The Institute of Political Parties in the United States of America is not provided for by written documents, however, it is one of the main elements of the American political structure.

As in most countries of the world, political parties in the United States are groups of citizens organized on the signs of concrete views on how to manage the country. The efforts of party structures are aimed at ensuring the election of their candidates for governing state posts.

Currently, there are two main political parties in the United States of America. The Democratic Party leads its pedigree from the party organization founded in 1828 by Thomas Jefferson and its like-minded people. The Republican Party appeared in 1854, mainly in the Western and Northern States whose residents acted with active calls to the government to limit the penetration of slavery into all new states entering into union.

Modern Americans consider positions Democratic party USA More liberal. Democrats are actively demanding from the federal government and authorities in each individual state of greater aimed at social policy, assistance to students, unemployed and poor people. This does not mean that the members of the Republican Party are opposed to such programs. However, at the same time, among the Republicans, opinions are disseminated that many social programs are too expensive for taxpayers, and increasing taxes to implement them negatively affects the interests of all citizens of the country. Members Republican Party of USA Make a bid for private entrepreneurship and often accuse their democratic opponents in too much expenses for the content of the state apparatus and adopting an excessive amounts of laws imposing restrictions on private initiative. For these reasons, Americans consider the republican batch with more conservative views.

Two main political parties US has its own recognizable, albeit unofficial, symbolism. The Democratic Party has an unofficial symbol is a donkey that shows stubbornness in overcoming obstacles. The unofficial color of the Democrats is blue. Members of the Republican Party as their informal symbol recognized an elephant showing the power. As an unofficial color used red.

A citizen of the United States can be elected to the guideline post without affiliation to any political party. However, it is almost impossible to conduct an election campaign without resources of party organizations, so there are almost no non-party among representatives of the authorities in the USA.

In addition to the two main, there are other US political parties.Although none of them uses a fairly wide support in order to see the victory of the presidential elections. At the same time, at the level of cities and even individual states of their candidates for elected posts, these parties can hold. They can also manipulate their resource to assist one of the two main parties, thus determining the winner or loser in their struggle.

On party forums officially the nomination of candidates for presidents and vice presidents, and political platforms will also be approved. Republicans have opened the Convert on July 18 in Cleveland (pieces of Ohio) and last four days, the Democrats congress will be held on July 25-28 in Philadelphia (pcs. Pennsylvania).

Most of the American party-political history is an alternation of the dominance periods of one of the leading parties, which was able to best be integrated into the political agenda of one or another period, to find approaches to solving socio-economic, foreign policy problems and attract most voters to their side. On this basis there were not only sustainable electoral blocks at a mass level, but also a specific consensus at the level of the elite, which together formed the ruling coalitions of the majority.

The political hegemony of the Republicans as the main batch of the course on the industrial development of the country was maintained to the "Great Depression", which put on the agenda, restricting the free-entrepreneurial market element and the creation of a social protection system for America's workers. Democrats under the guidance of F. Southells were able to cope with this task. The historical reforms of the "New Course" created the basis of the "social state" and, pulling out the country from the crisis, for a long time provided to democrats the status of a majority party. This course was further developed in the 1960s in the reforms of "new frontiers" J. Cainted and the "Great Society" L. Jonson. On this basis, between the two main parties, during that period there was a peculiar division of labor. Democrats, as representatives of the party with a left-center and broader mass base, more sensitive to a democratic protest, act as the main carriers of liberal reformism and supporters of expanding the regulatory role and social functions of the state. Republicans, mostly directly reflecting the interests of business and wealthy layers, mainly play the role of a conservative counterweight to democrats, not giving them to reformist efforts to come too far. Thus, the flexible adaptation of American capitalism to changing realities is combined with the preservation of its traditionalist oblats. In the conditions of American democracy, this mechanism of "party regroup" works in many ways to spontaneously, through the competition of two leading parties in the struggle for votes and political power. However, in recent years, serious failures have emerged in this mechanism.

Analysis of electoral statistics and votes in the Congress shows that in the country since the 1990s there were two approximately flat party-electoral coalitions, which significantly differ in both socio-demographic composition (racial-ethnic, age-age, confessional affiliation, degree of religiosity, urbanization , sexual orientation, etc.) and ideological and political views. Modern Democrats are inherent in social and cultural and economic liberalism, orientation to the aid of the state in solving social problems, and the Republicans are moral conservatism and the desire to limit the role of the federal center in the field of economic regulation. These differences in recent years have become increasingly spreading to the sphere of foreign policy and national security. If you compare the current Board of Democrat B. Obama (2009-2016) and its predecessor of the Republican J. Bush ML. (2001-2008), then democrats prefer "soft power" and collective international efforts, as part of the so-called humanitarian interventions, emphasize the priority of global problems (like climate change), while the Republicans adhere to much more nationalist positions and are more oriented For military force unilateral actions.

