Place in the world: Area - 17.1 million square meters. km (1st), population - 146.9 million (9th), GDP - $ 1.3 trillion (12th)

Components: 22 republics, 9 edges, 46 regions, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts and 3 cities of federal significance (Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol)

After the collapse of the USSR, before the adoption of December 12, 1993 of the First Constitution of the Russian Federation, the issues of delimitation of powers between the center and the subjects were governed by a federated agreement signed on March 31, 1992. The document was signed by President Boris Yeltsin and the authorized representatives of all subjects of the former RSFSR, except Tatarstan and Chechen-Ingushetia. Relations with Tatarstan settled in 1994 on mutual delegation of powers. Ingushetia separated from Chechnya became part of Russia on June 4, 1992 following the results of the referendum, and the status of Chechnya was finally determined with the Constitution of the Republic on March 23, 2003.

According to the constitution, the boundaries between the subjects can be changed from their mutual agreement. According to this principle in 2003-2008, as a result of the association of regions through the referendums, their number decreased from 89 to 83. Everyone of the Russian Federation has its fundamental act (constitution or charter). The right of one-way exit from the federation is not envisaged, and the adoption of the new entity in Russia is possible on the basis of an international treaty with approval of the Constitutional Court and both chambers of parliament. By this mechanism in 2014, the Crimea entered Russia. As a result, two new subjects were formed - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol.

The head of state is a nationally elected president. The Supreme Legislative Body is the Federal Assembly, consisting of two charters - the Council of the Federation (2 representatives from each subject) and the State Duma (450 deputies). The senator from the legislative power of the region is chosen from its number of deputies of regional applications, from the executive - the governor from the top three of the candidates proposed by him. State Duma deputies are elected popularly on party lists and single-member districts. The highest executive body is the Government of the Russian Federation led by the Prime Minister appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma.

Typical system of authorities in the subjects of the Russian Federation - Governor (head of the republic, mayor or government chairman), Legislative Assembly, Government (Administration), courts. The heads of the regions are elected directly by citizens or legislative authorities to the subject on the submission of the President of the Russian Federation. Legislative bodies consist of deputies elected by a mixed majority-proportional system.

The competence of the center and the issues of joint management of the federation and subjects are enshrined in the Constitution. The Russian Federation is issued issues of international relations, defense, public finance, nuclear power, space activities. In joint jurisdiction - frames of judicial and law enforcement agencies, the establishment of tax principles, the use of land, subsoil, education and health issues; Regional, international and foreign economic relations. In exceptional entities - their own budgets, issues of domestic administrative and territorial division, regional property management. The state language throughout the territory of the Russian Federation is Russian, but the Constitution gives the right to the republics to establish their state languages.

Federal Republic of Germany

Form of government:parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 357 thousand square meters. km (62th), population - 81.5 million (16th), GDP - $ 2.94 trillion (5th)

Components:16 lands, of which 3 are actually cities - Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen

It was created in the territories of the American, British and French occupation zones after the Second World War. The federal device is enshrined in the main law, which was approved by the Parliaments of 12 subjects of the future Federation. They spoke only in Bavaria, but for the adoption of the document there was enough support for the majority of lands.

The main law prohibits changing the principle of dividing the country to the Earth, but allows a change in their territories that requires approval on the referendum. According to this procedure in 1952, three lands were united into the existing Baden-Württemberg, and in 1996 the merger of Berlin and Brandenburg failed. In 1957, Saar had joined the FRG, who was before the French Protectorate. The most significant change in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany occurred in 1990, when five lands of the former German Democratic Republic were included in its composition on the basis of an international treaty (originated in 1949 on the site of the Soviet occupation zone). The right to exit land from the federation is not provided, there was no attempts.

The head of state is the president elected by the Federal Assembly. This temporary authority includes deputies of the Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and land representatives. Real powers are in the hands of the head of the Government of Chancellor, who is elected only by the Bundestag. The Bundestag is elected by the mixed system (by counties and on the lists of parties). At the federal level, the regions are represented by a separate bondesrat organ. It is formally not the Upper Chamber of Parliament, but its approval requires laws on changing the Constitution or affecting the issues of regions. Earth are presented in Bundesrat members of their governments in an amount of from three to six people (depending on the population).

In the subjects, legislative functions carry out land parliaments - Landtagi (in Bremen and Hamburg are called Burgers, in Berlin - the Chamber of Deputies). They appoint head of executive authorities - Prime Ministers or Burgomistra (in the lands of cities). The federal authorities of the formal influence on appointment do not have.

According to the basic law, the competence of the Federation includes issues of defense, security, international relations, finance, transport, post office, communications. But even in these areas, the lands are broad authority. For example, the heads of the regional Interior Ministry are appointed by the Prime Ministers of their lands. Most taxes are collected and distributed centrally. Behind the subjects enshrined receipts from part of secondary taxes (on property, inheritance, transport), they cannot enter their taxes. Lands have their own constitutions and have limited international legal personality (they can enter into external treaties only with the consent of the center and on their competence), but do not have their own language and citizenship.

Swiss confederation

Form of government: parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 41.3 thousand square meters. KM (132-E), population - 8.5 million (99th), GDP - $ 660 billion (19th)

Components:26 Cantons

Despite the name, is a federal state formed on the basis of the previously weak Confederate Union existing. The evolution of the Confederation to the Federation occurred after the civil war of 1847. The main provisions of the federal device are enshrined in the Constitution of 1848 and are stored in its latest version of 1999. It provides that the change in the composition of cantons requires referenda in the affected areas and cantons, as well as at the federal level. The only such change occurred in 1978, when French-speaking districts were separated from the German-speaking canton of Bern, which created the new Canton Yura.

The highest legislative body is a two-bearet federal assembly. Deputies of the Lower Chamber are elected in direct elections on a proportional system, and a certain number of places are fixed behind each canton depending on the population. Also, the inhabitants of each subject choose one or two deputies of the upper chamber representing the interests of cantons. The executive power is carried out by Bundesrat, consisting of seven members elected by Parliament. Each year, president (together with the vice president) is elected from their composition. Formally, it remains the first among equal, and the role and government, and the collective head of state performs the Bundesrat as a whole. Each Canton has its own parliaments and governments elected by the people. In addition, in two cantons, people's assemblies have been preserved - the similarities of all residents who solve various issues of management.

According to the Constitution, the subjects are sovereign and independent, they possess all the powers that are not enshrined at the federation. The competence of the central authorities includes foreign policy, security, customs, financial policies, transport, radio and television, etc.. Everything else is departed to the cantons (in particular, the police, education, culture). Sometimes the powers are divided between different levels of power (so, and the federation, and the cantons collect their taxes). Cantons have its own constitutions and languages. They may enter into international treaties in their competence, as well as contracts among themselves to jointly resolve their issues. A feature of Switzerland is the active application of referendums to solve both regional and generalified issues. At the same time, the voting to change the Constitution requires approval of not only the majority of citizens, but also most cantons. In addition, eight cantons can themselves initiate a referendum on the approval of federal laws and international treaties.

