It is often not entirely clear how the cost of heating is formed and why it is significantly lower for residents, for example, it is much lower. However, the board is always charged according to the approved scheme. There is a certain standard of heating consumption, and it is the basis for the formation of the total value. About what you need to know about the charge of heating fees, we will tell in this article.

In this article you will learn:

• As a communal heating service is associated with heating consumption standards.
• What is a "standard of consumption of heating".
• How to calculate the standard of heating consumption.
• As a standard for electricity consumption is associated with a utility of the heating provided by the MKD.

As a utility service for heating is associated with the standard of heating consumption

To begin with, we describe what is included in the concept of a communal heating service. Next, consider what is a consumption standard installed for heating, and how it is formed.

Based on Rules 354, the quality of heating is assessed taking into account the change in the air temperature. According to paragraph 5 of the rules, the heating season begins when the average daily air temperature drops below 8 ° C and this mode is saved for 5 days. The main purpose of the heat supply to the room is heating the air to a comfortable temperature. How is heating performed technically?

In our country today often use water heating systems. The heat carrier (usually water) is heated to a predetermined temperature and circulates in the heating system. Gradually, the carrier gives to the room heat. In this case, its temperature, respectively, decreases. Heat from the coolant enters the atmosphere, as a rule, due to heating radiators.

There are three ways to supply heat:

• thermal conductivity;
• convection;
• radiation.

The thermal conductivity is the ability of more heated parts of the object to give heat less heated using chaotic moving particles (molecules, atoms). For example, when the heating radiator transmits the heat in contact with it.

Convection is a type of heat exchange, in which the transmission of internal energy is carried out by streams and jets. When convection, heat is transmitted with liquid or gas, including air. Gas flows on a certain object with a temperature other than its own. When the air flows around a hot heating radiator, it heats up. When the air flows around objects with a lower temperature, then, respectively, cools. Strong items are heated.

Places common usewhere the heating radiators are not (for example, the staircases in the MKD) are heated, mainly due to convection. That is, warm air from apartments where radiators work, enters the entrances. Due to this, they create a normal temperature.

When radiation, thermal energy is transmitted through a visually permeable medium, for example, through air, transparent objects or vacuum. Electromagnetic waves transfer heat from a warmer to a less warm subject. For example, heat from the Sun to the Earth is transmitted precisely by radiation. Of course, the heating radiator does not give warm in the same volume as the sun. Unprepared by the observer of this radiation cannot see. But thanks to special devices - thermal cells - this process is perfectly visible.

The heat carrier directly during heating is not spent (in any case, with the normal functioning of the heating system and the absence of leaks). He only gives heat into space, creating a comfortable environment in it. Water, heated in a boiler or any other device, enters the heating system, circulates in it, gives heat and cools. Next, on the reverse pipeline, it goes back to the heating device. Due to the fact that there is no consumption of heat carrier, utility users do not pay for its consumption. Only heat is paid, which the coolant gives into the space of heated apartments.

The generally accepted unit of measuring thermal energy on the international system of units (C) is Joule (J). MKD premises consume energy of two types:

• thermal;
• electric.

As noted above, energy is measured in Joules (J). But for the designation of electricity use "kilowatt-hours" (kW⋅h), and thermal energy - gigakloria (GKAL).

Calorie (Cal) As a unit of measurement used in different areas When calculating, for example, if you need to determine the consumption of thermal energy in residential buildings and MKD apartments. Caloi - an out of system unit equal to 4,1868 J. It is precisely such a number of heat energy that is required to heat 1 gram of water at 1 ° C.

Caloria as a unit of measurement first began to use to calculate the heat content in the water. In the field of housing and communal services, calories apply precisely for this purpose. The heat carrier in water heating systems, as a rule, is water.

To measure heat, as well as other energy, Jouley can be used. But if thermal energy consumed in residential buildings and MKD is calculated, calories are used.

To heat 1 gram of water at 1 ° C, 1 calorie needs. Accordingly, to heat 1 ton of water (1 million grams) at 1 ° C, 1 million kcal is required, or 1 mcal (megaklorine). For example, to heat 1 cubic meter of water (1 ton) to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, it is necessary to 60 μal (megaclorium), or 0.06 (0.060) gigacalry (GKAL). That is, to heat 100 cubic meters of water to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 6 gkal. We note 60 degrees - this is the limit of DHW for residents of residential buildings and MKD.

In heating systems, MKD circulate large volumes of thermal carrier. That is why the calculations are carried out in Gcal (1 Gcal equals 1 billion feces).

What is the standard of heating consumption from a physical point of view

Russian legislation considers the MKD in calculating the energy consumed for heating as a whole. The apartment building acts as an indivisible technical object, consuming thermal energy For heating of all rooms in it. In this regard, in the calculations between the resource-saving organization and the performer of utilities, it is very important how much heat was used by the MCD as a whole.

There are rules for the installation and definition of public services consumption standards, approved by the Government Decree No. 306. In accordance with them, first calculate the standard of heating consumption per year in the MCD (paragraph 19 of Annex 1 to the rules 306, formula 19) .

When calculating the standard of heating consumption per month, the year is used as a settlement period. Indicators in different months, of course, differ, and the fee on the standard of heating consumption must be either the same during the entire heating season, or uniform during the calendar year. It all depends on what method for heating fees is valid in the Russian subject.

The MKD includes residential and non-residential premises, as well as generalic property belonging to all owners of facilities in the house on the right of community property. All thermal energy entering the MKD consumes themselves. Accordingly, owners must pay for heating. But the question arises: how should the cost of the service provided between all subscribers should be distributed? Is there a standard for the consumption of heating for general business needs?

The amount of payment for heating is distributed quite reasonable. It all depends on the element of each apartment or non-residential premises (according to the rules 354 and 306).

How to calculate the cost of thermal energy consumption for heating

The regulatory of heating consumption approve authorized local authorities. Most often, this is part of the duties of energy commissions in the regions.

The type of house determines the standard of heating consumption. There is a standard for at least three years and during this period usually does not change. It is possible to appeal the decision to install regulations for the consumption of heating in court.

Customer standards are formed by three methods: expert, settlement and analogs. Authorized bodies have the right to use one method or combine several.

If experts apply an analogs and expert method, the standard of heating consumption is formed on the basis of monitoring of heat consumption in residential buildings and MKD with approximately the same construction and technical characteristics, the number of tenants and the level of improvement. The basis here are the indicators of collective meters.

The estimated method is used if it is impossible to obtain the readings of the meters, or data of collective metering devices is not enough to apply the analogs method, or there is no information for the use of the expert method.

