Nestor Makhno, whose biography still interests, - legend of the Civil War. This man entered the story as Batko Makhno, that is how he signed many important documents. Interesting facts from the life of the leader anarchist movement you will learn from this article.

Nestor Makhno: biography, family

To understand which events were predetermining in the fate of the legend of the Civil War, it is worth paying attention to the first years of the leader of the leader anarchists.

Makhno Nestor Ivanovich, whose brief biography will be set forth in this article, was born in a village called Guliaipol, which is now located in the Zaporizhia region, and earlier it was Ekaterinoslav province.

The future leader of the peasants of the rebels was born on November 7, 1888 in the family of Ivan Rodionovich and the housewife Evdokia Matreevna. According to one version, the present surname of the hero of our audience is Mikhnenko.

The parents of the boy, raising 5 children, was still able to give their siblings education. Nestor, graduating from the church-parish school, from seven years already bared on the fellow villagers, who were cooled. A few years later, he worked as a worker at the cast-iron plant.

Start of revolution

Nestor Makhno, whose biography began to change dramatically with the beginning of the revolution, in 1905 he was enrolled in the group of anarchists, which was repeatedly seen in the gangster disassembly and terrorist operations.

In one of the skins with the police, Nestor killed the guard of the order. The offender was caught, and for the commission of such a bold crime was sentenced to death. Saved Nestor, only the fact that at the time of court he was still a minor guy. The death penalty was replaced by 10 years cautious.

Time, not spent in vain

It should be noted that Nestor Makhno, whose biography received a new round, did not lose time in prison. He actively began to engage in self-education. This was facilitated not only to communicate with mohawned experience with the models, but also a rich library under a correctional institution.

If you get to prison, the young criminal demanded that he was planted for prisoners serving a sentence on political reasons. Anarchists entering the Circle of Cameras finally formed his attitude towards the vision of the future life of the country.

After liberation

The February years helped Northar to get out of the last time. Wrought by the acquired knowledge, Makhno goes to his homeland, where he soon heads the Committee for the Rescue Revolution.

According to the calls of the participants of the Committee, the peasants were to fully ignore all orders of the Provisional Government. They also initiated decree on the division of land between peasants.

Despite the above-mentioned actions, the October Revolution Makhno perceived with contradictory feelings, because he considered the Bolshevik authority to antikrestian.

Military disassembly: who is who?

When the Germans occupied Ukraine in 1918, the head of anarchists headed his own rebel detachment, who fought against the German occupiers, and against the Ukrainian government, which was headed by Hetman Scoropadian.

Becoming the leader of the rebel movement, Nestor Makhno, whose biography began to grow new interesting facts, enjoyed great popularity among the peasants.

After the fall of the power of the Sprofadsky, the Government of Petlyura came to the change, Makhno concludes a new agreement with the Red Army, where he undertakes to fight against the directory.

Feeling yourself with a full-awake owner of Guliapol, Nestor Makhno often performed the initiator of the opening of hospitals, workshops, schools and even theater. Idyllo violated Denikin's capturing Gulyuipol with his troops. The hero of our narration was forced to start a guerrilla war.

With his military actions, Makhno helped the Red Army prevent the penetration of Denikin's troops to Moscow. When the latter were completely eliminated, the Bolsheviks declared the troops of Bati's mahunno outside the law. He played his role.

This wanted to use General Wrangel. He suggested ataman anarchists cooperation, but Makhno refused. When the Red Army, trying to defeat Wrangel, felt the need for help Makhno, the Bolsheviks again offered him another agreement. Nestor Makhno agreed to it.

During the above-mentioned military events, Makhno, having considered one of the orders of the red command by the trap, ceased to obey. This was the fact that the Bolsheviks began to eliminate his partisan detachments.

Falling from the pursuers, in 1921 Nestor Makhno, a brief biography of which changed again, with a small squad of like-minded Romanian border.

last years of life

Abroad, Makhno fled along with his combat wife Agafy Kuzmenko. Romanians, not thinking, passed to the Polish authorities, who had deported them to France over time.

