Heat / Heating, heat supply - payment

With the beginning of each heating season, residents of apartment buildings again and again have a question: on what basis do we pay "for heat?", "Isn't it too much?" and "how to check the correctness of charges for heating?"

And also, the payment for heating is the most incomprehensible part of payments for the "communal" for citizens. The receipts we receive contain the line "Heating". It contains a non-speaking unit of measurement - "gigacalories". And even less for us is anything explaining the figure in the column "volume of services rendered."

What services? How are they counted? And here are the calories? And where does the number of them come from, which for some reason is attributed to your apartment? Let's figure it out.

But let's say right away - the calculation of the amount you have to pay for heat is done according to rather complicated rules. They include many formulas and take some time to figure out.

Therefore, we propose to proceed as follows: first, consider the logic of the calculations as a whole, you will be able to understand which of the options applies to your home. And then we will go through the formulas that are used to calculate the payment for heating in each specific option.

How heating charges are calculated. General logic

So, let's start with "calories", or rather Gigacalories (Gcal). These are units of measure for heat energy. She, thermal energy, is supplied to your apartments by means of a heat carrier - i.e. heated to the right temperature water.

Passing through the heating system of the house, the coolant gives up part of its energy and makes the batteries and risers in your apartment hot. Therefore, it is natural that the amount of heat that enters our house is measured in Gcal.

If you have a heat meter in your apartment, then the answer to this question is relatively simple. How many counter counted, and consumed so much. Plus to this we must add that part of the heat that goes to heating staircases, elevator halls, etc. This is called general household heat. How its volume is calculated, we will indicate below.

In general, we can say that it is, of course, easier to calculate the volume of your consumption using an apartment heat meter. The problem, however, is that the installation of heat meters in high-rise apartment buildings has begun quite recently, and few have installed them now. Nevertheless, there are such people, and the current legislation clearly describes how to calculate their payment. We'll take a closer look at this.

Much more common is the case when a heat meter stands at the "entrance" to an apartment building. Such a counter is called a common or collective counter. His readings make it possible to understand how much heat has entered the house. Then you can calculate how much of this energy is in each apartment.

The distribution in this case is proportional to the area of ​​the apartments. This calculation looks quite logical. We give all the necessary formulas below.

Well, what happens if there is no general heat meter? We answer: the calculation is carried out according to the heating standards. The standard in this case is the calculated amount of heat energy that is needed to heat one square meter of housing within a month. They are measured in Gcal per sq. meter.

Insofar as temperature regime in our winter in different parts countries are very different, then the standards for heating are determined by regional authorities and differ in different subjects of the federation. Moreover, for different types housing can be set and different standards. Which is quite logical - the heat loss in the old barracks and the relatively modern 11-story building built in the 80s, of course, is different.

The algorithm for calculating heating bills according to the standards is quite simple. The area of ​​your apartment is multiplied by the current standard, the result is the amount of heat energy that is (theoretically) needed to keep you warm. Naturally, all these calculations are somewhat speculative and often do not correspond to the actual consumption of heat energy.

Our government has been stubbornly struggling with payment for heating according to the standards for some time now. The installation of general house heat meters is recognized as mandatory. And if there is no general house meter (although there is a technical possibility for its installation), then the heating fee is charged with "penalty" coefficients. From January 1, 2017, it is 1.5. The details of the calculation according to the standard are also given below.

In the meantime, let's summarize the intermediate result. The number that describes the amount of heat consumed in your payment can appear in one of three ways:

• based on the readings of your apartment heat meter (plus your share of the heat consumption for general needs)
• based on your share of the total household heat consumption (calculated according to the general household meter)
• based on heating standards, if you do not have a common meter in your house.

Another important clarification: according to current legislation, heating charges can be calculated:

• during the heating season only
• throughout the year

Which of these options to follow is up to the regional authorities. If a decision is made to charge heating payments throughout the year, then special correction factors are applied in the heating payment calculation formulas. We will talk about them below, in the section where formulas are analyzed.

Here, we note one important thing regarding payments for heat throughout the year: if you pay for heat in the summer months, and your house has a general-purpose heat meter, then you must make a corrective payment for heating every year.

Just mark it up for yourself, we'll get back to it in more detail below.

Now that we have generally figured out how the heat payment is calculated, let's move on to the formulas describing what kind of payment you should have.

How is the heating fee calculated if payments are received only during the heating season?

Currently, the cost of heating services is calculated on the basis of the "Rules for the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings", approved by the RF government decree No. 354 of May 6, 2011. Current version of this document.

In order not to be confused in the future, we will call this document more simply - "Rules".

Let us clarify again, if your payment for heat is charged only for the period October - May, then everything written in this section concerns you. If, in your case, payments for heat come monthly, including in the summer, then.

Let's go directly to the calculation of heat charges. Their algorithm, as we wrote above, depends on the following factors:

• the presence of a common house meter in the house
• the presence of apartment (individual) heat meters in all apartments and non-residential premises of the house
• and also (we did not write about this above, but now we will bring you up to date) from the presence in at least 50% of residential (and non-residential) premises apartment building so-called "Distributors»

Let's deal with each of these points.

Option 1. Your house does not have a common heat meter.

In this case, the heating fee is calculated based on three parameters:

• the heating standard approved in your region, how many gigacalories (Gcal) are needed to heat one square meter within a month
• the heating tariff approved for your heat supplier, i.e. how much is one Gcal
• the area of ​​your apartment (the heated area does not include the area of ​​the loggia or balcony).

The formula that describes the calculation of heating costs in the absence of an individual (apartment) and general house meter looks like this:

P i = S i x N t x T t

S i- total area i of residential or non-residential premises.

N t- the standard for the consumption of communal services for otting.

T t- tariff for thermal energy established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation

In other words, the area of ​​your apartment is taken, multiplied by the heating standard (how many gcaloria is considered necessary for heating one square meter of area) and multiplied by the heat tariff in your region (the cost of one gigacalorie).

It is also worth considering that if you have apartment building the general house heating meter is not worth it, although there is a technical possibility for its installation, then a multiplying coefficient is applied when calculating the heating payment. Thus, the government encourages the management organizations of houses and residents to install general house metering devices.

The value of this multiplying coefficient for 2016 is taken equal to 1.4. And from January 1, 2017 - 1.5.

Option 2. There is a general house heat meter, no heating meters are installed in the apartments

It is worth noting that the formula below is valid only if none of the apartments in the house is equipped with an individual heat meter. If so, then the calculation is carried out as follows:

P i = V d x S i / S about x T t

V d- the volume (amount) of heat energy consumed for the billing period, determined according to the indications of the collective (common house) heat energy meter, which is equipped with an apartment building.

S i- the total area of ​​the i-th residential or non-residential premises

S O b - the total area of ​​all residential and non-residential premises of an apartment building

T t- tariffs for heat energy, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

To simplify, the total amount of heat consumed in an apartment building is taken.

It determines the share attributable to your apartment (based on the ratio of the total area of ​​the house and the area of ​​the apartment).

The resulting amount of heat in gigacalories is multiplied by the tariff in force in your region.

Option 3. The general house meter is worth, all apartments (non-residential premises) are equipped with individual heat meters

"all

V i n- the volume (amount) consumed for the billing period in i-th residential or non-residential premises of a communal resource, determined according to the indications of an individual or general (apartment) meter in the i-th residential or non-residential premises.

V i one

V i one = Vd - ∑ i V i n

S i

S about

T T

The bottom line is that the amount of heat consumed in the apartment is taken (based on the readings of the apartment meter), plus the part of the total heat consumption passing to this apartment.

Option 4. The general house meter is worth, at least one, but not all apartments are equipped with individual heat meters

In this case, the payment for heating is carried out in the following form:

P i = (V i + S i x (V d -∑V i) / S about) x T T

S i- the area of ​​the apartment,

V D- the volume of consumption in the house, calculated according to the general house heat meter,

S about- the total area of ​​all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building,

T T- heat tariff,

V i- heat consumption in the apartment in question. If a heat meter is installed in it, then the volume of consumption by the meter is meant.

