Appeal- This is a word or phrase that names a person (less often - an object) to which the speech is directed.

1. The address can be expressed in one word or one word.

One-word appeal can be expressed by a noun or any part of speech in the function of a noun in the nominative case, non-single-word treatment may include words dependent on this noun or an interjection about:

For example:

Dear granddaughter, why did you rarely call me?

Waiting for flight from Sochi, go to the arrivals area.

Again I am yours, about young friends! (the name of A.S. Pushkin's elegy).

2. The address can be expressed by a noun in the form of an indirect case, if it denotes a sign of an object or person to which speech is addressed.

For example: Hey, hat, are you extreme?

Appeals can be expressed in special, descriptive phrases, which stand out as ordinary appellations-names: - Hey on the scow!- said Reg (Green); - Hey, who is stronger there come here, to the gate(P. Kapitsa).

3. Personal pronouns you and you, as a rule, do not act as addresses: they perform the function of a subject if they have predicate verbs.

For example: If you, the reader, love autumn, then you know that in autumn the water in the rivers gets bright from the cold Blue colour (Paust.) - the appeal is reader and the pronoun you combined with the verb you love.

Pronouns you , you can take the function of a call in the following cases:

but) in constructions with a separate definition or attributive clause: You, third from the edge, with a shock on my forehead, I don't know you. I love you!(Vozn.); You, whose wide greatcoats resembled sails, whose spurs and voices rang merrily, and whose eyes, like diamonds, left a mark on your heart - charming dandies of the past(Colored);

b) when used alone, usually with interjections hey, well, eh and etc.: Eh, you women, women! Gardening your heads(Cool.); - Eh, you! And are you not disgusted to sit next to Chebuhaika? - he throws on the go(Cool .); Shit, you! She's not your servant anymore(M.G.); - He has a headache, - Bayev sympathized with his heart. - Eh ... you. Residents!(Shuksh.);

in) as part of other requests: My dear friend don't be ashamed ...(Fad.); My dear(Shuksh.).

The address is grammatically unrelated to the offer, it is not a member of the offer.

Punctuation marks when referring

1. Appeals are usually highlighted (or separated) by commas, and in case of special emotional stress - by an exclamation mark after the appeal.

For example: Congratulations, comrades, on a safe arrival(Paust.)

- Don't go, Volodya, - Rodion said.(Ch.).

Goodbye, it's time, my joy! I'll jump off now, guide(Paste.) ... Calm down, wind. Don't bark, water glass(EU). See, comrade sighted, by the lake in the drain(Ascension).

Vocal intonation is enhanced if the address is placed at the end of a sentence.

For example:

- Hello, brothers! - he said(H);

Goodbye to the outskirts! Life is a change of ashes(Ascension).

2. Multiple accesses are separated by commas or exclamation marks.

For example: " My dear, my dear, my torment, my longing ", - she read (Ch.); Goodbye, my happiness, my short-lived happiness! (Kupr.); Proletarian! Poor brother... When you receive this letter, I will already be on departure.(Ch.).

Union-linked appeals and are not comma separated.

For example: Cry tavern violins and harps (Vozn.)

3. If after the appeal there is a definition or an application, then it is isolated; such a definition is perceived as a second appeal.

For example: Grandpa, dear where have you been? (Disp.); Miller, dear, stand up. There are lights on the shore! (Paust.).

4. Parts of a dismembered appeal are singled out separately, each on its own.

For example: Hear me good hear me beautiful, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Is.); O, my neglected, thank you and kiss you, hands of the Motherland, timidity, friendship, family (Paste.).

5. If the appeal ends with an interrogative sentence, then a question mark is placed after it.

For example: Hear Dmitry Petrovich? I will come to you in Moscow(H); When will Kara-Ada finally be, captain?(Paust.); What's with you, blue sweater?(Vozn.); Did you pray at night, birch? Did you pray at night? thrown lakes Senezh, Svityaz and Naroch? Did you pray at night Cathedrals of the Intercession and the Assumption? (Ascension).

6. Particles oh oh oh and others standing in front of the appeals are not separated from them.

For example: Oh my darling my tender, beautiful garden ! (Ch.).