Each region itself establishes a regulatory of thermal energy consumption for heating. In its formation, technological losses take into account. At the same time, the costs of municipal resources, which emerged due to improper use of engineering communications and equipment in a residential building or MKD, the incorrect use of the rules of operation of residential premises and the content of general-purpose property in the MCD are not taken into account.

Regulatory of heating for square. M. - This is the flow of heat in which the normal temperature is maintained indoors. To calculate the standard of heating consumption (Gkal per 1 m2 per month), use the formula:

N \u003d Q / S * 12

Q Here is the total consumption of heat heating of rooms in the MKD or residential building. Q - Amount of testimony of counters for the heating season (GKAL), S is a common room of premises in a residential building or MKD (M 2).

• Room temperature standards.

There are rules for the provision of utilities to the population approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to them, the air temperature in residential premises should not be less than the mark from 18 ° C and 20 ° C for corner rooms.

Temperature regime in residential homes is determined by GOST R 51617-2000 "Housing and communal services. General technical conditions ", approved by the Resolution of the State Standard of Russia 158-art from 19.06.00 and Sanpin 2.1.2.1002-00.

GOST recognizes the most optimal temperature modes for residential premises:

• 20 ° C for corner rooms;
• 20 ° C for the buildings of the first year of operation;
• 18 ° C for residential rooms;
• 18 ° C for kitchens;
• 25 ° C for bathrooms;
• 16 ° C for staircases and lobby.

The following temperature standards are recognized for Sainpin optimal and allowed in residential areas:

For GVS also installed temperature modeequal to 50-70 ° C.

As you can accurately calculate the standard of heating consumption

According to the rules, during the installation of utility consumption standards, use the analogs method and the calculated method.

Analog methods are used if there is data obtained from counters in homes with similar technical characteristics and constructive parameters, level of improvement, as well as located in similar climatic zones. The method of analogs allows reliable information only in relation to the consumption of energy and consumption of water, despite the fact that the owners of the premises in the MCD are made in different dishes, take shower and bath, use lighting and power consuming appliances. Calculating the cost of consumption of a communal heating service, this method will not be used, in any case, with the use of public counters. As for individual counters, practical experience in this matter is not yet.

The communications device for entering the building records the amount of heat consumption for heating. But this does not mean that this volume of thermal energy is optimal for tenants. For example, in Moscow on Obruchev Street there are 8 identical homes of the P-18 series - 01/12. As part of the overhaul, the old windows were replaced with more energy-intensive new ones, the facades were insulated, installed automated heating system control units, heating thermostats. At the same time, in two buildings, among other things, heat-distributors of the consignment of thermal energy were established. In the heating season 2010-2011. The specific consumption of thermal energy was in average amounted to 190 kWh / m 2. At the same time, during the preceding period in the same house, the indicator was 99 kW · b / m 2. A significant improvement in the indicators could be achieved if the temperature flow of heat supply is optimized for heating.

To calculate the standard of heating consumption, it is recommended to use only the calculated method. But formula 9 offered by the rules is incorrect. According to it, the heat load on heating is changing together with an outdoor temperature:

Q. about \u003d Q O.Max (T VN - T N.SRO) / (T VN - T N.RO) · 24 N O · 10 -6, GKAL / H

q O.Max is a regulatory of heat consumption for the heating of a residential building or MCD (kcal / hour); T VN - the temperature of heated objects in the house, ° C; t N.Sro - the average daily air temperature in the heating season, ° C; t N.RO is the calculated temperature of the outer air in the design of heating, ° C; N O is the duration of the heating season with the average daily outdoor temperature of 8 ° C and less. 24 - watches in the days, and 10 -6 - the coefficients of translation from Kcal in Gcal.

If we take into account the thermal balance of the dwelling, the estimated hour load on heating will be equal to:

q. O.Max \u003d q ogr q info q life,

q OGR - thermal losses through external fences; q info - thermal losses to heat the infiltrant air through external fences; q life - domestic heat releases from people artificial lightingUse. household appliances, cooking, washing dishes, DHW pipes installed inside apartments, as well as heat transfer with scattered radiation.

When the temperature in the street increases or decreases, only the first two components of the thermal balance are changed. Domestic heat releases throughout the heating season remain unchanged. The outdoor temperature on them does not affect them. Concerning proper option Formulas looks like this:

Q. about \u003d [(q o.max q q everyday life) (T VN - T N.SRO) / (T VN -E T N.RO) - Q Life] · 24 N O · 10 -6,

If household heat dissimilars denote in shares from the calculated hour load on heating and make it q. O.Max per square brackets, the formula will be like this:

Q. about \u003d q o.max · [(1 Q Lema / Q O.Max) · (T VN - T N.SRO) / (T VN - T N.RO) - Q Life / Q O.Max] · 24 N · 10 -6.

Household heat generations in the heat balance remain constant with respect to the estimated hour load on heating for a specific house. However, the proportion of thermal discharge increases if the outdoor temperature increases. Due to the temperature to increase the outside, the supply of heat heating can be reduced. Temperature graphs of heat carrier in feed and return pipelines heating system must be converged t. N \u003d. t. VN \u003d 18 ... 20 ° C, as it was when using the formula given in the rules, and when t. H \u003d 10 ... 15 ° C, in accordance with other formulas.

It should be noted that the graph of high-quality control of the source built without taking into account the increasing share of household heat discharges in the heat balance of the house with an increase in the outdoor temperature, there is a contrary to the standards. In this regard, there must be automated control systems for the heating system in each residential building. If the connection is connected, the movement of adjusting mixing pumps should be carried out not only during the cutting of the central adjustment schedule, but also throughout the entire period, provided that the outer air temperature exceeds the parameters "A".

The share of household heat discharge is a constant value from the calculated hour load on the heating system for a separate house. This share for another residential facility increases with increased thermal protection or using the recycling of exhaust heat heat to heating the supply. If it is supposed to build a house with similar technical characteristics and design, but in a region with a cooler climate, the share of household heat generations in the design of heating will be less. If construction is planned on the territory with a higher calculated temperature of the outer air, the share will be higher.

In this regard, Table 7 of the rules in which the standard of thermal energy consumption is marked for the heating of a residential building and the MCD, it is impossible to be correct. When determining the values, the changing shares of household waste in relation to the estimated watch load on heating in different Russian regions are not taken into account. Also not taken into account that later, on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011, the energy efficiency of buildings will increase.