If we are talking about an apartment that is not equipped with a heat meter, then the consumption for it is calculated by a separate formula:

V i= S i х ∑V IPU / ∑S iIPU,

In other words, to calculate the heat volume, the average heat consumption per square meter in apartments equipped with heat meters is taken and this average reading is multiplied by the area of ​​the apartment in question. Those. for apartments without meters, the average heat consumption is extrapolated, which is calculated for apartments with meters.

In general, in Option 4 it is assumed that the share of heat consumption for general house needs attributable to the given room is added to the heat consumption in the apartment. This volume is proportional to the ratio of the area of ​​this apartment and the sum of the areas of all residential and non-residential premises.

As you can see, the principle is the same as when calculating the payment for heating in houses where all apartments are equipped with individual heat meters.

Option 5. Payment for heat in an apartment building, where more than 50% of apartments are equipped with distributors

The distributor is a sensor that is installed on the heating battery (outside) and takes into account the amount of heat that the battery gives off to environment... In other words, it is an analogue of a heat meter operating on other principles.

The rules require utilities to take readings from distributors to calculate heating bills. It is only necessary that two conditions are met:

• a high-rise building must be equipped with a common building (collective) heat meter
• distributors must be installed in apartments that collectively occupy more than 50% of all residential and non-residential premises of the house

If these conditions are met, that once a year (and by the decision of the meeting of tenants - and more often), the heating fee for apartments with distributors is adjusted based on the readings of these devices.

The formula in this case is as follows:

P i- the amount of payment for the provided utility service for heating in the i-th dwelling room (apartment) equipped with distributors or non-residential premises in an apartment building for the period for which the adjustment is made,

k- the number of residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises in an apartment building equipped with distributors,

p- the number of distributors installed in the i-th dwelling (apartment) or non-dwelling in an apartment building;

m qi- the share of the volume of consumption of the communal heating service attributable to the q-th distributor installed in the i-th dwelling (apartment) or non-residential premises in an apartment building, in the volume of consumption of the communal heating service in all dwellings (apartments) equipped with distributors, and non-residential premises in an apartment building.

The meaning in this formula is:

• the entire heating fee is taken, which (based on the standards, according to the formula of Option 2) paid by the apartments where the distributors are installed
• the share of each of your distributors in the volume of heat that was taken into account by the distributors in all apartments is calculated
• then these shares are summed up and thus your share in heat consumption among all apartments equipped with distributors is calculated
• we multiply the total volume of payment for heat for all apartments with distributors by your share in this consumption (judging by the readings of the distributors).
• the resulting figure will be your payment for heat for the corrected period.

If it turns out to be more than you have already paid, you will be credited with the future payment for heat. If it is less, an additional adjustment payment will be charged.

How is the heating fee calculated if payments are received throughout the year?

In this case, heating fees are charged throughout the year in equal installments. The algorithm for calculating payments here will also depend on

presence / absence of a common house heat meter

presence / absence of individual heat meters in apartments.

At the same time, if there is a common metering device in the house, then tenants must make adjustments to the heating payment annually.

So, let's consider the possible options for calculating payment for heating.

Option 1. The house has neither a common house, nor individual heat meters

In this case, the payment for heating in the i-th room (apartment) is calculated according to the standards. The calculation formula is as follows:

P i = S i x (N T x K) x T T

S i

N T- standard for heat energy consumption for heating (Gcal / sq. M);

TO- the coefficient of the frequency of payments by consumers for utility services for heating, determined by dividing the number of full months of the heating period in a year by the number of calendar months in a year.

T T - the tariff for heat energy, established in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation(RUB / Gcal);

At the same time, if you do not have a general heating meter in your apartment building, but there is a technical possibility for its installation, then a multiplying coefficient will be applied when calculating the heating payment.

The coefficient does not apply if there is a House Survey Act, during which it was recognized that it was not technically possible to install a collective (general house) heat meter.

Option 2. The house has a general house heat meter, apartment heat meters are not installed in all apartments and non-residential premises

In this case, the calculation of the payment for heating is carried out according to the following formula:

P i = S i x V T x T T

S i- the total area of ​​the i-th room (apartment) in an apartment building or the total area of ​​a residential building (sq. m);

V T- the average monthly volume of heat energy consumption for heating for the previous year (Gcal / sq. m) based on the readings of the collective heat meter;

T T- the tariff for heat energy, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (RUB / Gcal).

In the absence of information on the volume of heat consumption for the past year, the amount of payment for heating is determined according to the formula for calculating payment for heat according to the standard.

Once a year, the amount of payment for heating in the i-th dwelling of an apartment building should be adjusted according to the formula:

P i = P k.pr x S i / S about - P fn.i

P k.pr- the amount of payment for heat energy, determined based on the indications of collective (common house) metering devices installed in an apartment building (rubles)

S i- the total area of ​​the i-th premises (apartment, non-residential premises) in an apartment building or the total area of ​​a residential building (sq. M);

S about- the total area of ​​all premises in an apartment building or residential building (sq. m);

P fn.i — overall size payments for heating in the i-th dwelling of an apartment building for the past year (rubles).

In other words, the calculation of payment for heat is based on the average monthly volume of consumption recorded by the general house meter for the last year.

When data on the average heat consumption for the current year appears, a recalculation (adjustment) is made based on these data.

Option 3. The house has a general house heat meter, all (100%) apartments and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat meters

The key here is to clarify that heat metering devices are equipped with "all »(100%) apartments and non-residential premises.

In this case, the following formula applies:

P i = (V i n + V i one x S i / S rev) x T T

V i n- the volume (amount) of thermal energy, determined based on the average monthly volume of consumption of thermal energy for heating according to the indications of an individual (apartment) meter for the previous year

S i- the total area of ​​the i-th room of an apartment building

S about- the total area of ​​all residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises in an apartment building

T T- tariff (price) for a utility resource (in this case, for heat energy), established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

V i one- the volume (amount) of heat energy provided for the billing period for general house needs in an apartment building equipped with a collective (common house) thermal energy meter.

This volume of heat for general household needs is calculated, in turn, by the following formula:

V i one = V D - ∑ i V i n

V D- the volume of heat energy consumed in an apartment building for the billing period, determined based on the average monthly volume of heat energy consumption for heating according to the indications of the collective (common house) meter for the previous year.

The bottom line is that the amount of heat that was consumed by the apartment on average per month last year (according to the readings of the apartment meter) is taken and the part of last year's total house-hold heat consumption passing to this apartment is added to it.

The resulting figure is multiplied by the current heating tariff.

In this case, the amount of payment for heating in the i-th residential or non-residential premises of an apartment building is adjusted once a year according to the formula:

P i = P k.p - P n.p. - P n.n. / S vol. x S i

P k.p- the amount of payment for heat energy consumed in the past year in all premises, determined based on the indications of the collective (common house) metering device and the tariff for heat energy, approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (rubles);

P n.n- the amount of payment for heat energy consumed for the billing period in rooms not equipped with metering devices, determined on the basis of the heat energy consumption standard and the heat energy tariff approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

S about- the total area of ​​all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building (sq. m);

S i- the total area of ​​the i-th room (apartment, non-residential premises) in an apartment building (sq. m);

P np- the amount of payment for heat energy consumed over the past year in an apartment building equipped with a collective (common house) heat meter, with the exception of the volume (amount) of heat energy consumed over the past year in all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building. This indicator is determined, in turn, by the formula:

V i one = V D - ∑ i V i n

V D- the volume of heat energy consumed in an apartment building for the settlement period, determined based on the average monthly volume of heat energy consumption for heating according to the indications of the collective (common house) meter for the previous year.

V i - the volume of heat energy consumption in the i-th residential or non-residential premises, based on the average monthly volume of heat energy consumption for heating according to the meter for the previous year.

Instead of a conclusion

After reading everything written above, we believe you could not help but ask a question - and then what? Okay, the formulas are more or less clear. But how to find out if we have a collective meter in our house, how to get acquainted with its readings? What is the standard for heating, heat tariffs in our region? Where to get all this ?!

These questions are legitimate and we hope that in the foreseeable future we will try in the next article to give them (and a number of other, no less relevant) answers.