- Prosh, and Prosh! - called Prokhor Abramovich(Plat.).

Ah Nadia, Nadya, we would be happy ...(OK.).

Oh whirlwind, talk to all the depths and hollows(Paste.).

About the bunch of vengeance! I blew it in one gulp to the West - I am the ashes of an uninvited guest!(Ascension).

Oh youth, phoenix, fool, a diploma covered in flames!(Ascension).

O beloved deceptions, delusions of infancy! On the day when the meadows turn green, I have no deliverance from you(Sick.).

7. If, however, an interjection appears before the appeal (unlike a particle, it is accented), then it is separated by a comma or an exclamation point.

For example:

- Ah, dear Nadia, - Sasha began his usual afternoon conversation(H);

- Hey, three octopuses for thread, go get the bolt! - Since that day, Zakhar Pavlovich was called by the nickname "Three Osmushki under the Carving"(Plat.). The word o (in the meaning Oh ): O, my lost freshness, a riot of eyes and a flood of feelings (EU).

Interjection (as a call to attention) can itself act as an appeal.

For example: Hey watch out! Arrange a closure!(Ascension).

- Hey, be careful there! - shouted Stepakha(Cool.)

Where to? What are you? Hey!(Shuksh.).

8. After the address, which is a separate vocal sentence (the sentence-address, that is, a one-part sentence in which the main and only member is the name of the person who is the addressee of the speech), an ellipsis or an exclamation mark is put - single or in combination with an ellipsis.

For example: - Miller! - Shatsky whispered(Paust.); Anya, Anya!(H); - Sing! .. - Lyalka again in the window(Shuksh.);

- Mother ... And mother! - he called his old woman(Shuksh.); - Brothers ... - he said quietly, and his voice broke(Paust.).

Calls and punctuation marks with them

Not only knowledge of introductory words can be required in task B5. Sometimes graduates are offered write out the numbers denoting commas when addressing.

Appealis a word or phrase that names the addressee of speech (person or object):

This labor, Vania, was terribly huge (N.A.Nekrasov). The phrase in this sentence is Vania.

The main function of the appeal is to induce the interlocutor to listen, to draw attention to the message, therefore, names, patronymics and surnames are often used as an appeal: Really, Marya Ivanovna, do you want to leave us too? (A.S. Pushkin) The following also serve as addresses: names of persons according to the degree of relationship; names or nicknames of animals; the names of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature, usually personified in this case; geographic names. All of us in communication Will help the appeal! You can safely turn to people, animals or birds! Only, friend, do not forget, Place the commas!

The role of address in a sentence is usually performed by a noun in the nominative case or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (adjective, participle, etc.): You are very busy, Pavel?(N. Ostrovsky); Let me go, dear, wide open space (N.A.Nekrasov).

The appeal can be disseminated in explanatory words: Your labors a friend of mine, I will not forget (I.A.Krylov).

When speech is addressed not to one, but to several persons, the names of these persons are usually connected by a compositional union. AND. Either a comma or an exclamation mark is placed between them, for example:

Vanya and Petya, I will write to you. Mother! Dad! Come here soon!

The appeal can be repeated: Oh, nanny, nanny, I miss (A.S. Pushkin).

The appeal is not associated with other words in the sentence either a subordinate or a compositional connection, therefore is not a member and is not included in grammatical basis (i.e can never be subject).

Compare examples, in one of which the word grandmother is the subject, and in the other - the address:

1) Grandmother speaks to me in a whisper (M. Gorky) - subject.

2) I love you, grandmother(M. Gorky) - appeal.

The appeal can be located at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence:

My friend, we will devote our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!

Hold, comrade, dry powder.

How slow-witted you are nanny!

The personal pronouns YOU and YOU usually do not act as an address: they perform the function of a subject: Do you love autumn?

The address is pronounced with a special (vocative) intonation: increased stress, pause: separated by commas.

If the appeal at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with an exclamation intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it, the word following the appeal is written with a capital letter: Old man! Forget about the former ... (M.Yu. Lermontov).