The last years of life Makhno looked, working with a handyman. Living in Paris, Nestor has released several propaganda brochures. His family life was also unhappy, with his wife they lived for a long time.

The head of anarchists aged 45 years from Tuberculosis died. He was buried in the Cemetery of Per Lashez.

Name: Makhno Nestor Ivanovich

State: Russian empire

Field of activity: Army, politics

The greatest achievement: He headed the movement of anarchists. In the years of the Civil War, they fought on the side of the White, although he did not share their views.

The beginning of the 20th century in Russia was marked by the coming changes in the life of the state and citizens. Of course, no one could imagine that the powerful empire will interpret the war with Japan, then take part in the First World War, and at the end of the autocracy falls under the pressure of two revolutions of 1917 - February and October, and then the bloody civil war. It was they who presented the fading empire of many prominent politicians who started their way as revolutionaries. One of them is Nestor Makhno.

The beginning of the way

Nestor Ivanovich Makhno was born in the village of Gulyai-Field in Ukraine on October 27, 1889. In addition to him, four sons and daughter grilled in the family. A year after the birth of Nestor, father died. When the boy was seven years old, he began his work path on the farm, causing cows and sheep belonging to farmers. In adolescence, Nestor changed several professions - he was both the seller in a merchant shop, and workers in the painting workshop, even managed to work on a cast-iron plant.

In 1906, at the age of 17, Makhno entered the organization "The Peasant Group of Anarcho Communists". So he first met revolutionary ideas and imbued with them completely. This union was aware that it terrorized all the walk-field. For members of the group began a series of arrests. I did not escape this fate and Nestor Makhno. His first arrest is associated with illegal storage of weapons - then the future revolutionary was easily separated. He was released. However, non-worm could not be stopped.

Soon he is accused of killing prison guards, which was kept. Then followed violent death from his hands of a large local official. For these crimes, Makhno sentenced to the highest punishment - hanging. But due to the young age (at the time of the commission of crimes he was 19-20 years old) the execution was replaced by an indefinite cata machine. Makhno transport to Moscow, to the relieved department of the legendary boty.

At first, Nestor was sitting in a single chamber, then he was set up to a famous Anarchist Peter Arshinov at that time. We can say that Arshinov became Makhno teacher. He introduced a young comrade on misfortune with the doctrine of Bakunin and Kropotkin. She described the details and tasks of anarchic movement, starting from the mid-19 centuries. It should be noted that the theses proposed by Bakuuni and Kropotkin became a kind of travel star for Makhno, who sought to remake old orders in the country and establish new, more fair (in his opinion, of course).

The government did not plan to let me go to freedom, but fate ordered otherwise - in 1917, after renounce the emperor, all political prisoners, including Makhno, were freedom. The revolutionary himself recalled: "There can be no doubt that the liberation of all political prisoners from prisons was conducted with the help of workers and peasants who came to the streets with a protest. The royal government, supported by the aristocracy, sought to strengthen these prisoners in raw dungeons to deprive the masses of leaders who could lead them to a fair protest against the state arbitrariness. However, the revolution put everything in its place. Protesters workers and peasants were free. And I am one of them. "

After the liberation from prison, Makhno did not delay in Moscow and returned to his native village, where he became the chairman of the Council of the Peasants and Workers. However, not only the economic issue was occupied by the young revolutionary - along the way he created a gang from the same desperate thugs, like he, to sleep from the face of the earth an aristocracy in those lands. From now on, his partisan journey begins.

Makhno becomes the leader of Ukrainian revolutionaries

In early 1918, Russia takes an attempt to get out of the war. She marks himself. Then, immediately, the German army occupied the territory of Ukraine. Nestor understood that it was necessary to survive the enemy from his native lands, but his "army" was too weak and unorganized at the proper level to provide decent resistance to the Germans. Makhno hides in the forests, and then comes to Moscow.

