The language development occurs with the help of vocabulary, which instantly responds to any changes occurring in public life, and is a special form of accumulation of social and cognitive experience and transfer it to the generation chain. The native speaker operates in society using the language, and the life of society affects the language through the native speaker. OPL, which fully reflects the characteristics of the state, the socio-political structure of society and its history, is "one of the main areas of the maximum concentration of national-painted, reflecting the peculiar to the life of the people of the lexic." Political vocabulary is the thematic community of common words that should be understandable to everyone (the absolute majority of citizens).

It is obvious that the lexico-semantic language system is more influenced by social factors. For example, in the 90s of the twentieth century, according to researchers estimates, English is annually replenished by 15,000-20,000 new units. But even during relatively stable periods of life of society, the political dictionary is constantly developing and updated.

The political text, first of all, expresses a certain point of view on any matter. He is convinced to create some mood, refute certain beliefs, strengthen the commitment to any principles, break prejudice. In other words, "political text is intended for agitation and propaganda impact on the audience." Under the concept of OPL, it is necessary to understand the ideological part of the dictionary, which reflects the concepts of public, political and social life of society and consumed in the means of mass (socio-political) communication. OPL, like other lexico-semantic categories, has its own features and characteristics. OPP reflects those concepts and phenomena of social and political life (socialism, fascism, liberalism, conservatism), which at certain times become socially significant and relevant.

The socio-political vocabulary sends to the Company's representatives to discuss and solve state problems, to fulfill various public functions. OPL is also included in everyday conversational speech, thereby becoming an integral part of an active dictionary of the modern language.

The use of OPLs is the media public performance politicians and public figures.

Summing up the above, you can call the following signs of OPL:

the reflection of those concepts and phenomena of social and political life, which at certain times become socially significant and actively discussed;

in the overwhelming part, the participants of all occurring social phenomena are close and understood;

has a socio-valued nature;

has ideologued;

widely used in media and journalism.

Social and political vocabulary of English and features of its composition

The main semantic sign of OPL is the presence of the semantic component "Political, Social". This approach is peculiar to the Western lexicographic tradition with a large set of political glossary and dictionaries. Foreign linguists interpret political terminology as a language used by politicians as officially and in the sidelines in the process of communicating policy. The determination of the composition of ops is a very difficult task, because "The definition of the concepts" political, public "are complex and multifaceted. It is in this connection that the analysis of OPL linguists start with determining the values \u200b\u200bof the components of this term. So, L.A. Muradova is quite extensively characterized by the composition of OPL, including its composition lexical units from various spheres of social life, for example, from economics, diplomacy, cultures that characterize the state policy in a particular sphere. "The policy of the state is applicable to a large number of spheres of social life of society, because It affects all the fields of human activity. "Muradova L.A. Semantico-functional characteristics of the socio-political vocabulary of modern French. - M.: Enlightenment, 1986. - P. 61.

However, at the same time, politics is a sphere of activity related to relationships between classes, nations, social groups. Her kernel is the problem of conquest, holding and use of state power, participation in the affairs of the state. It can be noted that the kernel of the op floor is very complex, and the boundaries of the OPL are conditional, because Language is a living, moving matter. It is the op floor who responds to the changes occurring in the world. With its translation, not only traditional grammar, but also a large number of cliches is used.

As part of the op floor, 4 zones are highlighted: Zhdanova L.A. Public and political vocabulary: Structure and Dynamics: The Dissertation of the candidate of philological sciences: 10.02.01. - Moscow, 1996. - 224 p.

• 1 zone - Actually OPL (OPL in a narrow sense). Actually ops is a political vocabulary. This group includes direct nominations of individuals, places, phenomena, structures forming the political life of society.
• 2 zone - ideological vocabulary. The expression of the imperative relationship is associated with an estimated meaning and pragmatic component of the value indicated as "Anghabies" reflecting the attachment of the word to a specific historical era. Ideological vocabulary is a marker of the political position of the speaking and ideological orientation of text.
• 3 zone - thematic vocabulary. First of all, this vocabulary is denoted by spheres and forms of manifestation of public life (army, economics, administrative sphere, foreign policy, etc.)
• 4 zone - incomprehensive OPL (the so-called "peripheral" op floor). Such a vocabulary describes the power relations in general, whatever the realization, or a specific (but not state-political) scope of the imperative of the power relations. Traditionally, this vocabulary is not included in the composition of op. But the semantics and systematic correlation of improperly OPLs with a socio-political life, including metaphorical transfers, branched interrelationships between all words denoting the power ratio are the basis for consideration of this vocabulary within the OPL.

It should be noted that the term "socio-political vocabulary" (OPL) is used by domestic linguistics to designate a set of lexical units that call the concepts and realities of political life and are widely used in the media. Foreign science in turn operates with another terminological apparatus:

«Social life, political life, political discourse, political discourse analysis, political dictionary, language of politics, political language, political cognition, political communication, political opinion classification, political economy words, political quotations, political slang, dictionary of social sciences, political Terms, Social Issues Dictionary, Social Science Terminology.

but never Socio-Political Life or Socio-Political Words / Lexis. In the West, the trend of distinction of political and social sphereTherefore, Social and Political Life / Language / Vocabulary / Lexis options are possible (CP. Public life - Public Life - is understood in English in another context). According to the definition in many English-language dictionaries, social and political is understood as "having a relation associated or implying a combination of both social and political factors" URL: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/sociopolitical (date of handling: 04/28/2013) .

Types of social and political vocabulary (research of socio-political vocabulary in different areas)

The socio-political vocabulary was previously defined as the commonality of words, which is characteristic of periodic printing and journalistic functional style.

Trofimova S.V. Trofimova S.V. Public and political translation and its specificity. Eagle: go HPO OGU, 2005. - 174 p. - P. 11-13 allocates the following composition of socio-political text:

ѕ Words and phrases belonging to the kernel of ops;

ѕ Obviously vocabulary;

ѕ The terms - words or phrases, accurately and definitely naming the concept and its ratio with other concepts within the special sphere. Terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations characteristic of this sphere of objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships. Unlike the words of general vocabulary, often multivalued and carrier emotional color, terms within the scope of application are unambiguous and expressed:

ѕ Okkazionally used terms;

ѕ Precision vocabulary - numeral, geographical names and own names;

* various kinds of clichés and stamps are characteristic of both official-business and journalistic functional styles. .

