Golden Siberia Skies

Gold Kolchak.

Rumors about Great Gold Admiral Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich long ago in Siberia diverge. Many secrets and treasures of indiscreet holds Taiga Siberian.
For the hills and shares, this story of gold treasures happened behind the Sayan Mountains. This is still arguing about this way, but the truth in disputes is only born ...
At first, we must remember the person, the main thing in our history. The name of his military people in the old time at full rank: "Your Excellency, Supreme Commander Siberia." In the position of this shortage there was Admiral Kolchak, only fourteen months.
He came from Izhora Finns. His father collected a ship gun for the royal fleet at the Military Plant. From his father and he went to his love for the maritime case and so in a few he became a glorious admiral.
Before the revolution, Admiral was served on the warm Black Sea, was a famous fleet, a brave officer, sympathizing with simple sailor brethren. When the revolution was killed, many officers on ships sailors hated, but the good glory of Kolchak resist and left his revolutionary sailors in his former post. The title of the commander of the Black Sea Fleet held he firmly. I trusted His wellness even fast on massar combat tips.
She went eighteenth year. They knew our eternal splashes, the saturated Yanychars, about the confusion and ruin in Russia, became the maritime borders of Russia to disturb. Turks were delighted with difficult revolutionary times, the Great Black Sea was marked. But it was not there!
Raised the Admiral Kolchak sailor councils, decided to predicting a militant neighbor. Terrible armor, ships, military cruisers went hiking to Turkish shores. Closed the smoke of Russian ships The Sun and said Admiral sent to the Turks: "Let the revolution be disturbed by the Turks, it is an inner case of the people. And for Turkey, the border of Russia on a strong castle!"
The border of the sea was chisty again and calm. Admiral Kolchak tried to observe the interests of Russia at sea, because he participated in the defense of the Far Eastern Port Arthur, had award.
The temporary government came to power, he recalled all major military ranks to the capital of all major military ranks, it was difficult to understand in the intricacies of power.
The government commissioned Admiral Kolchak to become the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Siberian White Corps. Having received the appointment, Kolchak went to Omsk.
White generals who fought against the republic recognized the new commander, sent him the deposits, in which he recognized his appointment and reported in hostilities. The temporary government was soon lowered, but he had time to reward Kolchak with the Golden St. George Cross "For the liberation of the Urals."
Soviet power was tested white on all fronts. Then the White Ministers gathered a gold reserve of Russia and decided to give it part of military needs.
It was necessary for the White Ministers of the Golden State of the Power to divide, highlighting a part for the military. Then they laid responsibility for a third of the treasure on the Admiral Kolchak. The gold is the most freight of all known metals, and externally seems small. The exact weights pulls more than even lead and there is no long time: it does not rust, do not spill eternal. Will it erase a little, if a long-long ring is gold to wear.
The contracts were consolidated by the statements of the officials, recorded the treasury in the books, gave the Golden Admiral ingots to Alexander Vasilyevich. Immersed the highest sample gold, yellow bricks are long in durable oak boxes. The boxes themselves neatly make out of the thick wood of oak, in the corners of the solid gland are fastened. On the oblong ingots-bricks themselves, a clearly showing inscription cast: "Gold of the Russian Empire."
Immersedly put boxes in the railway cars of the Golden Train and sent to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In Krasnoyarsk, the gold was shipped to the veil and moved into the depths of the Siberian country. The most valuable cargo is surrounded by the most devoted Cossacks.
I plunged Kolchak on golden money to equip a great trip from Siberia to Moscow to return the previous state structure of Russia. Gold would be enough for all military affairs, perhaps it would be left. But not fate came out. The Lord himself was not wanted to apply Russian people in the fratricide war, the civil war did not allow her to continue her.
Having accepted several major battles and the victim defeat, the troops of the Admiral Kolchak retreated along the river Kan. It was already crawled rumors everywhere that there was a golden conversion, on which the treasures are inconsistent. Militaries different in Siberia happened, the convicts were a lot, dashing men, desperate. Someone for the power of the Soviet fought, and someone sought to the bisses for loyaded. The Chinese squads were especially rampant, mercilessly killing everyone in a row, without disaster, no splash, neither red, nor whites. The Chinese especially performed executions over the royal officers, assigning property of the executed, they are also smoothly, for the fee of course ...
Then they decided the military to hide the gold stock of Russia, to hide so that he did not get bad people,
Admiral Alexander Vasilyevich thought the sacrament of the shelter of gold. The great mind was a man, because of a long time not understood neither white nor red.
Together with him there was a mystery, the Siberian mystery of the century. Divided gold bars into three parts.
The first gold will send the secret expedition to the East, to Japan. In foreign banks. But the Russian admiral could not endure the Japanese, after fighting with them in Port Arthur, and if it were not for circumstances, I would never go to it. Many times refused treatment in Japan, although the fighting wounds carried his health.
The second part of the gold of Russia was sent by train to the city of Irkutsk.

The third part was covered in our territories. Why did he hold the way Admiral Kolchak? Because then in the taiga, the spiritual mentors of the ancient faith settled in the Skit Bogunai. With them, priests, the fathers of spiritual, according to the customs of Russian sailors, held the admiral advice in the last days of his life. According to eyewitnesses, he visited the elders at Boguna in Christmas, the seventh of January, and died in February of the same year.
He shrouded the admiral mystery with the elders, but it was known exactly that he could not doubt their advice and did it as they predicted, namely, he stopped the hostilities, stopped shedding the blood of his own people.

In Taiga, Bogunaysky was hidden under the guise of a simple priest, a member of the Holy Synod of the Russian Church, Metropolitan Filaret, their Holiness, on the title. With it there were bishops: Nicodemis, Sergius and Nikolai. The elders have hidden their own names, without having forces to combat the new power in old age and weakness.
Zita Yanovna Brems says: "My family lived on the farm Lower Lebedevka, on the banks of Kan. Parents, migrants from the Baltic city of Kaunas, Father, Jan Yanovich, and Mother, left for the upper Lebedev to relatives to the wedding. For the supervision of senior sisters, small children They were at home, on the stove played in dolls. And on the street Moroz stood strong, the very christmas, the seventh number. In the morning there was a loud knock at the frozen kitchen window. At that time, the event is big, because only one family lived on the farm, ours. Sounded White children on a wooden porch, and frozen from surprise.