But, we hope, this article, which you have already read, will give you the opportunity, although in general terms, to begin to navigate the issue. And this is already a big deal. After all, we pay the most for heat from utilities. And it would be good to understand, at least in the first approximation, where the numbers in the line "heating" of our receipts come from.

From year to year in our country, tariffs for utilities are growing, and many families have to carefully plan their budget in order to make the necessary payments on time and in full.

Such a load becomes especially high during the heating season, when payments for heat are added to other receipts for services, in which there are considerable numbers.

How is the payment for heating calculated?

The calculation of the required payment for heating directly depends on whether the house and apartment are equipped with meters that control heat consumption.

In the absence of a general house meter

If there is no meter common for the whole house that records the heat consumption, then the metering of its consumption is calculated using the following indicators.

• The set rate of heat for heating one "square". This standard is established by local authorities for a specific territory and directly depends on the prevailing climate on it.
• Heating tariff. It is understood as the cost of one gigacalorie, which is a calculated unit of thermal energy, and it is established by the decision of the relevant executive body of local government.
• The area of ​​the apartment. This includes only the area of ​​housing that is heated. For example, "squares" of loggias and balconies cannot be included in this figure.

The amount payable for heating is obtained by multiplying the three indicators above. However, this method has a significant drawback: with such an accrual, the amount of payments does not in any way depend on the actually consumed amount of heat, therefore, it gradually disappears from its use, carrying out the equipment of apartment buildings with general house meters.

If a total counter is installed

The presence of a common meter is the most common option for metering heat consumption by apartments in a house. This is due to the fact that it will be difficult to install individual heating metering devices in previously built apartments - long-laid communications do not allow this, but it is quite possible to mount a common meter at the inlet of the coolant to the heating system of the house.

To determine the amount of funds that the owner of the apartment will have to pay for heating, the following parameters are used.

• Total heat consumption for the whole house. This indicator is taken from a meter that records the flow of heat into the house as a whole. The main convenience here lies in the fact that now the losses that were allowed during the movement of the coolant along the heating main, where they always take place, do not fall on the shoulders of heating payers.
• Heated living area.
• Common non-residential premises of the building, which are also heated.
• Heating tariff set by local authorities.

Based on the above indicators, the monthly amount that the owner of the apartment should pay for heating is determined. Such a tariff is convenient for users, since in the event of an increase in temperature outside, the supply of heat to the apartment will be reduced and the charges for heating will be lower.

In the presence of individual meters

If the apartment is equipped with individual metering devices, then the owner will pay for heating exactly as much as he will consume. This option for metering heat consumption in houses with a large number of apartments works fully if they are fully equipped with individual heating metering devices. The absence of meters is allowed in no more than 5% of apartments.

In this case, the calculation of the amounts that should be paid for heating is as follows. The consumed heat, which was shown by the meter installed in the apartment, is taken as a basis. The resulting figure is multiplied by the heating tariff set by the local government and periodically changed. In addition, the amount of funds that are paid for heating common areas (entrances, staircases, etc.) is added here. To do this, from the total amount of heat - it will be shown by the general meter - readings of individual devices installed in apartments are subtracted, and the remainder is evenly distributed among the tenants for subsequent payment.

However, to date, metering meters for heat entering the dwelling, installed directly in apartments, are not yet very common, although they are already being installed in most new buildings.

Do I need to heat for heating in the summer

In practice, two options are used to pay for heating services, and any citizen can use the one that suits him best. Most residents pay for heating all year round, and this has one advantage: the amount of money for the heat consumed per year is divided into twelve equal parts, and the owner of the apartment pays them monthly.

However, you can go the other way, and pay the due fee only when it is actually turned on and the batteries in the apartment are hot. In order to pay in this way, you should individually conclude an agreement with the heat supplier, in which all the nuances of this process should be spelled out. In addition, one should prepare for substantial additional loads on the family budget, since during the heating season with this form of payment, they will increase by about two-thirds of the amounts that have to be paid in the summer.

Thus, each citizen can independently choose the way to pay for heating their home. At the same time, it is easy to calculate that no matter how a citizen pays the required funds for heating, the total amount for the year will still be the same. In some cases, unscrupulous citizens, seeking to underestimate the consumed heat, resort to all sorts of tricks such as twisting the meters. This will not bring any benefit, since sooner or later such an offense will be discovered, and the persons who committed it will face substantial fines, many times higher than the "economy" of this kind.

In reality, it is possible to reduce the cost of paying for heat in the following way.

• Install plastic windows that keep warm well.
• Insulate the walls.
• Place reflectors behind the batteries.

Thanks to such simple measures, you can significantly save heat, and, accordingly, reduce heating costs.

Recalculation of payment for heating: in what cases it is carried out

In some cases, residents using district heating services may apply for recalculation. This right is assigned to them by the Government Decree No. 354 of 05/06/2011, which regulates the supply of utilities to houses with a large number of apartments.

According to the specified normative act, residents of such houses have the right to apply for a recalculation of heating payments in the following cases.

• When the quality of the service is not provided at the proper level, that is, the heating does not work at full capacity, and the temperature in the rooms is below the stipulated standards.
• When the owner of the apartment has issued a subsidy for the payment of utilities, but continues to receive payments in which the full cost of payment is stated.
• When one or more radiators do not work in the apartment for a long time.

In each of the listed cases, the person applying for a review of the heating payment must have supporting documents, otherwise this issue will not even be considered by the management company or another authority.

Such documents should be taken care of in advance, and in the event of interruptions in heating during the autumn-winter season, immediately call the foreman from the housing office, who, if it is impossible to eliminate the damage and establish the supply of heat to the apartment, would draw up an appropriate act on this issue.

If, for some reason, the summoned specialist did not appear, then you can do it on your own. It is enough to invite two neighbors and a senior at the entrance, and together with them, in any form, draw up an act fixing problems with the heating of the apartment. This document, together with others, will serve as the basis for recalculating payments.

It should be borne in mind that companies responsible for heating multi-apartment housing are extremely reluctant to recalculate, and are trying to do everything to avoid this. In particular, they can refer to the fact that the apartment has poor thermal insulation and therefore it is cold in it, that in order to eliminate the problems with heating, the admission of the specialists involved in this was not provided in a timely manner to the apartment, and also to look for other loopholes. Therefore, those who want to achieve a recalculation of payment for heating should tune in to a long struggle for it.

Homeowners regularly receive bills for centralized heat supply to high-rise buildings. Receipts contain two items for which you need to pay:

• heating of the living space itself;
• heat supply of entrances, staircases and platforms, corridors.

Calculation of payment for heating an apartment building

This value depends on the availability of a common house heat energy meter. If there is no heat meter, then the hot water consumption is charged in accordance with the standards approved by the decree of the authorized authority. The price printed on the receipt is the final result displayed on the payment document. The heat consumption increasing factor without control devices is not applied, since it was canceled from March 14, 2017 by the corresponding document.

Important! The accrual of housing and communal services in Russia and Ukraine is somewhat different, the given methods of monetary relationships between consumers and representatives of the communal services sector are intended for residents of the Russian Federation.

The apartment heating fee is calculated as the product of three factors:

• the total area of ​​the dwelling;
• standard heat energy consumption;
• a tariff plan for a particular locality.

Calculation for heating according to a common house metering device is definitely more profitable than payment for heat supply according to standard indicators. However, the loss of money from the family budget remains overestimated, since the consumed heat contains extraneous heat loss.

Monitoring the heat consumption of a multi-storey building

Legislation allows two possible calculations of utility bills for heating:

• can be calculated based on the data of the ODPU;
• calculated according to the data of the individual heat controller.

The first option: only a general housekeeping device is installed. In this case, the size of the board is determined based on the readings of the device, which are distributed among consumers according to the square meters used. This method does not allow effectively enough to reduce the spending of the family budget, since the general house readings contain additional heat loss due to:

• insufficient insulation of public heated places of high-rise buildings;
• the presence of poorly insulated apartments with old window frames or corner arrangement.

The management company can offer to pay for the services provided as follows:

• control of heat consumption is carried out only in the heated period;
• evenly distributed over all months.