Speaking about social and political vocabulary today, we can divide it on the areas of human activity, from which these or other words are taken into political speech, on the areas of preferential use:

ѕ words of political discourse :

• a) nomenclature names - persons (officials), departments, bodies, etc.;
• b) territories;
• c) electoral and adjacent technology terminology (political marketing, etc.);
• d) the names of political parties, movements, flows and their members (participants);
• e) political jargon;
• (e) Terms of rights used in socio-political discourse;

ѕ media :

• a) actually terms;
• b) legal jargon;
• c) Economic terms used in the social and political discourse of the media;
• d) religious terms used in the media socio-political discourse;
• e) ethnographic terms used in the media socio-political discourse;
• (e) Technical terms denoting reality having greater social significance;
• g) philosophical, cultural, sociological, linguistic and psychological terms, denoting realities with greater social significance.

The concept of political communication space implies the space circulation of political information. The transfer medium of this information is massive space (press, radio, television, internet), as well as various kinds of political events (forums, elections, rallies, conferences, etc.).

Three levels of implementation and implementation of political communications can be distinguished:

ѕ through the media and other means of propaganda, for example, political advertising;

ѕ through political organizations, parties, movements, pressure groups;

ѕ through informal personal communication channels.

But there is also another level of political communication - the electoral process, i.e. referendums, rallies, strikes, etc.

It should be noted that the terminology of the English-speaking media is a "complex combination, on the one hand, the terms speakers the core of this terminological system, on the other, commonly used vocabulary, which is used to describe various aspects of human activity."

A distinctive feature of the terminology of English-speaking media is high mobility, in other words - the transition from one layer of vocabulary to another. For example, phrase sOAP Opera. (Soap Opera) was previously interpreted as "slang", and now passed into the rank of commonly used.

Global social shocks in the lives of people and the intensification of political life was largely reflected in the metaphorical and phraseological system of the language.

Many of the political phrases reflect existing realities. So, phrase buck Stops Here.he was a motto and, according to W. Safayer, in the form of a slogan stood on the desk of the President of the USA. The meaning of this phrase is that all the most important decisions are accepted here. Subsequently, the phrase was again picked up by the President of J. Carter, who also had such an inscription-slogan on a writing desk. Popular in USA phrase cAN "T FIGHT CITY HALL Used by Americans in cases where they want to emphasize the helplessness of a person in the fight against the element or with superior forces: a useless business, an empty undertaking. " Checkered Career. corresponds to the Russian Pepper Career; Career of a man who passed through fire, water and copper pipes. Often in the press of the USA, this expression is used when it comes to the career of political figures. "

Now briefly formulate the main techniques used in English at all levels of implementation of political communications.

• 1) Advertising vocabulary . Some figurative words and expressions appear in a political language from advertising. For example, a well-known expression to Sell An Ideawhich literally means "selling an idea", actually must translate "convince of the attractiveness of which, convince of expediency (benefit)" From here sELLING A CANDIDATE -this is a candidate advertising, not "candidate sale." When a political figure says: THAT "S My Piece of ActionHe means: This is my contribution. However, expression get Your Piece of The Action Initially meant "join this and you, make a profitable purchase and you", i.e., taken from the language of advertising.
• 2) Slang . In the Anglo-American press is widely used by Slang. For example, standard type vocabulary unlicensed Sales. or illicit Trade. often replaced in the language of the American press by expression boot-Legging.which carries a pronounced slang shade on itself.
• 3) Proverbs . It is impossible not to note the widespread use of proverbs that promotes language imagery. for example :

to Let The Cat Out of the Bag (\u003d to Reveal A Secret), You Scratch My Back, I "LL Scratch Yours" service for the service.

Moreover, special political proverbs appeared:

A Rising Tide Lifts All the boats.

How You Stand Depends on WHERE You SIT.

The meaning of the first is that when there is a general economic ascent, then everyone benefits from this. The second contains a hint that the assessment of the popularity of any candidate largely depends on the position and influence it occupied by him, which he has a society.

4) Metaphors . Metaphors are found in socio-political texts quite often. The purpose of the text metaphorization is to expand the semantic volume of the word due to the appearance portable valuesThat, of course, enhances the general expressive properties of the text.

When it comes to high-ranking politicians, they are often called them big Guns, Great Guns or Big Sots,as well as (less often) Big Wigs, Big Noise, Big Wheels, Biggies, Big Timers.A public figure is invariably "bombarded" issues - to Bombard SMB. With Questions. When it comes to news within the country, in addition to standard type terms home News. or domestic News. The metaphorical expression is also widely used. home Front, again, borrowed, as we see, from a military language.

5) Metonimia . Taking metonymia call the replacement of one word to others, adjacent by value. for example :

Buckingham Palace Is Not Expected to Issue A Statement On The Matter.

It is believed that the Buckingham Palace will not make statements on this issue.

In fact, here it is about the king or queen of Great Britain

• 6) Epitts . The appointment of this stylistic reception is to allocate a sign of a subject, an expression of any attitude towards it. for example : America the beautiful -it uses advertising sayings. New Deal The new course should be translated, since this definition has turned into a political stamp. Bleeding Kansas. - Historical and political stamp, meaning the struggle in the state of Kansas against slavery.
• 7) Violation of phraseological combination . In political language there are many phraseological units often cited in various articles. However, journalists sometimes try to give greater specificity of expression, while individually complaining their style. In such cases, the phraseological combination is intentionally violated. So, "instead of expression cURIOSITY KILLED THE CAT In the texts you can meet cURIOSITY KILLED THE CAREER OF THE POLITICIAN (letters. "Curiosity killed a career of this politician"), that is, we are talking about what he should not be asked for certain questions, since the answers were undermined by his career. " Idiom see Which Way The Cat Jumps In one newspaper article was changed to the expression why Wait to See Which Way He Jumps (what to wait for what will he take?).
• 8) Synonymous couple . The purpose of using synonymous pairs is to give greater solemnity style. for example : Men of Conscience and Good Will Goodwill People. As we can see, only one of the elements of the pair is subject to direct translation.
• 9) Comparison . They are the most popular shape. for example : The Battle Is As Good As Won consider that the case is won, The Battle Is As Good As Lost Consider that the case is lost. About the running goods it is customary to say: iT SELLS LIKE Hot Cakes this product is snapped (letters, "like hot pies"). Interesting is the fact that this comparison was partially rethought and transferred to a political language. So, the expression is widespread in America to Sell A Candidate,those. Popularize (especially in print) of a given candidate.
• 10) Hyperbole . An attempt to dramatize events, give them a more sensational nature can not do without using hyperball: scared to Death scared to death, Bleeding Heart Blood Operating Heart (Iron. About Liberal Policy), He Tears Off His Hair He tears her hair.
• 11) Words and phrases, especially popular at the moment . Separate words and expressions in political texts are particularly popular. These words are often called fad Words, Which in Russian have such an equivalent value as "Fashion Lords". To Articulate A Problem - across the problem (instead to Formulate A Problem); soft Climate. - warming in international relations; dialogue with the East - Dialogue with East (instead talks with the East); politicized Issue. - especially accentuated in politics problem; posture - attitude (instead of attitude); RIP-OFF - deception (instead of deceit); Thrust - emphasis, accent (instead of Emphasis).

