First aid for electric shock damage, before the arrival of professional medical care:

Even insignificant at first glance electric shock It is dangerous for the human body, since the consequences of damage to the electric current to such organs as light, the heart, the nervous system, are not manifested immediately, but after some time.

First aid - events aimed at restoring or preserving the health and life of the victim. It is provided by the person who is next to the victim or the victim himself before the arrival of the medical personnel.

The severity of electric shock depends on the path of flowing current through the human body, from the voltage of the electrical instrument, from the physical condition of the person, as well as how timely and qualitatively, the first medical care will be provided.

GENERAL RULES:

1. The first aid by electric shock consists of two stages: the release of the victim of the current and the provision of trial aid.
2. First aid should be reasons immediately and whenever possible at the scene. The best effect is achieved in the case when less than 4 minutes have passed since the heart stop, the delay can lead to the death of the victim.
3. With electric shock lesions, death is often clinical (imaginary), so it should never be abandoned to assist the victim, considering it dead if he has no heartbeat, pulse. First aid should always have a victim, and only a doctor has the right to decide on death.
4. In no case can not allow the victim to move, and even more so continue work, since the absence of visible heavy damage from the electric current does not exclude the possibility of the subsequent deterioration of its condition.
5. In all cases, electric shock should be caused by a doctor regardless of the condition of the victim. Interior ambulance phones in different cities of Kazakhstan can be found on the site

Liberation of the victim of the current:

1. Release a person from the current current is necessary as quickly as possible, but the precautions must be observed. If the victim is at the height, measures should be taken to prevent its fall.
2. Touching a person under tension is dangerous, and when conducting rescue work, it is necessary to strictly observe certain precautions from possible damage to the current persons conducted by these works.
3. Most simple way The release of the victim from current is to turn off the electrical appliance or equipment, or the part of the person concerned. When disabling, electric light can go out, so in the absence of daylight it is necessary to have a different light source - lantern, a candle, etc.
4. If it is impossible to quickly disable the installation, it is necessary to take appropriate precautions to not be in contact with the current-carrying part or the body of the victim, as well as the steps.
5. In the voltage settings up to 400 in the affected can be delayed for dry clothes. At the same time, unprotected parts of the body of victim, raw clothing, shoes, etc. It is impossible to do it with one hand.
6. In the presence of electrical equipment - dielectric gloves, galoshes, rugs, supports - you should use them when the current victim is released.
7. In cases where the hands of the victim cover the conductor, they should reflect the conductor with an ax or other sharp object with insulated handles ( dry wood, plastic).
8. In the settings of the voltage above 1000 V to freeing the victim, it is necessary to use an insulating barbell or insulating ticks, observing all the rules for using these protective means.
9. If the steps caused as a result of the effects of the step, it is necessary to isolate it from the ground, snapped under it a dry wooden board or a fane.

Provision of trial assistance:

1. First aid is immediately after release from the operation at the scene, if there is no danger threatening the victim or help.
2. Starting assistance, you need to take care of a call to a doctor or emergency care. This should do not assist who cannot interrupt it, but anyone else. Intermitch ambulance phones can be found on the website: www.Syt
3. If the victim did not lose consciousness, it is necessary to provide him with rest, and if there is injuries or damage (bruises, fractures, dislocations, burns, etc.), it is necessary to provide him with first aid before the doctor's arrival or deliver to the nearest therapeutic institution.

If the victim lost consciousness, but the breath was preserved, it is necessary to smoothly and conveniently put it on a soft bedding - blanket, clothes, etc., unbutton the gate, belt, remove shocking clothes, clean the oral cavity from blood, mucus, ensure the influx of fresh air, Give sniffing the ammonia alcohol, spray water, lose and warm the body.

In the absence of signs of life (with clinical death, there is no breathing and pulse, the pupils of the eyes are expanded due to oxygen starvation of the cerebral cortex) or during intermittent breathing, it is necessary to quickly free the victims of the breath of clothing, clean the mouth and make artificial respiration and heart massage.

Artificial respiration and heart massage:

1. Lay the victim on your back, you need to use a solid surface: floor, asphalt or land. If the scene is a soft surface, you need to transfer the body to a firm portion, or put something on the back of the whiteboard.
2. If breathing and heartbeat is not observed, proximacy immediately. It is necessary to start with artificial respiration, and then already begin to massage the heart. Observe the ratio - 2 to 30, that is, 2 exhalations for 30 shoes in the chest. And so in a circle, while signs of life are not found, or until the ambulance arrives.
3. Do not forget to check the presence of a pulse or breathing every minute.

How to do artificial respiration to do:

1. After you put the victim on your back, trample a head back - it is necessary for unhindered air access to the lungs. To fix this position, put the roller from the rolled clothes or towels under the shoulders. Keep in mind: Throwing the head can not be suspected if there is a suspicion of the neck fracture.

2. With a finger, wrapped with a napkin or handkerchief, a circular motion. Clean the inner oral cavity from foreign objects: sand, slices of food, blood, mucus, vomiting mass.

3. After making sure that the respiratory tract is not clogged, proceed to artificial breathing by the "mouth in the mouth" by the method, or if the jaw does not succeed due to spasm, the way "mouth into the nose".