Here, the Ukrainian revolutionary meets the leader of the Bolsheviks. The leader of the proletariat did not give warm feelings and sympathies for anarchists, considering them more destroyed. However, it was not agreed with this interpretation with this interpretation - in his opinion, anarchists were realistic and understood what to do to improve life in young Soviet Russia. Returning after a few months to Ukraine (which was still held by foreign interventions), Nestor starts the robbery raid on the estate and land of local aristocrats.

Under his black banner (symbol of anarchy), many partisan detachments were united. In the villages they did not meet resistance, they were given horses, food. Their attacks were distinguished by suddenness and speed. If you managed to attack the military garrisons, the detachments used the ammunition of the intervention, to imperceptibly get into the mill enemy to find out about the plans or shoot to the emphasis.

About Makhno begins to walk stunning glory. Polymatographer of the Red Army in Ukraine, Isaac Babel, recalled that his squad was unfortunately. They could disguise under any resident. For example, a wedding procession moving towards a district executive committee could suddenly open fire. This explains the extraordinary popularity of Nestor - thousands of people joined his detachments.

Soon ended, and foreign legions left the territory of Ukraine. Nestor Makhno becomes a national hero. Among the inhabitants of the native village (and nearby territories), it was the opinion that the leader of anarchists invincible, he never was injured in battles. Although it was not true - in prison, he blew his health, sick tuberculosis. Then there were numerous injuries - serious and lungs.

Makhno and civil war

Despite the full and unconditional victory of the Bolsheviks in the revolution, the former aristocracy was not going to take their positions. So began the confrontation of the "White" and "Red" - civil war. Nestor played one of the key roles in it. In 1919, he concludes an agreement with the Bolsheviks on joint actions against the general. But Lenin did not trust the anarchists too much. Soon, the commander of the Red Army, the order of Arrest Makhno was given. In addition to fighting Denikin, Nestor confronted young. At first, luck was on the side of the Makhnovsky partisans - they were real professionals in confusing the enemy and notice the traces.

In 1920, Trotsky proposed to free all anarchists from prisons in exchange for helping Makhno against the general. But I could not restrained my word - after the victory over the "white" partisans were announced outside the law and were shot. Makhno, suffering from the Russian Academy of Sciences, tried to get to the borders of Ukraine. Finally, he succeeded - he was in Romania, where he was immediately arrested. The attempt of flight was successful, and Nestor moved to Poland, where he again fell into the authorities and imprisoned in Danzig. A little later, he was allowed to move to Paris.

Last years of life Makhno

The former Ukrainian revolutionary settled in the suburbs of Paris - Vensenena, but the long-awaited freedom did not bring happiness - Nestor missed her native village. He increasingly talked about the desire to return home to continue the struggle for equality and justice. The last years of the life of the Hero of the Civil War passed in poverty, obscurity. Nestor Makhno died from tuberculosis on July 6, 1935 and was buried at the Paris Leshas Paris Cemetery.

Nestor Ivanovich Makhno was born under Yekaterinoslav, in the sechali-field on October 27, 1888. Now Ekaterinoslav is referred to as Dnipropetrovsk. There were many children in the family, Nestor was younger. The family lived hard, they needed and hunger. Already in seven years, the boy went to the subpask, and then he worked on hiring.

To his youth 18 years joined the anarchists. To get money for revolutionary affairs, they made a discard. It was an attack on the postage carriage, and the bailiff killed Makhno. The banks were arrested, and the court sentenced to hang them. Waiting for execution, Nestor, he sat in the Summer Shoters 52 days.

He was sentenced to an indefinite cautor, t k was a minor. Friends executed. In a Butyrsa cable prison, Makhno closed into foot and hand shackles. Here he spent a long eight years and eight months. He argued with the authorities, for which he often fell into a cold carpenter, where he also had a tuberculosis of lungs.

He was freed, thanks to the February Revolution of 1917. Returned home in a gulya-field, met him with great reverence and elected the head of the local Council of the peasant deputies. Nestor immediately began to do, he decided to distribute the land to peasants, and not wait for the Constituent Assembly. And in the fall of 1917, the peasants of the village held "black redistribution".