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Form of government:parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 881.9 thousand square meters. km (33rd), population - 210.5 million (5th), GDP - $ 284 billion (41st)

Components:4 provinces, federally managed breeding territories, federal metropolitan territory

Pakistan was created with the decolonization of British India and included areas inhabited mainly by Muslims. It was divided into two geographically non-related parts - Western and East Pakistan. In 1971, as a result of a short war, East Pakistan received independence as the Republic of Bangladesh. The foundations of federalism in the country laid the British act on the administration of India of 1935, which with a number of amendments acted before the adoption of the first Constitution of 1956. The principles of federal relations have changed several times.

In the current Constitution of 1973, six components of the federation are mentioned: four provinces, federally managed breeding territories and the capital territory. In addition, under the control of Islamabad there are two more regions, de-Yura not included in the federal relations system: Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, who Pakistan officially recognizes an independent state. Both regions of India considers the territory of his state Jammu and Kashmir.

The Constitution provides for the two-bearet parliament in which the Lower Chamber (National Assembly) represents the population, and the upper (Senate) - regions. The National Assembly is elected in subjects depending on their population. Most of all legislators delegates Punjab - 148 of 342, less than all - the Federal Capital Territory (2). In the Senate, each province gives 14 deputies, breeding territories - 8, the capital - 2. At the same time, in both chambers there are additional quotas for various seats of society (women, non-Musulman, professional communities). The political system is arranged in such a way that the dominance of Punjabs in the National Assembly is equalized by equal representation of the regions in the Senate. However, to solve some sensitive issues, such as the adoption of the budget, just approval only to the lower chamber. The President of the country is elected by deputies of the federal parliament and parliaments of the provinces, and the Prime Minister represents the majority only in the lower chamber. Throughout the history of the country, the ratio of power of authority has repeatedly changed, currently the real executive power is in the hands of the premiere.

At the local level, the system of the government is similar. In each province, there are scratches elected by the majority system (minority quotas are present here). They appoint the chairmen of regional governments, which are actually executive. However, there are also governors appointed from the center and have the right to dissolve local parliaments. The trend of recent times was the gradual increase in the authority of the provinces. The 18th amendment adopted in 2010 allowed them to take loans, including abroad, distributed the principle of parity ownership of mineral deposits, transferred a tax sales tax to the regions. The amendment also abolished the category of joint management, submitting 40 out of 47 competencies on the local level.

Malaysia

Form of government:a constitutional monarchy

Place in the world:area - 330.8 thousand square meters. km (67th), population - 32.4 million (41st), GDP - $ 296 billion (38th)

Components:13 states, 3 federal territories

The state arose with the unification of the former British possessions of the Malay Federation, Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo. According to the Constitution, joining the federation of new states or a change in their borders occurs by the decision of the Federal Parliament. However, in 1965, this procedure was used to exclude from the federation of Singapore, which became an independent state.

Some federations are headed by a collective chapter. So, for example, the Presidium of Bosnia and Herzegovina consists of Serb Squares Radmanovich (second left), Croata Zhelko Komsich (second right) and Bosnian Bakir Perezetbegovich (right)

A feature of Malaysia is a different form of government in subjects. The head of the nine states are the hereditary monarchs (in seven - Sultans, in one - the big ruler, in one - Raja). Every five years, they choose the head of state - the Supreme Ruler (Young Di Perratuan Agong). He, in turn, appoints the governors of four other states. The Lower Chamber of the Federal Parliament is elected in single-member districts, the upper partially appointed by the Supreme Ruler is partially elected by the state parliaments. Monarch performs mainly executive functions. The real executive authority belongs to the government led by the Prime Minister, which the leader of the parliamentary majority party becomes. In all states there are elected single-palen parliaments and governments that perform a deliberative function. The federal territories (the capital of Kuala Lumpur, the administrative center of Ptrajaya and the Financial Center Labuan) are managed directly by the federal government.

The authority of the Federation and states is enshrined in a special appendix to the Constitution. The external policy of the Federation's authority includes foreign policy, defense and security (including prisons and police), the fight against corruption, finance and trade, navigation, road infrastructure, media, tourism, gambling, etc. In the conduct of states - secondary questions, including transactions With Earth, Rural and Forestry, River Fisheries, etc. There are also questions of coincidential competence, but the advantage of them is given to the Federation. State revenues are also largely dependent on subsidies from the center, calculated depending on the population. In addition, the states are assigned deductions from alcohol, forestry and mining industries, agriculture, entertainment industry.

United Arab Emirates

Form of government:a constitutional monarchy

Place in the world:area - 83.6 thousand square meters. KM (113-E), population - 9.4 million (94th), GDP - $ 349 billion (31st)

Components:seven Emirates

The Federation was formed in 1971 by combining six Emirates who have received independence from the UK. In 1972, another emirate joined it. The Constitution allows accession to any independent Arab country, which requires the approval of the authorities of all Emirates. Exit from the Federation is prohibited.

The main authority is the Supreme Council (Sun), which includes the monarchs of all Emirates. It defines the general policy of the country, makes decisions on all the most important issues. Sun for five years elects the President and the Vice-President of the country, which, by tradition, the Emirs of the largest Emirates Abu Dhabi and Dubai are becoming. The President presides at the Sun meetings, signs the laws adopted by it, represents the country in the world. The Government of the UAE is headed by the Prime Minister, appointed and shifted by the President with the consent of Sun. The Federal National Council (Parliament) includes representatives of the Emirates, and for each of them a certain number of places are enshrined depending on the population number (from 4 to 8). Traditionally, the deputies were appointed by Emirs, but in 2006 for the first time half of them were elected a college of electors. The UAE Parliament only performs advisory functions, and the main role in the adoption of laws belongs to the aircraft. If at the federal level there are some republican elements (formally elected president), then the Emirates, where the entire fullness of the authorities belongs to the hereditary rulers are absolute monarchies.

Among the constitutional authority of the Federation are enshrined in the Constitution - foreign policy, defense and security, finance, post office, telephone and Internet, road construction, air transportation, education and health care, issues of immigration, etc. All unspecified areas refer to the maintenance of the Emirates. They have the right with the consent of the aircraft to enter into international treaties with neighboring countries, separately their right to be members of OPEC and the organization of Arab countries - oil exporters. According to the Constitution, the Emirates should benefit from the existence of the federation and use its protection. At the same time, they must list part of their income to the Federation budget.

Republic of India.

Form of government:parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 3.29 million square meters. km (7th), population - 1.33 billion (2nd), GDP - $ 2.26 trillion (7th)

Components:29 states, 7 Union Territories, including the National Capital District Delhi

The constitution divided the Union adopted by convened after obtaining independence by the Constitutional Assembly (so the country is named in the document) into four categories of units. The 9 states had their parliaments and governments, 8 former principalities or their unions were managed by nominal monarchs, 10 states and one allied territory - the appointed president. This system did not take into account the requests of the numerous ethnic groups of the country, so almost immediately began the process of dividing the territories. In order to streamline it, in 1956, a full-scale change in the country's device was carried out - 14 equivalent states and 6 allied territories were created. In the future, the number of subjects and their borders have repeatedly changed due to the separation of states, obtaining the allied territories of state status or the accession of new lands (for example, the annexation of Portuguese India in 1961).