We will not take into account the values \u200b\u200bof the specific heat consumption for heating houses, erected until 1995 and after 2000 with various number of floors in the regions with the calculated temperature of the outer air for the design of heating from -5 degrees to -55 degrees. I will identify the same values \u200b\u200bfor the construction of the 2011-2016 period. Taking into account the requirements for increasing their energy efficiency, as well as for buildings, where at the same time there was a capital reconstruction, and compare them with the requirements of 2000 (on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011)

By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 262 of 28.05.2010, together with an increase in energy efficiency, the normalized resistances of the heat transfer of exterior walls, coatings and overlaps to the level of table increased. 4 SNiP 23-02-2003, windows from 2011 to magnitude R. F \u003d 0.8 m 2 · ° C / W for locations with the size of the degree of more than 4,000 and 0.55 m 2 · ° C / W for the rest, and from 2016 - not less R. F \u003d 1.0 m 2 · ° C / W is also for districts of more than 4,000 ° C · day. and 0.8 m 2 · ° C / W - for the rest.

For calculations, we take the nine-story residential building, which is erected in Central Russia. The calculated outdoor air temperature is -25 degrees, and the value of the degree-day - 5000. In accordance with the norms for 2000, the resistance to the heat transfer of the main outdoor wall fences R. w \u003d 3.15 m 2 · ° C / W, windows R. F \u003d 0.54 m 2 · ° C / W, Estimated air exchange at a population of 20 m 2 of the total area of \u200b\u200bapartments per person \u003d 30 m 3 / (h · person), the specific amount of household heat generations of 17 W / m 2 in the dwellings.

This is what the thermobalalans looks like. Through the walls, the building loses 20-23% heat, through coatings, overlap - 4-6%, through windows - 25-28%, due to air infiltration - 40-50%. The relative percentage of household heat dissipation from the calculated heat losses is 18-20%. The estimated heat consumption for heating at home in relation to the estimated heat loss in 2000 will be in solving the thermalobalanse equation: O.Max 2000 \u003d 0.215 0.05 0.265 0.47 - 0.19 \u003d 0.81. The percentage of household waste from the settlement consumption of heat for heating q. life / q. O.Max \u003d 0.19 · 100 / 0.81 \u003d 23.5%.

How relative heat loss through windows and walls of the building is changed while increasing their heat shields

To understand how the estimated consumption of thermal energy changes on heating with an increase in the resistance of the heat transfer of external fences, let's see in Fig. 1. The figure shows that with an increase in the heat transfer resistance of the walls by 15% from 3.15 to 3.6 m 2 · ° C / W, the relative heat loss through the walls is reduced from 0.302 to 0.265 units or equal to 0.265 / 0.302 \u003d 0.877 from the previous value. When switching to windows with heat transfer resistance 0.8 instead of 0.54 m 2 · ° C / W Heat consumption is reduced by 0.425 / 0.63 \u003d 0.675 compared with an earlier indicator.

If we consider the decrease in heat loss through coatings and overlaps, both through the walls, and the relative loss of heat to heating the infiltration air, as before, the heatobalance equation of the house buildings from 2011 will be:

Qht.max 2011 \u003d (0.215 0.05) · 0.877 0.265 · 0.675 0.47 \u003d 0.232 0.179 0.47 \u003d 0.881.

The relative calculated costs of heat for heating are equal to qht.max 2011 \u003d 0.881 - 0.19 \u003d 0.691, and the standard of heating consumption will be reduced by 2011 compared with 2000: 0.691 / 0.81 \u003d 0, 853 (decrease by 14, 7%, due to an increase in the resistance of heat transfer of walls, coatings, overlap by 15% and windows from 0.54 to 0.8 m 2 · C / W), and in absolute value at a value in 2000 q. O.Max \u003d 50 m 2 · ° C / W with recalculation to kcal / h: 50 · 0.853 / 1,163 \u003d 36.6 kcal / (h · m 2).

The reduced resistance of the heat transfer of the walls will increase by another 15% in 2016 compared to 2011 when moving to windows with heat transfer resistance 1.0 instead of 0.8 m2 · ° C / W heat loss decrease by 0.34 / 0.425 \u003d 0 ,eight. The indicator of relative summary heat loss in a 9-storey building in 2016 will be:

Q ht.max 2016 \u003d 0,232 · 0.887 0,179 · 0.8 0.47 \u003d 0.206 0,143 0.47 \u003d 0.82.

Relative calculated heat losses on heatingq HT.Max 2016 g \u003d 0.82 - 0.19 \u003d 0.63. Reducing the normalized specific indicator in 2016 compared with 2000 is 0.63 / 0.81 \u003d 0.778. The resistance of heat transfer walls, coatings, overlaps rose by only 30% and windows up to 1.0 m2 · ° C / W. Due to this, the consumption of heat heating heat decreased by 22.2%, including from 2016 - by 22.2-14.7 \u003d 7.5%), and in absolute value: q. O.Max \u003d 50 · 0.778 / 1,163 \u003d 33.4 kcal / (h · m 2). This is how the components of the heat loss in a residential nine-story house in 2016 will relate. Through the walls, coatings and overlaps, 25% heat will leave (0.206 · 100 / 0.82), through the windows 0.143 · 100 / 0.82 \u003d 17% (in 2000 these parameters were identical to each other - 26.5%) , To heat the infiltrant air in the regulatory quantity: 0.47 · 100 / 0.82 \u003d 58% (in 2000 - 47%). The percentage of domestic heat discharges in relation to the calculated heat loss to heating will be 0.19 · 100 / 0.63 \u003d 30% (in 2000 - 23.5%).

Calculate in the same ratio as for 2000, the flow rate of heat to the heating of houses with a different number of floors, but for territories with other calculated temperature parameters of the outer air. Below is a table with the results of calculations belonging to SNiP "Thermal Networks". Thanks to the table, it is possible to determine which power is the source of heat supply and what the diameter of the pipes used in heating networks has.

Calculate the standard of individual consumption of heating of the room on this table cannot be. The calculated loss parameters do not reflect the degree of optimizing the automatic control of the supply of thermal energy to heating.

Specifications of the calculated heat consumption for the heating of multi-apartment and residential buildings on 1 m 2 of the total area of \u200b\u200bapartments, q. O.Max, kcal / (h · m 2)

Floors residential buildings Calculated outdoor air temperature for the design of heating, t. n, ° С For construction buildings until 1995 1-3 ET. Detached 2-3 fl. Slapbed 4-6 fl. Brick 4-6 fl. Panel 7-10 fl. Brick 7-10 fl. Panel For construction buildings after 2000 1-3 ET. Detached 2-3 fl. Slapbed For construction buildings after 2010 1-3 ET. Detached 2-3 fl. Slapbed For construction buildings after 2015 1-3 ET. Detached 2-3 fl. Slapbed

How the standard of consumption of non-residential premises is calculated

Based on 20 points of rules for the provision of utilities to the population approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/23/2006 No. 307, if the Counters on the DHW and HBW, Electro-, Heat and Gas, the amount of payment for utility services are not established in the premises of the MKD According to regulations that have established Russian legislation, as well as taking into account the number of resources consumed.