According to the research service "American National Election Studies", the correlation between the party identification and the ideological preferences of Americans over the past thirty years has grown noticeably. In other words, there is an all big ideology of the parties: the democratic is becoming more and more liberal, and the republican is increasingly conservative. If we talk about ideological preferences in the whole population of the United States (see Fig. 1), then in 2015, according to the surveys of the Sociological Service Gallup, to conservatives (Conservative) attributed themselves 37% of respondents, moderate (Moderate) - 35%, liberals (Liberals) - 24%. In 1992, this ratio was respectively in the following proportion of 43, 36 and 17%. What testifies to an increase in the share of liberals and reducing the share of conservatives in the structure of the population of this country.

Both parties in their strategic settlements in the 2016 presidential campaign proceeded from the fact that, as in previous years, since 2000, the gap between the supporters of the Democrats and Republicans may be small, and in this regard, it became especially important to convince to come to Elections your base electorate and compete for the votes of the so-called independent or fluctuating voters, which account for about 25-30%. Democrats in recent years also emphasized the increase in the registration of voters from representatives of the poor and the color population, the Republicans especially try to prevent them in this, taking restrictive measures at the legislative level.

Fig. 1. Changes in the ideological-political self-identification of the US population for the period from 1992 to 2015, according to Gallup surveys.

According to American demographers, by November 2016, the number of US citizens who have the right to vote will be 225.8 million (+ 5% compared with 2012). Representatives of the White population will have to 156.1 million people (+ 2%), black - 27.4 million (+ 6%), Hispanic - 27.3 million (+ 17%), immigrants from Asia - 9, 3 million (+ 16%).

The level of American voters in previous presidential campaigns was: 2000 - 50.3%, 2004 - 55.7%, 2008 - 57.1%. . He had a tendency to increase. With the weakening of the appearance of the novelty "Obama factor" in 2012, it decreased to 54.9%. But at the same time, the turnout of black voters amounted to about 66% and for the first time in American history exceeded the indicated indicator for the white population.

In the United States in the electoral database of each party there are traditional geographical differences. In the electoral map of the country, the so-called "Red states" can be distinguished, which prefers to Republicans and "Blue States", voting in the presidential elections for Democrats. To a certain extent, this division goes its roots in the history of the United States and is quite strongly correlated with the structure of the country's division more than 150 years ago at the "slave" and "free" states.

In modern conditions, the "blue states" are concentrated in the northeast of the country (Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York) and the West Coast of the United States (Washington, California). These states of the Midwest as Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania in 2008 and 2012. Also voted for the candidate of democrats B.obam.

The "red" (republican) states are located in the south and in the US agricultural regions (Alabama, Louisiana, Oklahoma, South Carolina, West Virginia, Texas) in part in the Midwest. (See Fig. 2)

At the same time, the outcome of the 2016 elections, as well as the previous four presidential campaigns, will largely be determined in the so-called oscillating states, where the most intense political struggle is traditionally coming for candidates for both parties. In 2016, as 2012, American political technologists to such a category (SVING or Battleground States) were given from 9 to 16 states. (In Figure 2, they are highlighted by beige).

The election of the President and Vice-President in the United States are indirect: on the election day (November 8, 2016), American voters will formally vote not for applicants for the presidency and vice-president, but for members of the electoral collegium. Candidates for the members of the Board are nominated by a single list of committees of political parties of each of 50 states and District of Columbia to the date of the presidential election.

Since in 48 of the 50 states of the United States, the rule applies to which a candidate from a party who won in a particular state automatically receives the voices of the entire state's electorals, the fact that the election campaign is conducted not only at the national level, But in individual states, first of all, large, "delegating" significant number of electors. The total number of electors is 538 people (Senators - 100, members of the House of Representatives - 435, and 3 of the electoral from the Federal District of Colombia). Taking into account the dynamics of the demographic situation after each census, which is carried out once every 10 years, the number of congressmen from each state in the Chamber of Representatives of the US Congress can be reviewed, respectively, the number of selectors from each state. For example, if the staff of Florida from 1991 to 2000 had 25 selectors, then in the period from 2001 to 2010. Their number increased to 27. After another census (in 2010), this region has the number of electors to 29. On the other hand, the representative office of Michigan decreased over the same period from 20 to 14 electors.