The Constitution does not guarantee the subjects of the Federation Integrity, with the exception of Jammu and Kashmir (only this state has its own constitution). The Federal Parliament has the right to change the division of the country in any way. A significant change occurred in 2000, when three new states were created. The last (29th) of the Telingan was formed in 2014 by allocating from Andhra Pradesh. In general, subjects vary greatly in their significance. In the most populated state of Uttar Pradesh lives 200 million people, and on the island of the Union territory Laksvip - only 65 thousand.

The President of India is the president, elected by the electoral collegium, but the real power belongs to the Prime Minister, who represents the majority of the lower chamber of parliament. The latter is elected by universal voting on the majority system. Representatives of subjects are elected to the upper ward, representatives of the subjects are elected depending on the number of their population (from 1 to 31). India is a centralized federation: Subjects enjoy a small autonomy, their powers can be reduced or expanded by the Federal Parliament. State governors are appointed president in coordination with the federal government. But in the States there is also the position of the head of the government appointed by the local parliament. Union territories are managed individually representatives. At the same time, two territories - Delhi and Pondicheri (former French India) - partially equalized in the rights of the States, have their own governments and are presented in the upper house of parliament. States citizenship is not provided, but they can set their official languages. It is also worth noting the possibility of introducing a state of emergency, including in individual states "in connection with the incompetence of the constitutional mechanism in them," in which India becomes, in fact, a unitary state.

Republic of Iraq.

Form of government:parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 438.3 thousand square meters. km (58th), population - 38.3 million (36th), GDP - $ 171.5 billion (53rd)

Components:19 provinces, 4 of which are included in Iraqi Kurdistan

Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932, and in 1958, after the overthrow of the monarchy, became a republic. However, the conversion to the federation occurred only after the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein dictator.

Currently, the country is divided into 19 provinces. Under the Constitution, October 15, 2005, Iraq should consist of regions, provinces and capital of Baghdad. Regions should be formed on the basis of one or more provinces on the initiative of local authorities or population, their creation is approved on the referendum. However, at the moment Kurdistan remains the only existing federal region, which existed in the provinces of Erbil, Dakhuk, Suleymania and Halabjj before the entry into force of the Constitution. It was repeatedly about the desire to become the autonomous region declared Basra, but the referendum on this issue was not yet conducted.

The Lower Chamber of the Iraq Parliament is elected in direct elections on party lists. The top, which should include representatives of regions and provinces, has not yet been formed. The executive power is headed by Prime Minister, nominated by the largest parliament faction and approved by the majority of deputies. The president, which is the symbol of the unity of the country, is also elected by the deputies. In practice, in the formation of the governing bodies, the ethnoreligious principle is applied, according to which the post of President is held by Kurd, the premiere - Shiite, and the Sunnit speaker.

Legislative functions in the provinces carry out advice elected in direct elections. Governors are elected by advice and can be withdrawn on the initiative of the Prime Minister of the country. They control local security forces and form budgets. However, their powers are limited, financing is also almost completely coming from the center, although the law allows provinces to collect local taxes. Kurdistan has larger autonomy. He has elected president and parliament, the Constitution, its taxes, representation abroad and even the armed forces.

The principles of separation of powers between the center and the subjects are enshrined in the Constitution. The Federation's competence includes international relations, security, fiscal and customs policy, post office, statistics, etc. The joint competence of the center and subjects include electric power industry, water supply, health care. The spheres not mentioned in the Constitution are under the jurisdiction of the provinces and regions. Oil under the Constitution belongs to the people, the issues of its development should be dealt with jointly central and regional authorities, and incomes are evenly distributed between the subjects.

Republic of South Sudan

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 644.3 thousand square meters. KM (41-E), population - 11.9 million (75th), GDP - $ 13.3 billion (122nd)

Components: 32 states

South Sudan received independence as a result of a long-term armed conflict with the Central Government in Khartoum. The Temporary Constitution declaration adopted on the basis of the Declaration of Independence proclaims the South Sudan "polyethnic, polycultural, polylinguistic, multi-conversion and multi-grade democratic decentralized state." It was assumed that the Constitution will be valid until 2015, after which the permanent basis will be adopted. However, this did not happen. In 2013, a civil war began in the most young state on the planet.

According to the Constitution, South Sudan is divided into 10 states. In 2015, the President of Salva Kirir introduced a new administrative division of the country for 28 states. Despite opposition's objections, the Parliament of South Sudan confirmed its powers to create new states and the appointment of their governors. In January 2017, the number of states was brought to 32.

The temporary constitution found that during the transition period, a parliament consisting of two chambers - the National Assembly (Lower) and the Council of States (Upper) will apply. The National Assembly includes members of the current Legislative Assembly of South Sudan and all South Judanians who were members of the Sudan Parliament. The Council of State - Southerners, represented the region in the upper chamber of the National Parliament, another 20 people were appointed president. The President of South Sudan, elected at the general election before the department, is endowed with broad powers. He is at the same time the head of state and the government, has the right to declare and cancel the state of emergency, to initiate amendments to the Constitution, send the state of the state's governor and dissolve the local legislative body. New presidential and parliamentary elections were to go through the country back in 2015, then were postponed to the 2018th.

The Interim Constitution focused the federation principles of decentralization and separation of powers between power levels. The states declared the presence of its own constitutions, legislative and executive bodies. The boundaries of states can be changed in case of approval in 2/3 of the votes in the Council of states (and not by the presidential decree). In the Constitution, the powers of different levels of power are painted in detail. 58 powers are subject to the central government (among them defense, foreign policy, issues of citizenship, regulation of the monetary sphere), to the maintenance of states - 42 (social security, external and domestic loans, staff property management, medical care, trade licenses). The category of joint management includes 34 functions (higher education and scientific research, health policy, banking and insurance, river transport, struggle with natural disasters). All local languages \u200b\u200bare recognized as national languages, they are guaranteed protection, but official status has only English.

Union of Comoros

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 1.9 thousand square meters. km (174th), population - 806 thousand (161st), GDP - $ 648 million (199th)

Components:three islands

The Islands of the Comor's Archipelago Grand Comor, Anjouan, Moheli and Mayotte received centralized management only in the XIX century together with the French colonial administration. In December 1974, during the referendum, the inhabitants of the three islands spoke for independence, and on Mayotte for preservation of France. Despite this, the Komor's Constitution in the first article calls Mayott part of the Federation. At the same time, separatist sentiments are also strong on other islands. Thus, in August 1997, Anjouan and Mokhli announced the department, but soon returned to the country. In 2008, even armed intervention was required to suppress separatists on Anjian.

The head of state and the chairman of the government is the president, elected together with the three vice-presidents for a five-year term. When president elected, the principle of rotation of the islands that it represents is provided. In the Parliament of the country, the National Assembly, meets 33 deputies. Casuals of the islands are 3 people, 24 are elected on single-member districts.

The political instability of the Union led not only about 20 successful and unsuccessful attempts of military coup, which survived the islands, but also 5 constitutional referendums changed the main law. On the referendum on May 17, 2009, changes were made to the Constitution, significantly cut the autonomy of the islands. The presidents of the islands were reduced in the status of the governors, and certain constitutions of the subjects - to the charters, for the approval of which requires the conclusion of the Constitutional Court. In addition, the amendments directly prohibit the islands separation from the Union and proclaim the unconditional priority of national legislation over local.

