Why do I need a membrane tank for water supply? When organizing the autonomous water supply of the private house from wells or wells, it is necessary to create an emergency supply of water. For these purposes, the expansion tank for water supply is perfect. These containers are practical, have a large volume, but to ensure a normal working mode, you must apply a number of devices, and not limit ourselves to only one installation.

When the water supply system is turned on into the water supply system, the autonomy of water supply is significantly increasing. The created stock will solve problems with water supply, which may occur when performing operational care for equipment and a well. At the moment, the industry produces a huge number of different models, which significantly complicates the choice.

The expansion tank for water supply is used to support the desired pressure level during autonomous water supply. Motherbred (expansion tanks) are most often used for these purposes. These are containers inside which there are rubber membranes that share the tank on the camera. One camera is a water, the other is air.

The tank is connected to the water supply system of water supply system so that the inlet branch supplies water into the tank, filling it, and only after filling in a certain volume, water flow consumers.

The principle of operation is: when the system is on (launched), the pump pumped water into the aqueous chamber until it fills it. In this case, the volume of the second chamber is significantly reduced. When reducing the air chamber, the amount of air inside it does not change, therefore the pressure on the membrane increases. Accordingly, the pressure in the system increases.

In the expansion tanks, a membrane is used, dividing it into 2 tanks, one of which with air, and the other with a liquid. This requires the presence in the tank of pressure control equipment (pressure switch). This is necessary to automatically disconnect the pump, the pump is automatically started with the same sensor when the pressure drops in the reservoir below the programmed value. This will allow the automatic work of the entire water supply system.

Read also

However, it is worth remembering that a smaller volume allows to reduce the pressure drops in the system. At the same time, the tank itself is a reserve capacity for water storage.

19.03.2010 00:00:00

« Membrane- This is either the finest film, which is laminated (welded or glued according to a special technology) to the upper fabric, or a special impregnation, rigidly applied to the tissue with a hot way in production. On the inside of the film or impregnation can be protected by another layer of fabric. "

From here you can conclude about the important property of membrane clothes - it is very easy.

Building membranes categories

According to the structure of the fabric membrane, they are divided according to the principle that the membrane is used: a non-free, pore and combined.

Boiled membranes Work on the principle of osmosis (not space, and Osmos - remember the lessons of physics and chemistry at school).

The system is this: evaporation falls on the inner part of the membrane, they are cozed on it and by means of active diffusion are quickly moving to the outside of the membrane. (Again, only if there is a driving force - the difference in partial pressuries of water vapor).

What is the advantage of dumping membranes? They are mega durable, do not require careful care, working in a wide range of temperatures. Such membranes are usually used in the top (expensive and most functional) products.

What are the flaws? At first, it may seem that products are wedged, but this is, just the very evaporations that accumulate on the inside of the product. That is, they begin to breathe slower, but advanced careless membranes, "drawing", sometimes on breathable properties exceed pores.

Pore \u200b\u200bmembranes- It is roughly speaking, membranes that work according to the following principle: water drops that fall on the membrane fabric outside, pass through the pores of the membrane inside cannot, since these pores are too small. Couple molecules formed when you sweat, from the inner part of the membrane tissue are freely output through the pores of the membrane (since the steam molecule is thousands of times less than a drop of water, it may freely penetrate the pores of the membrane). As a result, we obtain the waterproof of the membrane fabric outside the product and breathable (vapor) properties from the inside of the product. At the same time, a drop of water in such a hole will not be able to leak. But, how (you ask), leaking clothes will resist the wind? After all, the wind molecules are also significantly less than a drop of water! In this case, the membrane works differently. The wind, falling into long and narrow pores, begins to join and does not pass through.

What is the advantage of pore membranes? They "quickly" begin to breathe, that is, they bring evaporation, as soon as you start sweating (provided that there is a difference in partial pressures of water vapor inside and outside the jacket. That is, when there is a driving force).

What are the flaws? This membrane quickly "dies", i.e. loses its properties. Pores of the membrane are clogged, which strongly reduces breathable properties. With incorrect washing, the jacket can start leaking. Especially much this deficiency can manifest themselves if you are not a special amateur to care for your own things (use special DWR sprays, detergents for membrane tissues, etc.).

Membrane combination- everything is very cool. This system is: the vertex fabric is coated from the inside of the pore membrane, and over the pore membrane there is still a thin coating (i.e., a non-fried polyurethane membrane film). This magic tissue has all the advantages of pore and barbecue membranes, avoiding flaws. But for high technology it is expensive to pay. Very few firms use this membrane in their products ...

How does the membrane "work"?

If you have become the owner of membrane clothes, then you should not put it on a cotton t-shirt and start on a double-per-degree frost. So the membrane does not "work." The point is to keep warm inside, withdrawing moisture to the outside and not allowing it to be absorbed into clothing.
The classic protection scheme for moisture and cold consists of three layers elements, and the membrane is just one of them, the latest.

First layer of clothing - It is thermal underwear (special thin clothing, which retains the heat separated by the body). Cotton should be avoided, as he greedily absorbs moisture, and, therefore, no matter what heat can not be.

Second layer - Woolen clothing (with an admixture of synthetic fabrics reducing moisture) or clothing made of artificial materials like fleece (FLEECE) or polyartec (Polartec). It is important that the second layer is voluminous and delayed heat.

Only third, outer layer - Thin membrane jacket.
If the frost is weak, then you can do only to the first and third layers, which will ensure you mobility and mobility.

And finally, it is important to understand, due to which the moisture will be discharged out. Due to the difference between air pressures under a membrane jacket and outside. Therefore, if you try to sit without moving in a snowdrift, hoping for a "magic" membrane, there is a real chance to thoroughly catch a cold. However, this does not mean that it is necessary to wear as a reflective, waiting for the pressure difference, so that the membrane "earned". It is enough just to move more or less (just in case: walking is also a movement).