We appeared before us the military in the shoulders of gold. Some in simple Toulups, in high fur hats, pulled by leather belts. Many long sabers in the sheath and rifles, injured from the jellows .. They asked them permission from older sisters at the post, to warm up and prepare hiking in our furnace, as well as wounded to leave in our house, those that could not go. "
They let the sisters of the military and sent Robert's younger brother to the Upper Lebedev to the parents.
An important officer was talked with the father of Zita Yanovna, told how the Kolchakov was on a small farm.
The Golden Towau from Twilge Support approached the mouth of Barga, the place of her sign in Kan, when there seemed to be melted with melt water, on top of the ice of Cana. For horses impossible circumstance. The horse's horses were rumbled, began to refuse to go, and soon they got up. It was necessary to pay the horses, and it was not there, the conversion caught up with a lipstick. While Esaul talked with his parents who came from relatives, the soldiers were harvested at the hot stove. Products at Kolchaktsev their own were, canned different, even ice cream bread in wicker boxes. Survived the Lord officers of the Tulup and Sineli, warmed with a hot stove.
The most important, high military, elderly in the world beautiful, rewards sparkle with gold and stones bright. The Russian guest in the rich Mundire has long told the owners of the farm about a distinguished position, about the comrades of the dead, about difficult times, the fact that with the new government could not agree on the world, even about sick horses. "Improve us with horses, and take patients, maybe they will also get better!" I asked the military.
Gave the father of ordinary heavy horses to the golden sum of Admiral Kolchak. In addition, asked the chief officer to hold it by the Taiga trails into the skete at Boguna. Three military rose on hunting skis and went after her father at Bogunai, in the skete to the elders from the distant edges here were in misfortune ..
How many elders were briefly talking with the military, but it's just known that the elders did not approved further bloodshed., Only in the evening of the eighth of January everyone returned to the farm. The elders who knew the brave admiral in St. Petersburg, there, in front of the military expedition to Port Arthur, they covered the fighting ships, served prayers in honor of Russian troops. What predicted holy hermits to the Terrible Hero? It can be assumed by his affairs. Admiral pulled away from the war, dismissed his brave associates to all four sides, was covered by the great secret of the fate of the golden coat.
Frosty night, the Kolchaktsha shifted oak boxes with the royal coat of arms on new launches under the light of burning torches. Each box four good Cossacks barely carried. Carefully covered the boxes of these blankets with clips and straw from curious eyes.
Soon the Kolchaktsi left with the main leader, leaving five wounded in the hill in the Hornyhouse, which were still frozen. They treated their parents, Lekary caused, but the further fate of the soldiers unknown.
"Soon, after the departure of Kolchakov, peasants appeared from the village of Ilyinka, those that often at my father took barley beer on holidays. They went to the house when the parents left the affairs, and the younger children were alone.
Three healthy men began to shoot with the wounded Kolchaktsev. Upper clothes. The nodes on them were beautiful, probably expensive. The wounded wounded and fur boots lay close to their beds, on a wooden shop. The wounded were not allowed to undress themselves, especially the old military resisted, who did not want to give her boots to Ilintz. The unknown tried to get up, but I could not and unexpectedly, but the tears did not destruct his robbers. "Recalls Zita Yanovna.
Remembers Zita Yanovna, as with his father, went to the shore of Kana in Lyuty Frost, to the Kolchakovsky horses left on the shore. The horses lay in different places, not far from each other, praised and looked at purple eyes, unable to climb, covered with inheree and snow.
Father, like the owner, began every day to wear food with noble animals, helplessly waiting their own death. Heated caring farmers. Jan Yanovich in a large boiler the key water, diligently drove into the sledding of the river. Dipped lying horses, fed them with a crowded potato, oats, clover green hay. Berezov Golitsa screamed the snow with them, shelting felt over the night.
Once, early in the morning, all three, fabulous beauty horses, met their farm, standing on their own legs. The joy of the Savior was no less than the joy of saved. Now it was possible to consider them. It turned out that army people left two stallions of a good breed and the present treasure, the mare of a red suit. Amazing beauty was a high mare. On the chest is a white manica. On the forehead a white asterisk, and on thin eyed legs of white socks. It became a purebred beauty to the decoration of the Lithuanian compound. It was danted under the soase, gracefully turning through with her eyes, in white socks, legs. It was impossible for her lining wool, a silky mane and a white manica.
The time approached and gave birth to a mare of the same excellent rheetic foal. I must say when I was taking away Yan Yanovich Brems a young correspondent to the Canan Fair, then with Big Glavova sold a young horse, having helped a lot of money. Bought us, girls, motley fabrics, silk scams, boots. For girls, happiness!
But what is the fate of Admiral Kolchak? After the conversation with the Holy elders at Boguna, he decided he would remove from military affairs. Disappelled its Cossacks, covering the great mystery of the fate of the golden coat. Seen him in Kansk. After the railway, expensive traveled to the city of Irkutsk. Here information is contradictory. Some documents claim that the admiral was captured, others that he himself came to the Council of People's Deputies, wanting to remain in Russia, at least after the trial. Hope on a truce with a new government.
Alexander Vasilyevich arrested, put in the prison of the city of Irkutsk. In the common chamber, Russian officers were together with him, even one member of the State Duma. In the camera of the Irkutsk prison, the admiral wife, who followed him to the war, Anna Timireva, who spent his prisons all his life. They released it after forty years, only a weak old woman. All her crime was - the order of Admiral, no matter what.
The rumor suddenly passed that a detachment of the Cossacks was approaching the city, who learned about the captivity of their admiral, commander-in-chief of the White Army in Siberia. Then I delayed the ominous loop of the execution of the admiral. The court did not collect. It was decided to betray the class enemy in the hands of criminal flaws. Unknown people, using a panic, opened the doors of all prison cameras. Admiral and in prison was in military uniform, golden eaps, expensive orders with diamonds, golden wedding rings. The weight of the admiral gold pursuit was a kilogram of pure gold. Therefore, criminal and joy agreed to deal with the Russian admiral, they led the usual thirst for profit. Someone fought for the Soviet power, and someone simply got on trouble and confusion.
Angara brought to the River, to the ice hole, thoring the golden crosses and orders.
"Last desire can say!" They shouted to him in the face of the criminals.
"Just do not hear my desire!" Answered admiral with dignity.
"Give him a dressing eye before death" ordered the organizer of the execution.
" Do not." Provided Kolchak. From him they demanded a story about the gold of the Russian Empire. Beat up. Delivered deserved in the battles of the diamond awards of the sea officer. "You are random people, robbers, and gold belongs to Russia," Alexander Vasilyevich hoarse, pouring blood. The associated, encountered it into the ice hole of the river, visible on the nature of the sailor is written water baptism. The Angara River, the body of Admiral ashore, buried him in the Siberian land away from the Baltic Sea, on the shore of which the sea officer grew, incomprehensible to his people, incomprehensible to the new government, who did not want the death of the Russian powers, for which the marine borders fought.

Together with him died the mystery of golden garbage, gold, designed to army army. Probably at that time did not follow it, perhaps did not fit the Lord to waste the precious metal. It may take gold to another, even more serious time of the Russian army, then the treasure of the admiral will be discovered. Gold on a good deal will be found, and the bad hide. Remember the countrymen, the metal gold is moving, an honest person chooses, and if they take it, the gold and life takes their life. Waiting in our Siberian land worthy successors Golden margin of Admiral Kolchak.

Epilogue

Folk stories are stubbornly denied by historians, but our task is to convey to the reader the entire truth of the national word, popular memory. Multiplely confirmed by Old-timers, this information will complement the picture of Kolchakovsky time in Siberia. During the civil war on the Orel Earth, a detachment of the supreme ruler of Siberia Admiral Kolchak was held. The detachment moved on the sanguildles. Eyewitnesses remembered that the dead Cossacks and officers were taken by the arms, the died and wounded in the latter structures. Because even in a difficult time in the Siberian residue of the old Russian army, the traditions were observed, to bury people in Christian after the fizz and farewell. Kolchkovtsy, whom the red scolded with gangsters, did not even lose the human face and Christian conscience in a difficult moment. The priest was called from the Zaozernoye and the dead Cossacks were buried with honors not far from Orlovka.
Kolchaktsy passed several villages and they remembered them in many. In Orlovka, the head of the Admiral Kolchak's squad, with a full front form, went through the courtyards, opened the wicket himself and asked the peasants with his horses for his overall.
According to the stories of old-timers, in Orlovka, a young beautiful girl from local peasants left for the detachment of Kolchak. She took care of the wounded people from the detachment, which were carried with the turn.
When the oscillate truck was already out of the village of Orlovka, the last hut on the bench was sitting grandmother on the surname of the Ledolev, in the postgraduate Mother Regina Ledneyeva. One of the soldiers of the walking by the worm ran up to her and asked to exchange his leather new boots on her old grandfathers, felt boots.
Ledneyev agreed, because he considered the exchange favorable. The soldier went in her boots on, throwing her new leather boots on her bench. Perhaps this military came to Siberia from the West, where there are no such frosts.
Grandmother also saw all the traffic and claims that it consisted of seventy horse-mowing.
And there was a rumor about her that she loved someone from the officers, if not the admiral himself. Unfortunately, nothing is known about the further fate of the brave girl, except that she has never returned home and may have died with a detachment.
In the village, he waspsed by a hardly injured young officer. The hosts took care of him, caused from a closer priest for the last rite. Buried officer in the village cemetery. In memory of the untimely destruction of the owners officer, his premium silver checker was kept.
Not far from the village, trenches and traces of battle are preserved in the forest, according to the stories of the residents of the former there between Krachakov and partisans. Long can still find rusty sleeves, bayonets, rifles. For some time, the locals stored three machine guns and a small-caliber weapon on wheels - the gun from the army of Kolchak.
In the village of Ilyinka, the locals seen the Admiral Kolchak in Mundire and the fodder of the coast and loudly spoken by the residents of the courtyards, that he was a little left and that his gold did not disappear him now distributes him to all people. Kolchak personally threw the handstone of gold coins for the fence into the courtyards of local residents.
In the lower Lebedev, the White detachment saw the Estonian family by the name Brams. The elders left the day for the wedding in the upper Lebedev, and the children stayed at home alone. Cossacks knocked on the door and asked them to rest and call their parents. The older sister began skiing for his father and mother, and the youngest saw on the oldest officer a rich uniform with gold chains and diamond award-winning orders. According to her, it was Admiral Kolchak himself. Cossacks brought their products and prepared lunch. Leaving the Breps of the wounded and frostbed from the family, Kolchak went further along the frozen river.
And a few days later, the bad people from Ilyinki had bad to the remisses, where many convicts were stuck. They use the defenselessness of the roasted and robbed wounded. Then they came red and all the patients were taken to them. Most likely Kolchaktsev shot.
In the Deren, Gminian to the arrival of the Verkhovna Ruler, a front arm chair was made. Made this furniture Local skillful wood masters. The chair was decorated with curved in the capital's manner legs on wooden bowls - power symbols. It was very convenient to sit in it, despite the hard view. According to the memoirs of old-timers, the chair took place in front of an important event from home to the courtyard and put on a beautiful expensive carpet. From this place Kolchak knocked his highest court for all cases. In the house where the highest officers were preserved, elegant expensive high-work guitars were preserved. One guitar there is particularly richly decorated with a pearl. But it is known that Admiral himself loved singing very much, composed poems and songs. There is even a legend of the Chita Starokilov, that Kolchak himself composed the song "Gori Gori My Star" And it was her who sang on the shooting. And the chitics argue that Kolchak was shot from them.
Kolchakov banner was white and green, in the sign of snow colors and taiga.
The tape with these flowers was on the cross for the Siberian campaign. The royal awards admiral did not rewarded his own, considering the civil war in a fratricide.