Prior to the adoption of the amendments, the main law defined only the exceptional competence of the central government, transmitting all functions that do not affect national or intersubject interests to the local level. In the new edition, the document establishes an exhaustive list of powers of the regions to which relates, in particular, the maintenance of roads, education, regulation of agriculture, trade, etc.

Federative Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Form of government: parliamentary republic

Place in the world:area - 1.1 million square meters. km (26th), population - 94.4 million (14th), GDP - $ 72 billion (67th)

Components: Nine states and two cities

Ethiopia, the only state in Africa who avoided European colonization, was the empire for a long time. In 1974, she came to replace the socialist regime, which ceased to exist in 1991. The modern building was enshrined by the Constitution that entered into force in 1995.

Ethiopia is an example of a federation organized by the ethnonational principle. The Constitution gives all the "nations, peoples and peoples" the right to self-determination or separation. For this, it is necessary to obtain a majority in 2/3 of the votes in the local legislative and a simple majority in a referendum organized by the federal government. De facto on such a procedure occurred from Eritrea Ethiopia in 1993. There were no other attempts to branch.

The federal parliament consists of two chambers - the Council of People's Representatives (Lower) and Federation Council (Upper). The Lower Chamber is elected by the majoritarian system, the Upper is delegated to one representative from each ethnic group plus an additional representative from each million of the general population of this group. The order of elections of these representatives of the States is determined independently. The head of state is the president, elected from among the members of the Lower Parliament Chamber for a six-year term. The highest executive authority belongs to the Prime Minister, who represents the party winning the parliamentary elections.

The States exist their own executive and legislative authorities. Regional governments are accountable to local parliaments. The capital of Addis Ababa and the city of Mower Dauma have a special self-government status. Their chapters are also elected by local parliaments, but accountable to the federal government. The working language of the federal government is determined by Amhar, but states can establish their own official languages.

The constitution contains a detailed list of powers of various levels of power. Thus, the focus of the competences of the Federation include the definition of the main parameters of social and economic development, the Federal Police, foreign policy, defense, foreign trade, a state of emergency. All powers, not directly attributed to federal or joint, are executed by the States. States can take their own constitutions, regulate the turnover of the Earth, collect taxes and fees, establish their own power of law enforcement.

Federal Republic of Nigeria

Form of government: presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 923.8 thousand square meters. km (31st), population - 195 million (7th), GDP - $ 405 billion (27th)

Components: 36 states and federal metropolitan territory

A unified management system on the territory of modern Nigeria was created by the British colonial administration at the beginning of the 20th century. Within the framework of the common borders, heterogeneous in historical and cultural, confessional and ethnic relations regions. The federation principles of management were reflected in the 1946 Constitution, which divided the country into three regions (north, west and east) and endowed each of them its own legislative body. At the same time, centrifugal trends were developed in the colonial period, which, after obtaining Nigerine of independence, led to an armed conflict in the east of the country continuing in 1967-1970. The current Constitution was adopted in 1999 and marked the beginning of the "Fourth Republic" after a long period of the Military Board.

By the time of independence in 1960, the country was divided into three regions. By 1996, their number reached 36, not counting the capital territory (created in 1976). The Constitution provides that the creation of a new state occurs on the basis of an act of parliament on a fairly difficult procedure. The initiative should be supported by two thirds of the members of the legislative and executive bodies affected by the changes in the territories, approved on the referendum with two thirds of their inhabitants, approved by all other states and supported by two thirds of the vote in each of the Nigeria Parliament chambers. To change the boundaries of the existing states from the procedure, the stage of the referendum is excluded.

The highest executive authorities possesses the elected nationwide president. Parliament consists of two chambers. The top (Senate) includes three representatives from each state and one from the federal metropolitan territory. The Lower (Chamber of Representatives) is elected by the majority system. The status of the state language in the constitution is not enshrined. It is negotiated that in the country's parliament, English can be used, as well as Hauus, Igbo and Yoruba. There is no state religion, but in a number of states at the Muslim north there are laws of Sharia.

Each state has its own legislative body, the number of which depends on the population. The head of the state executive is elected governor.

The list of exceptional competence of the Federal Government includes 68 functions, including defense, internal security, foreign policy, trade, banking and financial spheres, customs, system of measures and weights, prison, communications. By the category of joint management, the Constitution refers 30 powers, including in the field of education, medical care, statistics. All payments and taxes, in minor exceptions, fall into the federal budget and are already distributed between the rest of the power levels. The size of the transfers from the federal budget is calculated by a formula that depends on a number of state indicators, including the number and density of the population, the area, the volume of income generated in its territory.

Argentine Republic

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 2.78 million square meters. km (8th), population - 44.6 million (31st), GDP - $ 546 billion (21st)

Components:23 provinces and autonomous city Buenos Aires

The established foundation of the country's device The Constitution was adopted in 1853 and became the result of a long-term civil war, which began after the proclamation of the vice-kingdom of the Rio de la Plata of independence from Spain. Then, not only the parties of the toilet and federalists were opposed to each other, but also individual provinces (Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Northern Chile were separated from La fee.

The Constitution was taken by the meeting, in which the 12th of the provinces were represented by 2 people. He was ignored by the authorities of the most populated province of Buenos Aires, who wanted representative offices in proportion to the number of residents (then they would have almost half votes). In 1854, Buenos Aires announced its independence. However, during the war soon, he lost the federation and in 1860 he joined her. In the future, with the accession of undeveloped lands, new provinces were created. In 1880, the city of Buenos Aires was derived from the province of the same name for the placement of the federal government and was subordinated to him.

The chapter of the executive power is a nationally elected president. In the upper chamber of parliament, a direct vote is elected by three representatives from each province and the capital. The lower consists of 257 deputies elected in the subjects in proportion to the number of residents (from 5 to 70).

The Constitution emphasizes that in the provinces "without the intervention of federal authorities" their own authorities are formed. Each region has its own constitution, parliament, governor, Supreme Court and Police. Since 1996, the mayor of Buenos Aires, previously appointed by the president, is also elected. The Center is managed by issues of defense, foreign policy, nationwide finance and federal police. The main law directly prohibits the regions to publish laws on trade, internal and external shipping, create customs, print money, take their own civil, commercial, criminal and mountain codes and citizenship laws, create army and lead war with each other. At the same time, the center has no right to independently redistribute tax revenues between the subjects. Quite often in the history of the country, the Center used its right to federal intervention in the state of the states, removing their authorities for the guidance of the "constitutional order".

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 916.4 thousand square meters. KM (32-E), population - 31.6 million (44th), GDP - $ 215 billion (47th)

Components:23 states, metropolitan district and federal possessions

The federal structure of the country was assumed during the proclamation of independence from Spain. In fact, it was introduced only after the civil war of 1859-1863, when the meeting of the former provinces has adopted the Constitution of the United States of Venezuela. The following 14 constitutions formally preserved it, but the degree of federalism changed.

The regions were shared many times or enlarged, the total number of subjects increased, it was reduced in the range from 7 to modern 25. The current division as a whole was recorded in the 1909 Constitution, which had the presence of 20 states and 3 federal territories. In the 1990s, territories are raised in status to states. When creating a federation on an American model, the federal (since 1999 it is called the capital) district to place the authorities. Now it is only one of the districts of Big Caracas. The federal possessions created at the end of the XIX century combine about 12 groups of sea islands with a population of about 1600 people.