Characteristics of membrane fabric

It is possible to characterize the membrane not only by structure and the principle of operation (with or without pores), but also for its two main parameters: waterproof and ability to produce steam.

Water resistance(or waterproof), WaterProofness (waterproof millimeters, mm waters. Art., Mm H2O) - the height of the water column, which the membrane (tissue) can not withstand. In fact, this parameter indicates the pressure of water withstanding without blowning. The higher the water resistance of the membrane, the volume of more intense precipitates can withstand, without letting the water through itself.

Parp permeability (g / m2, g / m2) - the number of water vapors that can miss square meter Membranes (fabrics). Other terms are used: Moisture Vapor Transfer Rate (MVTR), Moisture Permeability. Most often indicates averaged, over a long period of time, the value G / (M2.24h) is the amount of water vapor, which is capable of skipping a square membrane membrane (tissue) in 24 hours. What it is higher, the more comfortable clothes.

Basic level is usually 3.000mm / 3000g / m2 / 24 hours.
The mid-level membrane usually have characteristics of 8.000mm / 5.000g / m2 / 24 hours or so.
Waterproof fabrics high-class Usually at least 20.000mm water column, and breathable properties of at least 8.000g / m? / 24 hours.

About sickling svs

The proclinted seams allow you to avoid the penetration of moisture through the seams, and, as a result, feel dry and comfortable.
Inscription " all Seams Are Sealed "Means that all seams in this product are cocked.

If the label is written "Critical Seam Sealing", this means that only the basic seams are punctured in the product, which can turn into leakage in some places, and may not turn. It is worth noting that in products positioned by the brand as semi-city, this option is very acceptable (usually it is products with insulation). Here, every buyer is free to choose what he wants, and what is suitable for him.

Water-repellent coating - DWR

Look - the droplets on the fabric are not absorbed, but lie on the fabric, rolling into the balls! This is a DWR (Durable Water Reppelence) coating that does not allow water to pass even through the top layer of tissue (that is, soaked into it). On the fabric with a DWR coated water, rolls into the balls and easily rolls. DWR, by the way, the thing is not durable, and over time disappears (washed off), and wet spots appear on the tissue (when water contact). This does not mean that the product winks, as the membrane still does not miss the water, but some discomfort may be present. The resulting layer of water from above will not give membrane, no matter how cool it is. In addition, in pore membranes, in this case, it is possible to pass water through the membrane. Avoiding dying DWR will help you specifically designed tools with this DWR coating (Nikwax, Woly, Salamander), sold in stores selling extreme clothing.

Pros and cons of membrane clothes

Pros:

• it is light and comfortable: the child can move on the street and enjoy the walk, and does not sit in the stroller having the opportunity to move only head.
• you do not spend a bunch of nerves, stretching and fastening the next layer of clothing "Wheel"
• the child will not blow up while you dress up and go out.
• it protects well from rain and snow, durable and easy;
  again, your nerves are calm and do not run home after another fall in the puddle.
• she is not blown out by the wind and well assigns the body evaporation outward;
  it is suitable for both not very cold windy weather and frosty;
• under it you need to wear less clothes than usual.
• dirt is very easily removed, you can forget about washing every other day and choose bright colors.

Minuses:

• membrane clothes are quite expensive
• requires special care
• regarding short-lived
• clothing for it should be particularly selected;
• not suitable for lovers of all natural.

Types of membranes

The best is the Gore-Tex microphoric membrane, developed in the 60s of the 20th century for astronaut suits. For ski clothing, as a rule, two-layer Gore-Tex, which is easier and softer than three-layer, from which they do, mainly jackets for tourism and mountaineering.

The waterproofability of the two-layer membrane is 15,000 mm, and the moisture extensibility is 12000 g / m2 / 24 hours.

Approximately at the same level with Gore-Tex holds the Triple-Point and Sympatex, Ultrex membranes, and other fabrics under the general name Hi-Pora. Their waterproof indicators are somewhat lower - about 12,000 mm, but this is quite enough to not get into the darkness even under heavy rain or snowfall. Breathe these membranes are also very good. Sympatex, besides what is used in pure form, is part of the Omni-Tech technology, which includes a membrane, a special water-repellent coating and windproof layer.

Much cheaper are CEPLEX and FINE-TEX membranes, which are now very actively used in the production of sportswear. The main disadvantage of Ceplex is its briefness.

If clothes with GORE-TEX, Triple-Point or Sympatex, with a neat handling, will last 4-5 years, then Ceplex rarely solves more than one or two seasons of active use and starts to glow. Fine-Tex, on the contrary, does not floss, but breathing a little better than polyethylene. But these membranes themselves and clothing with them cost an order of magnitude less analogues from Gore-Tex, Triple-Point and Sympatex.

Ceplex membrane is used in the production of VAUDE clothing.
The Fine-Tex membrane, Sympatex - in Bolik, COOLAIR brands.
Hi-Pora membranes - in Marks Commandor (Hi-Pora ™ / Evapara ™), Lowe Alpine (Triple Point Ceramic), Columbia (Sympatex)

Membrane, insulation, top tissue and weather conditions, summarize at the philistine level creating review on trademarks presented today in Ukraine.

Winter membrane clothes on average can begin to wear with + 5 + 7 OS (for non-fit children). The membrane overalls or a set dressed on the kid with the autumn rain or during the spring thaws will save the nerves of mom (but not surrounding) and will give a lot of joy from communicating with water. If the active comes in the pool is not expected - quite enough fabric with impregnation DWR.