Basically, a respectful opinion remains white in our villages. But the time was military and cruel. For some reason, mostly in families, partisans remember the punitive spreads of Kolchaktsev. Partisans were called white gangsters. But according to the law, the power of the Provisional Government in Siberia was represented by Kolchak and his subordinate Cossacks. Maybe there may be stories about most atrocities were propaganda tricks? It was after rumors about the atrocities that people took partisans side and went to the forest. Appeared in our places and the Chinese squads turned the border. The Chinese spontaneously populate in Siberia and brought their families. Chinese gangs were engaged in cruel robbery and tortured local residents to take away gold reserves from them.
After the First World War in Siberia brought prisoners of war foreigners. There were Italians, Austrians, Germans and Czechs. In our county, they lived at the fishing station on a free settlement. It was with the advent of the prisoners who was committed in 1914 the first in the history of our places the attack on a guarded postal carriage with gold departures. During the unfortunate of the Civil War, they formed detachments and called themselves by Kolchakov. But they did not have anything to do with the legitimate government of Kolchak, but took over the resentment for shameful captivity in the local population. Making the raids and robbery, Beloe called themselves by Kolchakov, possibly wanting to take revenge on their capture and defeat by the Russian military personnel. Pelochov troops formed at the fishing station
If Kolchak immediately took steep measures against the partitioning and their families, while maintaining a folk life in tradition, then the red first innocuous, only the government began to be repressed. But if the Kolchak's surface terror shot only the top of the revolutionary wave, then the waves of red terror touched the entire layers of the Siberian society. Before unrecognizable, the composition of the local population has changed and in the classroom after many years of extermination.
So who turned out to be worse with time? Petersburg Aristocrat Kolchak, who was the pursuing men and burned the partisans at home, shot only in his enemies or a whole machine of red repression 19, 22, 37, anniversary of the peasant dynasty and the public century-old way?
The meaning of the Siberian campaign of Admiral Kolchak was disclosed in the understanding of people only later, when it became clear that the Kolchakov campaign was the only real chance to turn the course of history and save the tradition of folk life in Siberia. Hope to keep the huge edge away from the revolution did not come true. The root fracture was inevitable. The traditions of the people were announced outside the law.

Reviews

A peculiar, but interesting interpretation of those events.
I would like to correct the author:

"Proven Kolchak on golden money to equip a great trip from Siberia to Moscow to return the previous state structure of Russia. Gold would have enough for all military affairs, perhaps it would be left yet. But not fate came out. I didn't want to see the Lord himself to notify Russian people. The fratricidal war, civil war, did not allow it to continue. "

The Lord did not want to continue the civil war. She lasted for a long time in European Russia, as well as 1922. By destroying almost all the peasantry and intelligentsia.

The people themselves were then renounced God, became a bogotos, pursuing themselves and burned churches. Therefore, God and retreated from people. And Admiral finished his earthly life with martyrdom. Like holy.

But about the gold reserve of Tsarist Russia is already a lot known. Recently was shown the dock. Film with shooting at the bottom of Baikal. At a depth of about 1.5 km, part of the train wagons were found, but it is not possible to raise the composition from such a depth.

And I fully agree with you that while people do not come to God, the fulfillment of his commandments, this golden stock of Russia will not be available to humanity.

Thank you, although I do not agree with everyone, but it was nice to read about the great son of the Russian, Admiral Khachkka. Unfortunately, many educated, intelligent and fair sons and daughters, which truly served their debris, Russia lost to that civilian! But it was her genuofund! With + and respect, Tatiana

The daily audience of the portal Prose.ru is about 100 thousand visitors who are in total viewing more than half a million pages according to the attendance counter, which is located to the right of this text. In each column, two digits are specified: the number of views and the number of visitors.

Authors: Member of the Union of Journalists of Russia, Member and Disabled Condition of the Second World War, Member of the Defense of Moscow, Guard Lieutenant Colonel in resignation Ulyanin Yuri Alekseevich;
Chairman of the Public Council for the Protection and Conservation of Memorial and Monuments at the Temple "of all saints on the" Falcon ", participant and disabled in the 2nd group of the Second World War, Member of the Defense of Moscow Gutsich Lev Alexandrovich;
General Director of the Orthodox Funeral Center of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, participant of the Second World War, former Partizan Kuznetsov Vyacheslav Mikhailovich;
Chairman of the College of Revistency "Volunteer Corpus", grandson of headquarters-captain Vinogradov Dmitry Sergeevich - Participant of the 1st Kuban "Ice" Widget of the Volunteer Army of 1918. Lamm Leonid Leonidovich.

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was born 4 (16) November 1874. His father - Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak became the hero of the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War. Having resigned in the rank of Major General artillery, he wrote a famous book "On Malakhov Kurgan".

A.V. Kolchak graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps with Admiral Ricord award. In 1894, he was produced in Michman. In 1895 - in Lieutenants.

Kolchak - Polar Researcher (Career Start)

From 1895 to 1899. Kolchak was three times in the world swimming. In 1900, Kolchak took part in the expedition on the Arctic Ocean with a famous polar researcher by Baron Edward Tollya, who was trying to find the legendary larger "land of Sannikov". In 1902 A.V. Kolchak is achieved by the Academy of Sciences of Summary and Financing the Expedition on the search for the remaining wintering in the north of Baron Tall and his companions. Prepared and heading this expedition, Kolchak with six comrades on a wooden Kitoboy "Zarya" examined the new-Siberian Islands, found the last parking lot of Toll and found that the expedition died. During this expedition, Kolchak was seriously ill and hardly died from inflammation of lungs and zing.

Kolchak in the years of the Russian-Japanese war

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, as soon as the Russian-Japanese war began (without cure to the end) - in March 1904 it goes to Port Arthur to serve under the post of Admiral Makarov. After the tragic death of Makarov - Kolchak commands the Municipality "angry", who committed a number of bold attacks on the strongest enemy squadron. During these combat operations, several Japanese ships were damaged and the Japanese cruiser "Tasospar" was damaged. For this, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna 4th degree. In the past 2.5 months, the siege of Port Arthur Kolchak successfully commands the battery of marine guns, which caused the greatest losses to the Japanese. For the defense of Port Arthur Kolchak was awarded with golden weapons with the inscription "For courage". Respecting his bravery and talent, the Japanese command one of the few left Kolchak to captive weapons, and then, without waiting for the end of the war, he granted him freedom. On April 29, 1905, Kolchak returned to St. Petersburg.

Military and scientific activities Kolchak from 1906 to 1914.

In 1906, with the formation of the Maritime General Staff, Kolchak became the head of its statistical department. And then headed the division to develop operational-strategic plans in the event of a war in the Baltic. An appointed naval expert in the 3rd State Duma, Kolchak, together with his colleagues, developed a large and low shipbuilding program for the recreation of the Navy after the Russian-Japanese war. All the calculations and positions of the program were so flawlessly verified that the power without wire allocated the necessary means. As part of this project, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak in 1906-1908. Personally oversees the construction of four armor.

In 1908, at the proposal of the famous polar explorer, Wilkitsky, Kolchak organizes a sea expedition along the shore of Siberia. This expedition laid the beginning of the development of the Northern Sea Route. For this, with the active participation of Kolchak in 1908-1909. The project is being developed and the construction of famous icebags "Vaigach" and "Taimyr" is being organized. In 1909-1911. Kolchak again in the polar expedition. As a result, they received the unique (not obsolete so far) scientific data.

In 1906, for the studies of the Russian north, Kolchak is awarded to the Order of St. Vladimir and the "Big Konstantinovskaya Medal", which only three polar researchers were awarded, including Furside Nansen. His name was assigned to one of the islands in the area of \u200b\u200bthe New Earth (now the island of Rastorgueva). Kolchak became a valid member of the Imperial Geographical Society. From this point on, he began to call "Kolchak-Polar". Maps of the Russian North, compiled by Kolchak, used Soviet polar explorers (including military sailors) until the end of the 50s.

In 1912, Kolchak was invited by counter-admiral von Essen to the service at the Baltic Fleet headquarters. Background Essen appoints Kolchak to the post of flag-captain of the operational part of the headquarters. Together with the background, Essen Kolchak develops preparation plans for a possible war with Germany to the sea.

Kolchak in the First World War

Blitzkrieg on land against France The Kaiserovskaya Supreme Command was calculated to start a sudden treacherous and crushing blow to the Russian capital - St. Petersburg from the sea. The huge German fleet on the Baltic under the command of Heinrich Prussian was preparing in the first days of the war (as on the parade) to enter the Finnish Bay. The German ships, unexpectedly going close to St. Petersburg, should have chosen on government and military institutions a hurricane fire of 12-inch Krupovsky heavy-duty guns, land the landings and to capture all the most important objects of the capital for several hours and bring Russia from the war.

This Napoleonic plans of Kaiser Wilhelm was not destined to come true. In the first hours of the First World War, by order of Admiral von Essen and under the direct leadership of Kolchak, a mine division was put up 6,000 minutes in the Finnish bay, which completely paralyzed the actions of the German fleet on the approaches to the capital. This was torn enemy blitzkrieg to the sea, Russia and France were saved.

In 1941, at the initiative of the People's Commissar of the NCMF Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (studied the actions of the Baltic Fleet during the First World War), this plan was repeated in the first days of the Great Patriotic War to organize the defense of the Finnish Bay and Leningrad.

In the fall of 1914, with the personal participation of Kolchak, the unique (having analogues in the world) was developed for the mine blockade of German naval databases. Several Russian destroyers came up to Kilu and Danziga and put on approaches to them (under the nose in the Germans) several fields of mine barrage.

In February 1915, the captain of the 1st grade of Kolchak, as the commander of the semi-trivision special purpose, was personally launched a repeated audacious raid. Four destroyers again approached Danziga and put 180 minutes. As a result, 4 German cruisers, 8 destroyers and 11 transports were exploded on mine fields (slices). Later, historians will call this operation of the Russian fleet the most successful for the entire First World War.

In many ways, thanks to the talent of Kolchak, the losses of the German fleet on the Baltic exceeded our losses in the warships by 3.5 times, and by 5.2 times in terms of transport.