The head of state is a nationally elected president. Until the Constitutional reform of Hugo Chavez, 1999, the country had a two-beamed parliament with a Senate represented by the regions. Currently, the unicameral parliament is elected by the mixed system, the states are presented in proportion to the population. In 2017, a constitutional assembly was elected in the midst of a political crisis in the country, consisting of 100% of President Nikolos Maduro. She deprived the Parliament controlled by the opposition mostly attached to him.

The state authorities are formed in accordance with local constitutions on the electional basis. Until 2009, the capital also chose the mayor - now he is appointed by the president and at the same time manages federal possessions.

The 1999 Constitution actually confirmed the previously established centralized state model. It gives lists of the subjects of the Federation (32 points) and states (11 points). At the same time, it is emphasized that any question may be attributed to the competence of the Center, "by nature" is nationwide. In addition, the Constitution gives the president the right to enter the PE regime in the regions. States, in particular, free to identify the boundaries of municipalities, create a local police and introduce taxes. To ensure the unity of the country, it is forbidden to establish customs fees and impose prohibitions for the consumption of "other people's" products. The constitution consolidates the responsibility of the Center to evenly list a certain part of the in-department fees to the regions.

Form of government: a constitutional monarchy

Place in the world: Area - 9.98 million square meters. km (2nd), population - 37 million (38th), GDP - $ 1.53 trillion (10th)

Components: Ten provinces and three territories

The Canadian Federation was established on July 1, 1867 Act about British North America. Originally consisted of four colonies - Ontario, Quebec, New Scotland and New Brunswick. The UK Parliament in 1982, the act of Canada ripped the majority of constitutional and legislative ties between the kingdom and its dominion.

A number of questions of federal relations, including the right to exit from the country, have not yet been settled to the end. In 1980 and 1995, French-speaking Quebec conducted a referendum on sovereignty twice, but both times did not gain the necessary number of votes. In 1998, the Supreme Court of Canada recognized the unilateral exit from the country and introduced the mandatory coordination of sovereignty issues with the federal government and other provinces.

Nominal head of state - British monarch, whose authority is delegated to the Governor-General, an appointed monarch on the provision of Prime Minister of Canada. In fact, all the functions of the Governor's general fulfill the government: on his behalf it convenes and dismisses the parliament, appreciates the highest public positions, leads the army and the federal police. The Prime Minister is formally appointed by the Governor-General, and in fact is the leader of the majority party in the community chamber. The country's parliament consists of Senate (105 places) and community chambers (308). Senators are prescribed by the Governor-General on the provision of the Prime Minister (for each province there is a quota), deputies of the House of Commons are elected by the majoritarian system.

The senior official in the provinces of De Yura is the Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Governor-General on the Prime Minister. In fact, its functions, as well as at the federal level, performs the Prime Minister (head of government) province, which is the leader of the Most Party in the local legislative body. All provinces have elected single-parametest legislative assembly. There are no own constitutions of the province.

In exceptional federal competence there are about 30 questions: the protection of the law and order and defense of the country, federal taxation, monetary circulation, shipping, postal service, public debt and state ownership, patents for inventions, copyright, marriages and divorces, etc. civil and criminal courts, adoption of budgets, registration of local companies (with the exception of banks). The provinces also have the right to establish their own taxes (for the use of natural resources, property, gambling business, alcohol products, etc.). State languages \u200b\u200bin the country - English and French.

Mexican United States

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 1.96 million square meters. km (13th), population - 123.7 million (11th), GDP - $ 1.05 trillion (15th)

Components:31 Staff and Federal District

After a ten-year war for independence, the country managed to be a empire, until the Mexican United States (MSSH) were proclaimed in 1824. Then there were the period of the Centralist Republic (during which a number of states fought for independence, and Texas managed to conquer it), the loss of almost half of the lands in the war with the United States and the revolution. The result of the latter was the Constitution of 1917, which fastened the current device.

It is generally preserved. The most significant change was the giving in the 1950s and 1970s to three federal territories status status. The procedure for creating new states is registered in the Constitution. The territories applying for such status should have at least 120 thousand inhabitants, to be economically independent and obtain approval of 2/3 members of the federal and regional parliaments. When creating MSSH for an American model, the Federal District was conceived for the capital, which was chosen by the historic center of Mexico City. At the same time, the Constitution assumes that the federal authorities can choose "another place of their stay", then the district will be transformed into the state.

The executive authority is headed by the president, elected by a simple majority of the votes of the population. Legislative power - at the two-challenging congress. In the upper chamber (Senate), 96 deputies are subject to the subjects of the Federation (3 from each, elected from the parties), 32 are elected on national party lists. In the lower chamber, 300 people are chosen by single-member districts, 200 - on part-list. The separation system of the authorities is duplicated in the constitutions of the subjects, each of which has the elected nationwide governor (in the capital - since 1997) and elected by the Mixed System Single Parliament.

The powers of the subjects are residual from the federal constitution. This, for example, education, issuing permits for a profession, record acts of civil status. At the same time, a number of prohibitions are imposed on the state of states by the state of states: international treaties, coins, customs fees, etc. Governors are directly obliged to "enforce federal laws", there is a federal intervention mechanism. The Constitution proclaims the states with free and sovereign, but in practice the regional authorities have had limited competence. The center's strength was actually determined by a single-party system (in 1920-1990s at all levels, the institutional and revolutionary party dominated) and the financial dependence of the regions. In recent years, the policy of new federalism is carried out, which provides for the liberalization of financial relations and the duty of the Center to list the regions a large proportion of national taxes.

United States of America

Form of government: presidential republic

Place in the world: Area - 9.8 million square meters. km (3rd), population - 326.6 million (3rd), GDP - $ 18.6 trillion (1st)

Components: 50 states and federal district

The creation of the American Federation was preceded by the War for the independence of 1775-1783, as a result of which 13 British colonies formed an allied state. In 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Confederation Articles - a document determined by the United States as a Confederation. On September 17, 1787, the Philadelphia Convention (55 delegates from 13 existing States) adopted the US Constitution, which secured the country's federal structure.

Since 1959, the country includes 50 states. The decision on the adoption of the new territory is taken by the US Congress. The prerequisite for this is the presence in the territory of its own constitution. The association or division of states is possible only with the consent of the US Congress and the legislative assemblies of the affected states. The right to exit the federation is not provided. Under the control of Washington, there is also a number of associate territories (GUAM, Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, etc.).

The head of state is the president elected by the electoral collegium (the number of selectors from each state is equal to the number of its representatives in Congress). The highest legislative body is a two-petrol congress. The upper ward (Senate) form two representatives from each state. The Lower (Chamber of Representatives) is elected by the majority system. The most representative States - California (53 members) and Texas (36).

Higher state official - Governor, elected on the general election. Candidates for this post are nominated at the congresses of political parties or with the help of primaries. The removal of the governor from office occurs through impeachment. Legislative authority belongs to two-bearet legislatives. The lower chambers are referred to as the chambers of representatives, or Assemblies (from 30 to 400 members in different states), the upper - Senates (17-65 members). The implementation of the legislative power in the Federal District of Columbia, created to accommodate federal bodies, belongs to the US Congress.