If a common appeal is placed in parts between the members of the proposal, then each part is separated by commas: Jacob, pick up brother, curtain (A.P. Chekhov). Split, clever, you are wandering head?(I.A.Krylov)

Interjection expressions are not addresses and are not separated by commas: Lord have mercy, God forbid, God forgive, God glory to you, etc.

The appeal can be accompanied by expressions of affection, reproach, condemnation, etc. This attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor is expressed using intonation, evaluation suffixes, definitions and applications, for example: Stepanushka, dear, don't give it out cute!(I.A.Krylov) Neighbor, my light please eat! (I.A.Krylov)

Sometimes appeals are expanded into extensive characteristics; in these cases, when addressing, there may be several definitions:

Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove, alone in the wilderness of pine forests for a long time, you have been waiting for me for a long time (A.S. Pushkin).

The appeal, as already noted above, is possible not only to persons, but in poetic speech and to inanimate objects: in this case, it is one of the methods of personification. Thanks, dear side, for your healing space! (N.A. Nekrasov) Friend of idle thought, my inkwell, you have decorated my monotonous age (A.S. Pushkin).

Algorithm for the task B5

("Write down the numbers denoting commas when addressing"):

1) If in task B5 it is required to write out the numbers denoting commas when addressing, make sure that the word or combination of words you have found is pronounced with a special (vocative) intonation and names the person to whom they are speaking: addressing is possible not only to persons, but also to inanimate objects.

2) Remember that the address in a sentence is usually a noun in the nominative case or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun.

3) Do not forget that the appeal can be distributed in explanatory words and be a combination of several words.

Appeal in Russian

319.

The concept of treatment

The appealis a word or combination of words that names a person (or object) to which speech is directed. The appeal spreads the sentence, but is not a member of it (i.e., it does not perform the function of a subject, predicate, or minor member).

The appeal can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence, for example: Sergey Sergeyich, is it you! (Gr.); Don't sing, mower , about the wide steppe!(Kolts.); Do not laugh ahead of someone else's misfortune, dove! (Cr.).

Depending on the place occupied in the sentence, the appeal is more or less intonationally highlighted. The so-called vocative intonation (pronouncing an address with increased stress) is fully inherent in an address that is outside the sentence (in front of it), for example: Old man! I have heard many times that you saved me from death(L.). In this position, the appeal can form a special appeal-proposal (vocal proposal) if the appeal forms the entire utterance and if the speaker not only names the person to whom the speech is directed, but expresses various shades of thought or feeling in intonation - reproach, fear, joy, etc. etc. For example: - Faith! Faith! - said Raisky in horror, stretching out his hands to her to prevent her(Hound.).

The address at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with a weakened vocative intonation, for example: Neighbor , stop being ashamed!(Cr.).

For calls in the middle of a sentence, double intonation is possible: either the intonation of the introductory (lower voice, accelerated rate of pronunciation), or exclamation intonation, if the address is highlighted, for example, by adding a particle to it. For example: a) Why, the field , did you become silent and overgrown with the grass of oblivion?(NS.); b) But I don’t want to die, oh friends! (NS.).

We also observe a double intonation in the addresses at the end of the sentence; usually, such addresses are poorly distinguished in pronunciation, but can have an increased stress if they appear at the end of an exclamation or interrogative sentence. For example: a) And you should change your life darling (Ch.); b) What are you working on now, Garth? (Paust); Hello to you, people of peaceful labor, noble workers! (Pan.).

The role of appeals is most often played by proper names, names of persons by kinship, social status, profession, less often this function is performed by the names of animals or the names of inanimate objects.

The appeal may have the purpose not only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, but also to express the attitude of the person of the speaker towards him. For example: Stepanushka, dear, don't give it out, dear! (Cr.); Leisure for me to sort out your guilt, puppy (Cr.).

Usually appeals are used in oral dialogue, as well as in language fiction when transmitting direct speech. In addition, appeals in oratory and business speech are widely used.

320.