On April 10, 1916, the Chin counter-admiral is assigned Kolchak. After that, his mine division defeated the caravan of German Rudozov, who were walking under a powerful convoy from Stockholm. For this success, the sovereign made a quacker in the vice-admiral. He became the youngest admiral and fleet of Russia.

On June 26, 1916, Kolchak is appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. In early July 1916, the squadron of Russian ships (during the operation developed by Kolchak) overtakes and during the battle is hardly damaged by the German cruiser "Breslau", which, before that, the Russian ports fired with impunity and dried out transports on the Black Sea. Kolchak successfully organizes combat operations according to the mine blockade of the coal region Eregly-Zeongulak, Varna and others. Turkish enemy ports. By the end of 1916, Turkish and German ships were completely locked in their ports. Kolchak records even six enemy submarines that have broken near the Ottoman banks. This allowed Russian ships to make all the necessary transportation in the Black Sea, as in peacetime. For 11 months of his command, the Black Sea Fleet Kolchak achieved the absolute martial domination of the Russian fleet over enemy.

February Revolution

Admiral Kolchak began the preparation of a large Bosphorian landing operation, with the aim of capturing Constantinople and the removal of Turkey from the war. These plans are interrupted by the February Revolution. Order No. 1 of the Council of Soldiers and Workers Deputies cancels the disciplinary power of the commanders. Kolchak is trying to actively fight against revolutionary affected agitation and propaganda leading left-extremist parties for the money of the German General Staff.

On June 10, 1917, the temporary government (under pressure from the left-radical opposition) recalls the dangerous admiral in Petrograd to rush away the initiative and popular fleet. Government members listen to the report of Kolchak about the catastrophic collapse of the army and the fleet, the possible future loss of statehood and the inevitability of establishing the pro-person Bolshevik dictatorship in this case. After that, Kolchaki is sent to the USA as an expert with world name in mine case (away from Russia). In San Francisco, Kolchak was offered to stay in the United States, promising to him the Department of Mine Business at the best naval college and a rich life in his pleasure in the cottage on the ocean. Kolchak said no. Around the world, he moved to Russia.

The October coup and civil war in Iokohama Kolchak learns about the October coup, the elimination of the rates of the Supreme Commander and the negotiations begun with the Germans. Admiral rides in Tokyo. There he presents the British Ambassador of the request for admission to the English acting army at least ordinary. The ambassador is advised to London and Kolchka direct to the Mesopotama front. On the way there, in Singapore, he overtakes the telegram of the Russian Messenger in China Kudashev. Kolchak rides in Beijing. In China, he creates Russian armed forces to protect the FC. In November 1918, Kolchak arrives in Omsk. He is offered the post of military and maritime minister in the Government of the Directory.

Two weeks later, the white officers make a coup and arrest the left members of the Directory of Socialists-Revolutionaries (who after February 1917 in the Union with Bolsheviks, the left-wing esters and anarchists actively participated in the organization of the collapse of the imperial armies and fleets, goggleless antarodiala agitation and propaganda). After that, the Council of Ministers of the Siberian Government was formed, who offered Kolchak the title "Supreme Ruler of Russia."

Kolchak and Russian Orthodox Church

In January 1919, His Holiness Patriarch Tikhon blessed the Supreme Ruler of Russia Admiral A.V. Kolchak to fight godless Bolsheviks. At the same time, Patriarch Tikhon refused to bless the command of the volunteer army of the South of Russia, since among them were the main perpetrators of the renunciation of the throne and the subsequent arrest of the sovereign Nikolai 2 in February 1917, including the generals of Alekseeva and Kornilov. Admiral Kolchak was actually invalid to these tragic events. That is why in early January 1919 (moving the front line) The priest came to Admiral Kolchak, sent by Patriarch Tikhon. The priest brought Admiral personal letter of the Patriarch with a blessing and photograph of the image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker from the Nikolsky gate of the Moscow Kremlin, who were sewn in the lining of the peasant scroll.

Text of the Message of Patriarch Tikhon to Admiral Kolchak

"How well known to all Russians and, of course, your high-speed," - said in this letter, - "In front of this sensible Russia, annually on December 6 on the day of the winter Nikola, the prayer was raised, which ended with the nationwide singing" Save the Lord People Your Things "all praying On the knees. And on December 6, 1918, the faithful faith and traditions of Moscow, at the end of the prayer, became the knees in the knees: "Save the Lord." Arrived troops dispersed with praying, shooting in the image of rifles and guns. The saint on this icon of the Kremlin wall was depicted With a cross in the left hand and a sword in the right. The bullets of the raws lay around the saint circle, without taking care of the worship of God. Shells, or rather, fragments from gaps, there was a plaster on the left side of the Wonderworker, which destroyed almost all the left side of the saint with the Icon Hand in which there was a cross.

On the same day, by order of the Antichrist authorities, this holy icon was walked by a large red flag with a satanic emblem. On the wall of the Kremlin, the inscription was made: "The death of faith - opium of the people." The next day, December 7, 1918, a lot of people were gathered for a prayer service, which was not disturbed by anyone to an end! But when the people, by knees, began to sing "Save the Lord!" - The flag slept from the image of the Wonderworker. The atmosphere of prayer ecstasy is not amenable to description! It was necessary to see, and who saw it, he remembers and feels today. Singing, sobbing, screeching and raised up, shooting from rifles, many wounded, were killed. I.Seta was cleaned.

The next morning for my blessing, my image was photographed by a very good photographer. The perfect miracle showed the Lord through his aspects to the Russian people in Moscow. I am sending a photographic copy of this miraculous image, as mine to you, your high alarm, Alexander Vasilyevich - blessing - to combat the atheistic temporary authority over the suffering people of Russia. I ask you, as a deckless Alexander Vasilyevich, that the Bolsheviks managed to repel the left hand of the room with a cross, which is as it would be an indicator of the temporary variety of Orthodox faith. But the punishing sword in the right hand of the Wonderworker remained to help and bless to your high-speed, and your Christian struggle to save the Orthodox Church and Russia. "

Admiral Kolchak, reading the letter of the Patriarch, said: "I know that there is a sword of the state, Lanzet Surgeon. I feel that the strongest is a spiritual sword, which will be invincible in the crusade - against the monsters of violence!"

At the insistence of Siberian bishops in Ufa, a temporary higher church department was created, which was headed by Archbishop Omsk Sylvester. In April 1919, the Omsk Cathedral of the clergy of Siberia unanimously constituted Admiral Kolchak by the temporary head of the Orthodox Church on the Siberian Territories liberated from the Bolsheviks - before the time of liberation of Moscow, when the Holy Patriarch Tikhon will be able to fully begin their duties fully. At the same time, the Omsk Cathedral decided to mention the name of Kolchak during the official church services. These rulings of the cathedral are not canceled so far!

According to the personal indication of Kolchak, the investigator on particularly important cases of Sokolov was organized investigation of the villain murder of the imperial family of Romanovs in Yekaterinburg.

Admiral Kolchak announced a crusade. It gathered more than 3.5 thousand Orthodox clergymen, including 1.5 thousand military clergy. At the initiative of Kolchak, individual combat parts were formed, consisting only of church believers and believers (including Old Believers), which was not in Cornilov, Denikin and Yudenich. This is an Orthodox squad "Holy Cross", "333rd named after Mary Magdalene Regiment", "Holy Brigade", three regiments "Jesus Christ", "Virgin" and "Nicholas of the Wonderworker".

Military parts were created from the believers and the clergy of other denominations. For example, Muslim troops of the "green banner", "battalion defenders of the Jewish faith" and others.

Ural workers in the army of Kolchak

The army of Kolchak numbered only 150 thousand people at the front. Her main shock force was the Izhevsk and Votkinian divisions (under the command of General Kappel), formed entirely from the masters and workers, raised at the end of 1918 against the policies of military communism, expropriation and equalization. These were the best in Russia and in the world highly qualified workers of military factories of the Ural cities of Izhevsk and Votkinsk. The workers went into battle against the Bolsheviks under the red banner on which it was written "in the struggle you will find your right." They had almost no cartridges. They were mined at the enemy in mental bayonet attacks. The Ural workers went to bayonet attacks under the gripping sounds of the accordion and the music "Warshowanka", the words to which they composed their own. Izhevtsy and stubs literally prevail horror on the Bolsheviks, an estimate of whole shelves and divisions.

Zinovy \u200b\u200bSverdlov (pawn) in the service of Kolchak

In the fight against the Bolsheviks, Zinovy \u200b\u200bSverdlov (pawn) was attended by Kolchak - Native Brother Yakov Sverdlova, who was the Chairman of the All-Russian Academy of Sciences at the Bolsheviks and the right hand of Lenin. In early 1919, Zinovyi sent a telegram to his brother Yakov: "Yashka, when we take Moscow, then the first to hang Lenin, and the second - you, for what you did with Russia!"

Genuine fraction of Kolchak with interventions

Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak has never been a "puppet of the intervention", as Soviet Agitprop claimed. Relations with the "Allies-Interventory" he had extremely stretched. In early 1919, French General Jeanne arrived in Omsk. On behalf of Lloyd George and Clemanso, he presented Kolchak an ultimatum on subordination to him (Zhanne) not only the allied, but also of all Russian white troops in Siberia and his announcement (Jeanne) by the Supreme Commander. Otherwise, Kolchak will not receive any help from France and England. Kolchak answered sharply that he would rather refuse to support from the outside than to agree to the subordination of all Russian troops to foreign general and Antante.