The Constitution established a clear list of subjects related to the competence of the Center. Among them - the issue of monetary signs, the formation of the army and the fleet, the collection of uniform taxes and fees, trade with foreign states, the establishment of federal courts, etc. Everything else is the adoption of laws, including criminal, election, the regulation of intrasways, the establishment of local Taxes, the organization of health and education, the establishment of the state judicial system, the creation of the National Guard - refers to the competence of the States. The status of the state language in the United States is not legally enshrined.

Federative Republic of Brazil

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 8.5 million square meters. km (5th), population - 208.6 million (6th), GDP - $ 1.8 trillion (9th)

Components:26 states and federal (metropolitan) district

After separation from Portugal, Brazil was an empire, and in 1889, as a result of the bloodless coup, became the republic. The federal device was proclaimed in the first republican constitution of 1891 and was preserved in six subsequent. However, the degree of independence and influence of the regions changed. Thus, during the period of the Old Republic (1889-1930), the most populated states - São Paulo and Minas Gerais had an unlimited influence, and during the military rule of the 1960-1970s, elections of the governors were canceled.

Initially, the country consisted of 20 states (former provinces), and the capital, as in colonial time, was located in Rio de Janeiro. The number of subjects has changed due to the accession of new territories, division or association of states. According to the Constitution, the change in borders is possible by conducting a referendum on the affected territories and the adoption of the relevant federal law. So, in 2011, referendums were held in the pair, which was planned to divide into three parts. The initiative did not receive sufficient support. In addition, in 1960, the metropolitan district, which is a full subject of the federation, was postponed to the new city of Brazilia. The Constitution also provides for the possibility of creating managed from the center of federal territories, but currently there are no such.

The head of state is a nationally elected president. Legislative power is carried out by the National Congress. It consists of the Chamber of Deputies (513 legislators elected on a proportional system in each subject depending on their population, from 8 to 70) and the federal senate (81 deputies - 3 elected by the representative of the representative from each subject). In the States there are executive, legislative and judicial branches of the authorities, whose powers are enshrined in local constitutions. The chapters of the subjects are elected by direct voting, deputies of unicameral parliaments - on lists of parties.

Basically, the law of the center and subjects are quite clearly delimited. States enjoy only those powers that are not given to the Constitution Center, and local legislation must comply with the federal. In addition to the traditional competencies of the Center for Foreign Policy and Trade, Security, Security and Gosfinans, it is worth noting its exclusive right to energy, telecommunications, transport, minerals, citizenship and lottery issues. The center may interfere in state affairs to maintain national integrity, guidance of public and constitutional order in the event of the financial insolvency of the subject. States have the right to introduce only a limited number of taxes, but they are committed to the mandatory share of a number of federal taxes. The police are divided into federal and subordinate civilian governors.

Saint Christopher and Nevis

Form of government:a constitutional monarchy

Place in the world:area - 261 square meters. KM (192th), population - 55 thousand (194th), GDP - $ 852 million (193rd)

Components: Saint Christopher Islands (Saint Kitts) and Nevis

The country has become independent during the separation from the UK and the collapse of the previously managed unified administration of the Colonial Federation of West Indies. It should be noted that according to the country's constitution, the names of Saint-Christopher and Saint Kitts are equivalent.

The federation is arranged in such a way that the larger demographic weight of St. Kits (35 thousand inhabitants, or 70% of the general population) is balanced by greater political independence of Nevis. In particular, only the latter has its own authorities and even the right to the department. This requires the approval of 2/3 of Nevis voters on a referendum. In 1998, such an attempt was undertaken, but only 61.7% voted from the federation was expressed.

The highest federal legislative body is the National Assembly. However, it is both Saint Kits Legislative Assembly. Thus, while in Nevis there is a local election institute, Saint Kitts voters can only vote on universal. Saint Kitts has a parliamentary quota in eight deputies, three from Nevis is elected. In addition, the Assembly includes three senators appointed by the Governor-General, which represents the formal chapter of the state of the British monarch. Another place in parliament is reserved for the Prosecutor General of the country. All executive bodies belongs to Prime Minister, De Yura is appointed by the Governor-General after receiving the majority support in parliament.

Only Nevis has its own competencies in the system of separation of powers. Among them are airports and seaports, mining, education, labor relations and even regulation of import and export. The Constitution stipulates that Nevis cannot carry out these powers if they affect the interests of the entire Federation, without coordination with the Prime Minister. The only features directly related to the management of the federation are foreign policy and defense. All incomes, for some exceptions, go to the National Consolidated Fund and are then distributed to Parliament.

Australia and Oceania

Australian Soyuz

Form of government: a constitutional monarchy

Place in the world: Area - 7.69 million square meters. km (6th), population - 24.8 million (53rd), GDP - $ 1.2 trillion (14th)

Components: Six states, three mainland and seven external territories

The creation of the Federation ended with the adoption by the British Parliament of the Constitutional Act, who proclaimed the Australian Union by a single, federal, self-governing state, which received the status of Dominion of Great Britain.

The Union includes six former colonies: Victoria, West Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia. In 1911, the Northern Territory was allocated from the New Australian, and from the new South Wales - the Australian capital territory (the federal capital of Canberra). All these formations have independence of the subjects of the Federation and have their own constitutions. The country's parliament is authorized to be part of the Union of New States or create new ones, as well as change the boundaries of subjects with the consent of their inhabitants.

The nominal head of state is the British monarch, whose authority is delegated to the Governor-General, appointed to submit an Australian government. The real power belongs to the two-challenging parliament - it is his authority to be spelled out in the Constitution as the powers of the federal center. Upper Chamber - Senate (76 seats). 12 senators are elected by residents from each of the 6 states, another 2 - from the North and Australian metropolitan territories. Lower Chamber - Chamber of Representatives (150 seats), whose members are elected by the majority system. Executive power is carried out by the Government led by the Prime Minister. The latter is the leader of the Most Party or Coalition in the House of Representatives.

Monarch appoints state governors and territorial administrators. But in fact, the regions management is carried out by the heads of local governments representing the majority in the local legislative body. Local parliaments may be single or two-beamed and are elected by universal voting. Territory status is similar to the status of states, except that the Federal Parliament may cancel any decision of the territory of the territory.

In the jurisdiction of the federal government are issues of defense, foreign policy and trade, finance, including tax charges, pension and other social security, employment, immigration, customs, issuing passports, monitoring television. The powers of the administrations of states and territories are limited to the areas of health and education, road construction, the system of maintaining the rule of law, the development of budgets, forestry, registration of vehicles, fire protection.

Federated States of Micronesia

Form of government:presidential republic

Place in the world:area - 702 sq. M. KM (181-E), the population is 105 thousand (183th), GDP - $ 308 million (203rd)

Components: four states

The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) are located on more than 600 islands, the largest groups of which form the states of the cospace (the former name - Kusayan), Ponia (Ponap), Chuha (Truk) and Yap. From the middle of the 20th century, they are in the Free Association with the United States. The federal device is enshrined in the referendum adopted in 1978 by the Constitution compiled on an American pattern.

Parliament, one-Paraded Congress, includes 14 deputies. One senator from each state is elected for four years, ten more - for two years on single-member districts in proportion to the number of residents in each state. The most populated chug has a quota of five deputies, PONPIA - in three, Yaps and cospace send one representative. The president and vice president are elected by the Congress from the number of senators with a four-year mandate, and cannot represent the same state. We became vacant places are replaced through new elections. States have their own legislative bodies. Governors are elected by residents of states in general elections.