Very nice if the seams in the product are punched. Reima TEC (for non-fit children, if the child is active and not denier - it is better to do demi-season clothing), Huppa (a jacket without insulation on the fleece or with the insulation of the insulation 80 g, trousers on the fleece). Under the overalls - minimum of clothing, ideally, the thermal power. For, as practice shows when there is a lot of puddles, the baby is difficult to walk inactively.

When the thermometer shows 0 ... -5 OS, you can either add 1 layer, or change the upper clothes. As an option - Reima TEC (you can add a fleece blouse or blended mouse), HUPPA (jacket without insulation on a flies or with a patronage of insulation 80, 130 g, pants on a fleece or semi-overalls 100 g), lenne (products with a number of insulation Not more than 150 g), Bambino, TCM, H & M.

The temperature -5 ... -15 ° C was suitable for Reima TEC (under the overalls it is desirable to make a thermal shell or other layer and fleezing jumpsuit), HUPPA (jackets with insulation pitch 130, 160, 200 g, semi-overalls 100 g, jumpsuit 200 g), lenne ( Products with insulation 150 g, 330 g), at below -10 OS, you can dress down the down jacket (O`Hara, Chicco, Geox) or overalls KIKO, DONILO, Gloria Jeans, Lemmi, Shalun, Gusti, Bambino, TCM, H & M.

15 OS and below - many moms at such a temperature cancel walks. If you do not belong to such - take care that the child does not sit on the street in place (then the fur coat will help little), and, it means, it was not dressed in thick clothes and could move freely.

15-20 OS are not scary if the baby will ride a hill, sculpt a snowbabo, play snowballs (do not believe - try yourself!). Reima TEC (not to everyone depends on the child), HUPPA (jackets with heaters' number 130, 160, 200 g, semi-overalls 100 g, jumpsuit 200 g), lenne (products from 150 and 330 g insulation), down jacket (o`hara , Chicco, Geox), Jumpsuits Kiko, Donilo, Gloria Jeans, Lemmi, Shalun, Gusti, Bambino, TCM, H & M.

These recommendations are suitable for small pedestrians. If the baby walks, but still goes to the wheelchair - you can, spent it for walking, in the wheelchair to take it into an envelope. Then the carriage will not leave, and, running, not backwave.

For the kids of the first year of life, the fusion overalls are well suited - Huppa (200 g), Lenne (baby models or overalls transformers), down jackets (Chicco), overalls KIKO, DONILO, Gloria Jeans, Lemmi, Shalenny, Gusti, sheepskin overalls. You can also choose more easy options, but in the stroller put the fur envelope, and walk on health ...

Read on this topic:

Children's membrane clothing HUPPA
www.masipony.org.ua.

2010 UAUA. Copying article is prohibited.

The modern world offers a huge selection newest technologies and developments in various fields, and often these innovations can be used in completely different areas.
One such example is the membrane - the material that was originally used only by manufacturers of clothing and equipment for tourists, athletes, that is, for those who deal with extreme weather conditions, large physical exertion, and who needs equipment with certain properties.
And today, membrane fabrics are widely used in the light industry for sewing ordinary outerwear, including children's.

Types of membrane

What is the membrane? The membrane is a high-tech material with high waterproof and while preserving the ability to "breathe". Membranes are two species: hydrophores and hydrophilic.

Hydrophore Membranes have many microscopic holes, so-called pores. Pores are many times less than a drop of water, so moisture cannot penetrate inside. And at the same time, the water molecule in the form of a pair is freely overlooking the membrane.

The membranes of this type are sensitive to mud, which simply clogs the pores, and over time they can be arched, which negatively affects their properties. But such membranes are better than others breathe.

Hydrophilic The membranes are a cloth to which a film is applied to the thermal method that does not pass into the inside. At the same time, the fabric remains breathing, since, thanks to the free chemical bonds, the molecule of evaporating moisture is transmitted, as in the conveyor, from the inside of the film to the external. Dirt and foreign substances on such a membrane do not affect its vapor permeability, the ability to breathe and waterproofing.

Caring for hydrophilic membranes is easier, but the record indicator is lower than that of hydrophores membranes.

How do membranes work in practice?

It is important that us and the more our children in clothes were comfortable. When we talk about comfort, we mean the microclimate - a thin layer of air between the skin and clothing. It is comfortable for us when the temperature of this layer is about 32-34 degrees, and the relative humidity is 40-60%. Any deviations are noticeable.

Different factors can affect the microclimate: weather conditions, properties of clothing, physical activity.

"Cold wind penetrating through clothes, displaces a layer of warm air around the skin. Clothing from membrane fabrics is irreparable, and this property allows you to stay outdoor in the" minus "weather and do not freeze.

With exercise, our body allocates moisture, simply sweats. If this moisture does not take place in a timely manner, it covers the skin of the film and begins to cool down alone and warm at the active movement, causing discomfort. The membrane does not give moisture to linger inside the clothes, but displays evaporation outward, providing the right microcirculation and supporting low humidity and temperature.

Thus, the membrane allows us to maximally save the usual microclimate, namely, the temperature is about 33 degrees and humidity of about 50% - unchanged. Regardless of the temperature of the external environment and the level of physical exertion. Therefore, in the heat, and in the cold in membrane clothes, we feel comfortable.

How to wear a membrane?