In one of the speeches pronounced in the Security Council, it was announced:

We Maintain That All this Was Done to Hijack The Deliberations of this Session.

We argue that all this was done in order to disrupt the debate at this session.

Here is a word hijackit should be considered more like a tribute to a stylistic fashion for individual words than genuinely semantic necessity.

12) Eufemism . One of the most popular techniques in political texts and business (economic) reviews is the use of euphemisms. Evfemistic trends in English in America especially spread. For example, some journalists consider verb to Fire dismiss coarse, and they prefer softer expressions: to Select Out, To Discharge. Term sewer Commission sewage Commission Now sometimes it is called pollution-Control Agency; janitor cleaner, watchman; Plumber Plumber Plumbersometimes called sanitation Engineer Sanitary engineer. Some euphemisms to some extent artificially and hardly represent the improvement of the language. For example, phrase trash Barrel garbage basket Sometimes replaced by a word ecological Receptacle,but Trash Collector. garbage collector turns into garbologist.

Concerning economic region The social and political vocabulary and terminology are found mainly in formal business documentation. Official-business documentation includes declarations, conventions, agreements, contracts, resolutions, and summary.

Chapter 1. History of studying the socio-political vocabulary and the principles of its allocation and description.

§ one . Basic approaches to the study of socio-political vocabulary in linguistic tradition.

§2. Theoretical apparatus.

§3. Principles of allocating and describing socio-political vocabulary.

§four. The field structure of socio-political vocabulary and the ways of its presentation and descriptions.

§five. Opportunities for systemic (parametric) analysis of socio-political vocabulary.

Chapter 2. Conceptual dominants of social and political vocabulary (key concepts).

§ 1. General comments.

§2. Power: Language value and concept.

§3. State: Language value and concept.

§four. Society: Language value and concept.

§five. People and nation, "the ratio of concepts and concepts.

§6. Conclusions.

Chapter 3. Social and political vocabulary in a narrow sense.

§one. Central descriptor "Power".

§2. Central Descriptor "State".

§3. Central Descriptor "Society".

§four. Conclusions.

Chapter 4. Ideological vocabulary. Functional-pragmatic aspect.

§ 1. Inactive vocabulary.

§2. Actual vocabulary.

2.1. Universal estimated vocabulary.

2.2. Sovietizm.

§3. Conclusions.

Chapter 5. Thematic vocabulary.

§one. RIGHT.

§2. FOREIGN POLICY.

§3. Military sphere (army).

§four. ECONOMY.

§five. Administrative sphere.

§6. PHILOSOPHY.

§7. RELIGION.

§eight. Conclusions.

Chapter 6. Incomplelevant socio-political vocabulary.

§one. General remarks.

§2. Subjects of the imperative relationship (a).

§3. Objects of the power relationship (B).

§four. Negative attitude A to V.

§five. Positive attitude A to V.

§6. Negative relation in to A.

§7. Positive attitude in to A.

§eight. Conclusions. 189 Conclusion. 191 Bibliography. 201 app.

Introduction of the dissertation 1996, Author's abstract on philology, Zhdanova, Larisa Aleksandrovna

This work is devoted to the socio-political vocabulary (hereinafter referred to as -EPL) is the part of the lexicon of the Russian language, which is intended for the verbalization of social and political (OP) relations and their linguistic modeling. Despite the large number of special ICDS, conversations, OPL is not defined in its composition, structural organization and dynamic potential.

The relevance of work. Currently, the op floor underwent significant changes. The range of its users is expanding, a new political language is formed. The op floor attracted the attention of linguists from the first post-revolutionary years, it causes increased interest now. Currently, there is a need for such a description of OPL, which would eliminate its structural features and dynamic potential. The OPL reflects these languages \u200b\u200bof the presentation of social and political relations and thinking about them. The OPL study is part of the problem of building a "naive-language" picture of the world in modern linguistics.

The purpose of the study is to determine the composition of the OPP, the identification of its structure and dynamic processes, in the study of submissions on the social and political relations in the Russian language consciousness, in the "picture of the world" of the native speakers, in developing approaches to the construction of a dictionary of the OPP of thesausuri type.

Research methods. The paper uses the methods adopted in lexicology, in lexicographic practice and in the system-structural description of language phenomena: component and distributional analysis, interpretation and interpretation, parametric (multidimensional) analysis on differentiating features and analysis through the field structure. The central is the method of conceptual analysis, the corresponding purpose of the study.

The scientific novelty of the work is that the work applies an onomasiological approach to the extraction of ops, its borders and the composition were identified, the analysis of key concepts "power", "State", "Society", "People", "Nation", determining modeling The socio-political relations in the Russian language consciousness, allocated a flexible field structure of the OPL with the center in the form of the OPL actually and the three adjacent zones: ideological, thematic and incomprehensible opamix; The integral principles of the structural organization of OPP in general and the specific principles inherent in the center and adjacent zones are disclosed, the dynamic potential of the op floor is disclosed against the background of time resistance.