The current basic law recognizes traditional tribal leaders and the usual right as part of the political system. Formal traditional power institutions are provided for by the constitutions of the states of Yap and Pontai (its own constitutions have all four subjects of the Federation). The Competition of the Center for the Center considers 18 functions, including national defense, foreign policy, customs duties, financial and banking sector, criminal law, issues of immigration and citizenship, mining management. The powers of the states in the Constitution are not spelled out, it refers to them everything that is not directly enshrined behind the federation and is not "nationwide". There is also a category for the authority of joint management, to them, in particular, include education, health care and social supply.

* The Directory does not include the Federal Republic of Somalia, the Republic of Sudan and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Formally Somalia was proclaimed in 2012, but the civil war continues in the country and the de facto government does not control a significant part of the country. Sudan authorities repeatedly declared the possibility of transforming into a unitary state after the branch of South Sudan in 2011. In the country, the Constitution of the Transition is still valid, the development of a new constant constitution is delayed. Nepal was proclaimed by the federal republic after the abolition of the monarchy in 2008. According to the 2015 Constitution, the country is divided into seven provinces. The boundaries and names of new administrative-territorial units are not yet defined.

"Federation" with Latin translates as "union", "Union". This is one of the forms of the country's state system. In the article, we will analyze in detail that inherent in a federated state device, we will make a list of countries with such a system and find out whether Russia is a federal state.

In contact with

Federal State and its signs

• states;
• cantons;
• earth et al.

Each education is endowed state sovereignty. Has its own system, legislative, executive and judiciary.

State entities that are part of the Federation cannot have signs of the state. That is, these formations cannot exit the composition of the Union and are deprived of the right to participate in international relations.

The federation is divided into species that, in turn, are divided into types. The following types are distinguished by the peculiarities of the constitutional and legal status of subjects:

1. Symmetric. In such countries, all subjects use equal constitutional legal status. An example of such a federation is America.
2. Asymmetric. Regions enjoy different constitutional legal status. An example is Brazil.

Distinguish federation according to the formation features:

Distinguish federation according to the method of education:

1. Contractual. They are formed on the basis of the contract between the states independently from each other. They will be united to share common issues.
2. Constitutional. To a greater extent, the constitutional federations are formed on the basis of unitary countries. The law of these countries is registered by the main principle - the integrity of the territory and the ban on the free exit from the country. An example of such states is Russia, Brazil, Germany.

There are federations in the degree of centralization of power:

1. Centralized. An example is: Russia, Germany, Argentina.
2. Decentralized. Example, Switzerland.

Signs

Distinctive features Federated countries are:

List of countries

List federated Asian countries:

• Pakistan.
• Malaysia.
• United Arab Emirates.
• India.
• Nepal.
• Myanmar.

List of African countries:

States North and South America:

• Mexico.
• Brazil.
• Saint Kitts and Nevis.
• Canada.
• Venezuela.
• Argentine.

Federated australia and Oceania states:

• Federated States of Micronesia.
• Australian Union.

List european countries:

• Kingdom Belgium.
• Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• Germany.
• Austria.

What is the difference between federal and unitary states

The unitary form of the state device has the state in which the subjects are uniform administrative-territorial units and do not have their own sovereignty. Unitary state, in contrast to federal, has a unified state power, a legal system and a constitution.

Main signs of a unitary state:

1. The constituent regulatory act on the entire territory, its legislative force has the same strength throughout the territory.
2. The highest authorities are one for the entire territory.
3. The system of legislation is united for all territories.
4. General citizenship.
5. Total monetary system.
6. Subjects of state do not have sovereignty.

Form of the State Device in Russia

Specialists have long been arguing on the topic, whether Russia is a federal state. If you answer this question from a legal point of view, the answer will be positive.

This is said that Russia is a democratic federal state with the republican form of government. IN the structure of the Russian Federation includes 83 subjectswho do not have the right to separate the Russian Federation. In each subject there are three branches of power - legislative, executive and judicial. Russian entities have the right to publish regional laws that do not contradict federal legislation.

The system of power in the country is distinted not only horizontally, but also vertically. That is, objects of the maintenance and powers of the authorities of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the subjects are established. These moments are fixed in the constitution.

Based on this, it can be said that Russia is a federation, but not in traditional form, such as the countries of Europe.

|
federal State, What is a federal state
Federation (Lat. Foederātiō - Association, Union) - the form of the state device, in which parts of the federal state are state formations with legally defined political independence.

For federation Characterized by the existence of territorial entities - subjects of the federation, which do not possess state sovereignty, but has quite broad powers in conducting internal policies. The most famous states that have federal formations are: Russian Federation, United States and the Federal Republic of Germany.

Composite parts of the Federation - These are peculiar similar states, which are called the subjects of the Federation, and the territory of the Federation consists of its subjects.

• 1 The main signs of the federal state
• 2 Types of Federation
• 3 "Soft Federation"
• 4 Modern Federated States
• 5 federated states that existed in the past
  • 5.1 Europe
  • 5.2 Asia
  • 5.3 Africa
  • 5.4 America
• 6 Fictional Federations
• 7 cm also
• 8 Notes
• 9 watch. also

The main signs of the federal state

In the federal state, unlike unitary, there are two senior authorities (federal and subjects of the federation). Along with the Federal Constitution, subjects of the federation have the right to issue their own regulatory legal acts of a constituent nature (for example, the Constitution, Statistics, basic laws). They are endowed to publish regional laws. The subjects of the Federation often has its own institution of citizenship, the capital, coat of arms and other elements of the constitutional law status of the state, with the exception of state sovereignty.

At the same time, the subject of the federation cannot be the subject of international relations without coming out of the Federation (compassion). The subjects of the federation may have different names, which are usually determined by historical or legal factors: states, provinces, regions, edges, republics, land or federal lands (as in Germany and Austria) and other. The federation should be distinguished from the Confederation, which is the international legal union of sovereign states. However, in practice, it is very difficult to distinguish between the legal nature of those or other formations - many now existing confederations on their device are very close to federations or even almost federations.

You can select the most common features that are characteristic of most federal states:

• The territory of the federation consists of the territories of its individual subjects: states, cantons, republics, emirates, etc.
• In the federal state, the Supreme Legislative, executive and judicial authorities belong to the federal government agencies of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, respectively. The competence between the federation and its subjects is delimited by the Federal Constitution.
• In some federations, subjects have the right to adopt their own constitution, have their own internal higher legislation, executive and judicial authorities.
• The main national foreign policy activities in the federals are carried out by federal state bodies. They officially submit a federal state in interstate relations (USA, Russian Federation, Germany, Brazil, India, etc.).
• The obligatory sign of the federality of the state is the bipotable structure of the Federal Parliament. One Chamber is a body of the in-department representative office and the deputies are elected from all over the country. The Second Chamber is designed to represent the interests of the subjects of the Federation.

Types of federation

According to the peculiarities of the constitutional and legal status of subjects of the federal state, it is distinguished:

• Symmetric
• Inmmetric.