The volume of consumed utility resources are determined as follows:

• for the HBW and DHW - using the settlement method. As a basis, the regulations of water consumption are taken. If there are no - the requirements and rules of construction standards;
• for wastewater - as a total volume of consumed hot and cold water;
• for gas and electricity - using the settlement method. The scheme for calculating among themselves must coordinate the resource-supplying organization and the person with whom the organization has a contract. The basis for calculation is the power and mode of operation of consuming devices installed on the object;
• for heating - in accordance with the sub. 1 of paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules [Note: according to the cost of consumption in GKAL / sq.m, i.e. Calculation is the same as for apartments]. The performer at this time a year needs to adjust the amount of payment for heating. The procedure for adjustment is described in sub. 2 p. 1 of Annex No. 2 to the Rules.

In other situations, the volume of heat consumed in non-residential premises, including non-residential facilities that are not part of the MCD and are located separately, are calculated using the method of determining the need for fuel, electricity and water in the production and transmission of heat and heat carriers in the system of municipal heat supply MCD. The methodology approved the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation dated August 12, 2003. For calculations, the methodology for determining the amount of thermal energy and the coolant in watering systems of municipal heat supply MDS 41-4.2000, approved by order of the Gosstroya of the Russian Federation of 06.05.2000 No. 105, is also used.

Due to the fact that the legislative formulations are very ambiguous, how the question for the user of utilities will be solved in practice, is determined by the position of the energy-saving organization, the Contractor (Criminal Code, HOA), the arguments of participants and judicial practice.

As a standard of electricity consumption for heating is associated with a municipal heating service provided by MKD

Before the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, in the period from 1999 to 2005. The current legislation allowed the disconnection of centralized heating in a separate residential premises of the MKD and heating it with electricity. Since centralized heating in the houses did not always function, a significant proportion of the population, issued all the technical documents, began to use the electrics.

The fee for heating in the MKD was charged so. The owners of the apartments where centralized heating was functioning, paid for the service in accordance with the standard of consumption. Citizens who enjoyed consuming heating, the service was not paid, because they did not receive receipts for it. All this corresponded to the principles reflected in Art. 7 Housing Code of the Russian Federation - "Reason and Justice". However, in 2003-2013. Everything has changed (table).

Formation of the amount of payment for heating in the Moorman region

Conditions	A period of time
	Until 2006
Basis	Acted united all over the region to heating	There were standards for heating, Approved by local governments	Subject introduced new standards for heating, with the allocation of a standard for general property	Recovered standards for general property	Act Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation 05/23/2006 No. 307
MKD without a general metering device, room without a metering device	P i \u003d s i x NOT X TT. Adjusting this year by the new tariff	P i \u003d s i x nt x tt. Adjustment by year	P i \u003d S i x n object x tt ponn \u003d nod x Si X S I / SOB. Adjustment canceled	P i \u003d s i x nt x tt. Adjustment canceled	P i \u003d s i x nt x tt. Adjustment canceled
MKD is equipped with a generalical accounting device, room without a metering device	P i \u003d Vd x s i / in-mail x TT. On the fact of consumption	P i \u003d s i x v i x tt. On average Monthly Correcting-Koyou	P i \u003d Vd x S I / SD x TT. On the fact of consumption	P i \u003d Vd x s i / Singch x tt. On the fact of consumption	P i \u003d s i x v i x tt. On average Monthly with adjustment Coy for year

Complexity with payment of heat appeared when general-owned counters were installed in the MKD. The amount of payment began to develop from two components: for heating the room of residential or non-residential destination and common areas in the house.

As a result, starting from 2013 to this day, in a number of Russian regions (for example, in the Kirov and Murmansk regions), where there are premises heated with electricity in the MKD, in accordance with the legislative transfer to this type of heating, the owners of these premises continue to expose receipts for payment of centralized heating services (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. The diagram of the distribution of thermal energy on the heating of the house number 11 on the street. Soviet city Kandalaksha (version of the Murmansk region):

• 59.07 Gcal / 2617 square meters. M \u003d 0,02257 Gcal / sq. m.
• 0,02257 Gcal / sq. M. M x 1597.7 square M \u003d 36.06 Gcal.
• 0,02257 Gcal / sq. M. m x 206.5 square meters M \u003d 4.66 Gcal.
• 4.66 Gcal / 2410.5 square meters. M \u003d 0.001933 Gcal / sq. M. m.
• 0.001933 GKAL / KV. M x 812.8 square M \u003d 1.57 Gcal.
• 0.001933 GKAL / KV. M x 1597.7 square M \u003d 3.09 Gcal.

At the same time, the authorities insist that the owners again moved to centralized heating. But they forget that the law has no inverse power.

In favor of the fact that the actions are legitimate, testifies to Formula 3 from Annex 2 Rules. In accordance with it, the area heated at the expense of electricity is not excluded from the calculation scheme for centralized heating services.

At the same time, on 12.03.2015, a meeting of the Working Group was held, dedicated to the formation of payment for centralized heating for owners of residential premises with electricities (the Working Group instructed to create the Governor of the Murmansk region). The minutes of the meeting included a recommendation to the administrations of all MO in the Murmansk region to inform the owners that residential premises should be translated into centralized heating. However, it is unclear how it agrees with the situation reverse action In the law.

It turns out that today the essence of conflicts between stakeholders is as follows:

• heat supply companies want owners to pay for unwordified services;
• owners of residential facilities do not intend to pay unwordified services.

In a number of Russian regions today (for example, in the Bryansk and Arkhangelsk regions, the Stavropol Territory) the situation is somewhat different. The formula 3 of Annex 2 of the Rules is used, taking into account the definition of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 03/23/2015 No. AKPI15-198. At the same time in these regions, the question associated with the heating is solved on the basis of Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, including its main provisions - omensity and justice.

Opportunities to solve the problem

The main element confirming that the owner of the object receives a utility service for central heating, the radiator battery. It is part of centralized heating, because it is attached to it, and maintains the necessary temperature in the housing. Premises apartment houseHeated using electricity, not equipped with data elements. Accordingly, under the law and the service for heating is absent.