According to public opinion polls in June 2016, Candidate of Democrats X. Cindon could count on success in the states giving a vote of 337 electors, including 190 votes in guaranteed states (SAFE) and 37 votes in the States, with greater probability Annual to support Democrats (Likely) and 120 votes in the States, tending it to hold with a minimum transcend at the time of the survey (LEANS). For the Republican D. Tramp was ready to vote States delegating in the amount of 191 of the electoral (136+ 27+ 28). (See Fig. 3).

The shaky situation remained in nine "fluctuating" states giving in the amount of 115 votes. Among them Arizona (11 votes), Iowa (6), Ohio (18), Virginia (13), North Carolina (15), Florida (29), New Hampshire (4), Missouri (10), Colorado (9 ). The intense situation was also maintained in Georgia (16) Pennsylvania (20), South Carolina (9), Nevada (6). Actually, in these states, the outcome of the presidential election will be decided on November 8, 2016, D.Tramp will have to make incredible efforts to overcome the backlog in popularity from H. Cindon in 15 "fluctuating" states. In Annex 1, a list of US states indicating the number of members of the electoral collegium and shows the nature of electoral preferences on the results of the 2012 elections in comparison according to the reports of the middle of 2016.

As noted above, in the United States, significant differences in the social base of each party can be found in such indicators as ethnic origin, skin color, attitude to religion, income level, marital status, profession and social status. Among the "Color" population of the United States maintains the democrats of African Americans. As a rule, they vote for Democrats in a ratio of 9 to 1. In 2012, Obama held 93% of black voters. List to democrats and immigrants from Latin America (2K1 ratio). In 2008, Obamu was supported by 67% of the US HOLIDABO-speaking citizens, and McCain - 31%. In 2012, according to this group, the ratio was 71 and 27% in favor of Democrats. Most members of the leading trade unions of the United States also vote for Democrats.

Traditionally, up to 80% of representatives of the influential Jewish community of the United States also sympathize with democrats. At the same time, it should be emphasized that under the influence of the Itineal Conservative Lobby in the 2012 campaign there was a tendency to reduce Obama's support from the Jewish community (62% for May 2012), which caused the concern of his election headquarters. In Tel Aviv, at that time, as in 2016, undisguised discontent about the Middle Eastern policy of the White House, approaches to the decision of the Palestinian problem, the development of the situation around the Iranian nuclear program. In our opinion, the support of H. Cindon from the Jewish community will be about 75%. Representatives of the Irish and Italian communities, as well as most Catholics more sympathetic to democrats. Among other social layers, which are more oriented towards the Democrats, educated emancipated women and secular, not believers in God are Americans, as well as families with one parent (factor of social benefits). Residents of cosmopolitan states (New York, New Jersey, California) in the presidential election also give preference to democrats. In general, the country, democrats in recent years are gaining strength in regions developing on the basis of high-tech industries where many young people work with higher education. Supporters of the Democrats are sexual minorities, social liberals, residents of large low-income cities.

The Republican Party can be viewed as a batch of religious and socio-cultural conservatives, white men from among the middle class and rich businessmen who have made a fortune in traditional (old) sectors of the economy, inhabitants of the deep south, mountainous states and partly of the Midwest, remote suburbs and rural areas.

Modern trends in expanding the social base of Democrats were most brightly manifested in November 2013 in the elections of the mayor of New York, during which, after 20 years, the Republicans were convincingly (received more than 60% of voters) defeated Democrat Bill de Blazio.