The second option is to insert a personal device connected to a centralized heating system. In this case, utility costs will decrease by about 25-30% compared to receipts according to the data of the general measuring unit.

It should be noted that the supplier company may refuse to allow reporting using personal measuring equipment if not all areas of the residential building are equipped with them. Failure can be caused by the fact that the heating equipment has not passed the sealing procedure.


In the presence of a separate apartment measuring unit, the calculation of the heating payment by the metering device will consist of the actual readings of the measuring device and the tenant's share in relation to the heat consumption by public places of a multi-storey building.

Housing and communal services formulas for calculating the cost of heating

For calculations, it is used quite a large number of simple formulas, the use of which is due to a number of factors:

• availability of a centralized or local heating system- modern new buildings often have built-in-attached or roof-top boiler rooms;
• the presence of an established public heating meter in the house;
• whether residential and non-residential premises are equipped with separate heat measuring devices;
• type of charge: only in winter time or in equal monthly installments.

Below is a detailed discussion of how to pay for heating with and without a meter.

Important! The payment rate should be determined in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of 05/06/2011 "On the provision of utilities to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings" (revised 09.09.2017).

Rules for the mathematical determination of the cost of heat consumption in the absence of power devices

If the accrual occurs only during the cold season, then the payment for heating during the heating season is determined as the product of multipliers:

• the size of your home according to the registration certificate, m2;
• recommended consumption rate, Gcal / m2;
• tariff plan, rub / Gcal.

The tariff rate is determined by the authorized government bodies for each specific region.

If the funds are debited evenly, regardless of the location of the street thermometer, then the determination of the amount charged looks like the product of the following indicators:

• the square of the living space of your property according to the data sheet, m2;
• heat energy consumption standard, Gcal / m2;
• periodicity coefficient;
• tariff for the service supplied, rub / Gcal.

The periodicity factor is calculated:

K = N / 12

Where K is the determined coefficient;

12 - the number of calendar months;

N is the duration of the heating season, months.

In the case when the apartment building is equipped with a collective heat meter, and the heated areas of the housing sector are partially equipped with individual heat metering units, the payment can be made or, in the autumn-spring period, it can be carried out in equal parts, distributed over 12 calendar months.

The first variant of calculations is carried out based on the following information:

• the volume of hot liquid consumed according to the public accounting device;
• square meters of your living space;
• the total area of ​​residential and non-residential rooms and public places;
• the amount of the declared tariff.

The calculation formula is:

P = V * S / S k * T

where P is the calculated price of heat supply, rubles;

V is the amount of hot water supplied according to the general household control device;

S - the area of ​​your apartment, determined by the registration certificate;

S k - the total quadrature of all sections of a multi-storey building, regardless of the purpose;

T is the heat energy tariff declared by the supplier.


If the managing organization makes uniform monthly calculations, then the amount that is paid when using the coolant is considered as the product of indicators:

• the average monthly value of the volume of heat consumption for the previous 12 months;
• housing quadrature, defined by accompanying technical documentation;
• the size of the tariff.

Important! The average monthly volume of heat energy is determined on the basis of the totality of the measurements taken from the collective heat meter, distributed by the number of months in proportion to the square meters occupied by apartments and common areas.

With this procedure for calculating the cost of service in the first quarter of the current year, the amount of the paid amount is adjusted up or down according to the formula:

P cor = P * S / S k - P square

where R kv - charges that are required to be paid for the provision of utility services to you in the last 12 months.

How is it calculated for an apartment with an individual registration device

The payment for the thermal energy of an apartment building with individual meters connected in all rooms can be calculated in two ways: during only cold weather or in equal parts all year round.

The calculation of the cost of a communal apartment for the heated period is based on the data:

• heat consumption obtained from measurements of an individual metering device;
• collective level of consumption minus the complex supply of heat energy to all places equipped with separate heat metering units;
• number square meters living space indicated according to the technical documentation;
• the total area of ​​all premises of an apartment building, regardless of their use;
• standardized tariff for the costs of the heat carrier.

P = (V i + V 1 * S / S k) * T

where V i is the flow rate shown by a personal heat meter;

V 1 - the costs of the heat carrier for the billing period according to the indicators of the collective heat meter minus the total amount of energy supplied to all rooms equipped with separate heat metering means:

V 1 = V-∑Vi

Calculation of heating bills charged throughout the entire calendar year:

P = (V i + V * S / S k) * T

where V i is the average monthly consumption of heat supplied according to the measurements of the apartment heat meter.

If housing and communal relations are carried out on the basis of last year's average monthly readings of the general house and personal heat meters, in the first quarter of the current year, the payment must be adjusted upward or downward.

The adjustment is defined as the difference between:

• the size of the price determined on the basis of actual measurements of complex and apartment heat meters for the billing year
• cost calculated on the basis of average monthly heat supplies shown by general house and apartment equipment for the year.

How to reduce payments for the use of the coolant

The amount accrued by the Criminal Code, in the absence of any metering devices for the consumption of heat energy, can cause serious damage to the family budget. It is possible to reduce monthly expenses. The solution to the problem is to insert a common house meter into one heating system and install personal measuring elements. Connecting equipment will reduce costs by about 30%. However, the payback can be several years.

Important! In new houses, the installation of heating meters in the apartment is carried out immediately, at the construction stage. In this case, only one thing is required from the owners of the living space - to arrange their sealing, after which they are guaranteed a reduced cost of heat consumption.

According to the requirements of Federal legislation, consumers have the right to orderly demand from the management company the installation of a collective heat consumption control device. To connect a personal measuring device and get permission to pay according to its testimony, you will have to "wrestle" with the heat supply organization.

A decrease in the amount indicated in the receipt of housing and communal services is possible after the performance of work aimed at high-quality insulation of housing. The elimination of extraneous heat loss will significantly reduce the flow rate of the coolant. Home insulation work will not bring the desired economic result if an apartment heat meter is not installed.

Overpayment can be caused by overly hot heating radiators. The problem of overheating is solved by installing thermostats on the batteries, with which you can reduce or increase the flow of the coolant, thereby regulating the air temperature in the room. This issue is especially relevant for buildings with vertical piping, since hot water, rising from the bottom up, gradually cools down. The result is hot radiators on the ground floors and moderately warm ones on the upper ones.

Important! The radical solution to the problem of prohibitively high heat bills is to switch to alternative heating methods. One of them is the presence of its own boiler room. Most often, the boiler room is installed on the roof. In the modern construction boom in Russia, organizations have appeared that combine the functions of a developer and representatives of housing and communal services. They are responsible for the construction and further operation of the building, including the operation of boiler equipment.

Others possible way space heating is the use of stationary convectors that use electricity or gas fuel for operation. In this case, complete independence from the centralized heat supply system is ensured, but payments increase according to the readings of the electric meter. This kind of savings is common overseas, especially in the United States of America.

Why do we pay for heat supply in ENP in summer?

Single payment document(ENP) contains accounts of various sectors of the housing industry, including utility costs for the use of heat in summer time... The tenants have a reasonable question - why in the summer I pay for the supply of heat, while the heating season is within autumn-spring.

The legislation of the Russian Federation allows charging payments for heat supply in two ways:

• in equal monthly installments;
• only in winter.

Most often, management companies use the first method, as it allows you to evenly "spread" the monthly payment amount. When charged in the second way, the costs of the home budget will increase significantly during the heating season, and the rest of the time will not be charged.

You cannot blindly trust the amounts written on the receipt. If you have any doubts about the conscientiousness of housing and communal services representatives, it is best to make independent simple calculations using a calculator using the above calculation methods. If a discrepancy is found, contact the utilities with a request to issue an invoice again.

It is often not entirely clear how the cost of heating is formed and why for residents, for example, a neighboring house, it is much lower. However, the fee is always charged according to the approved scheme. There is a certain standard for heating consumption, and it is he who is the basis for the formation of the final cost. We will tell you about what you need to know about calculating heating bills in this article.

In this article, you will learn:

• As a communal heating service, it is linked to heating consumption standards.
• What is "heating consumption standard".
• How to calculate the standard for heating consumption.
• How the electricity consumption standard is related to the heating utilities provided by the MKD.