For normal operation, the membrane requires compliance with the following rules:

1. Clothing under the membrane It must be from synthetic or mixed fibers (synthetic content of at least 10-20%), or wool. Remember that excess moisture should be discharged from the body, and, for example, 100 percent cotton is hygroscopic, it absorbs sweat, causing supercooling. Panties can be left cotton.
2. Layout: The first layer is underwear, the second layer is insulation, the third layer is the actual membrane clothing. Lingerie, as we have already found out, should be from synthetics or with the addition of synthetics. It can be a special thermal underwear or just turtleneck and tights. Also allowed underwear from 100 percent wool - for lovers of natural fabrics, the benefit of the market is now presented products from gentle, non-cozy wool.
   Warming: At a temperature of minus 5-10 degrees, we begin to warm up, it can be a jumpsuit of wool or a darous fleece. Membrane clothing: kit or jumpsuit. Everything!
3. Physical activity: The membrane works in motion. If you are engaged in winter sports or even just actively walk, then the membrane is your choice. To buy membrane clothes to children who spend most of the walk with sleeping in a wheelchair, probably prematurely. They will suit the down jacket or clothes with other insulation.

Benefits of the membrane

Membrane clothing has several advantages.

She is supports permanent optimum temperature About 33 degrees, so you can not fear that the child will overheat or freeze. Moreover, this temperature does not depend on how many degrees in the external environment - minus 20 on the street or plus 15 in the car. You can easily enter the shopping center or clinic, just remove the headdress.

Membrane clothing non-snuff At the expense of its properties and use of modern insulation. If earlier on the street kids in the coats and cotton pants it was difficult to move, now even those who have just learned to walk can easily move and actively know the world around.

Membrane clothing easy. This is relevant both for the kids themselves and for mothers who often raise children in their hands.

Enough to have one set of clothesEven if on the street dirt and puddles. First, you can be sure that by falling into the puddle, your child will remain dry thanks to the waterproof of the membrane. And secondly, coming home, it is enough to wash the evaporated clothing under the jet of water, if necessary, rub the sponge, and hang dry. The membrane dries very quickly. In addition, manufacturers of membrane clothing, in particular, LUHTA, design products so that the places that are subject to contamination (bottom of trousers, knees, bottom of the back) were made of the tissue of dark tones.

Membed care

The care of the membrane is easy, the main thing is to comply with simple rules.

• In order for your clothes to serve for a long time, first of all when washing and drying, follow the instructions applied to the product.
• Erase the membrane either on hand or in washing machine In the mode of delicate washing at a temperature of 30 degrees. Use special means for membrane clothes or any liquid.
• Strong pollution can be closed under the jet of water, losing a sponge.
• Before washing in a washing machine, check your pockets, button zippers and remove the product inside out.
• The membrane is erased without prior soaking.
• Do not use rinsing conditioners.
• After washing, the product is pressed manually, without twisting. Suppose a spin in a washing machine at the lowest revs.
• It is necessary to dry clothes in a straightened form at room temperature (in no case do not dry membrane clothes on the battery!).

Specifications of clothing for active sports resemble Chinese diploma. What is a "membrane", "Flis" and "Gorta"? Why do you need a thermal pack? How are "moisture resistance" and breathable properties of things? "SE Extreme" reveals the secrets of snowy clothes!

We were lucky, modern little men! We ride snowboarding and alpine skiing, making mountaineering, ecotourism, trekking and still God knows what, and for all this there is special clothes. These are not only jackets and pants, but also underwear, socks and shoes, when developing whose features of a specific type of activity are taken into account. At our disposal and membranes, and down jackets, and impregnations, and the anatomical pendants of the backpacks - which is not only. In general, everything is fine with us, even complaining sometimes: "I want not a two-layer, but a three-layer jacket, and that with pockets!"

If you look back and think about how before, people coped with the whims of nature, as they went, Mokley in the rain and snow, carrying their wealth in the backpacks "Grandfather Style", becomes somehow not in itself. Although some already do not remember that, except for tarpaulin jackets, telogging, sweaters and woolen socks, nothing. But, despite all the inconvenience, people always went to the mountains, conquered the vertices, skiing. The wisdom was alone: \u200b\u200bthe colder, the more you need to wear. Strong it was people, hardy and unassuming.

But then they are tired of this, and progress has begun in the field of fabric production suitable for active use in the open air. The development of special materials went full move: people began to break their heads over how to make fabric as easy and effective as possible so that it does not wet, it was not blocked, so much and moisture from the body.

One of the first, who succeeded in the case was Wilbert and Geneva Mountains, founded in 1958 Gore (W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc.). Wilbert (Bill) of the mountains of 17 years worked at DuPont, but then life went to another way, and the most private enterprise GORE appeared. Over the next 12 years, the company has achieved almost world recognition and occupied the leading position in the market. So the history of the membrane began.

What do the membrane eat?

So, let's try to figure out what the membrane (membrane fabric) is and with which it is eaten. Technically membrane is something like a special structure film, and membrane fabric is matter, in the structure of which this most special film is present. There is a global classification that allows you to divide all membrane fabrics into several types.

According to the structure of the membrane, there may be a non-free, pore and combined.

Boiled membranes They work according to the following principle: the evaporation of the body falls on the inside of the membrane, settle on it and through active diffusion are quickly moving to the outdoor side. The advantage of durable membranes is that they are durable, do not require careful care, working regularly in a wide range of temperatures. Such membranes are usually used in expensive and functional products. What is its disadvantages? At first, it may seem that clothes wakes, but this is the most evaporations that accumulate on the inside of the thing. That is, the bottle membranes begin to breathe slower, however, "clicking", they are sometimes superior to breathable properties.

Pore \u200b\u200bmembranes They work on another principle: water drops that fall on the membrane fabric outside, pass through the pores of the membrane inside can not, as these pores are too small. Accordingly, outside the fabric does not floss.

On the other hand, the steam molecules formed during the selection of sweat are freely outward from the inside of the membrane tissue. As a result, we obtain the waterproof of the membrane fabric outside the product and breathing (vapor-racing) properties from the inside. The advantage of pore membranes is that they begin to breathe "quickly": bring evaporation as soon as you start sweating. What are the flaws? This membrane quickly "dies", that is, loses its properties. With incorrect washing (especially with a spin!) The pores of the membrane are clogged, which strongly reduces breathable properties - the jacket can begin to "leak". This disadvantage can manifest yourself if you are not a special lover to care for your own things.