In September 1919, the Allies of the Entente countries demanded to remove all Russian parts from Vladivostok. Kolchak answered by the telegram commander of the Russian garrison General Rosanov: "We command you to leave all Russian troops in Vladivostok and without my commandment, they can not withdraw anywhere. The demand of the allies - there is an encroachment on the sovereign rights of Russia.".

At the same time, General Mannerheim offered Kolchak's assistance to the 100-thousand Finnish army in exchange for the transfer of Finland's part of the Karelian Isthmus and the placement of the occupation of Finnish troops in Petrograd. Kolchak replied: "I am not trading Russia!"

Admiral went only on economic concessions by Antante. His government allowed the placement of foreign concessions in Siberia and the Far East (including the creation of free economic zones) for 15-25 years, the creation of industrial enterprises and the development of natural resources, in order to use the capital of the Entente countries to restore the Russian economy after the civil war. "When Russia is strengthened and the term will come - we throw them out of here," said Kolchak.

Political and Economic Objectives Kolchak

Admiral Kolchak restored the laws of the Russian Empire in Siberia. He himself and his government never put a goal for the destruction of entire social groups and segments of the population. There is still no one directive A.V. Kolchak on a mass white terror against workers and peasants. Leninsky Bolsheviks (even at the beginning of the First World War) promised to "translate the war imperialist in civil", and seizing power in October 1917. Openly proclaimed a massive revolutionary terror and the total destruction of all "counter-revolutionary classes" - the gene pool of the Russian nation - officers, junkers, clergymen, merchants, nobles, highly skilled workers and masters and wealthy peasants.

After the Civil War is completed, the Siberian government extended to achieve class, civil, interethnic and interreligious reconciliation of various layers of the population and political parties (without extremely left and without extremely right). Therefore, in 1919, the Kolchak's government banned activity as extremely left extremist parties (Bolsheviks and Left Socialists) and extremely right-hand worm organizations. A unique economic program was developed by the state-regulated market economy, including the creation of an industrial base in Central and Western Siberia, the development of arable land and natural wealth, the increment of the population of Siberia by 1950-70. up to 200-400 million people.

The death of Admiral Kolchak

In 1919 (aware of the threatening Soviet power of a catastrophe), the Bolsheviks were forced to abandon the export of the world revolution. All combat-ready parts of the Red Army, intended for the revolutionary conquest of Central and Western Europe, were thrown on the Eastern Siberian front against Kolchak. By mid-19919, a more semi-million group of Soviet troops acted against the 150,000 Kolchakov army, including 50 thousand "red internationalists": Chinese, Latvians, Hungarians, and other mercenaries. Government of Lenin through its secret emissaries in Paris, London, Tokyo, New York. Starting secret negotiations with Entente. The Bolsheviks were forced to go on a secret compromise agreement with the Entente about renting and providing concessions to foreign capital after the civil war, creating a free economic zone in the form of the so-called. Of the Far Eastern Republic. In addition, Esramen and Mensheviks were promised to create a coalition with the Bolsheviks government.

In the midst of hostilities in the troops of Admiral Kolchak, a terrible epidemic of typhus began. More than half of all troops were disabled. At the same time, the "Allies" fully stopped the supply of weapons and medicines completely, unplanned all the previous agreements and the military orders already paid for gold abroad. Since the consent of General Zhanmen, the Czechoslovak Corps at the most desperate moment completely blocked the strategic railway line Nikolaevsk-Irkutsk. The only artery connecting the rear with the front. With the consent of the Entente, the command of the Czech corps ranked on January 6, 1920. The Irkutsk Bolshevik-Leveteservical Political Center Admiral Kolchak (by this time the established all the authority and to give them to Ataman Semenov and General Denikin). For this, General Jeanne (with the consent of the Leninsky government) passed the Czech part of the golden stock of Russia. The Izhevsk and Votkinskaya Division (under the command of General Kappel) approached the urban endurmination too late.

February 7, 1920 by the sentence of the Irkutsk Revkoma Admiral A.V. Kolchak was shot without trial on the shore of the tributary hangars River Ushakovka. The murder of Admiral was authorized (with the recognition of the Entente) with an archestone telegram personally by Ulyanov-Lenin Irkutsk Rev.. Before the shooting Kolchak refused to tie his eyes by a bandage and presented his silver cigarettetern commander of a shot team

Gold Kolchak, which fell into Siberia during the Civil War and, perhaps, gone here, almost a century does not give rest to specialists and treasures. Traces of precious shronts are looking for in the forests, at the bottom of the deepest lake, in foreign banks - a lot of versions. But none of them have not brought to wealth yet ...

For Novosibirstsev on November 20, a kind of significant date. In 1919, 40 cars of Kolchak were held through Novonikolaevsk on this day through Novonikolaevsk. "Here the compositions stood for several days and moved further to the east," said Professor NSU, a specialist in the history of civil war, Vladislav Kokoulin, told Dr. Historical Sciences.

490 tons of gold

The gold reserve of the Russian Empire by 1914 was the largest in the world and amounted to 1 billion 100 million rubles. In order to maintain state treasures during the First World War, half of all the golden stock was evacuated in 1915 from Petrograd to Kazan. After the October Revolution, the money tried to take the Bolsheviks, but they managed to take only 100 boxes - in August 1918 Kazan captured the White and their Czechoslovak allies.

"Trophies are not amenable to counting, captured by the gold reserve of Russia in 650 million," Colonel Cappel reported in the telegram.

It was this gold that began to be referred to as the Gold Kolchak, named Admiral Alexander Kolchak, proclaimed in November 1918 by the Supreme Ruler of Russia. White seized 650 million rubles, which accounted for approximately 490 tons of pure gold mainly in the ingots and coins, as well as a small amount of gold stripes and circles. The composition of the golden stock, along with the Russian, included coins of 14 states. Most of all were German brands.

Path in Siberia.

For about a year, gold stayed in Omsk, the capital of the White Guard Russia. In 1919, White under the onslaught of Red Armyians went to the east, and together with them on the Trans-Siberian highway went the gold reserve. Echelon consisted of 40 wagons, in 12 cars were accompanying staff.

"Eight military echelons east was sent from Omsk. In one of them, there was a gold reserve, about 30 thousand glow of gold. In the echelons there were more than 1 thousand people, including the personal Kolchak's personal convoy, "the newspaper" New Russian Life "reported.

The movement of the composition was not easy. At dawn on November 14, Kirzinsky's junction between Omsk and Tatar in the tail of Echelon with gold crashed a train with guard. "A hunch of great strength broke nine kernels with gold, a fire broke out in the collided echelons, and then the ammunition was started to explode. Several wagons have come off the rails. 147 people were injured from the collision, of which 15 were killed, eight burned, "the memories of eyewitnesses say.

Under Novonicolaevsky, another PE occurred. The wagons disconnected from the locomotive, rolled down the slope and almost found themselves in Ob. Gold saved soldiers who have time to put special brake fixtures under the wheels. But, according to Kokoulin, it is nothing more than a legend.

Trains with gold arrived for the station Nizhneudinsk, here representatives of the Antanka forced Admiral Kolchak to renounce the rights of the supreme ruler and give the golden stock of Czechoslovak formations. Kolchak was handed over to Esramen, and they gave it to the Bolshevik authorities who shot the admiral. Czech buildings returned to the advice of 409 million rubles in exchange for a promise to release them from the country.

The People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR in June 1921 compiled a certificate, which states that during the rule of the admiral of Kolchak, the golden stock of Russia decreased by 235.6 million rubles, or 182 tons. In some boxes where gold bars were once stored, bricks and stones were found.

Czechoslovak mark

According to one of the versions, it was the Czechoslovak Corpus who stole the missing millions. For example, in the stealing of 63 million rubles Chekhov accused the former Deputy Finance Minister in the Government of Kolchak Novitsky. The Czech Foreign Minister directly wrote the command of the Legion: "If it is still in your power, try to take it out (golden stock) in a safe place, for example in the Czech Republic."

As evidence, the fact of occurrence immediately after the return of the corps to the Motherland of the largest "Legiacank", which was founded by Czech legionnaires, but most experts consider this version unreasonable.

Military spending

"Admiral fans, including among modern historians, assure that the admiral treated the golden stock very tremendously and even assumed to transfer him to the Constituent Assembly. However, this is not the case - part of the gold already in 1919 was sold to English, French and Japanese banks in exchange for the supply of weapons and uniforms, part was transferred to Chita, where Ataman Grigory Semenova was at the disposal, "Kokoulin believes.

For example, part of the stock went to order monetary signs in the United States. White movement financiers sought to stabilize the money circulation, for which reliable monetary marks were needed. But the bills manufactured by the American banknote company had to be burned to not pay for storage. So literally money was put on the wind.

Mountains and Taiga

Of the 28 cars loaded in Omsk, only 18 with gold and three with silver were reached in Omsk, so gold is looking for almost along Transsib - from Omsk to Khabarovsk.

The most famous story with the disappearance of 13 boxes with 500 kilograms of gold is in front of the station to TRAIN. Theft accused several people from the security, they were arrested. But many treasure detectors are confident that part of the extraction or buried near the station, or they hurt into any of the abandoned saline mines nearby.

The Maryan Mary's Gateway in Ob-Yenisei Channel attracts the attention of gold kits by the fact that the burial of the five hundred White Guards was found nearby. The precious bars were allegedly found in the mountains-Alin's mountains.