This American politician who represents the modern new liberal generation of the leaders of the US Democratic Party, was born on May 8, 1961, before the election of the mayor was held by the post of public lawyer of New York. In 1995, he worked at the regional headquarters of the B. Clinton election campaign, which was running on a second term as president of the United States. As a reward for efforts, he received the post of political appointee in the rank of the head of the regional department of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development of the United States. Then he was elected to the deputy of the city council of New York. In 2000, he was a manager of a successful election campaign of H. Cindon in elections to the US Senate from New York. Therefore, it is no coincidence that his candidacy for the mayor was supported by B.obama and Chet Clintonov. Family made his considerable contribution to his popularity: the wife of Chirlayen McKrey, black poetess, in the past Lesbian, and their two children. This is a sample of a modern family from the point of view of many residents of this metropolis, who listened to the main call of a candidate of the Democratic Party: "I think the inhabitants of this city know that many New Yorkers are hard to drive ends with the ends. And we must quickly conduct serious changes, abandoning the policy held in the era of the Republican Bloomberg. I am ready to do this, but I need support for residents of New York. "

For 12 years of the Board of Bloomberg in New York, there were positive changes and in the economy, and in the life of the city, crime decreased, tourism developed, but the bundle increased among its inhabitants. In modern New York there are 8.3 million people, including 400 thousand millionaires and 1.7 million those who live below the poverty line. In this multinational city, white Americans make up only 33% of the population, and the remaining 67% are predominantly Latin American, black and immigrants from Asia. De Blazio in his election program promised funding for universal primary school education for children from 4 years and an increase in taxes on individuals with incomes exceeding 500 thousand dollars. in year. He also spoke in favor of the development of special evening learning programs, promised to help regional hospitals, build 200 thousand cheap apartments for the least secured and appoint a new chief of the New York Police, because of the searches practiced on the streets of the city predominantly faces from among African Americans and Latin Americans.

Already after the election, the daughter of the chosen mayor of New York Bill de Blazio admitted that she used drugs. The corresponding statement 19-year-old Chiara De Blasio made in the video handling laid out on Youtube. According to the daughter, politics, in adolescence, she was treated for a long time from clinical depression. Suffering from a bad mood, Chiara de Blazio smoked marijuana and drove regularly. Professional treatment helped to cope with the depression. Finally feel happy, according to her, she was able during the election campaign of the Father. Tell me about your teenage difficulties, the girl decided to help other young people.

Bill de Blazio at one time wore the surname of his father Warren Wilhema, who suffered with alcoholism, but then after the divorce of his parents changed her to the Italian family name, who raised him alone. Thanks to the ethnic roots of the mother, he received the support of the representatives of the Italian community of the city. He is a graduate of New York University and received a master's degree in international relations in Columbia University. De Blazio owns Spanish and Italian languages \u200b\u200band lived at the date of elections 22 years in Brooklyn.

Literature

1. Herkina N. M. Presidential Campaign 2016 as a reflection of the evolutionary features of the US political system // Electronic magazine "Russia and America in the XXI century" .- №1.- 2016.
2. Krogstad J. M. 2016 Electorate Will Be The Most Diverse In U.S. History. February 3, 2016.
3. Pew Research Center, Partisanship and Political Animosity in 2016. - June, 2016. - 105 p.
4. Updated Electoral Map Based on Polls, July 15, 2016.
5. Battleground Bloodbath: Clinton Leads Trump In 7 Swing States, by Louis Nelson.
6. James E. Campbell The Political Science Election Forecasts of the 2016 Presidential and Congressional Elections, June 30th, 2016

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Distribution of members of the electoral collegium in US states (total electors: 538; the number of votes required for victory in the presidential election: 270)

Formed during the historical development of the country. With this system, only the two most influential political parties and the Democratic Party are alternately come to power - republican (Democratic Party). At the same time, the role of many small national parties is little noticeable. In the presidential election of 2008, they managed (together with independent candidates) to score only 1.38% of the votes.

Another feature of the US party system is a decentralized structure of most part of the parties. This is explained not only by the federal form of the state device, but also by the fact that they are all actually subordinate to one goal - participation in the elections.

The relationship between the two main parties is characterized by the fact that the consensus is maintained in relation to the fundamental primacy of the United States - private property, personal and political freedom, republican federal state, etc. Party diverge, and sometimes essentially, in how to maintain and develop these principles. The Democratic Party at the present stage has established itself as a course of the course, an important part of which is the policy of redistributing the income of the population in favor of the poor, the desire to smooth out social differences, to ensure the development of social insurance systems and alexism, reasonable state regulation of the economy, the protection of civil rights of the non-ferrous population, strengthening the role of federal authorities, expanding assistance to developing countries. Republicans, who also received the idea of \u200b\u200bstate regulation of a market economy, are the main goal of ensuring the maximum competitiveness of the national economy and economic growth by enhancing competition and private initiative, and in the social and distribution function of the state see more evil than good.

Republicans are mainly focused on rich, educated and conservative voters. The electoral database of democrats is unqualified workers, minority representatives, less educated and more liberal Americans.