Membrane combination: The fabric of the vertex on the inside is covered with a pore membrane, and over the pore membrane there is another coating: a non-free polyurethane membrane film. This fabric combines all the advantages of pore and dumping membranes, while at the same time avoiding their shortcomings, a quiet "two in one". But for high technology it is expensive to pay. It is for this reason that very few firms use this membrane in their products.

In addition to the described division, there is a difference in the design of the material. According to the design, membrane fabrics are divided with supervaschlohy, three-layer and so-called "two-and-half"-layers. These words are probably familiar with snowboarders and skiers, as well as people who spend enough time in the mountains.

Two-layer fabric - This is a fabric on which the membrane is specially applied in a special way (usually white, but it happens transparent or with any other dye). In products, this fabric is always used with lining, since it provides due protection of the membrane from clogging and mechanical damage.

Three-layer fabric It looks like a fabric with a shallow grid with an inside. In fact, this is the fabric of the top plus membrane, plus a knitted grid glued into one structure using a special lamination technology. A knitted grid with an inside ensures the protection of the membrane both from mechanical damage and from clogging. Most importantly: in three-layer products, the use of lining disappears - one "cloth" remains, in which all three components are collected. As a result, we have: Megan's fabric, not constraining movement, a small amount of product and maximum functionality. The combination of these excellent qualities and explains the high cost of three-layer tissue products.

"Two-C-Half" -Lelar membrane fabric - This is a novelty in the market of modern clothes. It sounds not very in Russian, but correctly transmits the meaning of technology. As a rule, this is an ordinary two-layer membrane tissue, from the inside coated by the similarity of the protective spraying (foamed protective application in the form of pary, simply knitted vests, etc.), designed to carry out the function of the third layer, i.e., the protection of the membrane. Such jackets are obtained as easy as possible - they do not need a lining, and the weight of protection is much less than that of three-layer materials. But, as you can guess, it is not cheap from this fabric.

By the way, we have already mentioned Goretex, from which we started discussing the topic, is only a patented name of the membrane of a certain structure. For a long time, the company was almost a monopolist in the garment market for extreme, but now many distinguished and well-known companies produce no less respected membrane tissues. For example, Toray (Japan) (Dermizax, Entrant HB), Event (USA, produced in Japan), Unitika (Japan). These are leaders in the field of technologies for the production of membrane fabrics, which are used in their production leading world brands producing clothing and shoes for outdoor activities and sports.

There are two more important parametersFor which you need to pay attention to the purchase of pants and jackets for outdoor activities are waterproof and breathable fabric properties.

Waterproof - This is roughly speaking, waterproof pressure, which can withstand this tissue. A piece of fabric is placed in a special car, stretched, and a water pole under pressure is directed to it. The pressure gradually increase and look at what point on the back of the cloth will appear drops.

Indicators: 20.000 means that the fabric does not wet in storm conditions (strong wind, oblique heavy rain, snow); 10.000 - the fabric is withstanding heavy rain; About 5,000 - weak rain and snow; About 3.000 - drizzling rain and wet messenger.

Breathable properties Depend on the amount of steam that skips the fabric over a certain period of time (the unit of measurement "X grams per square meter of fabric for 24 hours" is adopted). A piece of fabric is also placed in a special car where evaporation is simulated, and after 24 hours, they look at how much moisture "took" the fabric. That is, the more digit, the greater the amount of moisture is given. For example, in expensive quality products, water resistance is usually at least 20.000 mm of water column, and breathing properties - at least 8,000 g / sq. m. / day. The average level membrane usually has the characteristics of 8.000 mm / 5.000 / square meters. m. / day or so.

The base level is usually 3.000 mm / 3000g / sq. M / a day, although in products from this type of fabric, there are not enough high characteristics of the membrane can well be combined with the presence of a large number of ventilation holes that allow you to adjust the temperature inside the product.

To ensure additional protection against external moisture there is such a thing as dWR coating. If you pour some water to the fabric, processed by DWR, then the droplets are not absorbed, and lie on the fabric, rolling into the balls! This is the result of the DWR (DURABLE WATER REPELLENCE) - coatings that do not allow water even through the top layer of the tissue (that is, soaked into it). DWR, however, the thing is not durable (it is applied in the production of clothing) and over time disappears (washed off). So in the future, wet spots may appear in the run during operation and contact with water on the fabric. This does not mean that the product winks, as the membrane still does not miss the water, but some discomfort may be present. The resulting layer of water from above will not give membrane, no matter how cool it is. In this case, water penetration is possible in pore membranes inside the product. How to deal with it? Avoid dying DWR will help specifically designed tools with this DWR-coating (Nikwax, for example), which are sold in stores selling clothing for extremals. If, after washing (or more often), apply to fabric, for example, Nikwax or other similar means, then the product will definitely serve longer than if not to do this.

After such an abundance of information, the question is logged in: "But how to care for membrane clothes?" Immediately, let's say that it is necessary to wash membrane things, but not as ordinary. It is impossible to use washing powders with a bleach and other aggressive substances - they clog and destroy the pores. You cannot use the machine spin - the membrane is spoiled from this, since the spin of its fine structure. It is impossible to ditch to dry cleaning and use bleaching. It is impossible to iron - the synthetic fabric of the top will melt, besides the membrane will damn! You can erase clothes manually with special means for washing membrane fabrics (Nikwax again); If the product is not too dirty, you can be caught by ordinary soap, and especially contaminated places to lose the brush. You can leave to dry on the rope. A dry product can be applied by a DWR of a sprayed sprayer. I would like to note that the DWR impregnation should be applied only to clean things, since when applying impregnation on the dirty material of the water-repellent effect you will not achieve. Washing specials should have an inscription on the packaging - "allowed for membrane tissues"! That's all the main secrets.