How the utility heating service is related to the heating consumption standard

To begin with, we will describe what is included in the concept of a communal heating service. Next, we will consider what the consumption rate established for heating is, and how it is formed.

On the basis of Regulation 354, the quality of heating is assessed taking into account the change in the air temperature in the room. According to paragraph 5 of the Rules, the heating season begins when the average daily air temperature drops below 8 ° C and this mode is maintained for 5 days. The main purpose of supplying heat to rooms is to heat the air to a comfortable temperature. How is heating carried out technically?

In our country, water heating systems are often used today. The heat carrier (usually water) is heated to a predetermined temperature and circulated in the heating system. Gradually, the carrier gives off heat to the room. At the same time, its temperature, respectively, decreases. Heat from the coolant enters the atmosphere, as a rule, thanks to heating radiators.

There are three options for supplying heat:

• thermal conductivity;
• convection;
• radiation.

Thermal conductivity is the ability of more heated parts of an object to give off heat to less heated parts with the help of chaotically moving particles (molecules, atoms). For example, when a heating radiator transfers heat to an object in contact with it.

Convection is a type of heat exchange in which the transfer of internal energy is carried out by streams and jets. With convection, heat is transferred using a liquid or gas, including air. Gas flows around a certain object with a temperature different from its own. When air flows around a hot radiator, it heats up. When the air flows around objects with a lower temperature, it cools down accordingly. Streamlined objects heat up.

Common areas where there are no heating radiators (for example, staircases in an apartment building) are heated mainly by convection. That is, warm air from apartments where radiators work enters the entrances. Due to this, a normal temperature is created in them.

With radiation, thermal energy is transmitted through a visually permeable medium, for example, through air, transparent objects or a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves transfer heat from a warmer to a less warm object. For example, it is radiation that transfers heat from the Sun to the Earth. Of course, a heating radiator does not give off heat in the same volume as the sun. An untrained observer cannot see this radiation. But thanks to special devices - thermal imagers - this process is clearly visible.

The heat carrier is not consumed directly during heating (in any case, with the normal functioning of the heating system and no leaks). It only gives off heat to the space, creating a comfortable environment in it. Water heated in a boiler or some other device enters the heating system, circulates in it, gives off heat and cools down. Further along the return pipe, it goes back to the heating device. Due to the fact that there is no consumption of heat carrier, users of utilities do not pay for its consumption. Only the heat is paid for, which the coolant gives off to the space of the heated apartments.

According to the International System of Units (SI), the generally accepted unit of measurement for thermal energy is the joule (J). MKD premises consume two types of energy:

• thermal;
• electric.

As noted above, energy is measured in joules (J). But to denote electricity, "kilowatt-hours" (kWh) are used, and heat energy - gigacalories (Gcal).

Calorie (cal) is the unit of measurement used in different areas when calculating, for example, if you need to determine the consumption of heat energy in residential buildings and MKD apartments. A calorie is a non-systemic unit equal to 4.1868 J. It is this amount of thermal energy that is required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 ° C.

Calorie was first used as a unit of measurement to calculate the heat content of water. In the field of housing and communal services, the calorie is used precisely for this purpose. The heat carrier in water heating systems, as a rule, is water.

Joules can be used to measure heat energy, like other energy. But, if the thermal energy consumed in residential buildings and MKD is calculated, calories are used.

It takes 1 calorie to heat 1 gram of water to 1 ° C. Accordingly, to heat 1 ton of water (1 million grams) by 1 ° C, it takes 1 million kcal, or 1 Mcal (megacalorie). For example, to heat 1 cubic meter of water (1 ton) to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 60 Mcal (megacalories), or 0.06 (0.060) gigacalories (Gcal). That is, to heat 100 cubic meters of water to a temperature of 0-60 ° C, you need 6 Gcal. Note that 60 degrees is the DHW limit for residents of residential buildings and apartment buildings.

Large volumes of heat carrier circulate in MKD heating systems. That is why the calculations are carried out in Gcal (1 Gcal equals 1 billion cal).

What is the standard for heating consumption from a physical point of view

Russian legislation considers MKD when calculating the consumed energy for heating as a whole. An apartment building acts as an indivisible technical object, consuming thermal energy to heat all the rooms in it. In this regard, when making calculations between a resource-saving organization and a utility service provider, it is very important how much heat energy was used by the MKD as a whole.

There are Rules for the installation and determination of standards for the consumption of utilities, approved by Government Decree No. 306 dated May 23, 2006. In accordance with them, the standard for heating consumption per year in the MKD is first calculated (clause 19 of Appendix 1 to Rules 306, formula 19) ...

When calculating the standard for heating consumption per month, the year is used as the estimated period. The indicators in different months, of course, differ, and the payment for the standard of heating consumption should be either the same throughout the entire heating season, or even throughout the calendar year. It all depends on what method of payment for heating operates in the Russian subject.

The MKD includes residential and non-residential premises, as well as common property belonging to all owners of objects in the house on the basis of the right of common ownership. They are the ones who consume all the thermal energy supplied to the MKD. Accordingly, the owners have to pay for heating. But the question arises: how should the cost of the provided service be distributed among all subscribers? Is there a standard for heating consumption for general building needs?

The amount of payment for heating is distributed quite reasonably. It all depends on the footage of each apartment or non-residential premises (according to Rules 354 and 306).

How is the calculation of standards for the consumption of thermal energy for heating

The heating consumption standard is approved by the authorized local authorities. Most often this is the responsibility of the energy commissions in the regions.

The type of house determines the standard for heating consumption. The standard is valid for at least three years and during this period it usually does not change. You can appeal the decision to establish heating consumption standards in court.

KU consumption standards are formed by three methods: expert, calculation and analog method. Authorized bodies have the right to use one method or combine several.

If specialists use the analog and expert method, the heating consumption standard is formed on the basis of monitoring the heat consumption in residential buildings and apartment buildings with approximately the same construction and technical characteristics, the number of residents and the level of improvement. The indicators of collective counters become the basis here.

The calculation method is used in the event that it is impossible to obtain meter readings, or the data of collective metering devices is insufficient to apply the method of analogues, or there is no information for using the expert method.

Each region itself sets the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating. When it is formed, technological losses are taken into account. At the same time, the costs of utilities that have arisen due to improper operation of utilities and equipment in a residential building or MKD, incorrect application of the rules for the operation of residential premises and maintenance of common property in MKD are not taken into account.

Heating consumption rate per sq. m. is the consumption of heat energy at which the room is maintained at a normal temperature. To calculate the standard for heating consumption (Gcal per 1 m2 per month), use the formula:

N = Q / S * 12

Q here is the total heat consumption for heating premises in an apartment building or a residential building. Q is the sum of meter readings for the heating season (Gcal), S is the total footage of premises in a residential building or MKD (m 2).

• Room temperature standards.

There are Rules for the provision of public utilities to the population, approved by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to them, the air temperature in living quarters should not be less than 18 ° C and 20 ° C for corner rooms.

The temperature regime in residential buildings is determined by GOST R 51617-2000 “Housing and communal services. General technical conditions ", approved by the decree of the Gosstandart of Russia 158-st of 19.06.00 and SanPIN 2.1.2.1002-00.

GOST recognizes the following temperature regimes as optimal for residential premises:

• 20 ° C for corner rooms;
• 20 ° C for buildings of the first year of operation;
• 18 ° C for living rooms;
• 18 ° C for kitchens;
• 25 ° C for bathrooms;
• 16 ° C for stairwells and lobbies.

According to SanPIN, the following temperature standards are recognized as optimal and permitted in residential premises:

The DHW temperature is also set at 50–70 ° C.

Calculate the heating consumption rate as accurately as possible

According to the Rules, when setting standards for the consumption of utilities, the method of analogs and the calculation method should be used.