4. With the "mouth in the mouth" method, you need one hand to hold the open jaw, the other is tightly to hold the nose. Make a deep breath and blow the air into the mouth of the saved. It is important that your lips are tight pressed to the mouth of the victim to exclude "leakage" between the lips. With the method of "mouth to the nose" - all the same, only now the mouth must be closely closed with palm, but to blow the air according to the nose.

5. To blow the air is very much, but smoothly. In no case in no case with short jerks, because with such a pressure of the air of the diaphragm in the throat will not open, and oxygen will not go into the lungs, and in the stomach, which can lead to vomit.

6. Periodicity: 10-12 pins per minute or 1 exhalation for 5 seconds. Make a blow (1-1.5 seconds), let go of the nose and consider before 4. After that, repeat the procedure, not forgetting to close the nuclear nose of the victim at the moments of breath. It is not necessary to count not rapidly, but as it should be. In case the lung resuscitation is carried out by a one-year-old child, the blowing is done more often, 1 exhalation for three seconds.

7. Follow the raising of the chest during a blow - this is your control. If the chest does not rise, it means that the air does not come to the lungs. This can talk about the west of the tongue because of the wrong position of the head, or that foreign objects are in the throat. If so, then correct the situation.

8. If the air still went through the esophagus and the stomach inflated, you need to carefully press it at the top point, whatever the air left there. Be prepared for the appearance of the vomit after that - turn your head on the side and promptly clean the mouth.

How to make indirect heart massage

1. Take the right pose. You must be on the side of the lying, sitting on the knees - so the center of gravity of your body will be stable.

2. Determine the place to which compression will be carried out (heart massage). Contrary to the established misconception, the human heart is not on the left, but in the center of the chest. You need to put it on the heart, not higher and no lower. This is very important because compression in the wrong place may not just have a minimum of effect, but also bring harm. The required point is located in the center of the chest, at a distance of two longitudinal fingers from the end of the sternum (this is where the ribs come into contact).

3. Place the bottom of the palm at this point so that the thumb looks either on the chin, or on the stomach of the victim, depending on which Boca you sat down. Over the first, put the second palm crosswise. With the body of the patient, only the base of the palm should be in contact, the fingers should be a canopy. In the case of children from 1 to 8 years, only one palm is used, with babies up to 1 year, massage is made only by two fingers.

4. Do not bend elbows during compression. The line of your shoulders should be strictly over the layer and parallel body. The main power force must come from your weight, and not from the muscles of the hands, otherwise you will quickly get tired, and the compression will be not effective or unequal in each push.

5. When pressing the chest of the victim should fall at 4-5 cmTherefore, the shakers should be quite strong. Otherwise, the compression of the heart will be insufficient for overclocking blood by body to deliver oxygen into the brain.

1. The compression frequency should be 100 pushes per minute. Please note that this is the frequency of melting, and not their number. In total, we recall, you need to do 30 times, replacing the compression on the artificial ventilation of the lungs. After which, again, go to the heart massage. Do not forget to check out signs of life every minute: pulse, breathing and reaction of pupils into light.
2. Very often during the compression of the heart ribs break. Do not be afraid of this. Ribs will grow later, now the main thing is to revive the person. So, hearing a characteristic crackle, do not stop and continue the heart massage.

Surely a large number of people at least once in their life experienced a slight effect of current. For example, being small many have experienced with a hairpin (or other sharp object) and a socket. In fact, there are many situations where a person may be exposed to stresses, but fortunately, in very rare cases it is accompanied by serious consequences and injuries. Nevertheless, it is impossible to treat it negligently and dismissively. Let both infrequently, but the total blow to the current can be very deplorable: according to statistics on 140-150 thousand cases of the passage of electrocups through the human body accounts for one lethal outcome.

Being a witness to such a situation, it is necessary to instantly provide the first assistance to the victim. It is worthwhile that a person who was influenced by strong tension and externally does not give any signs of life, is in a state"Mimic death". This term determines the temporary functional disorder of the organism, from which the affected can be removed correctly, providing first medical care in compliance with all precautions.

Remember: touching a person affected by electric current is very dangerous because it is possible to defeat those people who assist.

Liberation of the victim from current

To free a person from current, enoughdisable electrical installation Or her separate part for which the victim is held. Turning off the device, keep in mind that lighting can stop working as a whole. That is why you need to keep an additional source of light at hand (pocket lamp, candle, etc.).

Of course, not in all situations you can turn off the electrical installation. Consequently, it is necessary to provide so first help to do not get a blow to the current. For example, at a voltage of no more than 400 in permissibleaffected man pull back from current source, Casting for dry clothes. In no case can not be taken for nude parts of the body, crude fabric and shoes. If there are steadfactors, which include dielectric gloves, rubber galoshes or rugs, stands, be sure to use them. Often there are situations when the affected person in stupor covered the conductor. In this casewire must be rearged With any acute object with an isolated handle, for example, from plastic or wood.

With electric shock from electrical installation with voltage of more than 1000 in needuse only special equipment: Isolating bar and insulating ticks. It is important to know the rules for using these means of protection.

If a person hit the current fell to the ground, it is necessary for himdust.

Assistance after exemption from current

After the full liberation of the affected person occurred from the current,the degree of lesion is established, on the basis of which follows follows. There are situations when a person is in a shock state, but does not lose consciousness and has no serious injury. In such cases, must be providedfull of peace What helps to relax and quickly come to feel. With bruises, fractures, dislocations, burns obtained when falling, must be renderedfirst medical care before the arrival of doctors Or if you have the opportunity to deliver the victim to the nearest medical point.