Another place discussed is a cache on the White River in front of Irkutsk, in Holmushinsky caves. Allegedly this is the place where the piece of gold was transported, and two Esaulov, according to some evidence, was shot by soldiers who participated in the abduction. One of the locals told that, being a schoolboy, in the 50s he was able to crawl into the cave, where he saw the eliminated bodies and some boxes, but because of the fear did not approach them.

Bottom of Baikal

At the bottom of the Baikal, part of the golden stock, according to the versions of the treasures, could get in two ways. Some argue that the train has happened on the Bag-Baikal Railway, it may be adjusted specifically that gold does not get red, or the composition of the Belochov undermined the partisans.

The archaeologist Alexey Tyvanenko reported in 2013 that he managed to find Kolchak's gold after studying the Baikal DNA on Batiskof. Researchers saw on the bottom of the cemetery of cars and four ingots lying between the stones and sleepers, but could not pick them up.

According to another version, Kolchak took part of the values \u200b\u200bfrom the train and sent them to Transbaikalia by Sanny along with the devotees of the Movement of Chernomori sailors. The caravan decided to go on Baikal to avoid meetings with the Red Army, but frozen to death when the temperatures dropped to -60 degrees. In the spring thaw and gold bags drowned. This assumption is considered one of the most insolvent, since in early January in the southern part of the lake there is still no ice.

Instead of gold

"So the treasures with Kolchakovsky gold in Siberia most likely do not exist. However, something to search in Siberia, in particular in Novosibirsk and in the villages along the Transsib in the vicinity of Novosibirsk, it is still possible, "Cocoule summarizes.

Certificates and memories are preserved that some refugees who have rushed to the east together with the retreating fraction of the army were familiar jewelry, which have not only artistic, but also historical value. They gave their jewels in exchange for bread and milk at stations and in the villages adjacent to the tract.

"It is quite possible to find some part of these jewels that can still be kept in the descendants of those enterprising peasants - sellers of bread and milk," the historian believes.

The challenge, white groupings could not create a strong uniform power. For their political incapacity, Russia would pay with Western powers in large territories

Admiral Kolchak until 1917 was incredibly popular in Russia thanks to his polar expeditions and fleet activities before and during World War II. It is thanks to such popularity (whether it corresponded to real deserves or not - a separate question) Kolchak and fell to play a significant role in white movement.

The February revolution Kolchak met Vice-Admiral as the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. One of the first he swore to the temporary government. "Once the emperor renounced, then he frees this very much from all obligations that existed in relation to him ... I ... served not by one form of a government, but serving the Motherland", "He declared later at the interrogation of the Emergency Investigation Commission in Irkutsk.

Unlike the Baltic Fleet, the first days of the revolution in Sevastopol passed without mass mass plans over officers. Sometimes it is presented as a brilliant merit of Kolchak, who managed to keep order. In fact, however, even he himself called other causes of calm. In winter, at the Baltic ice, and the Black Sea Fleet went on combat mission year-round, no months in the ports did not stand. And therefore coastal agitation was subjected to less.

The commander of Kolchak quickly began to escalate to revolutionary innovations - the sailor committees. Argued that the committees "made a well-known calm and order." Survived at meetings. Prescribed election time. Coordinated candidates.

The directions of the sweet film "Admiral" were sentenced to the speech of the transcript of the interrogation of Kolchak, who described this period, portraying only the infinite contempt of the commander to the rebeling "sailor ink".

"The revolution will make enthusiasm ... to the masses and will give the opportunity to finish the victoriously this war ...", "The monarchy is unable to bring this war to the end ..." - told Kolchak later Irkuta investigators about their then mentality. Many, for example, Denikin thought. The generals and admirals hoped for revolutionary power, but quickly disappointed in the full impotence of the Temporary Government of Kerensky. The socialist revolution, which is understandable, they did not accept.

However, in its unaccepting of October and the truce with the Germans, Kolchak went further than others - to the UK embassy. He was asked to serve in the English army. He explained to the Russian officer to the Russian officer at the interrogation, he explained to the fears, as if the Hermansky Kaiser was not injured over the Entente, who "would then give us his will": "The only thing I can benefit is to fight the Germans and their allies, for anyone and as anyone."

And, we add, anywhere, even in the Far East. Kolchak went to fight there against the Bolsheviks under the English command and he never hid it.

In July 1918, the British Military Ministry had to even ask him to be deposited: Military intelligence chief George Mansfield Smith Cumming ordered his agent in Manchuria Captain L. Steweni immediately "Clarify Admiral, which would be very desirable that he kept silence about his relationships with us" .

At this time, the power of Bolsheviks for the Volga was in May-June 1918, almost everywhere overthrown with the help of the Czechoslovak Corps traveling to Vladivostok, echelons stretched across the entire Transsib. And with the help of the "real Russian fleet" Kolchak, the United Kingdom could more effectively defend their interests in Russia.

After the overthrow of the Soviet power in the Far East, political passions were played. Among the applicants, the left Samara Commuchers were allocated for the authorities, members of the disinterested meeting, and the right Omsk temporary Siberian government (not to be confused with the temporary Government of Kerensky). To truly cling to each other in the throat, it prevented only the presence of the Bolsheviks in Moscow: while in the Union, albeit the shaky, whites were still capable of holding the front line. Anntan did not want to supply small armies and the governments interrupted with them, because of their weakness, not able to control even the already occupied territory. And in September 1918, the Joint Center for the White authorities was created in Ufa, called the directory, which included most of the former members of the host and temporary Siberian government.

Under the pressure of the Red Army, the directory soon had to be sued to evacuate from Ufa to Omsk. And I must say that the right side of Omsk hated the left anti-bolsheviks from Komuk almost the same as the Bolsheviks. In "Democratic Freedoms", allegedly confested by commuchem, the Omsk right did not believe. They dreamed of them about dictatorship. Competitions from the directory realized that a rebellion is preparing against them in Omsk. We could only hope for the help of Czechoslovak bayonets and in popularity in the population of their slogans.

And in such a situation, the Vice Admiral Kolchak arrives at the ready-made explode to explode. It is popular in Russia. He believes the United Kingdom. It is he who looks like a compromise figure for the British and the French, as well as those who were influenced by the British of Czechs.

Left from Komuk, hoping that London will support them as "more progressive forces", they began to invite Kolchak to the post of naval minister directory with the right. He agreed.

And two weeks later, on November 18, 1918, the Bonapartist coup happened in Omsk. Directory removed from power. Her ministers handed all the powers to a new dictator - Kolchak. On that day, he became the "Supreme Ruler" of Russia. And then, by the way, it was raised to the rank to a complete admiral.

England fully supported Kolchakov coup. Seeing the inability of the left to create strong power, the British preferred to "more progressive forces" of the moderately right representatives of the Omsk elite.

Opponents of Kolchak right - Ataman Semenov and others - were forced to accept the identity of the new dictator.
It is not worth it, however, to think that Kolchak was a democrat, as it is often trying to imagine today.

The "democratic" language of the negotiations of the Kolchak's government with the West was obvious convention. Both sides understood the entire illusory of the words about the upcoming convening of the New Constituent Assembly, which is will consider the sovereignty of national outflow and democratization of new Russia. Admiral himself did not hesitate to naming the "dictator". From the first days he promised that he would overcome the "post-revolutionary collapse" in Siberia and in the Urals and wins the Bolsheviks, focusing in his hands all civil and military power in the country.

In fact, however, to focus in his hands at that time the power was not easy.

By 1918, there were already two dozen anti-Bolshevik governments in Russia. Some of them performed "for independence." Others - for the right to collect exactly around themselves "one and indivisible Russia". All this, as it is impossible, by the way contributed to the collapse of Russia and control over it allies.

Inside the Bolshevik Party there were much less political disagreements. At the same time, the territory of the RSFSR controlled by the Bolsheviks occupied the center of the country with almost all industrial and military enterprises and a wide transport network.

In such a situation, disconnected foci of whites almost could not help each other. Transport and telegraph worked through abroad. So, the couriers from Kolchak to Denikin were driving on the steamers through two oceans and on several trains of months. On the transference of the same strength and technique, promptly exercised by the Bolsheviks, could not be speech.

The political task of Kolchak was to ensure the balance between socialists, cadets and monarchists. Part of the left was outlawed, but with the rest, it was vital to agree, without allowing them to reorient the Bolsheviks. However, I will give way to Kolchak left - and he would quickly lose the vital support of the right, and without the dissatisfied "left-handed" course of power.

Right and left pulled the ruler every one in their direction, it was not possible to achieve a compromise between them. And soon Kolchak began to rush between them. Increasingly, the explosions of his emotions alternated with depression, apathy. That could not but notice the surrounding. "It is better if he was the most cruel dictator than those who dreamed in search for a common blessing a dreamer ... It's a pity to look at the unfortunate admiral, missed by different advisers and rapporteurs," wrote the bombarded General A. P. Budberg, one of the leaders of Kolchakov Military Ministry. He ends a consistent political opponent of Kolchak, Eser-foundyllovets E. E. Kolosov: "He was positive to the same Kerensky ... (as a hysterical and hazardous being ...), Only, possessing all its shortcomings, he did not have a single From his advantages. " Instead of rapprochement of the left and right groups between them, the abyss was expressed.