The analog method is used if there is data obtained from meters in houses with similar technical characteristics and design parameters, the level of improvement, as well as located in similar climatic zones. The method of analogs allows obtaining reliable information only regarding energy consumption and water consumption, despite the fact that the owners of premises in the apartment complex wash dishes in different ways, take a shower and a bath, use lighting and energy-consuming devices. When calculating the standard for the consumption of communal heating services, this method cannot be used, at least with the use of general house meters. As for individual meters, there is no practical experience in this matter yet.

The general house metering device at the entrance to the building records the volume of heat consumption for heating. But this does not mean that this amount of heat energy is optimal for residents. For example, in Moscow, along Obruchev Street, there are 8 identical houses of the P-18 - 01/12 series. As part of the overhaul, old windows were replaced with more energy-intensive new ones, the facades were insulated, automated control units for the heating system, thermostats on heating devices were installed. At the same time, in two buildings, among other things, heat distributors for apartment heat metering were installed. During the heating season 2010–2011. specific consumption of heat energy averaged 190 kWh / m 2. At the same time, during the previous period in one house, the indicator was 99 kWh / m 2. A significant improvement in performance could be achieved if the temperature schedule for supplying heat energy for heating was optimized.

To calculate the standard for heating consumption, it is recommended to use only the calculation method. But Formula 9 proposed by the Rules is incorrect. According to it, the heat load for heating changes with the outside temperature:

QO= q о.max (t int - t n.cro) / (t int - t n.ro) · 24 n о · 10 -6, Gcal / h

q о.max - the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating a residential building or apartment house (kcal / hour); t vn - temperature of heated objects in the house, ° C; t n.sro - the average daily temperature of the outside air during the heating season, ° C; t n.ro - design temperature of the outside air when designing heating, ° C; n о is the duration of the heating season at an average daily outside temperature of 8 ° C or less. 24 - hours in a day, and 10 -6 - coefficients of conversion from kcal to Gcal.

If we take into account the heat balance of the dwelling, the calculated hourly heating load will be equal to:

qo.max= q ogr q inf - q life,

q ogr - heat losses through external fences; q inf - heat losses for heating the infiltrated air through the outer fences; q everyday life - household heat emission from people, artificial lighting, use household appliances, cooking, washing dishes, hot water pipes installed inside apartments, as well as heat input with diffused radiation.

When the outside temperature rises or falls, only the first two components of the heat balance change. Household heat emission remains unchanged throughout the heating season. The outside temperature does not affect them. Due to this correct option the formula looks like this:

QO= [(q о.max q life) (t int - t n.cro) / (t int –E t n.ro) - q life] · 24 n о · 10 -6,

If the household heat dissipation is designated in fractions of the calculated hourly load for heating and take out q o.max outside the square brackets, the formula will be like this:

QO= q о.max · [(1 q life / q о.max) · (t int - t n.sro) / (t int - t n.ro) - q life / q о.max] · 24 n о · 10 –6.

Household heat dissipation in the heat balance remains constant in relation to the calculated hourly heating load for a particular house. However, the proportion of heat emission increases if the outside temperature rises. Due to an increase in the outside temperature, the heat supply for heating the room may be reduced. The temperature graphs of the heat carrier in the supply and return pipelines of the heating system should not converge when t n = t ext = 18 ... 20 ° C, as it was when using the formula given in the Rules, and when t n = 10 ... 15 ° C, in accordance with other given formulas.

Note that the schedule of high-quality regulation of the source, built without taking into account the increasing share of household heat emissions in the heat balance of the house with an increase in the outside air temperature, is contrary to the standards. In this regard, each residential building must have automated control units for the heating system. If the connection is dependent, the movement of the corrective shunt pumps should be carried out not only during the cutoff of the central regulation schedule, but also throughout almost the entire period, provided that the outdoor air temperature exceeds the parameters "A".

The share of household heat emission is a constant value from the estimated hourly load on the heating system for an individual house. This share for another residential building increases with increased thermal protection or with the use of heat recovery from the extract air to heat the supply air. If it is planned to build a house with similar technical characteristics and structure, but in a region with a cooler climate, the share of household heat in heating design will be less. If construction is planned in an area with a higher design outside temperature, the share will be higher.

In this regard, table 7 of the Rules, which indicates the standard for the consumption of thermal energy for heating a residential building and apartment buildings, cannot be called correct. When determining the values, the changing shares of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated hourly heating load in different Russian regions were not taken into account. It is also not taken into account that in the future, on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of 01/25/2011, the energy efficiency of buildings will increase.

We will not take into account the values ​​of the specific heat consumption for heating houses built before 1995 and after 2000 with a different number of floors in regions with an estimated outside air temperature for heating design from -5 degrees to -55 degrees. Let's reveal the same values ​​for buildings of the period 2011–2016. taking into account the requirements to increase their energy efficiency, as well as for buildings where major reconstruction was carried out at the same time, and compare them with the requirements of 2000 (based on the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 dated January 25, 2011)

By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 262 dated May 28, 2010, along with an increase in energy efficiency, the normalized resistance to heat transfer of external walls, coatings and ceilings increased to the level of Table. 4 SNiP 23-02-2003, windows from 2011 up to R F = 0.8 m 2 ° C / W for areas with a degree-day of more than 4000 and 0.55 m 2 ° C / W for the rest, and from 2016 - not less R F = 1.0 m 2 ° C / W also for areas over 4000 ° C day. and 0.8 m 2 · ° C / W - for the rest.

For calculations, we will take a nine-story residential building being built in central Russia as a basis. The design temperature of the outside air there is -25 degrees, and the magnitude of the degree-day is 5000. In accordance with the norms for 2000, the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the main external wall enclosures R w = 3.15 m 2 ° C / W, windows R F = 0.54 m 2 ° C / W, calculated air exchange with a population of 20 m 2 of the total area of ​​apartments per person = 30 m 3 / (h

This is what the heat balance at home looks like. A building loses 20–23% of heat through walls, 4–6% through coverings and ceilings, 25–28% through windows, and 40–50% through air infiltration. The relative percentage of household heat from the calculated heat losses is 18–20%. The estimated heat consumption for heating the house in relation to the calculated heat loss in 2000 will be when solving the heat balance equation: o.max 2000 = 0.215 0.05 0.265 0.47 - 0.19 = 0.81. Percentage of household heat from the estimated heat consumption for heating q everyday life / q o.max = 0.19 100 / 0.81 = 23.5%.

How the relative heat losses through windows and walls of a building change with an increase in their thermal protection

To understand how the estimated consumption of heat energy for heating changes with an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of external fences, let's look at Fig. 1. The figure shows that with an increase in the heat transfer resistance of walls by 15% from 3.15 to 3.6 m 2 · ° C / W, the relative heat loss through the walls decreases from 0.302 to 0.265 units or equal to 0.265 / 0.302 = 0.877 from the previous value. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 0.8 instead of 0.54 m 2 · ° C / W, the heat consumption is reduced by 0.425 / 0.63 = 0.675 compared to the earlier indicator.

If we consider the reduction in heat loss through coatings and ceilings, as through walls, and the relative heat losses for heating the infiltration air, as before, the heat balance equation for a building building from 2011 will be as follows:

Qht.max 2011 = (0.215 0.05) 0.877 0.265 0.675 0.47 = 0.232 0.179 0.47 = 0.881.

The relative estimated costs of heat energy for heating are Qht.max 2011 = 0.881 - 0.19 = 0.691, and the heating consumption standard for 2011 will decrease compared to 2000: 0.691 / 0.81 = 0, 853 (decrease by 14, 7%, due to an increase in the resistance to heat transfer of walls, coatings, ceilings by 15% and windows from 0.54 to 0.8 m 2 ° C / W), and in absolute value at a value in 2000 q o.max = 50 m 2 ° C / W converted to kcal / h: 50 0.853 / 1.163 = 36.6 kcal / (h m 2).

The reduced resistance to heat transfer of walls will increase by another 15% in 2016 compared to 2011. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 1.0 instead of 0.8 m2 ° C / W, heat losses will decrease by 0.34 / 0.425 = 0 ,eight. The indicator of relative total heat losses in a 9-storey building in 2016 will be:

Q ht.max 2016 = 0.232 0.887 0.179 0.8 0.47 = 0.206 0.143 0.47 = 0.82.