Empirical database dissertation research. Prior to the linguistics approaches to the study of OPL: mean-thematic, connotative, functional and stylistic - proceed from the fact that the OPL dictionary is specified in advance. The empirical base of the study has developed on the basis of an onomasiological approach to the allocation of OPP. Based on the generally accepted definition of socio-political relations, we allocated a semantic dominant in it - an intersublectic attitude ARB, where R is a powerful attitude, and in the subject and object of the relationship of power. According to the four-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" (Masu) of 1987, the edition was made by a sample, numbering about 7,000 words, in the values \u200b\u200bof which there are semantics of the power intersubetic relationship ARB. This sample was determined as the composition of the OPP for 1985 and as a point of reference, with respect to which the development of opls is determined. The base for the study of dynamic processes in the op floor was the wording in the texts of the periodic press of recent years. To analyze the conceptual dominant op floor, the texts of the media are also attracted, data of dictionaries.

Scientific and practical value of work. The scientific value of work is to develop a new OPL concept, in a comprehensive description of the structural organization and the dynamics of OPL, in applying the method of conceptual analysis and allocating key concepts of OPL in the naive-language "picture of the world".

The results of the work can be used in lexicology and lexicographic practice, in stylistics and in sociolinguistics when studying the media and studying the role of a language in the formation of public opinion.

The data obtained can be used in the development of university courses, special courses and special seminars on vocabulary and lexical semantics, stylistics and history of the Russian literary language of the 20th century, in teaching Russian as a foreign language.

The main provisions and structure of work. The thesis consists of the introduction, six chapters, conclusions, bibliographies and applications, which includes lists of words that are not included in the main body of work.

Conclusion of scientific work sis on the topic "Public and political vocabulary"

§eight. Conclusions.

1. In increasingly, the op floor, which, one way or another, describes the powerful attitude (or in general, or a specific one - but not a state-political, the realization of the imperative relationship). Power, referring to predicate vocabulary, opens up actant places for the subject and object (A and B). Almost all OPLs can be characterized from the point of view of the actual structure of power, correlated with one of the components of the ARB power radiation, but it is for the "peripheral" OPP, this correlation is the dominant principle of the organization, traced the most clearly. It is this lexical zone that provides an opportunity to identify and calculate the main types of relationships between the subject and the object of power, in other areas of the OPP presented implicitly (in the modified form) or incompletely.

2. Being universal in nature, incomprehensively op floor to the conceptual dominant "power", it is closer to individual areas with the central group of OPL, and the key handle "Power"): domination, primacy.

3. The relationship between A and B can be characterized as regulatory (neutral), positive and negative. In this regard, the ideas about the norm of power, the rights and responsibilities of its owner are updated. The fulfillment of the powerful relationship within the normal range is not connotated, while the subtractiveness and especially excess of the subject of its powers are estimated uniquely negative. As part of incomprehensively, the OPPs are various types, "scenarios" of the relationship between the subject and the object of power, and due to the predominant nonspecification of vocabulary, we can talk about power relations at all.

4. Incomplendal op floor predicate. All its lexical manifold can be reduced in the framework of the allocated types of relationships A and to a limited list of typical predicates, partially intersecting with speech acts: "Award", "Resolution", "Moving", "Patronage"; "punishment", "ban", "coercion", "oppression", "use"; "Disinterested ministry", "Benefit", "Request", "Donos", "praise"; "disobedience", "claim", "resistance", etc.

5. The quantitative predominance and a large "worker" (detailing of values) of vocabulary describing the negative relationship between A and B, which indicates a certain antagonism between the object and the subject of the government at the level of linguistic consciousness. Analysis of incomprehensive OPL shows priority in Russian language consciousness of moral and ethical pre-scripting over subordination, over the relationship relations (so, disobedience or resistance of power do not consider "reprehensible, if only does not conflict with the confidence and faith from the subject of power, den The same is estimated uniquely negatively regardless of its reasons).

6. From the point of view of the proper language characteristics, the overwhelming advantage of the original vocabulary is drawn to the overwhelming advantage of the inner form, and a small number of irrelevant vocabulary represented by a few stylisticly marked words. Groups presents the relationship of synonymy, less often - antonym, hyperonymia, conversion. In incomprehensive, OPLs are the words possessing the pragmatic component of the value, and in this regard, it is closed with ideological vocabulary (2nd zone).

Dynamic aspect.

As noted above, the whole vocabulary of 4 zones is resistant in a temporary relation, it is all relevant, are the advantage of the original. Internal op floor is a nomination foundation for OPL itself. Here are not "first", not "adequate" signs, but it is they who allow you to introduce new points of view that it already has a name, to call the phenomenon of public life, giving it a camera, bringing it, leaving. This feature of incomprehensive OPL is the most demanded recently, which manifests itself in the active use of this vocabulary in relation to the phenomena of the Life in modern journalism and, accordingly, in expanding the combination and increasing frequency of words.

Words describing the specific spheres of the realization of the power relations tend to the metaphorical description of interpersonal relations, as well as, together with the vocabulary of interpersonal relations, - state-political relations.

Conclusion.

In conclusion, the dynamic characteristics of the op floor are discussed, communication with the "picture of the world" of the language team, and the general conclusions are made about the structure of the OPP.

1. Analysis of the social and political vocabulary conducted in the dissertation work suggests that this lexical group has a strict internal systemity and is clearly structured both at the lexical level and at the level of mental ideas. The conceptual dominant of the whole OPL is the concept of power, projecting its signs and characteristics to the lexical community organized by them.

Power, "Being one of the global human concepts, organizes around itself the lexical community of various order. So, the government is the dominant group of words, one way or another denoting the power relation (R in ARB): Missing, rule, domination, full-fossil, Vseviliy, Supremeness, Multipleness, non-traffic, one of the blocks in the composition of the OPL itself, and the OPL itself, as well as the OPL, and the OPP, and the OPP, and the OPP, as well as the OPL.

Power refers to predicate vocabulary and opens up actant places that can be filled with different lexical content. As part of the concept of power, typical situations can be modeled, in general, reflecting the structure of the entire op floor and giving reason to classify and analyze it. Thus, lexical groups are allocated to the OPL, correlated with the subject or the object of the imperative relationship, with the so-called. the "intermediate" subject (in accordance with the "hierarchy of" authorities), as well as describing the possible types of relations A and B (and exerts on a positive effect, and exerts on a negative impact, in refers to and neutral / positive, in refers to Negative.)

Thus, the paper proposes new criteria for the allocation and classification of a significant part of the lexical fund, which has a traditional name of the socio-political vocabulary, "to determine which external signs were used to determine mostly.

The semantic complex of power includes ideas about the right to power, about the "hierarchyness" of the authorities, the norm of power, about its rights and responsibilities.