Ways of expressing appeal

The natural form of expression is a noun in the nominative case that performs a noun function. In the Old Russian language, for this purpose, the vocative case was used, which in modern language sometimes used for stylistic purposes, for example: What do you want older? (NS.). Very rarely, words that are not in the nominative case act as an address, if they call a sign of the person to whom speech is addressed, for example: Hey, in a white kerchief , where can I find the chairman of the cooperative? Such constructions arise as a result of skipping the call you (cf .: Hey, you, in a white kerchief ...).

The address can be expressed by other parts of speech, if they act as a noun. This includes adjectives and participles, much less often numerals and pronouns. For example: Good, beloved, dearwe live far from each other(Pinch.); ... use life, living (Beetle.); - Great, sixth ! - I heard the thick calm voice of the colonel(Kupr.); Well, you , move, or I'll fire your butt!(N. Ostr.).

The personal pronouns of the 2nd person are more often included in the special turnover, which acts as an address and contains a qualitative assessment of the person; the pronouns you and you are in this turnover between the word being defined and the definition. For example: Why are you such a duchess,you are my beauty? (A. Ostr.).

In order to enhance emotional expressiveness, the word-appeal is repeated, for example: O field, field! Who littered you with dead bones?(NS.). Sometimes a particle is inserted between repeated calls, for example: - Master, but master! - suddenly uttered Kasyan in his sonorous voice(T.). This heightened appeal expresses a strong desire to get an answer.

Although the appeals are not members of the sentence, they are characterized by grammatical homogeneity, which is expressed in the possibility of a compositional connection (union or non-union) between them, as syntactic elements that perform the same function in a sentence. Homogeneous calls are in two cases:

1) if the adjacent appeals are the names of the same person or object, for example: Father, father, benefactor! Clap! (T.);

2) if the appeals are the names of different persons or objects, for example: Hello, the sun and the morning is cheerful! (Nick.).

One should not confuse homogeneous treatment with a combination of treatment and a stand-alone application with it. So, in the sentence I greet you,desert corner, a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration(P.) vocative intonation is inherent only in words desert corner; combination of the same a haven of tranquility, work and inspiration pronounced with an intonation of isolation and acts as a separate application. If, in the above sentence, pronounce with intonation isolation and the words desert corner, then they will also have to be considered as a separate appendix to the word you, and there will be no reference in this sentence at all. Wed a similar ambiguity in the sentence I love you, Peter's creation! (NS.).

When addressing someone, we name our addressee. This word, as we call it, is called an appeal in Russian. Sometimes it is expressed in several words, between which punctuation marks or conjunctions are placed. Also, often in a sentence, a phrase acts as an appeal. Examples: " Mother, I love you. Mother and father, you are the most dear people to me. Dear Mom, I love you".

What words is the appeal expressed

Expressing emotions

Feelings of joy and sadness, rage and admiration, affection and anger can express conversion. Examples show how emotion can be conveyed not only by intonation, but also by means of suffixes, definitions, applications: " Nadenka, don't leave us! Do not think, pathetic fanfare that scared me. Nightingale, my light how sweet you sing! "

Vocative sentences. Common references

The phrases can be very similar to the so-called vocal sentences. These sentences contain a semantic connotation. But it has no appeal. Examples of a vocal sentence and a sentence with an appeal: "Ivan! - she said with despair. / We need to talk, Ivan ".

In the first case, we are dealing with a vocal sentence, which contains a semantic coloring of supplication, despair, hope. In the second case, it is just an appeal.

Examples of sentences in which this speech component is common demonstrate how verbose and detailed the address can be: " The young maiden who loosened her braids and parted her lips for a love song, you will dream me. You, who spoke of fame and freedom, who forgot all their promises do not expect mercy. "

In colloquial speech, common appeals are dismembered in the sentence: "Where, nice, you go, Human?"

Address and speech styles

In literary and colloquial speech, "Do not torment me, you, sadness-longing! Where are you taking me track stitches?"

The use of particle constructs is quite common for calls. O... If this particle is used with a pronoun, it is usually accompanied by a definitive clause: " Oh you, who recently answered me with a grin, have your eyes dropped? "

Particle Handling but are more common in colloquial speech: " Masha, and Masha, where is our porridge? "

Place of reference in the sentence

The address can be at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence: " Andrei what happened to you yesterday? / What's the matter, Andrei what happened yesterday? / What happened to you yesterday Andrei?"