Relative calculated heat losses for heating Q ht.max 2016 = 0.82 - 0.19 = 0.63. The decrease in the standardized specific indicator in 2016 compared to 2000 is 0.63 / 0.81 = 0.778. The resistance to heat transfer of walls, coverings, ceilings increased by only 30% and windows up to 1.0 m2 · ° C / W. Due to this, heat consumption for space heating decreased by 22.2%, including from 2016 - by 22.2-14.7 = 7.5%), and in absolute terms: q o.max = 50 0.778 / 1.163 = 33.4 kcal / (hm 2). This is how the components of heat loss in a residential nine-story building will correlate in 2016. Through walls, coverings and ceilings 25% of heat will go away (0.206 100 / 0.82), through windows 0.143 100 / 0.82 = 17% (in 2000 these parameters were identical to each other - 26.5%) , for heating the infiltrated air in the standard amount: 0.47 · 100 / 0.82 = 58% (in 2000 - 47%). The percentage of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated heat losses for heating will be 0.19 · 100 / 0.63 = 30% (in 2000 - 23.5%).

Let's calculate, in the same ratio as for 2000, the indicators of heat consumption for heating houses with different numbers of floors, but for territories with different design temperature parameters of the outside air. Below is a table with the results of calculations belonging to SNiP "Heat networks". Thanks to the table, you can determine what capacity the heat supply source has and what is the diameter of the pipes used in heating systems.

It is impossible to calculate the standard of individual consumption of space heating according to this table. The parameters of the calculated losses do not reflect the degree of optimization of the automatic regulation of the heat energy supply for heating.

Specific indicators of the estimated heat consumption for heating multi-apartment and residential buildings per 1 m 2 of the total area of ​​apartments, q o.max, kcal / (hm 2)

Number of storeys residential buildings Estimated outdoor temperature for heating design, t n, ° C For construction buildings up to 1995 1-3 fl. freestanding 2-3 fl. interlocked 4-6 fl. brick 4-6 fl. panel 7-10 fl. brick 7-10 fl. panel For buildings under construction after 2000 1-3 fl. freestanding 2-3 fl. interlocked For buildings under construction after 2010 1-3 fl. freestanding 2-3 fl. interlocked For buildings under construction after 2015 1-3 fl. freestanding 2-3 fl. interlocked

How is the standard for heating consumption of non-residential premises calculated?

On the basis of clause 20 of the Rules for the provision of utilities to the population, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 No. 307, if meters for hot water supply and cold water supply, electricity, heat and gas are not installed in non-residential premises of MKD, the amount of payment for utility services is calculated according to the standards established by Russian legislation, as well as taking into account the amount of consumed resources.

The volumes of consumed utilities are determined as follows:

• for cold water and hot water supply - using the calculation method. The standards for the consumption of water resources are taken as a basis. If they are not there - the requirements and rules of building codes;
• for Wastewater- as the total volume of consumed hot and cold water;
• for gas and electricity - using the calculation method. The calculation scheme among themselves must be coordinated by the resource supplying organization and the person with whom the organization has concluded an agreement. The basis for the calculation is the power and operating mode of the consuming devices installed at the facility;
• for heating - in accordance with sub. 1 of paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules [note: according to the standard of consumption in Gcal / m2, i.e. the calculation is the same as for apartments]. At the same time, the contractor needs to adjust the amount of payment for heating once a year. The adjustment procedure is described in sub. 2 p. 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules.

In other situations, the volumes of consumed heat in non-residential premises, including non-residential facilities that are not part of the MKD and are located separately, are calculated according to the Methodology for determining the need for fuel, electricity and water in the production and transmission of heat and heat carriers in the municipal heat supply systems of MKD. The methodology was approved by the Gosstroy of the Russian Federation of 08/12/2003. For calculations, the Methodology for determining the amount of heat energy and heat carrier in water systems of municipal heat supply MDS 41-4.2000, approved by order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation of 05/06/2000 No. 105, is also used.

Due to the fact that the legislative formulations are very ambiguous, how the issue for the user of utilities will be resolved in practice is determined by the position of the energy-saving organization, the executor (Criminal Code, HOA), the arguments of the participants and judicial practice.

How is the standard of electricity consumption for heating related to the heating utility service provided by MKD

Before the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, in the period from 1999 to 2005. the current legislation allowed the shutdown of centralized heating in a separate residential building of the MKD and heating it with electricity. Since centralized heating in houses did not always function well, a significant proportion of the population, having completed all the technical documents, began to use electric batteries.

The payment for heating in an apartment building was calculated as follows. The owners of apartments, where centralized heating functioned, paid for the service in accordance with the consumption standard. Citizens who used apartment heating did not pay for the service, since they did not receive receipts for it. All this was in accordance with the principles reflected in Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - “rationality and justice”. However, in 2003–2013. everything has changed (table).

Formation of the amount of payment for heating in the municipal district of the Murmansk region

Conditions	A period of time
	Until 2006
Foundations	There was a uniform heating standard throughout the region	Heating standards were in place, approved by the authorities local government	The entity introduced new standards for heating, with the allocation of a standard for common property	Abolished standards for common property	Active Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 23, 2006 No. 307
MKD without a general house metering device, a room without a metering device	Р i = S i x Nfrom x Тт. Adjustment by year with the new tariff	Р i = S i x Nt x Тт. Adjustment by year	R i = S i x Ntot x TT Poin = Nodn x S and x S i / Sv. Correction canceled	Р i = S i x Nt x Тт. Correction canceled	Р i = S i x Nt x Тт. Adjustment canceled
MKD is equipped with a general house metering device, a room without a metering device	R i = Vd x S i / Stot x TT. Upon consumption	Р i = S i x V i x Тт. On average monthly adjusted for the year	R i = Vd x S i / Sd x Tt. Upon consumption	Р i = Vd x S i / Stot x TT. Upon consumption	Р i = S i x V i x Тт. On average monthly corrected what a year

Difficulties with paying for heat appeared when general house meters were installed in the apartment building. The amount of payment began to consist of two components: for heating the premises for residential or non-residential purposes and for the common areas in the house.

As a result, starting from 2013 to the present day, in a number of Russian regions (for example, in the Kirov and Murmansk regions), where there are rooms in the apartment building, heated by electricity, in accordance with the legislative transfer to this type of heating, the owners of these rooms continue to exhibit receipts for payment for centralized heating services (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of distribution of heat energy for heating house No. 11 on the street. Soviet city of Kandalaksha (version of the GZI of the Murmansk region):

• 59.07 Gcal / 2617 sq. m = 0.02257 Gcal / sq. m.
• 0.02257 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 36.06 Gcal.
• 0.02257 Gcal / sq. mx 206.5 sq. m = 4.66 Gcal.
• 4.66 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.001933 Gcal / sq. m.
• 0.001933 Gcal / sq. mx 812.8 sq. m = 1.57 Gcal.
• 0.001933 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 3.09 Gcal.

At the same time, the regional authorities insist that the owners again switch to centralized heating. But they forget that the law has no retroactive effect.

In favor of the fact that the actions are lawful, is evidenced by formula 3 from Appendix 2 of the Rules. In accordance with it, areas heated by electricity are not excluded from the payment scheme for centralized heating services.

At the same time, on March 12, 2015, a meeting of the working group was held on the formation of payments for centralized heating for owners of residential premises with electric batteries (the governor of the Murmansk region instructed the working group to be created). The minutes of the meeting included a recommendation to the administrations of all municipalities in the Murmansk region to inform the owners that the living quarters should be transferred to centralized heating. However, it is unclear how this relates to the no reverse action at the law.

It turns out that today the essence of conflicts between stakeholders is as follows:

• heat supply companies want owners to pay for services not provided;
• the owners of residential properties do not intend to pay for services not provided.

In a number of Russian regions today (for example, in the Bryansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Stavropol Territory) the situation is somewhat different. Formula 3 of Appendix 2 of the Rules is used taking into account the determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 03.23.2015 No. AKPI15-198. At the same time, in these regions, the issue of paying for heating is decided on the basis of Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, including its main provisions - reasonableness and fairness.