All of the above by and large belongs to the top layer of clothing. It was time to say a few words and about the middle, or lower, layer, and we can face with such materials, tissues and cunning terms when choosing such products.

To begin with - about Fleece. Fleece - This is a large group of fabrics that are made as follows: nodules are imposed on a truly strong woven base, then the other machine bursts them, and it turns out a pile that is tied to the base. It must be recognized that many are often confused in the concepts of Fleas and Polartec. Let your doubts: Polartec is just a brand producing a fleece. That is, a high quality fleece from Malden Mills is called Polartec. That's all the wisdom.

Why is the fleece recommended for active sports? Between the pile (from which, actually, the fleece is made), the air layer is preserved, which is known is the best thermal insulator. In addition, unlike natural fabrics (for example, cotton), a good fleece does not accumulate moisture, and provides the necessary ventilation during overheating and displays the condensate. This is one of the main reasons why the "Fliss" (Fleece sweater) is recommended to wear with active skating, especially in the mountains - a good fleece means heat, dryness and comfort. But note: the fleece will work in this way only under the condition that under it you put on a thermal underwear, and not a favorite cotton T-shirt, which, with all its glory, unfortunately, does not take moisture and immediately wet.

Fleece also come membrane and non-smashing. With non-emblems, everything is clear - there is no membrane in the structure of the fabric. Membrane fleems consist of of the three layers, "glued" into one.

Membrane Fleece

1. Soft Shell.Structure: top - durable fabric that does not absorb moisture and resistant to wear; Middle layer - membrane; bottom - fleece. In some cases, the membrane tissue structure may be absent, since it is not the main component in the fleece tissues. Abovelessness is achieved due to a special tight weaving.

2. Windbloc(Wind protection). Structure: the upper layer - the treated fleece fabric (antipiling, DWR), the middle layer - the membrane (sometimes instead of the membrane, the foam is used), the bottom layer is a flux that collects moisture and removes it from the body.

Non-smiled fleems

1. Nemmed Softshell- It is essentially "sandwich", two glued types of fabric. The top provides abrasion and gap strength, and the one is closer to the body, heats and removes evaporation by quick absorption.

2. Polartec Thermal Pro. - It is a warm, lightweight, moisture-repellent material consists of two layers. The outer surface, resistant to abrasion, protects against the wind and fine rain, and the soft lurry inner layer provides maximum heat insulation. At the same time, pairs of moisture from the body are unhindered outwardly. Thermal Pro from polyester fibers is very durable and dries quickly. In contrast to many dysfast tissues, the material retains its heat insulating properties and does not "roll" after multiple styrics.

3. Polartec Wind Pro.-Material with a more dense structure than thermal Pro, with increased wind protection characteristics.

4. Polartec 200 and a similar Fleece of other manufacturers- Soft and practically weightless material. It has excellent heat insulating properties. Unlike natural tissues, it does not accumulate, but removes excessive moisture from the body. According to thermal properties per gram of material Polartec 200 twice, surpasses wool and more than three times cotton.

The comprehensive all of the above, you can allocate the main properties of high-quality fleece:

• A long service life (retains its heat insulating properties for a long time).
• Thanks to a special anti-filling coating, the pile does not roll in hated rollers even after multiple styrics.
• Fleece does not average, has a pleasant to the touch structure.

Fleece, like the outerwear (for example, for riding), also requires special care. It can be (and you need!) Wash - manually or in a washing machine. If your hands, then ordinary soap in warm water at a temperature not higher than 40 degrees. If in the car, then at the same temperature using the "Big Wash for Synthetic Tissues" mode. Clothing from the fleece will serve longer if it is washed using special gentle detergents, and then rinsed in a solution that restores water-repellent properties (for example, Nikwax Polar Proof). Fleece can not be ironed and dried in a washing machine or on the battery. Percehable on the rope or on a hanger - clothes dry and save a decent look.

How is all the above to apply in ordinary life and why is it all necessary for? If you ride on a snowboard and skiing, then you probably know that the conditions of riding in the mountains and in the city are always different. The classic is considered the "cabbage" option of clothing. The first layer: Thermal underwear (special fitting sweaters and pants type "training") + socks for riding (and not ordinary woolen). Second layer - fleece, the third - outerwear (pants jacket or jumpsuit) plus cap / helmet, mittens / gloves. Depending on the weather, the set may vary. The meaning is that all the output technologies work only together, and if you wear a sweater and your favorite t-shirt under the membrane jacket, then there will be no sense from the membrane. And when everything is right, then everything is dry and comfortable. And what else do you need a person?

And a little about money: as we said, good quality requires a good investment of funds. If you are not immediately ready to spend a serious amount on clothes, start with a smaller - buy things in parts. For example, at the beginning of the season, get thermal underwear, then the fleece, and after "break" on the membrane things. Dress up correctly and do not frill!

What other inscriptions can meet on the label? Rip Stop. - This is the name of the fashion weaving method, which in its structure resembles a grid or cell. That is, in this texture, both thin and thick threads are used, which allows you to make durable and at the same time light material. Twill weaving - This is a pleasant to the touch smooth material, which has excellent strength characteristics. Resist Techno Soft Shell- Material related to the class of membrane fleece. The last word in the field of high-tech fabrics from the SoftShell - Resist Techno Soft Shell series is an absolutely new material that provides comfort when riding and exercising active sports, perfectly saves heat. In addition, this fleece is essentially working as thermal underwear - actively assigns evaporation at intensive loads and maintains heat. Tkan. Windbloc.- combines the heat-insulating and "breathable" properties of the fleece and wind and moisture resistance of the outer layer. Membrane outer surface blocks wind; The inner layer of tissue takes excess moisture.