Below are part of the MCD, which serve as evidence that the owners of non-residential and prevalence premises, where the heating comes at the expense of electric heating, must pay part of the utilities:

• staircases (generalic property of all owners of MKD objects);
• heating stands that pass through residential and non-residential areas of owners, where electric heating operates.

A number of problems have to be solved. Among them:

• As the owners of objects where electrical heating is used, should pay for heating spent on generalic property, which is valid for the consumption of heating for general-purpose needs.
• How to pay heat energy that emitting the risers of the heating system passing through electrical heating objects.

The expert council of the public monitoring system in the housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region has developed a number of proposals for the formation of the amount of payment for heating in the MCD with residential premises with electrical structures (Fig. 2, 3).

Fig. 2. The scheme shows how heat is distributed on heating house No. 11 on Soviet Street to Kandalaksha (submitted by the expert council of public control system in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region):

• 0.1712 GKAL / M - Loss of heat from the feed and reverse risers (average value) that pass through residential properties. For calculations, the Instruction of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated December 30, 2008 No. 325 was used.
• 8 square meters x 0.1712 Gcal \u003d 1.3696 Gcal.
• 59.07 Gcal - 1.3696 Gcal \u003d 57.70 Gcal.
• 57.7 Gcal / 1804.2 kV. M \u003d 0.03198 Gcal / sq. m.
• 0,03198 Gcal / sq. M x 1597.7 square M \u003d 51.09 Gcal.
• 0,03198 Gcal / sq. m x 206.5 square meters M \u003d 6.6 Gcal.
• 6.6 Gcal / 2410.5 square meters. M \u003d 0.00274 Gcal / sq. M. m.
• 0.00274 GKAL / KV. M x 812.8 square M \u003d 2,227 Gcal.
• 0.00274 GKAL / KV. M x 1597.7 square M \u003d 4.38 Gcal.

Fig. 3. Scheme of payment of central heating by objects of objects where electric heating operates.

In this case, you can:

• Use the value of the consumption of heating to generalive needs (analogue, under Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
• Install the heat meters on the heating risers of generalicity.
• Apply the instrument and estimated method of heat energy that heating risers emit.

The following schemes of the parties are justified and fair:

• the heat supply organization is interested in selling heating services and receiving payment for it;
• the owners of the premises want to get a high-quality communal heating service and pay for it.

Alas, suggestions that put forward the expert council of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region will not even be considered. At the same time, the owners of objects heated by electricity, as before, receive accounts for dual payment for heating services. The same problem was discovered in the Crimea in Krasnoperekopsk. The government of the country should be solved directly.

How profitable is the calculation of heating on a general aware meter? How is the payment calculated when using it? How can you really save on heating? Let's try to deal with these rather painful questions for Russians.

Why it is necessary

Let's immediately arrange the most important moment. By itself, the counter does not save anything. This is just an accounting device.

If, thanks to good insulation of the house, the good glazing of entrances, metal-plastic windows and facades, closed "fur coat" from foam or mineral wool, heat losses are minimized - after installing the meter, the tenants will receive accounts with more modest numbers.

If the drive heating is heating the street, and the apartments are mostly thermally insulated bad - the price of heat in the house may well increase.

Please note: in itself the assessment of the benefits and deficiencies of house counters does not affect anything. According to Federal Law No. 261, residential buildings must be equipped with accounting devices. Point.

So who benefits the heating on a general aware meter? What goals is the law?

• More accurate and fair distribution of payment. In fact, if the tenants of one house have invested significant funds into his insulation, and the inhabitants of another reacted to preserve heat indifferent - the wrong will force them to pay at a single tariff. At least, this point of view is preferred to announce representatives of municipal services.

• Stimulation of residents of apartment buildings to save heat is an argument that looks already more than more than convincing. Unfortunately, economic stimulation acts more efficiently of any persuasion. If a person knows that the glass is broken in the entrance or open the door will lie to the burden on his budget - be sure that the glasses will be more used, and the doors will be very tightly closed.
• Finally, the most unpleasant for us, consumers of utilities. Law №261 completely and finally shifts the care of the general purpose property from utilities on us.

Yes, earlier payment of the heating of entrances and the attics was taken from the amounts we paid for heating; But the amounts themselves were tied only to the current tariff. Take care of the state of the general property of the house accounted for a management company, and for a fixed fee.

In general, any "commune".

Calculation of payment

How is heating for general-friendly needs and apartments?

Scenario 1.

The apartment does not have its own heat metering device.

The situation is typical for houses built to the turn of the economy to capitalist rails. Actually, most of the houses in the post-Soviet space are heated by standing heating systems, in which if you have an individual accounting devices, then on each battery. What, to put it mildly, considerably.

Initially, the cost of heating one square meter is determined. Heat consumption for current tariffs for the reporting period, registered by the meter, is divided into the total area of \u200b\u200ball residential and non-residential sheard premises.

Then the share of the apartment in the general furniture is determined. Calculate it is easy.

It remains only to fold the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment itself, its share area in the total property of the house and multiply the amount obtained for the cost of heating the square meter.

Scenario 2.

How to calculate heating to generalive needs and an apartment, if individual counters in apartments are worth? The layout of new buildings provides horizontal wiring from the risers inside the apartment, and mount the counter is quite real.

• Heating of your apartment you are quite predictable, based on the testimony individual counter.
• The amount of heat that provides a common territory - entrances, attic, etc. - This is the difference between the sum of the readings of the general and all individual counters.
• Your share in the cost of heat for common needs is calculated in the same way as in the previous scenario: it is proportional to the area of \u200b\u200byour apartment.

Scenario 3.

How much will the residents of those apartments be paid for heat, in which there are no individual metering devices, if they are installed in other apartments?

The payment scheme is also clear and logical:

• The heat consumption is recorded in all individual and general aware meters;
• The difference is the cost of heating apartments without counters and common areas. We calculate the cost of heating one square meter according to removed indications, after which you charge the payment according to the area of \u200b\u200bapartments that are not equipped with counters, and shares in general property.

How to save on heating

As we have already found out, the calculation of the general heating itself is not always profitable. What measures can give real savings?

Individual metering devices in combination with thermostatic heads or chokes. In this case, you only pay for the heat that you really need. In addition, in this case you are less dependent on consciousness and common sense of neighbors.

What is the practical implementation?

• At the introduction of heating to the apartment is the heat meter itself. He is definitely enjoyed by representatives of the heat of organization selling you.
• On eyelids to heating devices, thermostats or chokes are set. Choke are somewhat cheaper; in very budget variant The adjustment function can be assigned even to conventional valves. However, adjust the temperature of the radiator valve is a non-trivial task.