The United States on a national, regional, local government dominates two parties:

Democrats

Republicans

These parties relate to decentralized organizations, as there is no large party apparatus and there are no direct binding of their members to work in a particular party organization. Their goal and the meaning of the existence of the manual struggle for the conquest of power in the Congress

There are no special laws about the parties in the USA, although some external aspects of activities have been settled by political organizations involved in elections. Therefore, they do not have clear party programs. Their role partially perform election manifestos and slogans

Despite the fact that the parties enjoy confidence of voters and broad public support, some differences between them can be held.

1. In relation to the limits of state intervention in the regulation of socio-economic processes. Traditionally, the democrats are for the more active role of the state in this area, rather than their competitors.

2. They differ in the representation of socio-economic interests. In the eyes of the public, Republicans are the public, although the Democratic Party is supported by the support of rich people, including major entrepreneurs. Democrats have long-standing and extensive ties with trade unions, environmental organizations, the Catholic Church.

In accordance with the US Constitution, all powers of the legislative authorities belong to the public office authority - the US Congress, consisting of two chambers:

1. chambers of Representatives.

It is believed that the House of Representatives is the interests of the entire American people, and the Upper Chamber of Congress - Senate - the interests of the States.

Both chambers are elected on the basis of universal, direct, equal elections in secret ballot. The term of office of senators is six years, members of the House of Representatives - two years. Congress works session - one session annually with breaks on vacation.

House of Representatives consists of 435 deputies elected based on the majority system of the relative majority without the requirement of quorum. In the quality of the main electoral centers, the age-related (candidates who have reached 25 years), centers of citizenship (state in American citizenship of at least seven years), settling centers (accommodation in The state in which the constituency is located).

The chamber is headed by a speaker, elected by the Chamber itself (by the party majority). He conducts meetings, directs bills to committees, has the right to vote, etc.

In Senata It includes 100 members elected regardless of the population of two from each state based on the same electoral system. Every two years there are elections of 1/3 senators. Senator can be elected any US Citizen living within the relevant state, subject to the state of his citizenship at least nine years and the achievements of 30 years of age. The Senate includes the US Vice-President, who is his chairman who has the right to sign the bills adopted by the Chamber. However, he has no voting rights in the ordinary situation.

Members of each batch in the chambers form a fraction, choosing leaders who practically lead their chambers, while the party minority organizes the opposition.

The competence is divided into common, carried out by both chambers for the adoption of laws and resolutions in accordance with the main laws of the subjects of reference, and a special belonging to each chamber separately.

Its general powers are: adoption of laws and resolutions in the financial and budget sector (the right to introduce and challenge taxes, duties, excise taxes, coins, loans, bankruptcy regulation, federal budget); in the sphere of defense and external relations - the exclusive right to declare war, to solve the issues of the formation of the armed forces, declare the call of the police to reflect the invasion of the country; In the field of the organization of domestic policies - the establishment of federal courts, regulation of the procedure for the acquisition of citizenship, patent and copyright, the regulation of trade with foreign states, the establishment of uniform measures and scales, etc.

Special powers include the powers of each of the chambers on the organization of the impeachment procedure, the election of the president and the vice-president, if the electors cannot choose them.

This country.

Historical excursion

On the Jewish New Year 1787 the US Constitution was adopted in Philadelphia. At this time there were no political parties in the country. Hamilton and Madison, who were the founders of this state, were initially against the creation of those. The first American president of J. Washington did not and did not try to form any party-political system of the United States. But the need to enlist the support of the electorate led already in 2.5 years after the adoption of the Constitution to the emergence of the first political parties, the beginning of which was the founding fathers of the republic.

Political parties and features of the party system of the United States from the end of the XVIII to the beginning of the XX centuries.

In its development, the party system has passed 5 stages.

The first system included:

• The federal part that existed from 1792 to 1816, its representative J. Adams became the first party president of the country.
• Democratic-Republican Party. No matter how surprisingly, there was such a united party, the split in which in 1828 served as the beginning of the second party system.

The latter was characterized by the presence:

• National Republican Party.
• Democratic party.

In 1832, representatives of the first entered the coalition with the Anti-Moving Party and some others forming the Vogov Party. Dominated during this system Democrats. At the turn of the 40-50s. XIX century With the new force, the question of slavery was risen in new territories, as a result of the Bath of Vigov, broke into two factions: "cotton" and "conscience". Cotton Vigi later joined the Democrats, and Northern Vigi in 1854 joined the new Republican Party. The remaining not at the work of Vigi in 1856 moved to the American party.