Pumps are aggregates that are widely used in various industries, as well as when solving some tasks in everyday life. There are a large number of varieties of this type of instrument. Among the most sought-after and practical use - membrane pumps. Their popularity in Russia is growing. What are the features of their design? What are the benefits such pumps have? What should be taken into account in the process of their operation?

How pump works

What principle does the membrane pump work? The scheme is as follows. This device consists of two cavities placed one opposite the other. They are divided by a membrane - very flexible, but at the same time a solid plate. One cavity is filled with air, the other is liquid. Between them, in turn, there is a distributor that affects the membrane so that it moves back and forth with a small amplitude.

As a result, a certain amount of fluid is supplanted from one cavity, and to another - absorbed. When the membrane occupies the opposite position - the substance is moving in a horizontal plane - due to the presence in the design of the unit of special valves. The membrane pump, thus, functions on the principle of displacement of the substance - as, however, and the instruments of the piston type. But in the latter, as a rule, there are no flexible details like the membrane. The aggregate manufacturing circuit guarantees high stability of the device.

By virtue of the design features, the camera of the membrane pump is practically not polluted. In this regard, this kind of instruments during practical exploitation behave more reliable than traditional piston. Well, membrane pumps are coping with water pumping, fluids with increased density and viscosity, as well as suspensions.

Design materials

The pump membrane is usually manufactured from rubber or flexible and especially strong varieties of steel. In turn, the device's housing is usually performed from corrosion-resistant materials and chemicals (if the corresponding specificity of their involvement is intended). The supplied liquids or suspensions are sent to the pressure pipe, which is most often also made of rubber or PVC.

Advantages of membrane pumps

The membrane pump has several advantages. First, it is an exceptional simplicity of execution (in most technological implementations). As a rule, in the units of this type, rotating parts and engines are not provided. Those mechanisms that lead pumps in motion are not technologically complex instruments. As a rule, modern membrane pumps - with an electric drive, a fairly simple design, with a pneumatic system, and even the manual stroke at all. Secondly, these aggregates work with a minimum probability of failure - in fact, this property is due to the simplicity of the design. The membrane pump is a device that will last long. Thirdly, these devices are very easy to install and install, are not demanding on storage conditions and transportation. Temperature, air humidity and other factors ambient Practically do not affect the functionality of pumps.

Technological performances

The aggregates are about being different. Among the most common - pneumatic pump. The membrane unit of this type works without the involvement of an electric drive, another kind of complex transmitting devices and equipment elements. Such a device is especially convenient from the point of view of transportation. Among other notable properties are the absence of noticeable heating, as well as tightness, which in some cases allows the use of the device under water. As we noted above, there are membrane pumps with an electric drive. They are also sufficiently common due to versatility (they are adapted to most elanets used in Russia), high productivity, moderate price. There are also pumps driven by hydraulic drive.

Thus, the main criterion of instrument classification is the type of motor. In general, the principle of operation of the device of each species is the same: the membrane (or, as it is also called, the diaphragm) bends under the influence of a mechanical engine, air (if it comes to a pneumatic actuator) or water (using the hydraulic system), as a result of which the movement of the flow Substances. In some pumps, there are two membranes. It affects compressed air, as a result of which it bends, promoting the feed substance to the output valve. At the same time, on the plot where the second membrane is located, a vacuum is formed, into which, by virtue of natural physical patterns, the substance is absorbed. And so with each drive movement. Two membranes in this case combines the mechanical shaft. Also in the pumping of the substance, air valves acting automatically participate. Thus, two processes occur in the pump - suction (when the first membrane cuts the air when moving from the walls) and the discharge (when the second diaphragm transmits the pressure of the pneumatic flow into the liquid, which has time to get into the housing, thereby providing the movement of the substance to the outlet). Pressure indicators in the rear wall area of \u200b\u200bthe membrane, which produces fluid, and the one that is located on the entrance section is thus equal. Often an aggregate, which is in question, is of a different name - "vacuum pump". The membrane mechanism is in all technological implementations of the device. The reason for this is its simplicity and, at the same time, high efficiency. As for the two-paved pumps - they are usually pneumatic.

Criteria for the effectiveness of pumps

Based on which criteria for membrane type pumps are estimated in the aspect of efficiency and quality of work? Experts allocate the following set of parameters.

First, the pump pneumatic membrane (or the one that is equipped with an electric drive) should work smoothly without the need for repair, additional setting, lubrication and other procedures that require costs of production resources.

Secondly, the aggregates of this type must be environmentally friendly. In principle, this criterion is complied with respect to most modern models of membrane pumps. Not so many devices functions, for example, on gasoline or gas.

Thirdly, it is desirable to have a workable and easy-to-use system for regulating the speed and volumes of served substances. That is, the pump should not work only in "Enabled" and "turned off" mode. It is necessary to be able to adjust the intensity of suction under the type of substance and the task solved in production.

Fourthly, the design of pumps should be such that in the case of ingestion of the cavities of solid items, it did not lead to mechanical damage to the device and its breakdown.

Also, some technical experts consider it important to have a system of protection against voltage jumps (if it comes to electrically drivers), as well as efficiency - regarding the same type of instruments.

Scope of application

There are several classes of devices that are discussed. There is a dosage membrane pump, manual, vacuum - and all of them are successfully used in various industries. As a rule, this industry is oil and gas, food, paintwork. Chemical, as well as construction. Gradually, the instruments are mastered by private individuals - in farms, for example. Miniature devices become quite popular. In particular, some of them can consume quite a bit of electricity (despite this, in the hands of the user there will be a full-fledged membrane pump) - 12 volts. This kind of instruments are often used by summer houses for constructing watering systems or a small water supply. Reviews of many landfill owners characterize small household membrane pumps solely from a positive side.