Please note: screw valves are better not to use. Rubber gaskets can overlap the lumen with a semi-closed valve at the most inopportune moment, leaving you without heat. Actually, about this type of valves in our time can be completely forgotten.

The ideal option is, of course, mechanical or digital thermostats. The head is set in such a way as not to be in a stream of the heating device of hot air. After calibration, it is capable of maintaining the suspended accuracy, which is necessary to maintain in the premises of a given temperature.

What if you have a standing heating system? Put the instruments of accounting for each radiator - this is a project with a very dubious payback. In addition to huge initial expenses, you will have to pay for their periodic service, calibration and possible repairs.

In part, the problem may solve the so-called heat distributor for heat. What it is? A simple electronic thermometer that continuously removes and records the surface temperature of the radiator and air in the room.

The device is cheap and extremely installed with your own hands: it is attached directly to the surface of the heating device.

Knowing the thermal power of each battery, air temperature and radiator for a month and the total heat consumption of all radiators can with sufficient accuracy to evaluate heat consumption in each apartment. As a result, we will get a serious stimulus to save thermal energy, because we will pay only our own expenses.

Nuance: For a reliable estimate of the comparative flow of thermal energy, at least 75 percent of heating devices in the house should be equipped with thermal sensors in the house.

The device allows you to evaluate the actual heat transfer of the radiator. Its retail price is about 1 thousand rubles.

Another solution that will be able to reduce the total costs - automatic thermal item. The devices are in demand to a greater extent in organizations: at a cost of 400,000 rubles, they give a noticeable reduction in the cost of heating the house as a whole, but the problems of relationships between tenants do not solve.

How does such a device work?

Remote thermal sensors monitor the outdoor temperature on the street. When calculating the temperature graph, the most advanced devices take into account the degree of insulation of the building and its thermal inertia. The temperature of the coolant and the thermal assembly of the thermal node is adjusted under the actual need warm.

When using automatic control over the heating system, the overall heating meters begin to bring real benefits.

Accounting problems

As usual, any innovation carries with them a lot of new problems. What trouble should be expected from the next government initiative?

• The first underwater stone is waiting for us at the stage of implementing legislation. You see the initiative comes from the government. But to pay and the general counters for heating themselves, and their installation should have tenants.

Sometimes it is about very significant amounts. The introduction of public accounting will cost in the amount of 150 thousand rubles. Calculate the cost of each apartment for, say, a small 10-apartment two-storey house not difficult.

The heat metering systems are quite expensive. Than less than apartments In the house - the greater the amount that every tenant will pay.

However, the emergency to be demolished at home and those where the cost of the meter with the installation is comparable from a semi-annual payment of heat, do not fall under the law No. 261.

• The tenants of unsuccessted apartments do not participate in the installation of accounting devices. Their costs take over the municipality.

It would seem, you can only rejoice; But expenses are significant! And the budget is not rubber. Municipal organizations will have to save on procurement for current repairs and home service, which is no longer so joyful.

• Meeting device maintenance includes periodic cleaning of filters, muds, repair of shut-off valves in front of the meter and after it. In addition, after the end of the one-year warranty, all subsequent repairs of the device itself are paid by residents. And a very curious way: the cost of housing content increases under this article.

That is, regardless of whether the counter is broken or is working, we pay for its repair.

• The management organization after installing the briefing device is a delicate position.

On the one hand, it must pay the energy consumed monthly. In the absence of payment, the supplier may simply stop supplying heat, breaking the valve in its well. What it can have consequences in severe frosts - to explain, it seems that you do not need.

On the other hand, among the tenants there is always a certain percentage of non-payers. Each organization solves this problem in its own way; However, the leadership will have a very strong temptation to distribute the shortage of those apartments that regularly pay for heat. Precedents were.

• Finally, there is no integral instruction in the law in case of a device failure. There were several incidents in the press, when, as a result of a technical malfunction, the tenants were exhibited by accounts three times more ordinary.

At the same time, the solution to the problem was, to put it mildly, strange: the authorities went to meet the inhabitants of the houses, giving them ... installments on the payment of the total amount of debt.

Useful little things

Finally, a small amount of purely technical information on the instruments of the domestic accounting.

With low heat consumption and large pressure in the heating system, it is allowed to install the cheapest mechanical counters. With a large consumption and small pressure, it will give a high accuracy with an ultrasonic or electromagnetic device. Actually, most of the house meters are ultrasound.

Along with heating, accounting instruments measure consumption hot water. Relatively recently appeared counters with a very useful for domestic realistic feature: water with a temperature below 40s they take into account both cold with the corresponding correction of rates.

When introducing heat metering in apartment house It is very useful to spend, the so-called energy audit: to identify the place of heat leakage and recommend measures to reduce them. The event, however, is quite expensive. For residents of the 5-storey house of medium-sized costs exceeds 50 thousand rubles, for nine-story buildings - 100 thousand.

For mechanical counters, not enough installation of ordinary mud and filters rough Cleaning. A magnetically mechanical filter is required, which delaying abundant and rust in steel pipes.

This filter will detain metal particles, the size of which allows you to pass through the grid.

The receipts for utilities, which came this month in the postal boxes of the inhabitants of Volgograd, caused a real shock of citizens. The monthly "communal" of two-bedroom apartments turned over five thousand rubles, one-room - for four. Most questions caused amounts for heating.

To deal with the charge of heating fees in apartment buildings helped in the "heat supply concessions".

- And although the resource-supplying organization is not engaged in the settlement service, we are ready to deal with payments for heat with consumers, they say in the "concessions" - we will understand the example of the layout of a single payment document recommended by the Volgograd Region Inspectorate.

So, how to check the calculations: Do you have a charge for heating?

If there is a general heat meter

If an apartment building has a general accounting device, the board is calculated on the basis of the accounting instrument readings (PU).

We are looking for B. payment document Table "Information on a general-purpose PU for calculating in the current period." In the table we find the "heating" string. In the column "ONE" indicated figures, in our example it is 171.925. This is the amount of heat in gigacularia (GKAL), consumed by the whole house in the past month.

In the information block on the left of this table indicated general About the house, including the "total area of \u200b\u200bresidential premises" and "The total area of \u200b\u200bnon-residential premises". If we fold these two digits, we learn the total area of \u200b\u200bthe premises of the whole house, in our example it is 8091.9 square meters (8051.5 square meters. M + 40.4 square meters. M \u003d 8091.9 sq. M).