The trouble came in the spring of 1918, the Germans took Ukraine. What to do? Makhno went to Moscow to consult. Meets with Lenin, Kropotkin and decided to return and start a guerrilla war. "We are peasants, we are humanity, we will fight any power that intervenes in peasant life," said Makhno.

Three hundred partisans led by Nestor, in December, Ekaterinoslav occupied in December, and met 1919. It was not possible to keep the city, just a few days launched partisans. When retired, many died. But the name Makhno became known to all Russia. For the year he managed to collect an army of 55 thousand peasants. On his black banner there were such words: "Freedom or death!".

Against the White Guards, Makhno fought uniting with the Red Army. For the capture of Mariupol in March 1919 he was awarded the Order of the Red Star. And his orders he signed an unusual - "Batko Makhno Combrigs." And yet, I did not want to fully join your army in the Red Army. He defended his independence.

At the congresses of the peasant councils of the Bolsheviks was less; The villagers were not allowed to themselves who took the grain. The Kharkiv newspaper wrote that the disgraces that work in the village of Guliai - the field must be stopped. And Leo Trotsky, everything that was happening called "Anarcho-Kulatsky Depravat". Makhno announced out of law, he himself wanted to resign, due to the current situation. But after arresting by the Bolsheviks of the members of the Makhnovsky Staff and the announcement of their execution, as traitors, he joined the fight against the Reds.

But at this time, so not by the way, the White Guards led by Denikin, pushed out the Red Army from Ukraine. It turned out that only "green" mahno opposed white. I had to manekly conclude an agreement with the Reds at the end of 1919. And in January 1920, he receives an order to go to war with Poland. Refused, but offered to fight somewhere closer. It was dangerous to leave a walk - the field. And he was again announced outside the law. Again, he leads a partisan war against the Bolsheviks. The discipline is solid, the order is rigid. No sooner said than done. Changed in the Bolsheviks, and the signs of the revolution, clapped the field office. As then, in the youthful years.

Makhno promised to discuss the autonomy of the free region of his village Gulyai - the field. For this, he signed an agreement with the Red Army on joint actions in the war against the Crimean army Peter Wrangel. Crimea was a trap for the army of Makhno, after the victory over the Wegel. There was an order to pass weapons, the commanders were shot. Makhno continued the partisan struggle. But the detachment was losing the number, people are tired of the warrior with everyone and against everyone. In the summer, Makhno wounded in the head. He visited several prisons in Poland, Germany. After such wanders, he found himself in France, where he died from tuberculosis on July 6, 1934.

Biography of Nestor Ivanovich Makhno! (All Zhyzn Batki.) There is a legend that on the priest, the cross of Nestor Makhno, from the flame of the candle caught fire. According to popular belief, it means that the robber was born, who did not see anything. Nestor Makhno was born on October 26, 1888. Father, Ivan Makhno, Kucher's one of Gulipolsky rich, recorded the date of his son a year later - so sometimes they did not give away the young sons in the army (fate: later the year ascribed a year saved his life). Ivan Rodionovich early died. "Five us, brothers-orphans, Mal Mala less, stayed on the hands of an unfortunate mother, who didn't have any cola or the courtyard. We vaguely remember my early childhood, devoid of ordinary games and fun, overshadowed by strong need and deprivations, in which our stayed The family, until they rose to the feet of the workers and did not earn earn money, "recalled Makhno in memoirs (written, by the way, in Russian - Ukrainian Mov Batka knew no matter).

The eight-year-old Nestor was given to school. The boy studied well, but at some point he was addicted to skates. He regularly collected books in the morning, but did not appear at school. Teachers did not see his weeks. Once at Carnival, Nestor fell under the ice and almost drowned. Upon learning of what happened, the mother "slept" the son of a bruised rope. After an execution, Nestor could not sit for several days, but he became a diligent student. "... I studied in winter, and in the summer I hired a sheep's mouth or calves rich farmers. During the thresholds, he drove away from the landlords in the Arbach of Wola, receiving 25 kopecks (in today's money - 60-70 rubles) a day."