The concept of the concept of power shows that the individual fragments of the concept are of a universal nature and reflect the general worldviews and the system of values \u200b\u200bof the language society, and, therefore, go beyond the framework of one. The concept of the concept and one lexico-semantic group and reflect the fundamental ideas of a person about the device around the world about your place in it.

2. Based on the relationship of the lexeme to the conceptual dominant "Power", the classification of OPL was produced and approaches to the construction of the thesaurus OPP, was concluded about the structure of the lexical group under consideration: the OPL has a nuclear field structure with a dedicated center (OPL itself) and lexical zones (ideological, Thematic, incomprehensive OPL), in varying degrees remote from it, it is organized on the principle of concentric fit. Inclusion in the composition of OPL T.N. The "peripheral" (incomprehensive OP) vocabulary is unconventional and motivated by the fact that it is generally here in general the main "scenarios" of the powerful relations are allocated, the typical predicates of the authorities, which determine the semantic and conceptual organization of the whole OPL as a whole.

2.1. OPL actually detects to conceptual dominants (in the thesaurus - descriptors "Power", "State", "Society"), meaningful for the whole OPL (So, the vocabulary of the Group "Power" is closer to the "peripheral" op floor, the concept of the state is significant for thematic vocabulary ). The structure of ops in a broad sense can be represented as a pattern.

Picture 1.

4 zone (incomprehensive ^ op floor) - ^

2.2. Ideological vocabulary, having in some cases similar denotative correlation with actually ops, is characterized by the presence of pragmatic values \u200b\u200b(evaluation and "distortion"). A significant part of ideological vocabulary combines actually structural signs with attachment to a specific historical era. The most decorated and embodying a specific "picture of the world" is so-called. "Soviet" vocabulary. For all ideological vocabulary, the factor is not integral, and the division, a sign of "his / alien". Not always being an assessment tool, ideological lexeme is always an assessment object.

2.3. Despite the inner heterogeneity of the "thematic" vocabulary allocated in its composition of the Group demonstrate a number of similar characteristics: the concern to a relatively narrow fragment of reality is combined with the tendency to determinenerization, a specific internal segment - with representation in each of the groups of signs of the concept of power.

2.4. In general, OPL, describing the power ratio in general, regardless of the specific area of \u200b\u200bimplementation, demonstrates the signs that, being significant for the whole OPL in general, in other OPL zones modified or presented incompletely; Typical predicates of power, an idea of \u200b\u200bthe rule of power, the rights and responsibilities of the participants in the imperative relationship, on complex relationships between the subject and the object of power. The relativeness of the lexeme with one of the components of the ARB power relationship determines the structure of all incomprehensive OPL.

2.5. The structure of the op floor in terms of correlation with reality can be represented as follows:

4 zone (incomprehensively OPL) - can describe any power relation, regardless of the sphere of Eg ^ 4 implementation, the government appears as "power in general";

1 zone (actually OPL) - describes the state-political scope of the imperative of the powerful relationship, the government appears as "state power", the state and society and society in relation to ARB are compliant;

3 zone (thematic vocabulary) - described specific narrow areas of the state-of-country and political or public life. The consequence of this is the terminology of the vocabulary and the dynamic potential in comparison with itself.

2 zone (ideological vocabulary) - "internal" vocabularities of specific power systems. As well as the OPL itself, describes the state-political scope of the imperative of the power relation.

3. Semianic zones isolated in the composition of opls are demonstrated both isomorphism and the specifics determined by the dominance in their internal organization of any one feature ("ideologicalness", "a lot to the conceptual dominant", themed principle, the relationship of a lexeme with one of the components ARB power relationship). The whole op floor is inherent in a combination of strict internal systematic system with freedom, the possibility of varying. There are priority signs of each of the zones specific only to it (in which "stiffness", disjunctivitation, at the same time, in the structure of OPL, is presented a significant "degree of freedom", diffuseness, variation: the specificity of dominant signs is combined with the flexibility of the structure, the repeatability of the same signs In all zones of OPL as integrated rights. The different character of the signs themselves takes into account the various sides of collective thinking (thematic principle, the presence of conceptual mental dominant, ideological dominant, communication with the language as an action; intersection with speech acts of request, order, etc.).

4. The displaced areas of the zone are permeable, have a clear structure, but the blurred boundaries (1st and 3rd, 2nd and 4th zones) demonstrate different ways to choke the surrounding reality and think about it. The lexical groups selected within zones are thinking as a compound of a sufficiently dissimilar lexical material, but nevertheless, that can and should be described.

Dynamic structure of op.

Specific language processes occurring in ops are determined, and, therefore, can be explained and described on the basis of its structure.

Under the dynamic potential of OP, the vocabulary is understood as the arrival / care of the lexemes from the urgent use and the ability to move in the inner space of OPL.

The dynamic characteristics of ops are different for both different zones and smaller lexical associations - groups inside each of the zones.

At the level of division of OPPs by four lexical zones, the most stable is "Periphy". Yaya "(incomprehensible OP) vocabulary, which is universal as in Sync (mostly nonspecific, is able to describe any sphere and form of implementing the imperative relationship) and in diachrony (stable On the time axis, it passes through the supply of each other with almost no changes, there are few borrowing, neoplasms in it, it is minimally compared to other OPP zones, an irrevocal vocabulary is represented - mainly in the form of "living archaisms" [Panov, 1963, p. 10], that is, stylisticly labeled vocabulary). The stability of this vocabulary, its invariance in time is determined, apparently, that it describes the directly universal role-playing structure of power as such, in distraction from specific forms of incarnation of the imperative relationship.

In contrast to the stable composition of improperly OPL 2nd zone (ideological vocabulary) has the greatest dynamic potential: being focused on a specific power system with its ideology, it can almost completely move into an irrelevant composition with a cardinal change in the political situation (with the exception of universal evaluation vocabulary). At the present stage, the actual ideological vocabulary is not formed as a system. A feature of the ideological vocabulary is its concern to the past due to the fixedness of a particular historical era and the power system. To classify the ideological op floor it is necessary to introduce a diachry axis. The neofficity of the actual part of this zone opamix is \u200b\u200bcurrently explained by both its specifics and non-lineal factors. The formation of ideological vocabulary of a particular power system contributes to the presence of strong supreme power with targeted ideological policies (CP. Sovietizm), and at present, this process is quite chaotic. Interrelations between different zones in the composition

OPLs manifest themselves, in particular, in the fact that the vocabulary of a specific state-political (powerful) system, during the existence of the latter qualifiable as the OPL itself, with the disappearance of the power system proceeds to ideological vocabulary (Raika, Secretary General).