With the loss of consciousness, the following assistance is provided to maintain breathing:

• under a person, smooth soft fabric (clothes, blanket, etc.) are underwered;
• disclaimed narrow details of clothes (gates, belt, cuffs), and close clothes are completely removed;
• the oral cavity must be cleaned from the accumulated blood clots, mucus;
• help ammona alcohol or spray cold water;
• the influx of fresh air is ensured;
• the body needs to be confused well to normalized blood flow.

The most terrible situation is the lack of signs of life, namely: breathing, pulse, Extended pupils. In such situations, it is necessary to instantly get rid of too close clothes that interferes with normal breathing, clean the oral cavity and immediately produceartificial respiration, as well as a heart massage.

Artificial respiration

Exists two ways to implement artificial respiration: hardware and manual . The most effective and convenient is consideredhandheld portable machine RPA-1 brand. By means of a rubber tube (mask) of this device, the subsequent removal of air from the lungs occurs. This unit is able to blow into the lungs about one liter of air for one cycle.

When using the RPA-1 artificial respiration apparatus, the victim is stacked on the back, the oral cavity should be completely cleaned, the air duct is inserted into the mouth and the face of the mask is put on the face. Belts are fixed the level of stretching of the fur on which the volume of the air supplied is depends.

Of course, the constant presence of such an apparatus is impossible. Therefore, the most common and no less efficient ways were and remainartificial respiration "From mouth to mouth" and "Iso of mouth".

Also, as in the case of the use of the apparatus, the victim should be released from close clothes, the oral cavity must be cleaned, the respiratory tract should be passable, and compressed jaws are collected using a solid flat item. Remember that the injury head is needed Throw back. This allows you to ensure the full passability of the upper respiratory tract and reduce The probabilities of vigorous language. After that, the person who carries out help makes a deep breath and blows the air into the lungs of the victim by attaching the mouth to the mouth. The frequency of fading varies from 12 to 16 times a minute for adults, and for children - from 18 to 20. During the period of blowing the nose of the affected person should be clamped, and after being opened.

Applying the method of "mouth into the nose", you need to maintain the chin and the lips of the affected person to avoid the outflow of the air through the mouth.

Massage heart

Closed (indirect) Heart massage It is carried out in order to restore the cardiac activity of the victim. This procedure occurs as follows:

• initially, a person is placed on the back;
• supporting the help becomes behind the headboard of the victim or on the side, one palm puts on the lower third of the sternum into the atrine region, and the second round has top-end;
• a sharp push of two hands shifts the front of the sternum to 4 or 5 centimeters to the spine area, after which the hands should be brought to the victim's injury.

This type of massage should be carried out in compliance with the usual heart rhythm (60-70 as per minute).

Artificial Breathing and Heart Massage - this is a Merop Riyatia living, which should be carried out in a situation of clinical death. In the event that a person providing a person is not one, the process occurs much more operational. For example, one person performs an indirect heart massage, and the second makes an artificial respiration.It is worth remembering that at the time of blowing the air into the lungs of the victim to put pressure on the chest is prohibited!

Signs of the positive results of the provision of first aid are the restoration of breathing and heart rhythm, the narrowing of pupils, pinkish skin, responding to light and sounds, the appearance of the pulse.

In no case do not stop providing assistance if the victim does not come to feel. Continue to carry out all the actions until the emergency is arrived.

Commercial network "Planet Electrician"has a wide range of various remedies for various workswith which you can familiarize yourself in more detail

The first assistance in accidents caused by the affected by electric shock consists of two stages:

1) the release of the victim of the current;

2) providing a victim to prefigure aid.

With electric shock, it is necessary how can I free the victim of the current Since the severity of the electrician depends on the duration of its action.

If the victim is at the height, it is necessary to take measures to warn the fall of the victim or ensuring its safety.

You must immediately disable current parts to which the victim touches. If it is impossible to make it quickly, you should drag the victim from the current-carrying parts, using insulating protective equipment.

When the electrical installation is turned off, the electric light can simultaneously go out. In this regard, in the absence of daylight lighting, it is necessary to take care of lighting from another source (enable emergency lighting, battery lights, etc.), taking into account the explosion-danger and fire hazard of the room, without delaying the shutdown of the electrical installation and assistance to the victim.

At a voltage up to 1000 into separate the victims of the current-leading parts, you can use any non-conductive current objects: wrap your hand with a scarf, pull it out for clothes, stand on a bundle of dry fabric, dry board. Even a naked hand can be pulled out for dry clothes (Fig. 12), lagging behind the body (behind the gate, hlyastics, PID-Jacques floor). It is impossible to pull the trousers or shoes that may be raw or have metal parts in contact with the body.

Fig. 12. Liberation of the victim of the current in the installations up to 1000 in tavering for dry clothes.

If the victim convulsively clenched the wire and it is impossible to tear it away, it is possible to interrupt the current passing through the victim, separating it not from the wire, but from the ground (snapped under it a dry board, pulling out a new rope). After that, he will easily give up his hand.

You can quickly reflect the wires with an ax or a shovel (according to one thing so that the electric arc does not appear due to the short circuit I am waiting for wires). It is convenient to use impressions with insulated hand-yat. It is allowed to wrap the uninsulated handles with dry clothes, a polyethylene package or any dielectric material.