At the age of 16, Makhno entered the black-worker to the Gulipolsky cast-iron plant, where he joined the theater circle (an amazing detail, in no way fit into our ideas about the life of the beginning of the century).

In the autumn of 1906, Makhno became a member of the Anarchist Group. After some time, he was arrested for the illegal storage of the gun (a reason was a reason: Makhno tried to shoot his rival of his jealous buddy), but they let go in the youngstall.

For year, the group made four robbery. On August 27, 1907, Makhno entered a shootout with guards and wounded the peasant. After some time, he was detained and identified, but the anarchists were empty, whether witnesses bribed, and they abandoned initial testimony. The young anarchist was released. The group made several killings. Nestor in these murders did not participate, but then did not particularly understand. The military field "Stolypinsky" court, in front of which the accomplices appeared, gave the gallows and not for that. Makhno saved sequisisy for the year and troubles of the mother: the death penalty was replaced by Katoroga.

For six years, he sat in a Butyrsa prison (for bad behavior - in the shackles). Here he learned to write poems, met with anarchist terrorist Peter Arshinov (Marina) and received a solid theoretical training, and not only in terms of anarchism: in conclusion, according to Makhno, he read "all Russian writers, starting with Susarokov and ending with Lv's sixth ". On March 2, 1917, Makhno and Arshinova liberated the revolution.

Nestor returned home and married the peasant of Nastya Vasetskaya, which corresponded, sitting in prison. They had a son who died soon. Marriage collapsed. Makhno was no longer to family life: he quickly advanced to the Gulipol Guide.

In the autumn of 1917, Makhno elected for the whole five public posts. How compatible anarchy with the elective leadership is compatible and where the face behind which the self-organization ends and begins, "mandeship of Oblos, Naughty ... Posovno" - the state for the answer, Makhno went to Ekaterinoslav anarchists and immediately understood that he did not come to the address. "... I asked myself: For what they took away from the bourgeoisie, such a luxurious atmosphere and a large buildingNN for what it is for them when here, among this screaming crowd, there is no order even in the cries that they allow a number of major revolution problems when The hall is not sweetered, in many places the chairs are tilted, on a large table, covered with luxurious velvet, slices of bread, herring heads, shedding bonesN "

Land in land were confiscated in favor of the "Labor Peasantry". In the vicinity of Guliapoli, the communes began to emerge (Makhno himself twice a week worked in one of them), in enterprises, workers' self-government was increasingly acquired. In December 1917, Makhno arrived in Yekaterinoslav as a delegate to the provincial congress of the Soviets: the folk aligns "were talked to each other and fought among themselves, pulling into a fight of workers."

In the meantime, the German and Austro-Hungarian detachments occupied Ukraine in accordance with the terms of the "pokhabny" of the Brest world. On March 1, 1918, they entered Kiev, in late April they took Gulipol. Makhno and several of his anarchist comrades went to Taganrog. From there, the future Batka went to the Volga region, and then - to Moscow.

The fact that Anarchist Makhno saw in the "Red" provinces, he was alerted. By the Bolsheviks, he regarded the dictatorship of the proletariat as an attempt to split workers. The impressions of the "New Moscow" in the summer of 1918 were even more strengthened, his in this thought. Neither a conversation with Sverdlovy and Lenin in June 1918 in the Kremlin, nor even a visit to the elderly prince Peter Kropotkin. "There are no parties," the Batka crushed in three years later, "... and there are a bunch of charlatans, which in the name of personal benefits and acute sensations ... destroy the labor people."

According to counterfeit documents, Makhno returned to Gulipol - to raise the uprising of the workers under the black banner of the anarchy. He was waiting for bad lead: the Austrians shot one of his brother, tortured the other, the hut burned.

In September 1918, Makhno gave the first battle invaders. He made raids on the rich German farm and estates, killed the Germans and officers of the army of the nominal ruler of Ukraine of the hetman of the Scopadian. The amateur of the bold businesses, once he, changed into the hetman officer's uniform, appeared to the name of the landowner and at the height of the celebration, when the guests drank for the capture of "Bandita Makhno," threw a grenade on the table. The surviving "guests" finished off bayonets. The manor was burned.