Appeals may not be part of the sentences, but used independently: " Nikita Andreevich! Well, why aren't you coming? "

Punctuation marks when addressing

The appeal, in whatever part of the sentence it may be, is always separated by commas. If it is taken out of the structure and is independent, then most often an exclamation mark is placed after it. Here are examples of a sentence with an address separated by punctuation marks.

• If an appeal is used at the beginning of a sentence, then a comma is placed after it: " Dear Natalya Nikolaevna, sing to us! "
• If the appeal is located inside a sentence, it separates from both sides: "I recognize you, cute, by gait ".
• If the address is placed at the end of the sentence, then we put a comma in front of it, and after it the sign that the intonation requires - a period, ellipsis, an exclamation mark or a question mark: "What did you eat for dinner, children?"

And here are examples in which the appeal is outside the sentence: " Sergey Vitalievich! Urgently to the operating room! / Sweet Motherland! How often have I remembered you in a foreign land! "

If handling is used with a particle O, then the punctuation mark is not put between it and the address: " Oh sweet garden, I breathe in the scent of your flowers again! "

Rhetorical appeal

Usually appeals are used in dialogues. In poetic, they participate in the stylistic coloring of the message. One of these stylistically significant is rhetorical appeal. We see an example in the famous poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "The Death of a Poet": "You, a greedy crowd standing at the throne, Freedom, Genius and Glory executioners!" (This, incidentally, is a sample of a common address.)

The peculiarity of a rhetorical address is that it, like a rhetorical question, does not require an answer or response. It simply enhances the expressive message of speech.

In the Russian language, there are many rules that make it easier to work with spelling. Some of them are associated with the correct spelling of letters, others with punctuation marks. Today we will look at such a thing as an offer with an appeal. What is a conversion? How does it stand out? How is it combined with other words in a sentence?

General concept of treatment

The address is either a single word or a group of words that indicate the subject to whom speech is addressed in the text. For example: "Polina, give me pudding and a cup of tea for my tea."

As a rule, a sentence with an appeal is distinguished by intonation. If you read this, you will immediately understand who it is addressed to. For example: “Ivan Karlovich, you have a bite. Get the fishing rod out quickly. "

In more detail, in oral speech, the appeal is usually distinguished by raising and lowering the voice. That is, if one word acts as an address, then its first syllable has an increase in voice, and the next - its lowering. If the address is presented in several words, then the voice is raised on the first of them, and on the last - the voice is lowered.

Where can an appeal appear in a sentence?

The address is always in the nominative case and is a noun. If we talk about its position in the text, then it can stand in the sentence:

• at the beginning;
• in the middle;
• in the end.

Where is the appeal: examples

For example: “Svetlana, your pies seem to be burnt. Something is smoking in your kitchen. " This sentence with an appeal clearly shows that the appeal - "Svetlana" - is at the very beginning of the phrase.

Another example: "Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich, there is an article in today's press about you." As you can see from this sentence, the appeal is located in the center of the utterance. In this case, the address will be “Alexey Kondratyevich”.

For example: “How late you told me about the exam, Slavik. I will not have time to prepare for it. " This sentence with an address (with the word "Slavik"), as you can see, stands at the very end.

How does the appeal stand out in the proposal?

As it becomes clear from the examples, references are highlighted with punctuation marks. Moreover, if it stands at the beginning and is calmly pronounced, then on the one hand it is highlighted with a comma (a punctuation mark is placed after the address). If it has a similar arrangement, but is pronounced with a special feeling, then an exclamation mark is placed after it. For example: “Friends! We are glad to inform you of good news. Starting tomorrow, we will have two days off a week. "

Please note that after Friends! are highlighted with an exclamation mark, the next word begins with a capital letter.

If the address is in the middle of a phrase or sentence, it is separated on both sides with commas. The previous sentence with the address ("Listen, Alexey Kondratyevich ...") clearly demonstrates this.

The address at the end of the sentence is highlighted with a comma on one side only. In this case, a comma is placed before the reference.