At a voltage of 380/220 B and below, if the current passes to the ground only through the body of the victim, you can not be afraid of the damage to the rescue stepper voltage, since the current passing through the victim is not so large to create a stepping voltage of hazardous values. But if the wire touches the victim, lies on Earth or co-touches with grounded metal objects, there is a danger of damage to stepper voltage. In such a situation, it is impossible to approach the wire or grounding place without dielectric halosh or boot. To liberate the victim, it is better to take advantage of a dry stick or board, isolating my clothes from her with her clothes.

Help, if he needs to touch the body of the driving, not covered with clothing, should wear dielectric gloves or wrapped his hand with a scarf, put a jacket or coat sleeve or just dry matter.

When separating the victims of the current-carrying parts, it is recommended to act with one hand, keeping the second in your pocket or behind. Under-go to the victim follows small steps.

If in the voltage setting more than 1000 Vfast shutdown is impossible, it is impossible to use any infrident middle whales, boards or dry clothes.

In this case, it is necessary to wear dielectric gloves and bots and drag the victim from the parts of the installation under voltage, using insulating protective equipment, calculated on this voltage (Fig. 13) (rods, fuses or rugs), or cause Automatic shutdown of the installation by setting in it a short circuit at a safe distance from the victim.

For example, on high-voltage line (VL) Pick out naked-water for 3 or 2 phases (not one!), After connecting it to ka-someone eating. This wire after contact with the wires of VL should not touch the rushing or other people, and no one should stand closer than 5 meters from the earthing.

On the voltage above 1000 in after the disconnection can save-Xia life-threatening capacitive charge. You can touch the victim without insulating funds only after a reliable grounding of VL.

Fig. 13. Liberation of the victim of the current in the installations above 1000 in the discarding wire of the insulating barbell

With certain skills, owning an assistance within a minute, it is capable of assessing the state of the victim and decide, in which volume and the procedure should be assisted.

Signs for which you can quickly determine the state of the wrong thing:

1) Consciousness is clear, absent, violated (the affected barbell-wives), man is excited;

2) the color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes): pink, blue, pale;

3) Breathing: Normal, absent, broken (incorrect, yard, hoarse);

4) Pulse on carotid arteries: well determined (rhythm is correct or wrong), poorly determined, absent;

5) Pupils: narrow, wide.

The color of the skin and the presence of breathing (on the rise and lowering of the chest) is estimated visually. It is impossible to spend precious time for applying the mouth and nose of mirrors, brilliant metal pre-metals.

The loss of consciousness, as a rule, is judged visually, and in order to complete it in absence, you can contact the victim, asking for his health.

The pulse on the carotid artery is tested with the pillows of the second, third and fourth fingers, having them along the neck between the Kadu-com (adamo apple) and the municipal muscle and slightly pressing to the post-night light. Pulse definitions at the carotid artery is very easy to work on themselves or their loved ones.

The width of pupils with closed eyes are determined by the following way: the pads of the index fingers are put on the top eyelids of both eyes and, slightly appling them to the eyeball, raise up. At the same time, the eye slit opens and on a white background is visible to the rounded iris, and in the center it is black pupils, the state of which (narrow or wide) is evaluated by what the iris area is occupied by.

As a rule, the degree of violation of consciousness, the color of the skin and the condition of breathing can be estimated simultaneously with the toll of the pulse, which takes no more than a minute. The inspection of the pupils can be carried out in a few seconds.

If the victim does not have consciousness, breathing, pulse, skin-skinned, and pupils are wide (0.5 cm in diameter), it can be considered that it is in a state of clinical death. In this case, immediately begin to revitalize the affected (resuscitation) with the help of artificial respiration according to the method of "from the mouth to the mouth" or "from the mouth to the nose" and the outer massage of the heart. Do not undress the victim, losing precious seconds. Having started to revive, you need a pose-boot about the call or emergency care. This should make a person who does not help.

The importance and value of resuscitation methods is the real possibility of restoring life, revitalizing dying.

Terminal (final) states- This is the extreme states of Or-Ganism, transient from life to death. In most cases, they are practicing when correctly and timely rendered emergency resuscitation aid.

The concept of events is characteristic: termination of the heart (asistolia) or chaotic oscillations of heart fibers with a frequency of 400 - 600 times in min, without the possibility of performing the head of the pumping function (fibrillation), cessation of blood circulation, loss of consciousness (within a few seconds), cessation of breathing ( Clinical death). The chain is completed by the biological irreversible death.

Symptoms of terminal states. Motor excitement. Violations of consciousness - inhibition, confusion, loss of consciousness. Pale skin. Nail bed shinushnoe; After stopping pressing on the nail blood flow is not restored for a long time. The pulse is barely determined on sleepy and femoral arteries, then it becomes slowed. Breathing at first rapid, shallow, later becomes slow, rare, arrhythmical, then a convulsive (important sign). The temperature of the body is sharply reduced. In the future, the respiratory and blood circulation is coming, the expansion of pupils.

Clinical death. The border state of the transition from fatal life to biological death. It occurs immediately after the cessation of blood circulation and breathing. It is characterized by the complete termination of all external manifestations of life, but even in the most vane tales (brain), irreversible changes for this time have not yet been set.

The duration of the condition of clinical death on average 5 minutes, during which a person can be returned to life. Consequently, the entire complex of emergency resuscitation must be provided during these five minutesafter the start of the condition of clinical death.