Shot, hanged, planted on the wrong, with severed heads, raped by thousands to go to the land of Ukraine. And all the guilty of this were: and the "civilized" Germans, and the "noble" white guard, and the red, and the rebels, koi besides Makhno, then a great set. Taking a gulyypol, white raped eight hundreds of Jeweks and many of them killed the most cruel way - the stomachs. The red was shot by the monks of the Spaso Mgarian Monastery. All ... at the station Orekhovo Makhno ordered a lively burning pop - in the steam-marine furnace.

Makhno was not anti-Semite. Anarchist can not be an anti-Semite at all, because anarchism is by nature of its international. With Makhno, individual rebels have rolled up the Jews, but mass pogroms - such as during white and red, - Makhnovia lands did not know. Somehow at the station Upper Tokmak Batka saw a poster: "Bay Jews, save the revolution, Long live to Batka Makhno." Makhno ordered the author to shoot.

The anarchists used popular support, because Makhnovtsy, unlike white and red, local residents, were not robbed (the ideas about Makhnovshchina as rampant of uncontrollable banditry - late ideological cliches). The authority of Makhno recognized the Atamans who were playing near Guliypol, for punishers he was unpacked. The squad of the detachment was a small mobile group, and the Bat's major operations convicted volunteers who walked to him. Having done the case, the men diverged through the huts, and Makhno with two or three dozen fighters disappeared - until the next time.

In the autumn of 1918, the government of the Scorpadian collapsed. The Nationalist directory led by Petlura came to replace the heterish region. The arms of the directory entered Ekaterinoslav and dispersed the local council.

When at the end of December 1918, the rebel detachment of Makhno and the Bolsheviks who agreed with him took Ekaterinoslav, the Bolsheviks were the first to do with the delegation of power. Robbery began. "I am the name of the partisans of all regiments," Makhno addressed to residents of the city, "I declare that all sorts of robbery, missing and violence will not be allowed at the moment of my responsibility before the revolution and will stop me at the root." In the emigration, Nestor Ivanovich recalled: "In fact, I am for robbery, as for violence at all, shot everyone. Of course, among the shot ... FIRST, to the shame of the Bolsheviks, everything is almost the face of the Bolshevik Bolsheviks, which The Bolsheviks themselves were arrested and crossed them with the Makhnovists. "

Under the new, 1919, Petlyurov parts were broken by the Bolsheviks and captured the city, but the district of Guliapol, where Makhno moved, could not take. Public attributes of Makhnovyi was built in strict accordance with the resolution of one of the Makhnov congresses that called on the "comrades of the peasants and the workers" so that "on the grounds themselves without violent decrees and orders, contrary to the fasteners and oppressants of the whole world, a new free society was built without sakers of Panov, without subordinates slaves, without rich, without the poor. "

Complete witness, Bolshevik Antonov-Ovseenko, reported "up": "Children's communes, schools, schoolpole are being established - one of the most cultural centers of Novorossia - here are three secondary educational institutions, etc. The efforts of Makhno are open ten hospitals for the wounded, the workshop is organized , releasing tools, and the locks to the tools are distinguished. "

Makhnovtsy Volgodo lived. The cultural consumer of the rebel army gave the performances, the grandiose drunks were regularly organized with the participation of the Bati himself.

The Bolsheviks this "enclave of freedom" did not like. Reports went to the "Center": "... The district is a special state in the state. All the forces of the left speakers, anarchists, relying gangsters and recidivists concentrated around this famous headquarters. The red wanted to subjugate the troops of Makhno and use them in the fight against the petturians and the White Guards. And the red, and the Makhnovtsy hoped at the case of destroying each other. In the resolution of the second congress of the Wall Councils of Gulipoli said: "Having covered the slogan" dictatorship of the proletariat ", the Communists of the Bolsheviks declared a monopoly on a revolution for their party, considering all dissenting counter-revolutionary."