On December 22, 1918, an anticolarsk uprising broke out in Omsk. Monarchic military circles, suppressing him, at the same time dealt with 9 of those sitting in the prison former Compacts. Competitions expected a court decision in prison for their opposition to the power of the admiral.

About the bloody suppression of the uprising recalled the member of the Communist Party of the ECOMOV "Public" D. F. Rakov: "... no less than 1,500 people. Whole carries of the corpses were survived in the city, as Barani and pork masses are taken in winter ... The city is measured by horror. They were afraid to go outside, meet each other. "

And Ester Kolosov so commented on this violence: "It was possible to use all the actual power in your hands to suppress the insolent of the rebellion, and, suppress the rebellion, to send the sharp of the same weapons ... against the" attachment "of Kolchak ... to cope with Kolchak turned out to be Not as easy as we feed., with a directory. During these days, the house was stiguously guarded ... English soldiers who gave out all his machine guns right outside. "

Kolchak resisted in English bosets. And, having provided with the help of the English security departure from Siberia, the rest of the "foundilovans", miraculously avoiding the execution, was forced to lean the case.

Simple performers were given to hide. Their leaders were not punished. Admiral did not have enough forces to break with right-hand radicals. The same spikes wrote: "Ivanov-Rynov, rival with Kolchak, consciously threw him in the face of the corpses of" founders "... in the calculation that he will not dare to abandon solidarity with them, and all this will connect it with a circular bloody lie with the vigorous reaction circles."

All Kolchak reforms failed.

The land rule did not solve the ruler. The law published by him was reactive for the left (restoration of private ownership) and insufficient for the right (lack of restoration of landlord). In the village, the wealthy peasants were deprived of parts of the lands for their unacceptable monetary compensation for them. And the Siberian Poor moved by Stolypin to unsuitable for the economic land and captured in the revolution in the prosperous peasants suitable, the more unhappy. The poor were offered to either return the captured, or expensive to pay the state for land.

And the White Army, freeing the territory from the Bolsheviks, often unauthorized, not believing with the law, took the land from the peasants and returned to the former owners. Poor, seeing the return bar, was taken for the weapon.

White terror in Siberia with a quaff, by which the population has seized products for the front and mobilization were carried out - was terrible. Just a few months of the routine of Kolchak will be held, and in the headquarters of the Siberia cards will be painted by the foci of peasant uprisings.

The fight against peasants will have to throw huge forces. And it will be impossible to understand in what cases the incredible cruelty of the punishers took place from the blessing of Kolchak, and in what - contrary to direct instructions. However, the difference is big and there was no: the ruler himself called the dictator, is responsible for everything that makes his power.

Kolosov recalled how rebellious villages were treated in the hole:

"They dropped there the peasant, suspected in Bolshevism, with a child in his arms. So with the child and dropped under the ice. It was called to bring treason "with the root" ... "

It is infinite to bring similar evidence. The uprisings were treated in the blood, but those braveled again and again with even greater force. The figures of the rebels turned far over hundreds of thousands. The peasant uprisings will be a sentence of the regime that decided to conquer the people by force.

As for the workers, such a powerlessness, as with a fraction, they did not experience under Nicolas II, nor under Kerensky. Workers forced to work for a meager fee. 8-hour day and hospital cash desks were forgotten. Local authorities supported by manufacturers closed the trade unions under the pretext of the fight against Bolshevism. The Minister of Labor Kolchak in the letters to the government beat the alarm, but in the government inactive. Workers of non-industrial Siberia were small and resisted the weaker peasants. But they were unhappy and included in the underground struggle.

As for the financial reform of Kolchak, how accurately expressed Ercer Kolosov, from his unsuccessful reforms it is necessary to give "Palm Championship Financial Events Mikhailov and the von Goyais who killed the Siberian Monetary Unit ... (depreciated 25 times - MM) and enriched ... speculators "associated with the reformers themselves.

Minister of Finance I. A. Mikhailov criticized the right wing in the face of General Budberg: "He does not understand anything in finances, he showed it on the idiotic reform of the seizure from the conversion of Kerenok ...", "reform ... in such sizes in front of which Highway, Witte and Kokovtsev stopped, was held in a few days. "

Products are ruling. Household goods - soap, matches, kerosene and others - have become a deficit. Got speculators. Theft flourished.

The transmission bandwidth itself did not allow to deliver enough goods from distant Vladivostok to supply Siberia and the Urals. The difficult situation on the overwhelmed railway aggravated the sabotage of partisans, as well as constant "misunderstanding" between white and Czechs guarding the highway. Corruption has finished corruption. So, Prime Minister of Kolchak P. V. Vologda recalled the Minister of Communications of L. A. Urogovka, who gave bribes at stations so that his train was missed forward.

Due to chaos on the paths of the message, the front supplied with interruptions. Patron, powder, cloth plants and warehouses of the Volga region and the Urals were cut off from the White Army.

And foreigners got into Vladivostok weapons from different manufacturers. Cartridges from some were not always suitable for others. The confusion arose when delivered to the front, in places tragically reflected on combat capability.

Krachak purchased for Russian gold clothes for the front was often low quality and sometimes crammed after three weeks of socks. But this clothes were delivered for a long time. Kolchovets G. K. Gins writes: "Uniforms ... rode along the rails, since the continuous retreat did not give the opportunity to turn around."

But even that came to the troops, the supply was poorly distributed. Inspected by Troops General M. K. Dietershs wrote: "The inaction of the authorities ... a criminal bureaucratic attitude to his duties" . For example, 45 thousand sets of clothing at the front of the Siberian army received 12 thousand, the rest, as the inspection set, dust in warehouses.

Before the unfairing soldiers from the warehouses did not reach food.

Theft of the Naglovikov, the desire to prove in the war was observed everywhere. So, French General Zhannin wrote: "Knox (English General - MM) informs me sad facts about Russians. 200,000 sets of uniforms, which he supplied them, were sold for a scentual and part of the red ".

As a result, the Army General of the Nox Allies, on the memoirs of Budberg, was nicknamed by Omsk newspapers "The Intendant of the Red Army". It was composed and published a mockery "Thank you" Noksu on behalf of Trotsky for a good supply.

Kolchak failed to achieve and competent agitation. Siberian newspapers became an instrument of information wars among whites.

Inside the white camp there was a breakdown. Generals, politicians - everyone figured out the relationship among themselves. Fought for influence on the liberated territories, for the supply, for posts. Substituted each other, bored, stipulated. Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs V. N. Pepliaev wrote: "We were assured that the Western army ... stopped waste. Today we see that she ... quite risked back ... from the desire to cum (General - MM) Guide here distort the meaning of what is happening. This should be put the limit. "

White memoirs clearly indicate that there were not enough competent commander in Siberia. The same, in conditions of bad supply and weak interaction between the troops, the consecutive defeats began to tolerate into May 1919.

The fate of the consolidated impact Siberian corps is indicative, absolutely not ready for battle, but abandoned white to cover the joint between the Western and Siberian armies. On May 27, the white was nominated without communication, field kitchens, wrap and partially unarmed. The commander of the mouth and battalions were prescribed only at the time of extending the hull to positions. Comesiov generally appointed May 30, during the defeat. As a result, in two days of the fighting, the corps lost half of his fighters, or those killed or voluntarily surrendered.

By the autumn white lost the Urals. Omsk was taken by them almost without a fight. Kolchak appointed Irkutsk with his new capital.

Omsk's surrender aggravated the political crisis inside the Kolchak government. The left demanded from the admiral of democratization, rapprochement with the ester and reconciliation with the Entente. The right to be gone for tightening the regime and rapprochement with Japan, unacceptable for the Entente.

Kolchak was inclined towards the right. Soviet historian G. Z. Ioffe, by quoting the telegrams of Admiral to his premiere in November 1919, proves the shift of Kolchak from London to Tokyo. Kolchak writes that "Instead of rapprochement with Czechs, I would raise a question about rapprochement with Japan, which one is able to help us with real power to protect the railway."

Ester Kolosov gloatingly wrote about this: "The history of the international policy of Kolchak is the story of a gradually deepening gap with Czechs and a growing connection with the Japanese. But he walked along this path ... the inseparal steps of a typical hysteria, and, being already on the edge of death, adopted a decisive ... The course for Japan, it turned out that it was too late. This step ruined him and led to arrest in fact the same Czechs. "

The White Army went from Omsk to foot march and was still far away. The Red Army fell quickly, and foreign allies were afraid of a serious collision with the Bolsheviks. And therefore the British, and so disappointed in Kolchak, they decided not to suppress the uprisings. The Japanese also did not help the Kolchkovtsy.

Posted by Kolchak to Irkutsk Ataman Semenov, with whom I urgently had to put up, alone, the uprising did not manage.

In the end, the Czechs surrendered Kolchak and the Irkutsk authorities in exchange for unhindered passage to Vladivostok at him.

Part of the members of the Kolchakovsky government fled to the Japanese. It is characteristic that many of them are HINs, the financial "genius" of Mikhailov and others - soon replenish the ranks of the fascists.

In Irkutsk, in interrogations, organized by the government, Kolchak gave detailed testimony, the transcripts of which were published.

And on February 7, 1920, the White, retreating from the Red Armyians approached Irkutsk. There was a threat of capturing the city and liberation of the admiral. Kolchak was decided to shoot.

All perestroika and post-preferptory attempts to rehabilitate Kolchak were unsuccessful. He was recognized as a war criminal who was not opposed to the terror of his own power in relation to civilians.

