Izba - Peasant log house, residential premises with a Russian oven. The word "hut" was used only in relation to the house, chilled from the tree and located in the countryside. It had several values:

• first, the hut is the peasant house in general, with all the surviving buildings and economic premises;
• secondly, it is only a residential part of the house;
• third, one of the premises of the house, heated by the Russian Spirit Outline.

The word "hut" and its dialectic options for "Chistiba", "Istiba", "the" exposure "," exposure "," express "were known in ancient Russia and were used to designate the premises. His huts cut into an ax from pine, spruce, larch. These trees with smooth trunks went well into the log house, tightly adjacent to each other, kept warm, did not rot for a long time. Of the same material, Paul1 and the ceiling were made. Window and door shoes, doors were usually made from oak. Others deciduous trees Used in the construction of the gap rather rarely - both by practical considerations (curves of the trunks, soft, quicklyeping wood) and by mythological.

For example, it was impossible for the cut. It was impossible to take Osin, because on it, according to the belief, Judas, who betrayed Jesus Christ. Construction equipment on the huge spaces of Russia, with the exception of her southern regions, was completely the same. At the heart of the house lay a rectangular or square log house with a size of 25-30 square meters. m, composed of horizontally laid one on the other round, purified from the bark, but non-shaped logs. The ends of the logs were combined without the help of nails in different ways: "In the angle", "in the paw", "in the hook", "in the hryat", etc.

Between the logs were laid for the heat of moss. The roof of the log house was usually made a double, three-tie or four-tie, and as roofing materials Used tes, duch, straw, sometimes reed with straw. Russian huts differed at the overall height of the dwelling. High houses were characteristic of the Russian northern and northeastern provinces of European Russia and Siberia. Due to the harsh climate and the strong moisture of the soil, the wooden floor of the huts lifted here at a considerable height. The height of a liner, i.e. non-residential space under the floor, varied from 1.5 to 3 m.

There were also two-story houses, the owners of which were rich peasants and merchants. Two-storey houses And the rich Don Cossacks, which had the opportunity to buy a terrain forest were built on a high basebox. Significantly lower and smaller in size were hung in the central part of Russia, on average and lower Volga region. The beams for the floor were handed to the second - the fourth crown. In the relatively warm southern provinces of European Russia, the lending horses were put, that is, the floor floorings were laid directly to Earth. The hub consisted usually from two or three parts: properly huts, both cages associated with each other into a single overall roof.

The main part of the residential building was hut (called in the villages of southern Russia Hatha) - heated residential premises of a rectangular or square form. The crate was a small cold room used mainly for economic purposes. Seni had a kind of unheated entrance hall, the corridor, separating the residential premises from the street. In the Russian villages of the XVIII - early XX century. Houses, consisting of hips, crates and Seine, were prevailed, but they often met at home that included only the hut and crate. In the first half - middle of the XIX century. In the villages began to appear built, consisting of Seine and two residential premises, one of which was hollow, and the other is a mist, used as non-residential, the front part of the house.

The traditional peasant house had many options. Residents of the northern provinces of European Russia rich in forest and fuel were built for themselves under one roof several heated premises. There already in the XVIII century. A five-lane was spread, often stood up-twins, crosses, hubs with ads. Rural houses of the Northern and Central provinces of European Russia, the Upper Volga region included many architectural details, which, having a utilitarian purpose, simultaneously played the role of decorative decoration of the house. Balconies, galleries, mezzanines, the porch smoothed the severity of the appearance of the hollow out of the thickness, which became gray from time to the logs, turning the peasant horses in excellent architectural structures.

Such the necessary parts of the roof design, like oven, seats, eaves, whims, as well as windows and shutters have been decorated with carvings and painting, sculpturally processed, giving hollows extra beauty and originality. In the mythological ideas of the Russian people, the house, the hut is the focus of the main life values \u200b\u200bof a person: happiness, wealth, peace, well-being. The hut defended a person from an external dangerous world. In Russian fairy tales, byilichki, a person is always covered by the unclean strength in the house, the threshold of which they are unable to cross. At the same time, the hill seemed to be a Russian peasant housing pretty poorly.