Nevertheless, the Makhnovtsy entered the prompt subordination of the Red Army as the third rebel brigade and unfolded fighting against Denikin. However, the Bolsheviks deliberately held the Makhnov army on a hungry soldering, damping the most necessary. Moreover, in April, on the initiative of Trotsky, the propaganda campaign began against Makhnovtsev.

By sending an angry telegram Lenin, Trotsky, Kamenev and Voroshilov, in mid-June, Batka with a small detachment disappeared into the Gulipolsky forests. The red was shot by the lakes of Makhnovtsev and several prominent anarchists. In response, Moscow anarchists blew up the building of the Party City Mountain in Leontiev Lane (Lenin, who was supposed to come there, miraculously escaped death). A new phase of relations between the Bat and the Red - open enmity began.

On August 5, Makhno issued an order: "Each revolutionary doctor must remember that both his personal and nationwide enemies are the faces of a rich bourgeois class, regardless of whether they are Russians, Jews, Ukrainians, etc. The enemies of the labor nation are also those Who is guarding an unfair bourgeois procedure, i.e. Soviet commissars, members of punitive detachments, emergency commissions, traveling around the cities and villages and torturing labor people who do not want to comply with their arbitrary dictatorship. Representatives of such punitive detachments, emergency commissions and other folk bodies And oppressed, each doctor is obliged to detain and transmit to the headquarters of the army, and when resigned - to shoot in place. "

The troops of the Red Army, sent to catch the Bat, moved in mass order on his side. Having gained strength, Makhno began active fighting against white and red at the same time. He even concluded an agreement with Petlura, also fought with a voluntary army. Makhnovtsy, penetrating under the guise of merchants in Yekaterinoslav, for a whole week (and then secondly - for a month) seized the city, which, according to eyewitnesses, rested from permanent fear and ... robbery. Of particular popularity among the citizens, Batka has gained particular popularity when he personally shot several marauders at the bazaar.

Makhno tried to establish a peaceful life. Communes, trade unions were organized on the liberated territories, the production of the poor, production and goods were established. By the way, before, and then, newspapers continued to be published, allowing (unthinkable, it seemed, the case) criticized the Makhnov authorities. Batka firmly stood for freedom of speech.

Denikina had to shoot large forces against the rebels from the front (the building of General Slotheva - the very thing that became a prototype of Khludov in the Bulgakovsky "Run", giving a red lifefulness. In December 1919, Slaryzhev managed to knock out Makhnovtsev from Ekaterinoslav.

Makhno began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. But he was declared a gangster deserving arrest and execution. Baron Wrangel sent several times to the domestic delegates several times, but someone grabbed the red, and Someone executed Makhno.

Repressions that have collapsed on the residents of the province of the advancing parts of Wrangel, forced Makhno first stop the war with the Bolsheviks, and then unite with them. In early October 1920, the rebel representatives signed an agreement with the Bolshevik commander. The rebel army passed into operational submission of the Commander of the Southern Front Timur Frunze.

In Gulyaipol, the anarchists reached out again, which the Reds were released from their prisons. After the retreat of Wrangel in the Crimea for Makhnovia it was time for the respite. But she was short and ended with the defeat of the White Guards. In the decisive throw through Sivash, a four-thousandth of the rebels followed by the command of Makhnovka Karetnikov played the last role.

On November 26, 1920, Karetnikov was summoned to a meeting to Frunze, captured and shot, and his parts were surrounded. However, Makhnovtsy managed to knock off the barriers of the red and get out of the Crimea. From the fighters, a month ago, they left for the sink, back to Batka returned not more than half. A fight began not for life, but to death. Parts of the Red Army were thrown against the remnants of the army. They were now easier: the opponent remained alone, and the advantage of the forces was astronomical.

Makhno rushed across Ukraine. His days were considered. Almost daily picking up from the cakers, Makhno, with a handful of remaining fighters and the faithful wife Galina Kuzmenko broke through to the Dniester and on August 28, 1921 went to Bessarabia.