What is the purpose of using inversion in a test?

Typically, referral sentences are used to grab the attention of a person. In addition, it is with the help of appeal that you can demonstrate your attitude towards a person. For example: “Honey, pay attention! I have been walking under the window for the second hour. Open the doors. "

In literature, it is often possible to refer to an inanimate object by means of a reference. For example: "Tell me the wind, how can you feel the need for communication and love?"

Sometimes there are interesting proposals with appeals. In particular, we are talking about sentences in which not one, but several references are used at once. For example, “Let’s, my darling, Martyn Petrovich, find a place to sleep for today”.

The address itself is not a member of the sentence, but it can have words that depend on itself. For example: “My dear friend and devoted comrade! Much depends on your decision today. " Moreover, in the first part of the text (before the exclamation mark), we see the appeal "Friend and Comrade", which is bordered by additional words.

The appeal can refer to one or several subjects at once. In such cases, "and" is inserted between these references. For example: “Kolya and Igor, today is your turn to be on duty in the classroom. Remove trash and dust from bookshelves. " In this case, the address is “Kolya and Igor”.

In addition, appeals can be repeated in the same sentence. For example: "Lena, Lena, are you not ashamed ?!"

Often you can see the interjection particle "o" before the call. For example: “Do not despair, about others. Everything will be alright!"

How proposals with appeal are isolated in business letters: examples

When compiling business documents, references are also used. As a rule, they are written separately from the rest of the text and are highlighted with an exclamation mark. For instance:

Dear users of the Internet provider "XXX"!

The company "XXX" LLC reminds that from 20.07.2015 to 21.07.2015 it carries out preventive work. In this regard, the Internet will not work.

At the same time, pay attention to the fact that our address already includes the word "respected", therefore, it is not separated by commas. Another example:

Hello dear subscriber!

Firm "UUU" is pleased to inform you that you can now pay for our services without commission in your personal account.

In this example, you can see that the "dear subscriber" is acting as a reference. In this case, "hello" is not included in the appeal. It is a bright predicate and therefore is distinguished with a comma. Such offers with an appeal (you can see examples in our article) clearly demonstrate the location of appeals in business letters.

How are messages with introductory words written?

Introductory words are sentences or phrases that add a special shade of modality to the text. Moreover, they refer either to certain members of the proposal, or to the proposal as a whole. In addition, water words can convey uncertainty and confidence, as well as other feelings (joy or sadness, admiration). Example of introductory words: “We will certainly deliver on the promise of raising your wages next month".

Introductory words, which are separated by commas, can be used in sentences along with calls. Here is one example of a sentence with hits, introductory words:

It seems, Ivan Petrovich, in this case you have absolutely no command of the question. We will have to turn to a more knowledgeable person.

In this example, “it seems” acts as the introductory word, while the reference here is “Ivan Petrovich”. In this case, the introductory word is at the beginning of the sentence and, therefore, is highlighted with a comma on one side. The second comma in this text refers to our address.

Here's another example, where the introductory word is at the beginning, and the address is in the middle:

It looks like your game has been lost, dear friend.

Examples of what introductory words can convey:

How does the appeal feel in the neighborhood of interjections?

In the Russian language, there are sentences with appeals and interjections. Recall that interjections are a certain part of speech that serves to endow expressions and sentences with any emotions. Interjections include such short words as: "Oh!", "Ah!", "Fathers!", "Ay!" - and others.

If, together with an interjection in a sentence, there is an address, then the first is highlighted with an exclamation mark, and the second - with a comma or commas. For example: “Alas! Ivan, Makarovich, your letter was handed over with a messenger yesterday. "

If the sentence contains the interjection "o" and it comes before the appeal, then the exclamation mark is not put. For example: "Oh, gods, how can you spend your hard earned money ?!"

In addition, often the address can stand next to an interjection, and then a comma and an exclamation mark are not placed between them. For example: "Oh you, but I had a better opinion of you."

In conclusion, we will say that the appeal gives the proposal a special sound. It goes well with both similar and other parts of speech. Now you know how to write sentences with appeals and introductory words, as well as with interjections.