A good house assumed not only the hut, but also a few hillitary, centes. That is why in Russian poetic creativity, idealizing the peasant life, the word "hut" is used to characterize a bad house in which poor people deprived of fate live: Bobily and Bobills, Widow, Unfortunate orphans. The hero of the fairy tale, entering the hut, sees that it sits the "blind old man", "grandmother-tailoring", and then Baba Yaga - bone leg.

White hut - Residential premises of the peasant house, heated by the Russian oven with a pipe - in white. His stoves, smoke from the furnace, went through the pipe, got spread in the Russian village fairly late. In European Russia, they began to actively construct from the second half of the XIX century, especially in the 80-90s. In Siberia, the transition to white huts occurred earlier than in the European part of the country. They were distributed there at the end of the XVIII century, and by the middle of the XIX century. In fact, all the huts were heated with a stove with a pipe. However, the absence of white lords in the village until the first half of the XIX century. It did not mean that they did not know the chimney furnaces in Russia.

In archaeological excavations in Veliky Novgorod in the layers of the XIII century. In the collaps of rich houses there are chimneys from burned clay. In the XV-XVII centuries. In the Grand People's Palaces, Goromas Boyar, rich landing people had premises that were heated in white. Until that time, white huts were only rich peasants of suburban villages, engaged in trade, wrapper, crafts. And already at the beginning of the XX century. Only very poor people were treated in black.

Izba-twin - Wooden house, consisting of two independent log cabins, tightly pressed with each other side sides. The logs were put under one duscal roof, high or middle bought. Residential premises were located in front of the house, the general senses were attached to them, of which the doors were on the indoor courtyard and in each of the rooms at home. The logbs were, as a rule, the same sizes - three windows on the facade, but they could be muttered: one room had three windows on the facade, the other two.

The installation of two log cabins under a single roof was explained both by the care of the host about the family's comforts, and the need to have a reserve room. One of the premises was actually accustomed, that is, a warm, heated Russian furnace room designed for the life of the family in winter. The second room, called the summer, was cold and used in summer timeWhen the stuffing in the hollow, heated even in a hot, forced the owners to move into a cooler place. In rich houses, the second hoodie sometimes served as a parade room for receiving guests, i.e. with a hillside or a light.

In this case, there was an urban-type furnace, which was not used for cooking, but only to obtain heat. In addition, the hill was often becoming a bedroom for young marriage couples. And when the family has grown, then the summer hut, after installation in it, a Russian oven, easily turned into an exterior for the younger son, remaining and after marriage under the father's roof. It is curious that the presence of two log cabins set nearby, made the hip-twin rather durable.

Two log walls, one of which was a cold room wall, and the other - warm, set with a certain gap, had their natural and fast ventilation. If there was one between the cold and warm rooms general Wall, then she would condense moisture contributing to her fast booting. The twins usually built in places rich in forest: in the northern provinces of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia. However, they met in some villages of Central Russia with wealthy peasants engaged in trade or industrial activities.

Help Kurkayaor Black hut - Residential premises of the peasant log house, heated with a tube without a pipe, in black. In such huts, with a furnace furnace, the smoke smoke rose upstairs and went outside through the chimney in the ceiling. It was closed after going to the board or stuck with rags. In addition, smoke could go out through a small wolf window, carved in the front of the hut, if she did not have a ceiling, as well as through an open door. During the furnace, the oven was smoky and cold. People who were here at this time were forced to sit on the floor or go out to the street, as the smoke ate eyes, climbed into the larynx and the nose. Smoke rose up and hangs there with a dense blue layer.

From this, all the upper wints of the logs were covered with black resinous soot. Supplies that came out over the windows served in Kurknya hollow for sedimentation of soot and were not used to arrange utensils, as it was in a white hollow. To keep warm and ensure a quick yield of smoke from the hut, the Russian peasants came up with a number of special devices. So, for example, many northern huts had double doors that were published in the sen. Outdoor doors that fully closed the doorway, opened the lash. The internal, which had a rather wide opening, closed closely. The smoke went out through the top of these doors, and the cold air, which went to the bottom, met the obstacle on his way and could not penetrate the hut.