So, incomprehensive OPL and ideological vocabulary have opposite dynamic characteristics: versatility and consolidation of a specific power system, resistant over time and large dynamic potential.

Thematic vocabulary, being terminological, sufficiently stable, in terms of dynamic characteristics it is close to the OPL itself, but more stable in time.

As part of the OPL "Constants" (that is, the vocabulary passing through all the political power systems) are closed groups with a high degree of internal systematic system, as a rule, including a limited list of words, reduced to several roots that correlated with the conceptual dominants of OPL (" Power "," People "," Nation ") 1. On the other hand, the OPL actually presented "weak links", places with "variable" lexical filling (possessing the greatest dynamic potential of the group capable of fulfilling their composition due to fundamental political changes). Basically, these are groups of lexical blocks "Society" and "State": Nomina Locis, "Parties" and others.

It can be argued that in this way, the language consciousness suggests a lexical system of some priorities, divides the time-resistant language ideas about the power, personality and personal relationship to power and changing related to the specific era of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe form of state power and bundle within society.

There is a question about where it goes and from where the lexical material of such groups is drawn. The selection in the composition of the OPL "non -actual" lexica allowing "" - to decide it, but only partially. The fact of the functioning of the word within a specific power system leaves the "trace" of this system in the form of a pragmatic value

1 See Chapter 2 On the timeless nature of the authorities, the people, the nation in contrast to the inadequate of the state and society. "Anghabies". As it seems to us, the quantitative criterion should be taken into account. Thus, the presence in Russian well-defined, structured and represented by the large number of the system of "Sovieties" makes it possible to include former units of OPL itself (at one time "first", "adequate signs") in the "ideological" vocabulary (Golong, Secretary General). At the same time, the Shah, Monarch, etc., are unique in this regard. Are related to the irrelevant part of the OPL itself.

The OPL zones are permeable both in terms of the departure of the opacity from topical use and for the reverse process (transition from an inactive composition to the actual). The actual OP dictionary can be formed in different ways: first, the inactive vocabulary in the limits of one zone in accordance with the political situation of the moment, secondly, the vocabulary of other zones, "attracted vocabulary" systematically forms metaphorical transfers to designate phenomena Op Life. The first way is to a greater degree inherent in the official language, political discourse, the second - the okolopolitical discourse (in particular, the language of the media).

The dynamic potential of the op floor is set by its structure, and the dynamic changes occurring with a specific lexema are largely due to its status in the composition of the op.

OPL: Parametric analysis.

The dynamic characteristics of each of the groups in the composition of the op floor correlated with the actual linguistic (detectable by parametric analysis). Thus, the stability of the composition is inherent in usually closed groups with nonspecific vocabulary, as a rule, original. On the contrary, the variable composition has an open-end group with predominantly borrowed specific vocabulary. The most stable is incomprehensible OPP, which includes predominantly predicate vocabulary, the maximum change of composition is observed in groups that include lexemes with a substantial value. The predominance of nominalization (nouns formed from the verbs) is noteworthy for the whole OPL.

Obviously, these generalizations reflect only common patterns, and it is realistic to communicate between the actual linguistic signs and the dynamic potential of the Op vocabulary and must be subjected to a more thorough study.

OPL: "picture of the world."

Op vocabulary generally demonstrates the priority role of the concept of power, its structure as a way to think about the corresponding segment of reality. Language consciousness represents the structure of power as stable, out of connection with a specific regime. State power is included in a wider context: OP life appears in the language of consciousness as an option of life in general. The dynamic sequence of power structures appears as knowledge and as a language.

Universal for the whole OPL meaning, which can verbalize differently, but are present in each other in each of the OPL zones, are a projection of ideas about power for the entire OPL. Thus, the ideas about the actual structure of power, the "hierarchyness", the graduation of the subject of the authorities, the perception of the rights and responsibilities of the authorities, are obligatory for OP. The body of a power relation appears as patients as a supporter as an opponent of the subject (the applicant for power), common to the whole OPL is the importance of the vertical axis, partly metaphorics of power.

These common, universal ideas about the structure of the concept of power and the OPP can enjoy various specifications, which, manifesting themselves at the lexical level, demonstrate the ideas of the native speakers about the specific power system.

So, the universal way of submission of power, including the state (in the "lifting" form submitted to incomprehensively OPL) is complemented in the consciousness of the language of the language by the views on the specific power system (cf. "Picture of the World",

1 Analysis of nominalization in political discourse, see [Seriot, 1985]; [Krasukhin, 1991]. demonstrated by the "Soviet" vocabulary) and its individual fragments (thematic vocabulary).

We will make a few comments on the actual actual Op vocabulary and the "picture of the world", which it explicates, although the analysis of the actual OP vocabularia is the topic of a separate study, and is not included in the immediate objectives of this work.

It can be argued that the non-formation of modern OPLs in the narrow Smya Le, that is, the principal impossibility of drawing up a more or less comprehensive interpreting list, the eclecticity and instability of its composition, corresponds to blurred, fuzzy ideas about the modern political reality in the "picture of the world" of the language of the language. Such a fuzziness contributed to the destruction of the previous strictly dichotomous opposition "His / Alien", permanent change of value landmarks, marks of the assessment (communism or democracy, totalitarianism or powers). In connection with such ambiguity of political benchmarks, the "share" of universal ownership increases, the significance of moral landmarks increases, respectively - the predominance of universal estimated vocabulary. Thus, in the media facing the wide segments of the population, for an expression, for example, a negative assessment used precisely such a vocabulary: a fighter, bureaucrat, terrorist, corruption, etc. Specific estimated vocabulary ("Angazheny") is consumed only within the framework of private linguopolytic subsystems (Communist press, extremist publications). We also note the tendency to erode a previously unequivocal assessment (patriot).

The actual nomenclature of the names of state structures and political realities demonstrates its foreignity, inorganicity for collective consciousness. With the departure of the former strictly regulated and "worked" in the corresponding ("Soviet") "picture of the world" of the nomenclature of the names, the released place began to be filled in the framework of the general pro-Western orientation, but at the same time - chaotic and unsystematic (fragmentary). Wed: Moscow Mayor and the head of the administration of Mozhaisk, Speaker in Duma, Governor in the absence of provinces; Mayor of the district center should not report to the governor.