In symmetric federations, subjects have the same constitutional legal status (for example, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, United States), in asymmetric - the constitutional and legal status of the subjects (for example, the Republic of India, the Federal Republic of Brazil).

According to the features of the Formation of the Federation, allocate:

• territorial
• national
• mixed (combined)

In the formation of territorial federations, a territorial geographical feature is used (for example, the United States of America, Germany), in national - on national signs (for example, the former federations Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). Mixed federations formation goes on both of the signs (for example, Russia). Methods for the formation of the federation largely determine the nature, content, structure of the state device.

According to the method of education of the Federation are divided into:

• contractual
• constitutional

Constitutional federations often arise on the basis of the previously existing unitary state (often an empire). Contrary to common misconception, in the constitutions of such federations, as a rule, the principle of territorial integrity of the country and the subjects of the federation do not have the right to free exit from the state (for example, Germany, Brazil, Russia).

The contracting federations are formed by concluding an agreement between independent states that have been independently, but realized the need for a state association to jointly regulate common interests.

the degree of centralization:

• centralized (Argentina, Germany, Russia)
• decentralized (Switzerland)

"Soft Federation"

The "soft federation" is a federation whose subjects have the right to compression. It is assumed that such will be in the future the Union of Russia and Belarus (now having a confederation feature). Subjects of a soft federation may themselves be federations (such subjects are in federal Bosnia and Herzegovina). Previously, an upgraded Union of SSR Union of sovereign states was supposed to become a soft federation of the All-Union referendum, but after the August coup, the project was cooler.

Modern Federated States

Modern federal states on the world map

the Russian Federation Austrian Republic Federal Republic of Germany Swiss confederation Bosnia and Herzegovina Kingdom Belgium

the Russian Federation Islamic Republic of Pakistan Malaysia United Arab Emirates Republic of India. Republic of Iraq. Federal Democratic Republic Nepal Republic Union Myanmar

Sudan Union Komory. Federative Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Federal Republic of Nigeria South Sudan Somalia

Argentine Republic Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Canada Mexican United States United States of America Federative Republic of Brazil Saint Kitts and Nevis Federation

Australia and Oceania Australian Soyuz Federated States of Micronesia

Federated States that existed in the past

Europe

1. Federative Republic of Spain (1873-1874)
2. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991)
3. Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1992), Union Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003), State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006)
4. Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1968-1990), later - Czech-Slovak Federal Republic (1990-1992) and the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1992)
5. Hermann Empire

Asia

1. Federated Malay States (1896-1946)
2. Malay Union (1946-1948)
3. Malay Federation (1948-1963)
4. United Indonesia (1949-1950)
5. Federation of South Arabia (1962-1967)
6. Transcaucasian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian Federation, ZSFSR) (1922-1936)

Africa

1. French West Africa (1904-1958)
2. French Equatorial Africa (1910-1960)
3. United Kingdom of Libya (1951-1963)
4. Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasalanda (1953-1963)
5. United Arab Republic (Oar , 1958-1971)
6. Malian Federation (1959-1960)
7. Federative Republic of Cameroon (1961-1972)
8. Uganda (1962-1967)
9. Democratic Republic of Congo (1960-1971)
10. United Republic of Tanzania

America

1. Empire Incas (1197-1572)
2. United Central America Provinces (1823-1838)
3. Confederate States of America (1861-1865)
4. New Granada (1855-1886)
5. West India Federation (1958-1962)

Fictional federations

Fictional fictions are quite common in fictional fiction universes. Bright examples of fictional federations:

1. Joint Foundation Planets (Star Path)
2. Earth Alliance and Minbarian Federation (Babylon 5)
3. Earth Alliance (Series Galactic Civil Messations)
4. Old Republic and New Republic (Star Wars)
5. British Federation (remember everything)

see also

• National-territorial autonomy
• Federalism

Notes

Look. also

• Unitary state
• Confederation

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federal State, Federative State Wikipedia, Federal State It is, what is a federative state

Federal state information about

Federations are such countries that are divided into separate administrative-territorial units, each of which has legal and political independence, herself chooses the chapter itself, but at the same time obeys the Unified Center.

The main signs of the federal device

• The territory of the state is divided into separate independent administrative units. They are called differently: states, cantons, republics.
• Supreme power belongs exclusively to the center. The relationship between subordinate territories is established by the Constitution.
• The administrative device is constructed in such a way that, despite the fact that there are national bodies of judicial, legislative and executive bodies, the authorities and in each republic exist. The staff may adopt its constitution.
• Federated countries of foreign Europe have a two-petal structure of parliament. The first chamber represents the national interests and the population chooses deputies from the whole country. And the second - consists of representatives of the republics. The task of deputies of the Lower Chamber to protect the interests of the submitted territories.

Foreign European countries with federated administratively territorial division

In total, there are five countries in Europe with such a state form. Consider their list:

• Germany;
• Austria;
• Belgium;
• Switzerland;
• Spain.

State Device Germany

Germany is a classic sample of the federation. The lands that are part of, are not just the provinces, but some small states with their constitution, strictly observing the principles of democracy. In German lands there are elected bodies - Landtags, which are power.

Fig.1. Administrative division of Germany

According to the law, the head of state is the federal president. The main function is to choose and submit to the Parliament of the Prime Minister. He is called Chancellor. It is in the hands of the chancellor focused all power in Germany. It represents the interests of the country at the international level, manages the lower and upper chamber. Thus, the president, though the highest official, but manages the country of the Prime Minister. For 12 years, the position of the Federal Chancellor of Germany is occupied by a woman - Angela Merkel.

State Device of Austria

Austria is a democratic federal republic. This means that the main power belongs to the people of Austria, who chooses the president and parliament. Geographically Austria is divided into 9 districts. The federation was in 1955, although the Constitution was adopted much earlier in 1920 and since then there was no significant changes in it. Head is the president.

Public Device of Belgium

Belgium, although the federal republic, but its system is very interesting. She is a constitutional parliamentary monarchy. This means that in a number of elective authorities (parliament), the country is managed by the heir to the dynasty. Monarch is a ruler whose power is very limited. The country is divided into 10 provinces.

Fig.2. Administrative division of Belgium

The people love their monarch very much and calls his "King of Belgians." Since 2013, the throne occupies Philippe Leopold Lyudovik Maria. Its main powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister (the actual head of the state), the appointment of 14 ministers. The seven of them should freely own French, the rest - the Netherlands.

State Device Switzerland

Switzerland is a very small, but very strong country. Its territory was irregular since the end of the 17th century. In addition, this is the only state in Europe, not touched during the first and second world military. Now in Switzerland 20 cantons - this is the name of the administrative units. All questions on the improvement and life of people are solved in the field. Federal bodies are responsible for global problems: war and world, financial budget, transport links.

Fig.3. Political map of Switzerland

State Device of Spain

Spain has a unique story. After the death of the Dictator Franco in 1975, the authorities returned to the Crown Monarch, who announced the beginning of a democratic sensation. The form of the board has been preserved: the constitutional monarchy. Most of the powers are concentrated in the hands of the parliament, but the king remains the head of state and represents Spain internationally.

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What did we know?

Foreign European countries with a federated device are Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland and Spain. In Belgium and Spain, there is a monarch that decides on the appointment of the head of government. In Germany, all the power focuses in the hands of the Federal Chancellor. Austria and Switzerland manages the president.

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