In addition, the smoke of the ceiling was suitable for the ceiling, a long exhaust wooden tube, the top end of which was decorated with through threads. To make a living space of huts free from the smoke layer, clean from soot and soot, in some areas of the Russian north of the huts made with high vaulted ceilings. In other places of Russia, many horses even at the beginning of the XIX century. At all did not have the ceiling. The desire to withdraw as soon as possible smoke from the offshore explains the usual absence of the roof in the Seine.

Kurtic peasant huts with rather gloomy paints described in the late XVIII century. A. N. Radishchev in his "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow": "Four walls, up to half covered, as the entire ceiling, sage; The floor in the cream, on the top of at least the swords; stove without pipes but best defense from the cold, and smoke, every morning in winter and summer filling horses; Occupas, in which stretched bubble rushing at noon passed the light; Pot two or three ... Wooden cup and crash, plates called; The table, with a fledged ax, which is scraped on holidays. Corto feed pigs or calves, you are, sleeping with them together, the swallow air, in which the burning candle seems to be in the fog or for the curtain. "

However, it should be noted that Kurkureza had a number of advantages, thanks to which it remained for so long to be in everyday life of the Russian people. When heating with a test tube oven, the heating of the hut occurred rather quickly, as soon as the firewood was burned and the outer door was closed. Such a furnace gave more heat, there was less than a firewood. The hut was well ventilated, there were no dampness in it, and the tree and straw on the roof were unwittingly disinfected and retained longer. The air in Kurnya Hollow, after its protood, was dry and warm.

Curly huts appeared in ancient times and existed in the Russian village until the beginning of the XX century. They began to actively replace on white huts in the villages of European Russia from the middle of the XIX century, and in Siberia - even earlier, from the end of the XVIII century. For example, in the description of the Shushensky volost of the Minusinsky district of Siberia, made in 1848, it is indicated: "black houses, so-called emblems without output pipes, there is no strong anywhere." In the Odoyevsky district of the Tula province, in 1880, 66% of all lines were smoking.

Honor with bunch - Wooden house, consisting of one cut and a living room of a smaller size under a single roof and one common wall. Combination could put immediately when erecting the main log cabin or add to it in a few years, when there was a need for an additional room. The main log house was warm, with a Russian oven, organized a summer cold or a room heated by a dutch - a downtown furnace. Hisners were built mainly in the central regions of European Russia and in the Volga region.

Hope-hut

Izba is one of the main symbols of Russia. Archaeologists believe that the first horses appeared in the second millennium to our era. For centuries, the architecture of the hut almost did not change, as it initially united the functions in themselves all the functions they needed - gave the roof over his head, warmth and place for sleep. The poets chased the hut and the artists perpetuated, and it was for what. Over time, the hut was transformed into a chopped house-terrace for wealthy families. Together with the surrounding buildings, Terem was a Russian manor. The traditions of building houses from the cut were stolen by centuries, and we collapsed in just a few decades.

Collectivization, urbanization, the appearance of the latest materials ... All this led to the fact that the Russian village washed off, and almost died in some places. The new "villages", the so-called "cottage villages", began to build houses from stone, glass, metal and plastic. Practical, effectively, stylish but the Russian spirit does not live there, and Russia does not smell there . Not to mention the insufficient environmental friendliness of such buildings.

However, not so long ago, wooden construction in the Russian style survived the first stage of Renaissance. This affected the interiors. Country style today at all at the peak of popularity. Someone gives preference to the German country, someone - Scandinavian or American rustic style, to someone to taste, but if we are talking about a wooden country house or dacha, the choice is increasingly being made in favor of the interiors in the style of the Russian village.