The lack of a system in the names of state-political life phenomena entails the absence of a particular domineering system in the collective consciousness of ideas about the architectonics: vertical and horizontal connections between specific power entities.

The predominantly borrowed nature of the actual OP naming, their "opacity", foreignity causes rejection from modern speakers of the language (in a speech-proof practice, it is manifested, in particular, the so-called modifier modifiers, this, as they say under. Wed. Also: First, God was afraid, Then the authorities were afraid, and now we are afraid of.? Prefect, what are we going to be afraid? And what to be afraid of him, if he has such a stupid name. If you can say that, it means to steal. [AIF, № 45, 1995 .eight]). At the same time, such rejection of the "variable", the "transient" vocabulary of a particular domineering vocabular actualizes the deep ideas about the power (the increase in the role of orientation metaphor, an increase in the frequency of the word T power for the "replacement" designation of specific power structures, a large number of metaphorical "injections" from others OPP zones, etc.).

So, the OPL itself is currently under the formation stage, which also applies to the lexical system, and to the ideological system, a specific "picture of the world", which is standing for the OPL as a volatile system. At the same time, the process of "syuphlation", the lexication of claimed meanings occurs on the background and on the basis of clear ideas about the structure of power as such in the collective consciousness arising from the system of the whole OPL as a whole.

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The socio-political vocabulary (OPL) is part of the lexical language system in which the social structure of society, ideological installations of native speakers, methods of organizing the social life of the country, in which the language, as well as other countries operates, is particularly clearly reflected. The functioning and development of this subsystem is sometimes straight, and more often indirectly reflect a wide range of social processes. In some periods of life of society, such changes occur here in historically short periods of time, which in other lexico-semantic subsystems are stretched for centuries. But even in relatively stable periods of life, societary political vocabulary is constantly developing and updated.

Large discussions cause a question about the relationship between socio-political vocabulary and socio-political terminology (OPT), there are also different approaches to certain borders of the latter. We divide the point of view. Hooked, which believes that wholesale is part of the terminology of social sciences, which has the property of ideologization. At the same time, the ideological view of the native speakers in the semantics of lexical units is understood under ideologize (Schmidt 1969, Kryuchkova 1982, Detko 1986). Based on such an understanding of the wholesale, we, after V.V. Akulento, E.A. Veatsekhovskaya, TB Hooked and L.A. Muradova, we believe that OPL and OPT are two independent subsystems, including a certain number of lexical units coinciding in terms of expression, but significantly different from each other, both in semantics and functionally. In addition, each of these subsystems contains a large number of lexical units that do not coincide in the plan of expression or in terms of content.

To OPL In addition to the most common part of the Wholesale (in the form in which it functions outside the narrow professional community) includes the names of various state, party and other public organizations and institutions, social institutions, etc., the names of social realities and public phenomena Life different countriesas well as political jargonisms.

From another common vocabulary of OPL differs in the way that it is extremely closely related to the social life of native speakers, as well as in such a phenomenon as ideology. It should be noted, however, that the elements belonging to different OPL subsystems, this relationship is different. Thus, the OPL of the terminological origin is also ideologized as the corresponding units of the wholesale. Names of organizations, etc. - These are the designations of the nomenclature type that perform a purely referential function. Of course, it cannot be argued that the ideological views of the native speakers directly reflect in these names. But they denote realities important for public life, often in them are representing the features of the social device inherent in different socio-economic formations, so some of these items may refuse ideologically significant and will be unequal as well as supporters of different ideological views.

The study of socio-political vocabulary represents a large linguistic interest. In connection with the increased role in the study of political communication, the analysis of the patterns of communicative activities is currently growing to the study of political vocabulary. Despite the large number of works, a variety of subjects and regions of the study of socio-political vocabulary, a number of tasks remain unresolved. Thus, the establishment of a time framework for the development of a political dictionary, the definition of thematic boundaries, as well as the lexicographic representation of verbal political spaces in need of further development.

As you know, the lexical tier is the most sensitive to changes in the language. At the same time, the process of transformation of the lexic space is almost continuous, which is the connection of the language system with other areas of public life (political, socio-economic, state). Obviously: the more intense changes in politics, the more intense changes in the vocabulary at each stage of its development. It is in the sphere of political vocabulary that there are significant changes due to social and political processes.

Social life is represented by numerous and interrelated areas. The largest of them are economic, social, political and spiritual. Each of these areas is a specific system with its type of organization and management, with its development laws and traditions.

A special place among the above-listed areas is the political sphere, the purpose of which, in contrast to the economic, social and spiritual, as well as all other spheres, is the organization and implementation of public administration to society as a whole. The political sphere appeared with the emergence of human society and will always be in one form or another to accompany its development. Her study gives the key to knowledge and understanding of political institutions, political movements and politics itself. The definition of the concept of this sphere, its essence and nature is essential for understanding the nature of politics and the state, makes it possible to allocate policies and political relations from the entire amount of public relations.

Playing an important role in the life of society, the political sphere has long been attracted to one degree or another attracts the attention of representatives of various social sciences - economic theory, law, sociology, psychology, and this area attracts attention and linguists. In particular, linguistic translators.

Translation issues related to this type of material are combined into a special group due to the community of a number of features characterizing both socio-political literature and publicism and oratory. These features are primarily associated with a propaganda or campaign installation of translated material and are expressed in conjunction of the characteristics of the scientific style (terminology, book-written elements in the dictionary and syntax) with the features of fiction style (means of imagery and emotional color, the presence of words from a variety of layers common vocabulary of the language and oral-conversational syntactic revolutions).

Since the literature on social and political issues constantly includes elements of the controversy, clearly reflects the author's attitude to the content of the statement, its attitude to the issue of a disassembled issue and since important problems of social life may be established on a relevant political topic; there is no need and opportunity Too clearly distinguish between the scientific literature of socio-political content and journalism in the broad sense of the word.

Translation of socio-political and socio-political documents, or simply - social and political translation, is an equally complex subject of the application of the specialist forces than a highly artistic or translation of the text of a narrow special subject. And in that and in another case, the translator faces an abundance of specific terms, and here and there he is given the right to carry out an "artistic" translation.