The third party system was formed in 1854 after the formation of the Republican Party. She began to express the interests of the North as opposed to the democratic, expressing the interests of the south. In 1860, the last party split into 2 factions, part of the Democrats formed a batch of constitutional union. After the civil war dominated the Republican Party.

The fourth party system continued from 1856 to 1932. The main parties were the same, the prevalence was in the Republicans. There was an increase in the role of "third parties", although she remained small. From 1890 to 1920 The role of progressive movement was noted, which made it possible to reform the local government, to carry out the necessary reforms in medicine, education and many other spheres of vital activity. At the beginning of the 20th century, the democrats were conservative, and the Republicans - progressors, and since 1910 the situation began to change.

The fifth party system was formed after the Great Depression in 1933. Since the 1930s, the term "liberal" began to denote supporters of Roosevelt course, and the "conservative" is his opponents. Roosevelt formed the Coalition of the New Course, which was falling apart in 1968 due to the War in Vietnam.

Modern party system USA

Currently, two parties occupy the dominant position in this country: democratic and republican. Under their control are the US Congress, as well as the legislative assemblies of all territorial units of the state under consideration. Representatives of these two parties occupy the position of the President with some session, and also become state governors and mayors of the respective cities. Other parties do not have real levers of influence on politics not only on federal, but also at the local levels. Thus, the question of which party system in the United States suggests a unambiguous answer: "bipartisian".

Characteristic of the Democratic Party

Let's start considering the party system and the US political parties from the Democratic Party.

She is one of the oldest in the world. At the same time, it is positioning itself as adhering more liberal points of view in socio-economic issues compared to the Republican Party. Thus, the democrats are located a little left of the center in the US party system.

The president from this party Johnson offered the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a "great society", in which poverty should have been eradicated. State medical insurance, programs of "exemplary cities", "Teachers' Corps", housing subsidies for those who need, the construction of modern highways were created, proposed measures to combat contamination of atmospheric and hydrosphere. Social insurance payments were increased, professional and medical rehabilitation are improved.

From the beginning of the 20th century, the US party-political system has undergone a number of changes. This was due to the fact that the Democrats advocated racial division, which caused the sympathies of the white population of the southern country. However, in the 40s, Truman began to implement a policy of debris in a given territory. Johnson set it out of law in the 60s. Republicans, headed by R. Reagan, R. Nixon, B. Goldwater, began to hold a "new southern strategy", which led to the formation of the "Democrats of Blue Psa", which were voted by the Republicans.

Currently, due to the features of the party system in the United States, this batch includes 30-40% of the number of registered electorate, which is determined by the election results. Democrats are supported by residents of metropolis, seaside states, people with higher education that have income level above average. They are supported by trade unions of employees of major organizations, human rights organizations, feminists, sexual and racial minorities. They claim that it is necessary to raise taxes for the rich, to provide assistance to developing high-tech industries, to increase the social spending of the budget of the state, to abandon economic protectionism, to combat pollution of nature, protect various minorities, oppose the fight against emigrants. At the same time, they are against the use of the death penalty, for the limited use and use of firearms, and the same state intervention in the economy.

Republican Party

The US party system consists of a republican party, in addition to the above. It was founded in the middle of the XIX century opponents of promoting a slave-owned building to new spaces and in defense of the North, unlike Democrats, which mainly defended the interests of the south.

She held the main position in the party system and the US political parties since Lincoln became president of America. Until 1932, the Republicans only four times gave the presidency to representatives from the opposite political camp.

The monopoly on power did not bring the party to good. The endless scandals associated with non-vicious and corruption began to occur, and the struggle inside it was carried out. Until these moments, the party was considered more liberal and progressive compared to democratic, but since the 20s of the 20th century, it began to go to the right and become more conservative.

Today, the ideas of this batch are based on American, social conservatism, as well as economic liberalism.

The basis of the members of this party is white men of small settlements, businessmen, managers and specialists with higher education, fundamentalists entering a group of Protestants. They believe that taxes should be reduced, illegal migration should be prohibited, and all illegalles must be expelled from the country. They support family values \u200b\u200band morality, oppose abortions, same-sex marriages. They want to limit the activities of trade unions, maintain economic protectionism, the death penalty, wearing firearms. They also believe that the US military spending should be increased to strengthen the security of the country. At the same time, the state should not interfere in the personal life of citizens and the economy.