Possibilities for solving the problem

The main element that confirms that the owner of the facility receives the communal service for central heating is the radiator battery. It is part of the district heating, since it is connected to it, and maintains the required temperature in the dwelling. The premises of an apartment building, heated with electricity, are not equipped with these elements. Accordingly, according to the law, there is no heating service either.

Below are the parts of the MKD that serve as proof that the owners of non-residential and residential premises, where heating is supplied through electric heating, are obliged to pay for part of the utilities:

• staircases (common property of all owners of MKD objects);
• heating risers that pass through the residential and non-residential areas of the owners, where electric heating operates.

A number of problems remain to be resolved. Among them:

• As the owners of objects where electric heating is used, they must pay for heating spent on common property, what is the standard for heating consumption for common house needs.
• How to pay for the heat that is emitted by the risers of the heating system passing through objects with electric heating.

The Expert Council of the Public Control System in the Housing and Utilities Sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region has developed a number of proposals for the formation of the amount of payment for heating in an apartment building with living quarters with electric batteries (Fig. 2, 3).

Rice. 2. The diagram shows how heat energy is distributed to heat house No. 11 on Sovetskaya Street in Kandalaksha (presented by the expert council of the public control system in the housing sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region):

• 0.1712 Gcal / month - losses of heat energy from the supply and return risers (average value) that pass through residential buildings. For calculations, the instruction of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated 30.12.2008 No. 325 was used.
• 8 sq. x 0.1712 Gcal = 1.3696 Gcal.
• 59.07 Gcal - 1.3696 Gcal = 57.70 Gcal.
• 57.7 Gcal / 1804.2 sq. m = 0.03198 Gcal / sq. m.
• 0.03198 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 51.09 Gcal.
• 0.03198 Gcal / sq. mx 206.5 sq. m = 6.6 Gcal.
• 6.6 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.00274 Gcal / sq. m.
• 0.00274 Gcal / sq. mx 812.8 sq. m = 2.227 Gcal.
• 0.00274 Gcal / sq. mx 1597.7 sq. m = 4.38 Gcal.

Rice. 3. Scheme of payment for central heating by owners of facilities where electric heating operates.

In this case, you can:

• Use the standard for heating consumption for general building needs (analogue, according to Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
• Install heat energy meters on heating risers of common property.
• Apply the instrumental-calculation method of the amount of heat energy emitted by heating pipes.

In the above schemes, the positions of the parties are justified and fair:

• the heat supply organization is interested in selling heating services and receiving payment for it;
• the owners of the premises want to receive and pay for a quality utility heating service.

Alas, the proposals put forward by the expert council of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk region will not even be considered. At the same time, owners of objects heated by electricity continue to receive bills for double payments for heating services. The same problem was found in the Crimea in Krasnoperekopsk. It should be solved directly by the Government of the country.

According to current legislation, the calculation of heating in an apartment building is carried out in accordance with the current tariffs. Calculation according to the tariff can be carried out both with the help of heat metering devices, and with the help of established standards for the volume of heat energy consumption.

If the building is equipped with several metering devices, then the difference between general house meters and devices installed in separate apartments, is evenly distributed among all residents of the house. To have a more complete understanding of such moments, you need to figure out how heating is calculated in an apartment building.

Calculation of payment according to standards

It is necessary to understand how the payment for heating is calculated according to the standard, and it is necessary to use this technique only in those cases if there are no meters at all in an apartment building, neither general nor individual.

Heating calculation according to the standard is carried out according to the following formula:

• P i = S i x N T x T T, where
• S i is the total area of ​​the room that consumes thermal energy,
• N T - standard value of heat consumption,
• T T is the tariff set by the local heating service provider.

Substituting the required values ​​in the formula, you can calculate the cost of heating. The consumption rate may vary depending on the region, therefore, it is necessary to look for the required value in the relevant regulatory documents. Tariffs are also individual, and before calculating heating according to the standard, you need to find out the specific values.

The formula for calculating the general house meter in an apartment building

Next, you need to figure out how heating is considered in an apartment building in the presence of a common meter. Subject to the availability of such a device, the calculation of heating is carried out in accordance with its readings. What is important - individual metering devices can already be installed in individual apartments, but if they are not in every apartment, then the calculation is still carried out according to general indicators.

The formula for calculating heating by a common meter is as follows:

• P i = V D x S i / S about x T T, where
• T T is the tariff cost of heat set for a particular region by a local supplier,
• V D - the total volume of heat consumed by the building, which is determined by the difference in the readings of the total meters installed at the entrance and exit from the heating circuit of the building,
• S i - the total area of ​​the heated apartment, not equipped with an individual metering device,
• S about - the total heated area in the entire building.

Substitution of specific values ​​is performed in the same way as in the previous example. When the formula takes into account all the necessary values, you can calculate the heating in an apartment building.

Calculation of heating by individual meters

Now it's worth figuring out how payment for heating an apartment is charged, provided there is a meter. If each apartment in the house is equipped with its own meter (at least a general one), then the calculation of the payment for heating can be calculated according to its readings. The cost of heat in this case is formed from the total heat, which was taken into account by an individual metering device, and the level of general household consumption.

• P i = (V i n + V i one x S i / S about) x T KP, where
• V i n - the total amount of consumed heat energy recorded by an individual meter,
• V i one - the amount of thermal energy spent on heating non-residential premises in the whole house (determined as the difference between the general house indicator and the sum of all apartment meters),
• S i - the total area of ​​the apartment,
• S about - the total area of ​​all heated rooms in the building.

Calculation of heating in communal apartments

By and large, there is no particular difference in calculating the cost of heating in communal apartments from the methods described above - all formulas and indicators are the same, you just need to substitute specific values. The only difference in how heating bills are charged in the case of communal apartments comes down to the proportional distribution of payments for each room.

If you still carry out a special calculation for communal apartments, you get the following formula:

• P j. i = V i x S j. i / S k i x T T, where
• S j. i - living area of ​​a separate room,
• S k i - the total area of ​​all rooms in a communal apartment.

Heating of non-residential premises may not be taken into account in this formula, since the actual values ​​are always minimum.

Calculation of autonomous heating

Apartment buildings can do without centralized heating - their own boiler room is used to supply heat. With how to calculate heating in an apartment building under this condition, problems may arise - the calculation formula is rather complicated and not very convenient.

The calculation formula is as follows:

• P o i = E v x (V cr i x S i / S about x T KP V), where
• V cr i - the volume of energy used to generate heat,
• T КР V - the cost of a given resource, which is determined by the current prices for energy carriers,
• S i - the area of ​​an individual living quarters,
• S about - the total area of ​​the building.

Heat meters

In accordance with current legislation, heat meters must be installed without fail. An important point- the meter is purchased and installed at the expense of the owner of the premises.

The work of heat meters is to measure the temperature difference of the coolant at the inlet and outlet to the system, while taking into account the volume of the supplied coolant. There are two main types of meters - tachometric and ultrasonic. The latter are much more expensive, but the high price pays off with higher measurement accuracy and reliability.

When buying a meter, be sure to check whether it is certified and whether it can be used for heat metering. The installed meter must be sealed by specialists who have the right to perform such work. The devices are verified every four years.

The cost of heat meters is usually relatively low, but it must be taken into account that a number of additional elements will be required for installation:

1. Regulating valve;
2. Cleaning filter;
3. Shut-off valves.

You will have to pay a lot for additional items. In addition, it is imperative to take into account the cost of inserting, piping and connecting the meter - these works can only be performed by companies that have the appropriate permits. The cost of all work may be even higher than the cost of the meter itself, but these are mandatory expenses.

When choosing a company that will install the meter, you should also pay attention to whether its specialists perform the following work:

1. Manufacturing of the installation project.
2. Coordination of the project with the heating service provider.
3. Initial verification and meter registration.
4. Putting the device into operation.

Of course, the cost of a heat meter and work on its installation is quite high, but all this is ultimately offset by savings in paying for heating.

Conclusion

The calculation of heating in an apartment building can be carried out according to different methods. The choice of the correct calculation method depends on a number of factors, the main of which is the presence and purpose of a heat meter.