The rest of the life of Nestor Ivanovich Makhno spent in emigration - first in Romania, then in Poland (where he served in prison on suspicion of antipolsk activity) and in France. In Paris, Makhno actively engaged in the propaganda of the ideas of anarchism - played, wrote articles, published several brochures. At the same time, if health allowed, he worked physically - working on a film studio, sapozhnal.

The organism of Nestor Ivanovich was weakened by numerous wounds and soothed, from the royal cortic, tuberculosis. He also brought the Bat in the grave: Nestor Ivanovich died in the Parisian hospital on July 6, 1934. Whether the evil genius, whether the liberator of the Ukrainian peasantry, the cavalier of the Order of the Martial Red Banner, Anarchist Batka Makhno rests on the Cemetery of Per Lashez. In the second world widow of the Battiki and his daughter, first in the concentration camp, and then in the cellas of the GPU. After the death of Stalin, both they settled in Dzhambul. Catching daughter Makhno slightly was afraid - you never know ...

Nestor Makhno appeared in the village with the exotic name of Gulipol on October 26 (November 7) of 1888. Now this is the Zaporizhia region of Ukraine, then - Ekaterinoslav province. The father of the future famous leader anarchists was a simple cowger, the mother was engaged in household.

The family had five children. Parents tried to give children a decent education. Nestor himself graduated from church-parish school, but at the age of the age earned: bapticed on more wealthy fellow villagers. Subsequently, Makhno managed to work well on the cast-iron plant.

Nestor Ivanovich's biography sharply changed the revolution of 1905. He found himself in a group of anarchists, followed by robbery attacks and terrorist acts. In one of the clashes with representatives of the law and order authorities, Makhno killed a policeman. The criminal caught and judged. Makhno sentenced to death. From an imminent death, he was saved only by age: at the time of the crime, Nestor was minor. The execution was replaced by a ten-year-old cautor.

The young anarchist was in a Butyrsa prison. Here he did not lose time by back, but engaged in active self-education. This was facilitated by communication with experienced cemers and a rich prison library. In the chamber, Makhno was not with ordinary criminals, but with political criminals. The worldview of the young rebellion has formed prisoners-anarchists. Makhno appeared his vision of the country's development prospects.

Makhno during the revolution and civil war

Freedom Makhno came out after the February Revolution. The knowledge gained in the conclusion was wrapped in nonzero. He returns to his homeland and becomes at the head of the Revolution Salvation Committee. This organization urged the people to ignore the orders of the temporary government and proceed to the land section.

By the October Revolution, Makhno treated wary: he believed that she would infringe the interests of the peasantry.

In 1918, Ukrainian lands were occupied by the German army. Makhno made his rebel detachment and actively fought both against the invaders and against the government of Hetman Scoropads. Gradually, the head of anarchists won the location of the wide peasant masses.

After entering the political arena, Petlyra Makhno concluded an agreement with the Soviet government, committed to fight against the new Ukrainian government. Nestor Ivanovich felt himself a real owner of his land. He sought to establish the life of the people, opened schools, hospitals, workshops.

The position of anarchists has changed after the capture of Gulyypole by the troops of Denikin. Makhno deployed a real partisan war against the White Army and actually threw the promotion of Denikin's troops to Moscow. However, after the victory over the White Guard, the Bolsheviks declared Makhno with their enemy. He was outlawed. General Wrangel tried to use this by offering Batke's cooperation in the struggle against the "Red". Makhno did not go to this union. Moreover, he once again tried to Soviet power, when she suggested to fight against the remnants of Wrangel's troops. But this union was short-term and ended with the elimination of partisan detachments submitted by the leader of anarchists.

With a small detachment of associates and his wife Agafei, Nestor Ivanovich managed to move to Romania in 1921. Romanian authorities handed over the remnants of the troops of Anarchists Poland, from where Makhno and his comrades were deported to France. The last years of life Makhno spent in need. He had to remember what it means to be variable.

Nestor Makhno went away in Paris on July 25, 1934 at the age of 45. The cause of death has become tuberculosis.