Emergency Resuscitation (ERP)- This is the revival of those who suffered under terminal states.

Used at home appliances May become a source of electrician in case of their malfunction or violation of the rules of operation. On time, the first assistance rendered will avoid heavy consequences with electric shock. Some situations may require emergency resuscitation actions. Compliance with the rules of security when working with the mechanisms included in the network will warn from most accidents.

The nature of electric shocking

The electric shock is a short-term or prolonged effect of electricity on the human body, causing a pathological change in functional processes in organs. Electricalravum distinguish the effect of lesion and source of occurrence. The current discharge can be obtained in the following cases:

• disregarding safety safety;
• impaired integrity of electrical wiring;
• uncontrolled natural discharge - lightning.

Signs of lesion to the current

Having found a person underlying without consciousness, in a number of signs it can be determined, the electrician has caused such a state or not. So, the following characteristic features are detected during the electric discontinuity damage:

• on the body, it is clearly seen by the wound from the entrance of the electric arc;
• pulse uneven, breathing intermittent;
• skin and lips of a blue shade.

Electric current affects the human body as a whole on a shock type, leading to respiratory disorder and blood circulation

Of course, the presence of a chain of a bare wire will serve as an obvious sign of electric shock. The electric arc leaves a deep burn at the place of his entrance to the body, violating the work of all the organs lying on the path. As a result of such a powerful concentrated impact from the affected person:

• the head is spinning;
• spastic phenomena in voice ligaments are observed;
• convulsive reduction of the limbs;
• figure condition.

In some cases, a short-term stop of the heart or myocardial infarction is possible.

The first mortal injury was obtained in 1879.

First aid: Procedure

Under the standard conditions from the shock of the current 50V, it will be possible to avoid unpleasant consequences, but in conditions high humidity Even so small voltage in 12 V can become a source of strong lesion. Seeing the other person hits the current, the first thing to do is to exclude its further contact with the current source. The victim himself cannot dismiss the muscles and release a faulty cable or device, so the procedure for disconnection is as follows:

1. Turn off the electrical appliance from the socket or de-energize it, overrows the cable. It should not be made by bare hands for the plug. This manipulation is carried out with the help of firing items made of wood or fabric or putting rubber gloves on the hands. To de-energize the wires, passage or ax, trying to break the connection. If a person struck the so-called step voltage, then a dry wooden surface is carefully put under it, separating it in such a way from the ground.
2. If it is impossible to de-energize the source of the lesion, try to pull out a person over the edge of the edge of the clothes. At the same time, in no case cannot concern his skin.- The uncontrollable discharge will turn on the rescue grief and both of them will need urgent help. This measure is possible at a voltage of less than 400 V, if it is in the range of 400-1000 V, then special items are used - an insulating bar and tongs.
3. The shock condition from the electrician is accompanied by strong hallucinations, so the victim is not able to adequately evaluate. The rescuer should do it yourself.

Healthy and physically strong people easier tolerate electric current exposure than patients and weakened

The brain and the heart muscle are the most vulnerable parts of the human body due to electric shock. Therefore, immediately after de-energizing the victim, you should begin to provide emergency care. The procedure for actions depends on the overall state of the patient. If a person is conscious, then with him consistently carry out the following manipulations before the emergency brigade arrival:

1. Place on a solid surface.
2. Provide peace.
3. Places around burns are lubricated with 5% iodine or manganese solution.
4. On the wound impose a sterile dry bandage.
5. Pain sensations are removed aspirin or analgin pills.
6. To restore the rhythm of heartbeat and removal of the state of the panic, 30 drops of the tincture of Valerian in water are diverged and allowed to drink a victim.

The statistics of electrotrumamism in the Russian Federation shows that electric shocks are 2.7% of the total number of deaths.

If the victim is unconscious, then the procedure will be somewhat different:

1. Remove squeezing clothes.
2. Consciousness with a wool moistened in the ammonia alcohol.
3. Heat.
4. Processing wounds.
5. Remove pain and restore calm.

If the victim is at an altitude, its exemption from current exposure can cause its drop from height. Therefore, you need to pre-take measures to prevent injury.

If, after the electric trafficking received, a person does not come into consciousness, and the pulse ceases to be told on the carotid artery, proceeding to resuscitation procedures, without waiting for the arrival of the ambulance brigade.

Resuscitation

The main reanimation action is associated with the restoration of the normal rhythm of breathing and heartbeat. To do this, conduct indirect heart massage and artificial respiration. Traditionally, for the last method, the "mouth-in-mouth" option is used, but if the muscles of the mouth in a strong spa and it is impossible to open it, then the "mouth-in-nose" option is used. Massage alternate with inhalation of air according to the following algorithm:

1. The head of the victim thrust back, freeing the mouth from foreign objects, mucus, etc.
2. Lips are covered with a special nozzle, and the nose clamp.
3. Hands are placed in the field of solar plexus, placing one palm over the other.
4. Follow the sequence: 1 deep exhalation into the human oral cavity - 5 shoes with straight hands - 1 exhalation - 5 shoes, etc.

If, by the time of the arrival of the team of doctors, consciousness is not restored, then they proceed to carry out similar manipulations using additional equipment if necessary:

• the device of artificial ventilation lungs;
• defibrillator for the Cardiac Muscle Plant.

After five minutes, in the absence of the result, the physicians are administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously a solution of adrenaline, stanfantine and glucose. In the restoration of consciousness, anti-shock preparations are transported to the hospital.