On Delim, the total amount of heat on the total area of \u200b\u200bpremises in the house - we obtain the heat consumption per square meter, in our case - 0.02125 Gcal (171.925 Gcal / 8091.9 \u003d 0.02125). To calculate how much heat went to heating a specific apartment, you need to flow per square meter to multiply to the total apartment area: 0.02125 x 64.8 \u003d 1.377 Gcal. This figure is indicated in the "Volume" column of the heating string.

According to the tariff regulation established by the Tariffs Committee, one gigaklorine for the population in Volgograd costs 1643.5 rubles (the column "Tariff, rub.").

Now we can calculate the heating fee: 1643.5 x 1,377 \u003d 2263.1 rubles. If the owner of the apartment has no recalculation, installments of debt, fines of the management company in its favor, accruals coincide with the final amount for heating. However, there are other methods for calculating the fee for heat, for example, not all control organizations include the area of \u200b\u200bnon-residential premises.

The testimony of general-purpose accounting instruments management organizations are removed once a month and transmitted to the settlement center. Representatives of owners have the right to be present when reading the testimony (as a rule, this is done by the Council of the Apartment Building House).

If the counter is not

In case the house is not equipped with an accounting device, the heating fee is calculated based on the standards. In our exemplary payment, the standard is specified reference, for this house it is 0.023 Gcal per square meter.

If there is no heat meter, to calculate the amount of payment, the standard is multiplied by the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment and the amount of tariff.

Regulations are established by the Committee of the Tariff Regulation of the Volgograd Region for various types of houses, depending on the year of building buildings, material, degree of improvement and other factors.

From these calculations, it can be seen that the total amount of heating fees does not depend on the heat loss in the networks, nor on the quality of insulation, nor from the length of the heating mains, bringing heat to the house, nor from the floor on which the apartment is located or even on the number of registered in Her tenants.

Housing owners only pay for the warmth, which was enrolled in their home, - according to the standard or in the counter, which is installed at the entrance to the house. In this case, the total amount of heat consumed is divided into all residents - in proportion to the area of \u200b\u200bapartments. Therefore, if the neighbors are very hot, and in your apartment you barely warm - this is a reason to achieve from the management company debugging the domestic heating system so that the heat is in all apartments.

Elena Ivanova

Photo of Maria Watchmaker

In today's times, when the cost of energy resources is constantly growing and payment for heating from centralized systems increases, many tenants have become interested in issues, as the amount of this payment is calculated and calculated. It turns out that this is a whole science, which sometimes becomes not easy. We will try to make clarity in this question, taking the calculation of heating in Russian Federation.

Legislative acts in other countries former USSR They may differ, but they relate to various increase or lower coefficients and other nuances, but at its base the calculation remains the same. In addition, it is always necessary to take into account the decisions of local governments that complement these legislation. Consider 3 methods of charges:

• in the absence of thermal energy metering devices;
• in the heat meter serving the entire multi-storey house;
• according to individual counters in each apartment.

How payment is charged without metering devices

In the formula for which the heating fee is determined, there are 3 components:

• regulatory of the specific heat consumption per 1 m2 of residential premises. Approved local bodies Separately in each region and is expressed in GKAL / M2. Designation in the formula - n;
• shot area (S, M2). This does not include loggias, balconies, verandas and terraces;
• tariff for central heating services (T). Also affirmed by local governments and is expressed in a monetary unit, referred to 1 Gcal of thermal energy.

In the absence of a common or individual heat meter, payment is charged according to the norm of heat consumption N and the tariff T so:

At the same time, you will provide an account where 2 amounts will be indicated: the monthly cost of housing heating and payment for heating public premises (stairs, sites, and so on). By the way, in the Russian Federation, a resolution is adopted that stimulates to the installation of general metering instruments. He says that in homes where there is a technical opportunity to do, an increase in the formula is added to the formula. In 2016, its value is 1.4, in 2017 - 1.6.

It should be noted that the tariffs for heating are calculated on the basis of parameters such as the cost of the energy used, wage employees and average temperature ambient per season. The value of the tariff is determined annually, and at the end of the heating season, it is recalculated at an average temperature on the street. Usually its results are known in late May or June.

Important. If the average temperature for the season was higher than for heating seasons during the previous 5 years (on this basis, the tariff is calculated), then the company - the service provider must be recalculated towards a decrease in payment. The difference remains in your account and will pay for payment for services next season. When the average temperature is below, you will be given an additional account.

Calculation of fees for heating on a general aware meter

With this situation, the accrual occurs on the basis of the readings of the accounting device, taken over a certain time interval, as a rule, month.

In total thermal energy flow rate, a part is determined on your apartment, which is then multiplied by the approved tariff. The formula is such:

P \u003d quantity x S / in-party x t, where:

• Qub - the amount of heat consumed according to the testimony of a general-friendly meter, GKAL;
• Singchp - the area of \u200b\u200ball apartments, non-residential and utility premises of the building, m2;
• S, T is the same as in the previous formula.

It should be noted that the recalculation of the tariff at the average temperature for the heating season should be made in any case. Then, at his end, people return part of the funds in the form of a prepayment for future services or an account for additional payment.

For reference. In the Russian Federation there is a norm according to which the above calculation technique is used even when most apartments are equipped with individual counters. To charge payment by individual instruments on another method, you need to install them in all 100% housing.

Calculation by an individual counter

In order to accrue on this technique, compliance with 2 conditions is required: accounting nodes must stand in all apartments without exception, plus a general counter at the entry into the building.

It is necessary that it can be calculated to calculate the share of each apartment in the total heat consumption, including the overall use of non-residential premises. Applicable formula:

P \u003d (QKV + Q2 x S / Singch) x T, where:

• QKV is the amount of heat recorded by an individual counter for the estimated period;
• QO) - heat consumption for general business needs (heating of all rooms, except for apartments);
• S, Singch, T is the same as in previous formulas.

The quantity is calculated separately, for which it is necessary to know the testimony of a general-purpose metering device for the same period, and then take away the total amount of heat from it, spent on heating apartments. That is, you need to summarize the testimony of all individual counters, and the result is from a general consumption for the instrument in entering the house.

Payment for heating in the summer

The legislation of the countries of the post-Soviet space allows you to charge for the provision of heating services for 12 months, that is, year-round, including in the summer. But the introduction of such rules usually depends on the local authorities who have the right to introduce them into action. For example, in the Russian Federation at the same time there are two decisions - No. 354 and No. 307. The first prescribes the accrual only during the heating period, and the second is year-round.