Constitutional Party

It was formed in 1992 called the "Party of American Taxpayers", but after 7 years she began to be called exactly what the name has today - constitutional.

For adherents, it is characteristic of the ideology of "paleokonservatism", in which religious values \u200b\u200bare mixed with conservative political principles. On social issues are close to the position of religious conservatives of the Republican Party. In the circle of policy issues and the economy are closer to libertarians.

The number of its voters is slightly compared to the first considered representatives of the US political system and is about 0.4% of the number of the electorate. However, even such a modest result makes this batch of the third political force in the country.

In 2008, their candidate Ch. Baldwin participated in the presidential elections, but could not even gain the voices of one-party.

Party Green

With this name of the party was created in the USA back in 1980. In 2000, its representative R. Neudider scored 2.7% of the vote in the presidential elections. After that, the confluence of his supporters from various "green" movements with the formation of the Green Party has occurred.

They took their name because of the basic ideas on the protection of nature. Basic views - left center. They advocate social justice, equality of rights for various floors and sexual groups, adhere to the principles of pacifism in foreign policy, believe that firearms are necessary to citizens, but state control should be carried out above it. The authorities, in their opinion, should be decentralized, and the economy should receive public development.

It has been registered about a quarter of a percent of the electorate. They occupy elected positions in local authorities, but mainly participating in voting as non-partisan. Such is the feature of the party system of the United States.

Libertarian Party

It is one of the oldest parties of the United States, since it was founded in 1971. Her ideas are reduced to the freedom of personality, which implies the same market economy and international trade. Representatives of this party believe that the United States should not interfere in the affairs of other states. They believe that citizens must be independent, government power must have limitations. At the same time, members of this party oppose abortion prohibition, drugs, while making some reservations regarding same-sex marriages, and believe that migration should be minimally regulated. From their point of view, taxes and government costs should be reduced.

Dissidents were often switched to this formation of the US political system.

The number of members of this party roughly coincides with those in the Green Party. It enjoys a sufficiently large support of the voters, which allowed her to spend his people to various elected local positions in an amount exceeding such in relation to the total from all small parties.

Other US Parties

The party having a growth rate is considered to be a batch of natural law, which was founded in 1992 by businessmen, lawyers and scientists who believe that the main problems of the country are due to the action of lobbyists for power. Their ideology is a direction for reporting to the power of scientific ideas. It offers educational and medical reforms, the transformation of the electoral system in the country, against GMOs products and for such reform of the legislative authorities, in which the formation of coalitions will become impossible. Enjoy the support of the left, intellectual citizens.

The reformist party is formed by supporters of R. Perso, who, running for the presidency as an independent candidate, in 1992 scored 12% of voters. They oppose free trade, the 2 party system in the United States, for updating democracy, reducing government costs, medical and educational reforms, stimulating Americans to participate in politics.

The Socialist Party is one of the oldest political forces of America. It was created in 1898 by members of trade unions that organized mass strikes and strikes. They believe that the changes must be radical, but gradual, evolutionary. At the head of the corner should be a person, and not profit. Party members are mostly adhered to pacifist views, support education reform. At the same time, the rules of the game in relation to major businessmen should be tightened, the influence of trade unions and public organizations should be increased.

The role of parties in political life

They do not have consolidation in the country's constitution. Nevertheless, the powers of parties and party systems in the United States are quite large. They participate in the elections, offer voters with various programs, fulfilling the role of mediators between the authorities and citizens.

As a rule, there are several confederations of party organizations in the parties, which are united to achieve the goal of choosing their representatives to Congress or the position of President or other elected positions. Due to the developed system of federalism in the United States, the strengthening of small batches is observed in the field.

The placement of the interests of the two main parties was observed only during the civil war. Inside and the other batch there are different points of view that can be directly opposite to the declared party. In this regard, when forming a program, members of the parties go on compromises. The result of the elections is largely determined by the attitude to the candidate rather than to its program.

Members of the parties in America recognize persons who voted in elections for candidates from this party, they do not have party tickets. Each similar political education has an apparatus that ensures its activity and stability of existence.

Finally

Thus, when answering the question about which type of party system is implemented in the United States, you can safely answer: "bipartisian". Since the rest of the parties in the given country, the real influence of the political situation in the country do not have.