5% of the patients of burn centers receive burns at contact with electricity.

Precautions when working with electric shock

The risk of electric shock and the severity of the consequences increase in a wet environment during rain or snowfall

Safety rules when working with electrical appliances prohibit:

• use the device if it turns out when it is turned on;
• approach savory or torn wires to the distance closer than 10 m;
• use faulty sockets and switches;
• touch the included appliances with wet hands or use them, touching metal surfaces;
• close to transformers, distribution devices, etc.;
• leave unused devices included in the outlet;
• carry out electrical work under voltage;
• leave children some close to sockets and switches;
• to extinguish the fire from the faulty wiring with water - you can get a discharge transmitted by the jet of water;
• wipe dust on the instruments included in the network.

Enhanced man electrical appliances can be a source of electric shock. In most cases, they rarely end with a fatal outcome, causing a short-term disorder of the functioning of a number of organs. Just in time to provide emergency care to return a person from the state of imaginary death to consciousness.

Electric shock It occurs when contacting with an electrical chain, in which there are voltage sources and / or current sources that can cause current flowing on the body that fell to the voltage. Usually sensitive to humans is to pass current by force more than 1 mA. In addition, high voltage installations are possible

punch with electric shock without touching the current elements, as a result of current leakage or airbag breakdown. The power of the defeatdepends on the discharge power, on the time of exposure, on the nature of the current (permanent or variable), on the state of the person - the humidity of the hands, etc., as well as from the place of contact and the way of passing the current by the body.

Because of the high electrical resistance of human tissues, there is quite quick heating, which can cause burns. Even relatively small stresses, with short-term contact with the chest can cause a malfunction in the work of the heart muscle. The blow of the current can cause a failure in the work of the nervous system, for example, indiscriminate muscle contractions. Repeating blows can cause neuropathy. Under the lesion of the head of the electric shock is possible loss of consciousness.

With sufficiently high voltage and current strength, so-called electric arcs that apply strong thermal burns may occur. Electrical arc also creates strong light radiation.

Saving a human life affected by electric current depends largely on the speed and correctness of the actions of persons providing him. First aid should be started to render immediately, if possible, at the scene, at the same time, providing medical care.

Assist should know:

• The main signs of violation of the vital functions of the human body;
• general principles First aid and its techniques in relation to the nature of the injured injured;
• Basic ways to carry and evacuating victims.

Assist should be able to:

• evaluate the condition of the victim and determine in which assistance, first of all, it needs;
• ensure the free passability of the upper respiratory tract;
• perform artificial respiration "from mouth to mouth" ("from mouth to nose") and a closed heart massage and evaluate their effectiveness;
• Determine the feasibility of calling the victim by ambulance or passing vehicles.

First aid sequence:

1. eliminate the impact on the body of damaging factors that threaten the health and life of the victim (free from the operation of the electric current, to carry out from an infected atmosphere, to pay off burning clothes, etc.), evaluate the condition of the victim;

2. Determine the nature and severity of injury, the greatest threat to the life of the victim and the sequence of measures for its salvation;

3. Perform the necessary measures to save the victim in urgency (restore the patency of the respiratory tract, to carry out artificial respiration, the outer massage of the heart);

4. Support the basic vital functions of the victim before the arrival of the medical worker;

5. Call an ambulance aid or take measures to transport the victim to the nearest therapeutic institution.

With electric shock damage, death is often clinical ("imaginary"), so one should never refuse to assist the victim and consider it dead due to the lack of breathing, heartbeat, pulse.

To resolve the question of the feasibility or safety of measures to revive the victim and make a conclusion about his death only the doctor has the right.

Electric Current Exemption

With electric shock damage, it is necessary to free the victim from the action of shock as soon as possible. The severity of the electrician depends on this action.

Touching the current-carrying parts that are under voltage causes in most cases an involuntary convulsive cutting of muscles and a general excitation that can lead to a violation of even the complete cessation of respiratory and blood circulation bodies.

If the victim holds the wire with his hands, its fingers are so much compressed that it becomes impossible to release the wire from his hands.

Therefore, the first action providing assistance should be the immediate disconnection of the part of the electrical installation, which concerns the victim.

A shutdown is made using a switch, a switcher, as well as by removing or retrieving fuses.

If the installation cannot be disabled enough, it is necessary to take other measures to exempt the victim from the current action.

In all cases, assisting should not touch the victim without proper precautions, because It is dangerous for life. He must monitor and so that it does not be in contact with the current part and under the tension of the step.

Voltage up to 1000V.

To separate the victims of the current-carrying parts or wire with a voltage up to 1000V, you should use the rope, stick, board, or dry item that does not conduct an electric current.

You can also pull it out for clothes (if it is dry and lags behind the body), for example, behind the floor of a jacket or coat, for the collar, avoiding touching the affected metal objects and parts of the body, not covered with clothing. Having absolved the victims, providing help should not touch his shoes or clothing, because Footwear and clothing can be raw and show electrical current conductors.

For the isolation of the hands, the help provided should wear dielectric gloves or wrap the hand with a scarf, put a cloth cap on it, throw on the affected rubber rug or just dry matter. You can also isolate yourself, putting onto a rubber rug, a dry board or no electrical out sole. When separating the victims of the current-carrying parts, it is recommended to act with one hand, holding the second in your pocket or behind the back.