Indeed, often, the social and political translation is not inferior in its artistic and socially significant strength of the best samples of literary works. In a variety of cases, we can talk about incomparably high significance of social and political translation as an ideology and propaganda tool.

At all times, with any social and political strictly, with any ruler and the state, there was a huge corps of politicians and ideologues focused on the social and political impact both within the state itself and facing the foreign policy arena. Thus, in the case of the implementation of the social and political translation, the personality of the translator involuntarily turns out to be at the very end of the socio-ideological struggle for the minds of citizens.

The socio-political translation is the highest point, the quintessence of professional legal transfer, since it affects not just the interests of individual individuals and some groups, it can serve as a tool for influence on entire nations and peoples, as well as on the alignment of international political forces and government policies.

The main task of professional socio-political translation is strict compliance with the rules and rules of political etiquette, knowledge and subtle possession of all political tools, including specific political and diplomatic terminology, techniques.

The texts of socio-political content, like other scientific texts, include special terms that require precision translator, unambiguity in transmission. But the socio-political literature is inherent in the propaganda orientation, the passion of tone, gradation, and the specificity of the style is to merge, on the one hand, the elements of scientific speech and, on the other - various means of emotionality and imagery (both lexical and grammatical).

Translation of social and political literature - the experience of many generations of translators. Publicistics and social political literature are closely related to the life of society.

What are the features of the translation of socio-political literature?

This type of transfers differs from the translation of fiction, where the specialist is entitled to use free translations; and from the translation of scientific literature, where the accuracy of the original and the resulting text comes to first place.

The translation of social and political literature stands as if at the junction of these two directions and should reflect each nuance of the source text with maximum reliability: dates, events, decisions, conclusions, etc., and, moreover, to transfer the reader to the reader that emotional painting of the article, which It was conceived by her author.

That is why the process of translation of socio-political literature is quite complicated. Conditionally, it can be divided into four stages, each of which is equally important to achieve the goals set: the accuracy and the necessary emotional color of the article.

First of all, the translator meets with the general structure of the text and its main idea. At the second stage of the translation of the socio-political literature, a specialist produces an in-depth analysis: allocates and analyzes phrases and groups of words related in meaning; Determines the exact value of individual words that can change their meaning in a specific context, etc. The third level of translation - expressions of the text of the source document by means of a completely different language. Moreover, at this stage it is very important to convey both stylistic, and semantic and emotional painting of publication. The final stage of transfer of socio-political literature is the ultimate grinding of the result, when a specialist evaluates the work carried out from the point of view of the tasks of the translation and the general context of the entire publication, while adjusting even the smallest inaccuracies.

Let us give an example of translation only one phrase "Bus Death Strike". A person, little friendly familiar with English will say that "BUS" is a "bus", "Death" is "death", and "Strike" is a "strike". Therefore, at first glance, the translation seems to be complete nonsense. But, for an experienced translator, it is clear that the combination of additional information, hoped from the article, and characteristic of Anglo-American publicistic texts. Inexplicit of components as a result, give such a translation of the "London bus strike strike in connection with the killing of the bus conductor."

And such "difficulties" are found in almost every text, and not one time. Therefore, in order to properly carry out the translation of the social and political literature, it is necessary to absorb the experience of many translators generations, which on their own samples and errors tried to find an accurate match between our original cultures.

There are many points of contact between the tasks of the translation of socio-political and artistic literature precisely in connection with the role here, and there is a specific image that is directly based on the use of language categories. Artistic literature, as art, puts special creative tasks to the translator, but also the literature socio-political is often forcing the same translation tasks, i.e. Along with the exact reproduction of terminology, the recreation of individual-stylistic originality also requires.

The content of political speech predetermines the use of a special group of words (as well as phrase units, composite names) - political vocabulary (parliament, deputy, head of administration, voting, voter, mayor, opposition, decree, etc.). Political vocabulary and political working terminology should be distinguished. Political body terminology, as well as all terminology, is fully known only to those skilled in the art, it does not apply to commonly used vocabulary and is used only in scientific and other texts oriented on specialists. Political vocabulary is the thematic association of common words that should be understood by everyone (the absolute majority of citizens).

Political vocabulary is constantly enriched at the expense of politicalological terminology: for example, one and a half decades ago, such words and composite names, as a consensus, the subject of the federation, impeachment, were understandable only to those skilled in the art, and now they have become well-known, that is, the term's destecialization occurred. On the other hand, many commonly consulting words in the Soviet era of the words and expressions (executive committee, tips, partners, the striker of communist labor) are already being transformed into special terms of political history. At the same time, some words were re-updated again, which in the Soviet era seemed related to only the previous past pasts or with a political system of other countries (Governor, State Duma, Department, mayor). Therefore, the boundaries between political vocabulary and political terminology, between political neologisms and political archaisms are sufficiently conditional: we are not always able to accurately determine the line, in which the word becomes common or ceases to be such, turns into archaism or again it turns out to be quite modern.

In political speech, one or another word can acquire special semantic shades; Often the leading, main (least-dependent context, the most frequency) turns out to be such a value that is noted in sensible dictionaries as secondary or not at all fixed. For example, in the modern Russian political speech, Agrarnik is primarily a member of the agrarian fraction in State Duma (or a supporter of this fraction), not the "Agricultural Specialist" (this value is presented as the only Russian dictionary in the four-volume academic "Russian language" in 1981). The words right and left in modern political texts are characterized primarily political views, and supporters of the market liberal economy during the period "Perestroika" were considered to be left, and in the last decade of the last century they began to call them right; Accordingly, their political antipodes are adherents of the communist ideology - first in our country were called right, but over time, in accordance with international practice, they became known left. As another example, you can bring adjectives red, brown, pink and green, which in modern Russian political discourse usually characterize the political beliefs of a person, and not the color preferred. Accordingly, during the period of the Civil War in Russia, the main "color" opposition was opposed to white and red.

In totalitarian states, attempts are often made directly or indirectly regulate the use of certain words and expressions. For example, in the Russian-Soviet language, the political allies of the USSR were called the countries of the People's Democracy, the states of the world socialist system or the socialist community (there were some meaning differences between these designations). Such wording is often interpreted as a manifestation of "Novoyaz", a means of creating some illusory reality (George Orwell). However, the elements of Novoya, if desired, can be found in countries considered by a model of democracy.