Obviously, the kolchak, white groupings, even in critical moments on the fronts, found out relations between each other and rejoiced by the defeat of each other, could not create a strong uniform power. For their political incapacity, Russia would pay off with Western powers in large territories.

Fortunately, the Bolsheviks turned out to be stronger than Kolchak at the front, talented and flexible in state construction. It was the Bolsheviks who defended the interests of Russia in the Far East, where the Japanese had already been commissioned at Kolchak. "Allies" paid out from Vladivostok in October 1922. And two months later, the Soviet Union was created.

based on M. Maximov

P.S. This is, this "polar researcher" and "Oceanographer" was, first of all, he was the execution of the Russian people who, who, hands on the elbow in the blood, and the military worked on the English crown, who was not, yes to the patriot of his country This is for sure, but lately we are trying to imagine the opposite.

A few days before November 16, the Day of the 142th anniversary of Alexander Kolchak, at one of the houses of the street Big Zelenin in St. Petersburg, a memorial plaque was opened in his honor. The board was installed on the building in which the famous polar researcher and Flotodets lived in 1906-1912. Literally every other day after opening, unknown persons painted the inscription in black paint. On Tuesday, the board washed. On Thursday, on November 17, a preliminary meeting of the Smolninsky District Court against the installation of a memorial plaque was scheduled.

Until now, around this difficult historical figure is boiling passion. This is not surprising, given that in Soviet times the personality of Kolchak was surrounded by a number of fiction, and many facts from his biography remained unknown to the general public.

Almost unknown scientist

Proceedings of Kolchak as a scientist and polar researcher in Soviet times in every way gratified and silent.

Meanwhile, Alexander Vasilyevich was an outstanding oceanographer, a hydrologist and geographer. Observation of the state of the oceans and the seas He began to lead, serving on the warships by a young officer.

The main scientific interest of Kolchak was the study of the Northern Sea Route, which for Russia represented strategic interest - it was the shortest path from the European part of the country to the Far East.

Kolchak participated in several expeditions, including together with the famous polar researcher Edward Tollya. He responded about his young colleague as follows: "Scientific work was carried out with great energy, despite the difficulties to combine the responsibilities of the maritime officer with the activities of the scientist." He called one of the open islands in honor of Kolchak and Cape in the Taimyr Gulf.

© Photo: Public Domain Members of the Expedition of Toll Lieutenant A. V. Kolchak, N. N. Kolomeytsev, F. A. Matisen at the side of the schooner "Zarya"

When Toll disappeared in 1902, Kolchak equipped the expedition, and in the most difficult conditions of the Far North, he took many months searching for his comrade, unfortunately, unsuccessful. At the same time, he described unknown land, clarified the outlines of the shores and made refinement into the nature of the Introduction.

From a scientific point of view, the raid was rated as a geographical feat. In 1906, the Russian geographical society handed Konstantinovskaya Medal Kolchak. He became the first of the Russians who won this honorary award. The materials of its polar expeditions were so extensive that the Special Commission of the Academy of Sciences worked on them until 1919. With its works, in particular, the book "Ice of Kara and Siberian seas", Kolchak laid the foundations of the teachings about marine ice.

© Photo: Public Domain The title sheet of the monograph A. V. Kolchak "Loda Kara and Siberian seas"

The fruits of his work took advantage of Soviet times, during the development of the Northern Sea Route, not mentioning, of course, the author of scientific developments.

Russian-Japanese war

A little mass reader knows about the fighting path of Kolchak at the beginning of the XX century. It was not customary to talk about him.
On the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, the marine officer learned during the polar expedition. He asked to translate him from the management of the Academy of Sciences on the fleet, expressing a hot desire to go to Port Arthur, where the main naval events of the beginning of the war unfolded.

Kolchak commanded the destroyer "angry", fired at the enemy, put mines. On the night of December 13, 1904, on the mines set them, the Japanese cruiser "Takasago" sank, together with whom 280 enemy sailors were killed. It was a serious victory of the Russian Fleet.

After the events around Port Arthur moved to the land front, Kolchak was brought off ashore, where he accepted the command of the batteries of various-caliber guns and up to the surrender of the fortress in January 1905 (according to a new style), was in battles, beating the attacks of Japanese infantry. His merits were noted by numerous awards, including the Georgiev weapon with the inscription "for courage".

Through the Germans on the sea and on land

Before the First World Kolchak became the initiator of the creation of the Maritime General Staff, heading the Commission on the study of the reasons to led the Russian fleet to defeat in the Tsushimsky battle of 1905, was an expert of the Duma Commission on Defense, spoke with a number of scientific work, which became theoretical justification for the modernization of military shipbuilding .

1914 He met the captain of the 1st rank as the headquarters of the Operational Department of the Commander of the Baltic Fleet. Under his leadership, an operation was developed and implemented by blocking the German coast. It was worth the German fleet of the open sea cruisers "Friedrich Karl", "Augsburg" and "Gazelle".

In the summer of 1915, Germany launched an active attack in the Russian front. The actions of the army also supported the German fleet, which tried to break into the Riga Bay. Having lost a few destroyers on mine harnesses put by the Kolchak's previous policemen, the Germans were forced to refuse aggressive plans. This led to a breakdown of the onset of German infantry divisions in Riga.

Becoming the head of the mine division, Kolchak began to resort to more active actions. In the autumn of 1915, under his personal leadership, an archery was carried out on five warships in the German rear. The Germans were forced to seriously strengthen the coastline with the help of the troops from the front, fearing irrequited guests from the east.

Kolchak's ships have provided serious help with their land parts. In the fall of the same year, the Ministry of Justice, headed by Kolchak, at the request of the Army Command, rescued Russian parts, cut off by the Germans from their troops at Cape Ragotz in the Gulf of Riga. The fire of Russian ships was so deadly that the number of hours German positions were broken and the city of Kermene (now Keemer) was taken by our soldiers.

The losses of the Germans in the Baltic by the end of 1915 were many times exceeded Russian, which was a considerable merit of Kolchak.

Thunderstorm Turkish Fleet

In April 1916, he was produced in counter-admirals, in June became Vice Admiral and received the appointment by the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. There energetic Kolchak in a short time drove the Turkish fleet in the ports. The commander applied the same method as in the Baltic, reinforcing the coast of Turkey, and thus almost stopped the active actions of the enemy until 1917.

A bosphorus surgery was developed, during which in September 1916, swift blows from the sea and from Sushi, the fleet and the army were to capture Constantinople. Most likely, the city would be, but the chief of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander General Mikhail Alekseev actively defended his version, which demanded 10 infantry divisions and three months of preparation. As a result, the operation was postponed for the spring of 1917, and then everything became not up to it.

When the February Revolution was killed, Kolchak became one of the few generals and admirals, who had left the oath to the end and did not support the renunciation of Nicholas II. He sent a telegram to the temporary government with such a remark: "The team and the population asked me to send a greeting from the face of the Black Sea Fleet, that I was fulfilled."

A friend or enemy of the Entente?

Kolchak is often accused of which he participated in the Civil War as the marionette of the Entente. In those years in the Red Army, a stingy song "Unidir English, // Pursuit French, // Tabak Japanese, // Ruler Omsk".

But is it?

Brusilovsky breakthrough: How Russia saved allies on AntanteMember of the Zinoviev Club Mia Russia Today, Oleg Nazarov reminds of the history of the famous battle - the Brusilovian breakthrough of the Russian army, which largely identified the results of the First World War.

The November coup of 1918 in Omsk, as a result of which the All-Russian Council of Ministers dissolved the left-socialist directory and secret ballot chosen Alexander Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler of Russia, giving him a complete admiral, found the English establishment by surprise. There were regarded as a real catastrophe that could prevent the UK plans in Russia.

French General Maurice Jeanne, appointed by the Commander of the Armanti in Russia (that is, Czechoslovakov), did everything to prevent Kolchak and his troops. In December 1919, he supported the uprising against the White Government in Irkutsk, and then ordered the issuance of Admiral Irkutsk Military Revolutionary Committee, who shot Kolchaka. Fate of France then hung in the hairs, but with the help of Russian troops the French managed to stop the German offensive. The details of the battle at Verden resembles Sergey Warsaw.

The Entente's special irritation caused the fact that Kolchak was not going to give them a large part of the Golden Stock of the Tsarist Empire in the Bolsheviks. Gold was spent gently and pretty, and income from deposits in foreign banks returned to Russia.

Subsequently, Czechoslovaki took gold from Kolchak, giving the Bolsheviks over 400 million gold rubles in exchange for guarantees their unhindered departure from the country.

View on terror

The main charge, which is presented by Kolchak His opponents is that terror in relation to the civilian population acted on the territory controlled territory. Based on this on January 26, 1999, the Military Court of the Trans-Baikal Military District recognized the admiral not subject to rehabilitation.

However, in 2000, the Constitutional Court of Russia ruled that the Court of the Trans-Baikal district did not have the right to make his verdict in the absence of Kolchak defenders, and, therefore, the case should be reviewed.

It is curious that the Bolsheviks themselves, in which the mass terror became a system of government, with understanding belonged to the actions of the administration of the Supreme Ruler. In particular, Vladimir Lenin wrote: "Prettyly unbelievously rented Kollha for being violent against the workers. This vulgar defense of democracy, these are stupid prosecution of Kolchak. Kolchak acts by the way he finds."

When there are memorable signs in the country not only red, but also white, it means that civil war is over.