If the electric current goes to the ground through the victim and he convulsively compresses one current element in his hand (for example, a wire is easier to interrupt the current, separating the victim from the Earth), slip the dry board under it, or drag off the clothes. You can also reflect the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or to eat them with a tool, with insulated handles (laying, passage). There is a snack of wires for the wires, i.e. Each wire is separate, it is necessary to stand on dry boards, a wooden staircase.

Voltage Over 1000V.

To separate the victims of the current-carrying parts, which are under voltage above 1000V, the dielectric gloves and bots should be put on, acting a barbell or insulating ends designed for the appropriate voltage. At the same time, it is necessary to remember about the danger of the tension of the step, if the current-carrying part lies on Earth and after the release of the victim of the current, it is necessary to take it out of the danger zone.

On the power lines for freeing the victim, if it concerns the wires, the wiring should be closed, sketching the flexible non-insulated wire on them.

The wire must have a sufficient section so that it does not overcome when the short circuit current is passed through it. Before making the sketch, one end of the wire must be grounded (to attach it to the body of a metal support, grounding the descent, etc.). It is necessary to divert the conductor so that it does not touch people, including helping and affected. If the victim concerns one wire, then it is often enough to ground only this wire.

First aid to the injured from electric current

After the release of the affected operation of the electric current, it is necessary to determine its condition:

• Consciousness: Clear, absent, broken, excitement;
• Color of skin and visible mucousse (lips, eyes): pink, blue, pale;
• Breathing: Normal, absent, broken (incorrect, surface, hoarse);
• Pulse on carotid arteries;
• Pupils are narrow, wide.

The color of the skin, the presence of breathing, the loss of consciousness is assessed visually. If the victim does not have consciousness, breath, pulse, skin-skinned, and pupils are widely considered that it is in a state of clinical death and it is necessary to immediately begin to revitalize the body using artificial respiration to the ways of "mouth to mouth" or "from the mouth to Nose and outdoor heart massage.

If the victim breathes very rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is tested, it is necessary to immediately start making artificial respiration. Starting a revival, you need to call a doctor or ambulance. If the victim is in consciousness, but before that was fainting or unconscious, but with the preserved stable breathing and pulse, it should be put on the litter, unzipted clothes, create a flow of fresh air, to create a complete peace by continuously observing the pulse and breathing.

In no case can not allow the victim to move, and even more so continue work, since the lack of visible heavy damage from EL. The current does not yet eliminate the possible subsequent deterioration of its condition. To transfer the victim to another place only in cases where he or a person providing assistance continues to threaten the danger or when the help of the place is impossible (for example, on the support). In no case can not be blocked by the victim to the ground, as it will only bring harm and lead to loss of time.

Methods for reviving the body under clinical death

Artificial respiration

Artificial respiration is carried out in cases where the victim does not breathe or breathes very badly, as well, if his breathing is constantly worsening. Most effective way Artificial respiration is the method of "mouth in the mouth" or "mouth into the nose". To carry out the faux respiration of the victim, it is necessary to put on the back, unzipped with shy clothes, ensure the passability of the upper respiratory tract and remove with the mouth of the mouth, wrapped with a handkerchief or bandage, foreign content (slipped prostheses, vomit, etc.)

After that, the help provided is located on the side of the head of the victim, one hand creates under the neck of the victim, and the palm puts the other hand on his forehead, swept the head as much as possible. At the same time, the root of the tongue rises and frees the entrance to the larynx, and the affected mouth opens. The help of the victim is leaked to the face of the victim, makes a deep breath open mouth completely covers the lips open mouth of the victim and makes an energetic exhalation, with some effort blowing air in his mouth with some effort; At the same time, he closes the nose of the horn or fingers, located on the forehead. At the same time, it is necessary to observe the chest of the victim, which rises. As soon as the breast wall rose, the injection of the air is suspended, the helping turns the face aside, a passive exhalation of the victim occurs. If the victim is well defined by the pulse and only artificial respiration must be carried out, the interval between artificial inhales should be 5 seconds (12 respiratory cycles per minute).

When conducting artificial respiration, refusing assistance must ensure that the air does not fall into the victim's stomach.

When air intake in the stomach, the abdomen is blown under the "spoon". In this case, carefully pressed the palm on the stomach between the sternum and the navel. At the same time, vomiting may occur, then you need to turn the head and shoulders to the side to clean his mouth and a throat. If the jaws of the victim are tightly scent and it is not possible to open the mouth, artificial respiration of "mouth to the nose" should be carried out. Little children blow the air simultaneously in the mouth and in the nose, covering their mouth and the nose of the child. Infusion produce a child (15-18 times per minute).

Stop artificial respiration after the restoration of the victim is quite deep and rhythmic self-breathing. In the absence of not only breathing, but the pulse on the carotid artery makes in a row 2 artificial inhales and proceed to the outer massage of the heart.

Outer massage of the heart

When defeating EL. The current may not only come to stop the breath, but also to cease blood circulation when the heart does not provide blood circulation by vessels. To resume blood circulation by artificially and make an outer heart massage. The human heart is located in the chest between the sternum and the spine. If you press up to the sternum, then the heart will compress between the sternum and the spine and from its cavities the blood will be squeezed into the vessels. If you press up on the sternum with bell-shaped engines, the blood will be pushed out of the cavities of the heart almost the same way as happens when it is naturally reduced. It is called outdoor (indirect, closed) Heart massage.