Put these mechanisms, especially those adapted to the use in industry, can a variety of substances - water, liquids with higher density and viscosity, as well as those that allow solid inclusions (depending on the device modification, their allowable size varies from millimeters up to several centimeters). Some models are adapted for pumping chemically aggressive substances.

Dosing pumps

There is a subtype of the units under consideration - dosing pumps. Membrane mechanisms in them, in principle, the same as in conventional devices of the type, however, the range of their purpose is usually more narrow. Many models of devices are adapted to work just like chemically active substances - when there is a need for their periodic dosage.

What are the features of their design? Membrane dispense pumps are usually precision, having exceptional body tightness. Their performance (intensity of pumping substances) is very flexibly adjustable. At the same time, in modern models, options are provided with the task of the necessary parameters - both in the mode of the current operation of the unit and during the pre-configuration. Depending on the design and technological type of the device, this can be done manually or using the drive elements.

Among the remarkable features of dispensers pumps are special ease of maintenance. In particular, they are usually designed in the form of blocks - this causes simplicity and minimal need for labor costs when assembling or mounting devices. Such pumps are usually equipped with valves adapted to the effects of harmful environments. This is especially important, since these elements are fairly sensitive.

The dosing type of device has a sufficiently large number of moves (movements) - about 100-150 per minute. In this case, you can customize the amplitude - in modern models it can be done using an interval of 0-100%.

In some cases, the specificity of production involves the use of "hybrid" model of instruments. Namely: may require a membrane-piston pump. It combines the advantages of the diaphragm, as well as the "classic". Consider the specifics of the aggregates of this type.

Features of membrane-piston pumps

As such, the vacuum pump (membrane), by virtue of the design features, is not always designed to treat substances with high density. In addition, according to some technical experts, its efficiency is not always optimal. Therefore, it is advisable to use a pump with signs of both membrane and piston. This type of device is in many cases working with higher efficiency and reduced energy consumption.

In addition, the scope of membrane-piston pumps is usually wider than the diaphragm. In particular, they can be used not only for pumping liquids, but also to move slims, in filter presses, as part of the design of spray dryers. Some hydraulic membrane piston pumps can also be used in the mining industry, in the CHP, in the ceramic industry, in metallurgy. Thus, devices of this type, possessing the advantages of both membrane and piston options, in many modifications are more versatile. That is, if the diaphragm devices are more adapted to pump liquids (with a certain percentage of solid inclusions), then "hybrid" may well cope with the movement of substances in which, in turn, the concentration of insoluble elements may be higher.

At the same time, this type of aggregates are usually much more expensive than piston or diaphragm individually. However, with proper optimization of the production process, costs can paint themselves. In addition, energy consumption, due to the more efficient efficiency of "hybrid" pumps, less - at least in this part of the cost of business will be reduced. Also, by virtue of the structural features of membrane-piston pumps, the wear of parts on them is often lower than when using diaphragm devices.

How to choose a pump?

Based on what criteria should choose a membrane pump (if we are talking about a hybrid type device)? Key settings that can talk about the performance of instruments of this type, as follows:

Pressure on the outlet valve (in most cases, the minimum indicator should be 60 bar - but it all depends on the proposed area of \u200b\u200busing the pump);

Suction height (preferably not less than 4-5 meters);

The intensity of the supply of the substance (measured in the cube meters per hour - the variation of the recommended parameters is very different - from 0.5 to dozen units, it all depends on the target device);

Distance of pressure transmission (the duration of the pipe, according to the substance - at least 50 meters);

Compressed air pressure (as a rule, in the range of 0.2-0.6 MPa, but other values \u200b\u200bmay be);

The permissible range of the temperature of the pumped substances (as a rule, 0-80 degrees);

The diameter of the holes at the inlet and outlet, as well as where the air is supplied (indicated in centimeters or in inches - usually for imported models);

The limit diameter of solid inclusions (may vary from a few millimeters to centimeters).

At the same time, the classification of pumps and the spectrum of their purpose is so extensive that the selection of optimal parameters when this kind of device is selected, will always depend on the specific scope of their application.

disadvantages

The advantages of the device under consideration is abounding. This versatility is to use a membrane pump for water and a large number of other liquids with different physical properties. This environmental friendly - as a rule, drives without exhaust and gases are used in the design of the devices. This is a latitude of technical performance - there is an electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, manual membrane pump. But it should also be said about the shortcomings that are characteristic of the aggregates of this type.

First, the membrane or the pump diaphragm is all the time in motion. This eventually leads to their wear - they become less sealed, and then they are out of order. But, as a rule, modern manufacturers of equipment are attached to the supplied set of several spare membranes, and if they are completed - you can always order new ones. For example, NWM firm, supplying its flagship product - Vacuum membrane pump (NWM specializes in such devices), complement the sets of spare parts.

Secondly, due to the intensity of operation, the valves of the devices also wear out. Also, in some cases, they may be damaged by solids, which are present in the supplied liquids. However, they can be replaced.

Some difficulties in the operation of pumps may be due to the periodic appearance of steam plugs at the time of fluid absorption (if there is a treatment of substances for which the high pressure of the vapor is characterized - for example, methyl chloride).

At the same time, the marked three drawbacks are compensated by high maintainability of the pump, as well as the ease of replacing the wear parts. In addition, to minimize the likelihood of damage to membranes and valves, simultaneously with the aggregates (and in some cases - in the composition of their design) various kinds of damping devices can be used, designed to smooth out the pulses arising from the diaphragm movement. Anyway, membrane pumps are preferable to use more than their traditional counterparts. The economic profitability of many industries is often predetermined by the ability to use such aggregates.