This method of payment is implemented simply. Formulas are applied the same, only the standards in them are substituted on the basis of the last year's indicators divided by 12 months. Then the recalculation and adjustment of standards are being recalculated, which will be used already in next year. On the one hand, making payment in summer period Reduces the size of a monthly fee for utilities. On the other hand, it complicates and makes an incomprehensible entire system of accrual, as described in the video presented:

Conclusion

Many residents of apartment buildings faced with blatant errors or incomprehensible numbers in heating payments. Now, when these amounts are quite impressive, knowledge of the methods of accruals will be very by the way. In addition, it is recommended to clarify the exact values \u200b\u200bof the approved standards and tariffs at its heat suppliers so that you can calculate the payment yourself.

Often after the next payment of the unbearable accounts for heating the tenants of apartment buildings feel deceived. In some apartments you have to constantly freeze, in others, on the contrary - open the windows to ventilate the premises from excess heat. These examples show how imperfect the centralized heat supply system can be, and the payment for the heat is unfair.

Allow the above problems allows the installation of quarter counters for heating. At the same time, the owners of apartments are obtained as possible, planning the installation of the thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing housing for insulation.

Before switching to the selection of the accounting device and make the calculation of the required amount of energy, it is recommended to understand the schemes of thermal wiring of apartment buildings:

1. Single-tube schemes with a vertical type of wiring - the installation of one meter on the riser and the temperature sensor for each of the radiators is necessary.
2. Dual-tube circuits with vertical layout type - the installation of a separate accounting device and a temperature sensor to each radiator is required.
3. Single-tube schemes with horizontal type of layout - enough installation of one heat metering device on the riser.

If there are the first two layout schemes in the apartment building, the tenants often stop at the option with the installation of a common counter. If the wiring is designed by the third type, in this case the installation of a separate meter on the apartment will be most advantageous.

Types of heat meters

As measuring instruments, ultrasound or mechanical controllers of thermal energy flow can be used as measuring instruments.

The most simple according to constructive and functional features are mechanical counters. The operation of these instruments is based on the transformation of the translational energy of moving fluid into the rotational motion of the measuring elements.

Ultrasound models are based on measuring time difference indicators when passing ultrasonic oscillations, both in the direction of flow of fluid flow and against the flow.

Most of the ultrasound heat meters feed on autonomous energy sources in the form of lithium batteries.

The charge of such batteries is usually enough for continuous operation for more than 10 years.

What is needed to set the heat metering device?

To install a separate meter in an apartment building, you will need the following:

• to obtain information on the technical setting of the installation at the heat supply organization or the builder of the structure;
• develop a project of installation by attracting specialists who have a license to carry out this kind of activity;
• install the heat meter, in the rigor, following the requirements of the technical conditions and the previously developed installation project;
• conclude a contract with a heat energy supplier on payment, based on the meter readings.

Main nuances when calculating heat

The situation is common when housing is purchased immediately after the construction of an apartment building is completed. One of the main problems with this is the independent calculation of the necessary heat supply and the installation of the heating system with their own hands.

To deal with the required thermal energy for high-quality housing heating, it is necessary:

1. Determine the heat transfer - the number of battery sections in each room, as well as the competent location of the radiators indoors.
2. Pick up reliable, efficient pipes.
3. To decide which bar lockout will be installed.
4. Choose the most effective type of radiators, taking into account the characteristics of the centralized heating system.

Extremely an important nuance It remains installing an individual counter at the entrance to housing. The good is typical for modern new buildings, the horizontal wiring allows you to install the meter with minimal cost. In combination with automatic or manual heat flux control, the heat metering device will give a tangible savings.

Formula for calculating heating for apartment buildings on a common meter

The most common option in a multi-storey building is the installation of a common meter for calculating thermal energy consumed.

When installing a single metering device for the riser of an apartment building, the calculation is made according to the formula - PO.i \u003d Si * VT * TT, where:

Si - the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment building;
VT - the volume of thermal energy consumed on average for the month, based on the performance for the entire previous year (GKAL / sq.m.);
TT - Tariffs for thermal energy consumption (rub. / Gcal).

1. Divide the meter readings taken over the previous year for 12 months.
2. The obtained value is divided into the total area of \u200b\u200bthe building, given all heated rooms: basements, attic, entrances (we obtain the consumption of heat energy by each square of the area on average per month).

Based on the foregoing, there are several logical questions. First of all, how to determine the indicators of consumed energy in the house for the previous year, if the general accounting device is only installed? Everything is quite simple. First year after mounting the meter, the tenants pay, as before - according to tariffs. Only next year it will be possible to take advantage of the above formula for accurate calculation of the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat based on the apartment area?

Calculating the number of necessary thermal energy for a particular apartment is made using a simple formula. So, on the 10 squares of the living space on average, no more than kilowatt heat is required. The existing values \u200b\u200bare regulated on the basis of special regional coefficients:

• for houses that are heated in the southern regions of the country, the required amount of energy should be multiplied by the coefficient of 0.9;
• for the European part of the country, in particular the Moscow region, the coefficient of 1.3 is used;
• for the extreme northern and eastern regions, the need for heat during heating increases 1.5-2 times.

An example of self-calculation for a separate apartment

As an example, it is enough to bring a simple calculation of heating. Suppose the calculations of the required amount of thermal energy for housing is performed, which is located in an apartment building in the Amur region.

As is known, this region is characterized by sufficiently harsh climatic conditions.

Take the apartment in a multi-storey house with an area of \u200b\u200b60 m2. As already noted above, it is required to heat 10 m2 housing is required by approximately kilowatt of thermal energy. Based on the characteristics of the climate of the above area, in this case the regional coefficient of 1.7 will be used.

We translate from units to dozens of an apartment, having received an indicator 6, which is multiplied by a value of 1.7. As a result, we calculate the required value of 10.2 kilowatta or 10 200 watts.

Possible errors

The above calculation method is incredibly simple. However, there are significant errors here, the reason for which can be the following:

1. The number of necessary thermal energy is more attached to the size of the room. It is quite natural that for heating apartments with the height of the ceilings of about 3 meters, more heat is required.
2. The presence of a significant amount of windows and doors compared with the monolithic walls increases the consumption of thermal energy.
3. It is easy to guess that heat consumption for apartments placed in the ends and the middle of the structure, in the presence of standard radiators, is extremely different.

Instructions for the calculation of heat according to the volume of housing

The basic, standardized value of sufficient thermal power per cubic meter of the apartment space is an indicator of 40 watts. On its basis, it is possible to calculate the required amount of heat for both housing as a whole and individual premises.

In order to maximally calculate a sufficient amount of thermal energy, it is necessary not to simply multiply the volume indicators to 40, but also add about 100 watts per window and 200 watts per door. Ultimately, the same regional coefficients should be applied as in the case of calculations on housing area.