The indication for the use of resuscitation activities is to stop the heart, the loss of consciousness, the pallor or the sinusiness of the skin, loss of consciousness, the absence of a pulse on carotid arteries, stopping breathing or improper breaths. When the heart is stopped, without losing a second, the victim should be put on a flat rigid base, throw the head.

If the help has one person, it is located on the side of the victim and, leaning, makes 2 quick blows (according to the method of "mouth in the mouth"), then rises, remaining on the same side from the victim. The palm of one hand puts on the lower half of the sternum (above 2 fingers from the solar plexus) fingers lifts. The palm of the second hand he puts over the first across or along and presses, helping the slope of his body. Pressing to produce a fast shock so as to move the sternum to 4-5 cm. If the revival is conducting one person, then it produces 2 pins - 15 pressing per 1 minute. It is necessary to make 12 blows - 60 pressing. If the revival is carried out 2 people, then they produce: 1 blowing - 5 pressing.

If resuscitation activities are held correctly: skin covers begin to repose, pupils are narrowed, self-breathing is restored. After cardiac activity is restored and the pulse will be well defined, the heart massage will immediately stop, continuing artificial respiration with the weak breath of the victim. When restoring a full-fledged self-breathing, artificial respiration also stops. If cardiac activity or independent respiration has not yet been restored, then resuscitation activities can be terminated only when transferring the victim into the hands of the medical worker.

Children from year to 12 years old massage produce from 70-100 presses per minute.

Children under the year do 100-120 presses per minute with two fingers.

First aid when

In all kinds of injury, microbes can be listed on a wounded subject, on the skin of the victim, as well as in dust in the ground, etc.

In order to avoid infection with a tetanus (severe disease with a large percentage of mortality), special attention should be paid to wounds polluted land. Urgent appeal to the doctor for the introduction of anti-resistant serum warns this disease.

When first aid, it is necessary to strictly follow the following rules:

• It is impossible to rinse with water or even by any medicinal substance, pour with powders and cover ointments, as it prevents the wound to the wound, contributes to the dirt from the surface of the skin, which causes subsequent suppuration.
• You can not wash with the wounds of sand, earth, etc., as it is impossible to remove everything that pollutes the wound is impossible, but it can be deeper into the dirt and easier to cause infection of the wound, to clear the wound as only a doctor can be cleaned.
• It is impossible to remove blood bunches from the wound, because It can cause strong bleeding.
• It is impossible to turn the wound to the insulating tape.

To first-end first aid, an individual package must be opened in the first aid kit (bag) of the first aid, apply the sterile dressing material contained in it and to bandage it.

First Aid when bleeding

Outdoor bleeding can be arterial and venous. In case of arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet and flows out with a pulsating jet (shocks): with venous bleeding blood of a dark color and flows continuously. The most dangerous is arterial bleeding.

In order to stop bleeding you need:

• Raise the wounded limb
• bleeding wound to close the dressing material (from the package) folded into the lumps and pushed on top without touching the fingers of the wound itself: in this position, not dropping the finger, to keep for 4-5 minutes if the bleeding stops, then without removing the cash on top It is superimposed another pad from another package or a piece of watts and kicked the wounded place.
• With strong arterial bleeding, if it does not stop the bandage, to apply the squeezing of blood vessels, with the help of flexing limbs and joints, also with your fingers, harness or twist, in all cases of large bleeding, it is necessary to urgently cause a doctor.

First assistance in burns

Burns are three degreesStarting from easy redness to severely sacrifice extensive skin sections. With severe burns, it is necessary to very carefully with the injured dress and shoes - it is better to cut them. The wound from the burn, being polluted, begins to be fused and does not heal for a long time. Therefore, it is impossible to touch the arms of the burnt area of \u200b\u200bthe skin or lubricate it with any ointments, oils, a vaseline or solution. The burned surface should be tied in the same way as any wound, coat with a sterilized material from the package or a clean ironed linen cloth, and on top of putting a wool layer and close everything with a bandage. This method of first aid should be applied with all burns than they were not: ferry, volt arc, hot mastic, rosin, etc.

With eye burns electric Douga Cold rims from the solution boric acid And immediately send the victim to the doctor.

In front of burns caused by strong acids (sulfur, nitric, salt), the affected place should be immediately washed with a fast-flowing jet of water from under the tap or bucket for 10-15 minutes. After that, the affected place is washed with a 5% solution of manganese potassium or a 10% solution of drinking soda. After washing, the affected parts of the body should be covered with gauze impregnated with a mixture vegetable oil and lime water in equal ratio.

In the case of a burn with caustic alkali (caustic soda, forged lime), the affected place should be thoroughly rinsed by a rapid flowing jet of water for 10-15 minutes. After that, the affected place must be rinsed with a weak solution of acetic acid (3-6% by volume) or a solution of boric acid (one teaspoon on a glass of water). After washing, the affected places should be coated with gauze, impregnated with 5% acetic acid solution.

First aid for fractures, dislocations, bruises and stretching ligaments

When fractures and dislocations, the main task of first aid is to ensure a calm and most convenient position for a damaged limb, which is achieved by its full immobility. Fractures are closed and open.

When the fracture is open, you should impose a sterile bandage on the wound, with large bleeding to impose a harness. Imagine the damaged limb by any infringement means (sticks, skis, boards). After providing first medical care, the victim should be delivered to the doctor.