Arriving from the metropolis to the cottage or to a country house in the style of Russian hut, a person feels unity with nature and communication with its roots. This contributes to the maximum relaxation and the rest of the rest. In the houses from the tree, the interior of which is characterized by simplicity and simpleness, it is easy to breathe and sleep firmly. And after the rest, there is a desire to do such things like fishing, breakdown by the new flower beds in May or work in the garden in September - in one word, gives you to know about yourself a tide of strength.

Russian Interior Style: Where is he appropriate?

You can recreate to the fullest only in a wooden chopped house. The interior in the style of the Russian Terem, the Russian manor is appropriate in any wooden house. In other cases, when it comes, for example, about brick house or apartment, you can only talk about stylization , that is, the introduction of some features in the interior inherent in Russian hollow or ten.

The interior of the Russian hut: What was he?

Russian hut. Photo taken from Russian Wikipedia

The center of the hut was the furnace, which was called queen at home . She ranked a quarter or even a third of the area of \u200b\u200ball housing. In the corners of the furnace, stove stoves, protecting the "queen" from destruction. On these pillars and on the walls were leaked by the beams under the ceiling. The beams, speaking in modern tongue, zonied space, sharing the hip on the female half, male and red corners. On one of the beams satisfied the flavors - the boarded bed, who was tastened to the children.

A woman managed in the furnace corner. In this place there were numerous shelves with dishes and other utensils. Here women not only prepared, but also rushed, sewed and engaged in other affairs. The owner spent more time in the male corner - under the reservation.

The biggest and most beautiful place in the hut, where they took food and met guests. Simply put, it is a living room, and a dining room, and often a bedroom. The red corner was arranged in the hill diagonally from the furnace. This is part of the house where icons were installed.

The table was usually standing near the red corner, and the icons and the lamp were located in the corner in the corner. Wide benches near the table were, as a rule, stationary, mounted in the wall. They not only sat on them, but also slept. If it was necessary to have an extra place, benches placed to the table. By the way, was also stationary, global.

In general, the situation was scarce, but not without decorators. Over the window mounted wide shelves. They put festive dishes, caskets, etc. The beds were complemented by carved backs. The bed was covered with bright patchwork bedspreads and decorated with a variety of pillows laid by a pyramid. In the interior almost always attended chests with handles.

Russian chest. 19th century

In the days of Peter the first, new furniture items appeared, which took their place in Russian skeins, and even more so in Teremes. These are chairs, cabinets, partially crowded chests, slides for dishes and even chairs.

In Teremes, the situation was more diverse, but in general the same principle was preserved: a large center, a red angle, the same chests, beds with a lot of pillows, slides with dishes, shelves for demonstrating various decorative items. Of course, there were a lot of wood in the terem: it is the walls and floors, and furniture. Russian Country Style and Russian His In particular, this is a tree, a lot of wood and almost nothing but a tree!

How to create a Russian hut style or a Russian manor in the interior of your home?

1. Selecting direction

In the interiors of Russians and termes, some changes gradually occurred, so first you need to decide whether you would like to recreate the style of what era. Will this stylization under ancient Russian hut or under the first half of the last century, in which many innovations appeared? Or maybe you taste the more elegant atmosphere of old Russian termes or wooden landlords of 18-19 centuries, when the features of other styles - classicism, Baroque, modern, were brought to a rustic style? The choice of direction will allow you to choose suitable furniture, textiles and decor.

Hornynya Starrus house 16-18 centuries. A. M. Vasnetsov

And this is the end of the 19th century. World of Russian manor in painting S. Zhukovsky

2. Creating a style of Russian hut

Basic.Wooden walls better leave without decoration. For the floor there is a massive board - matte, possibly with the effect of compilation. Under the ceiling - dark beams. You can do without a furnace, but the hearth is still needed. His role can play a fireplace whose portal is lined with tiles or stone.

Doors, windows.Plastic double-glazed windows here will be completely not appropriate. The windows with wooden frames should be supplemented with carved platbands and wooden shutters. Doors should also be wooden. As platbands for door openings You can use boards, uneven and deliberately roughly processed. Something instead of doors you can hang curtains.

Furniture.Furniture, of course, preferably wooden, not polished, and maybe aged. Cabinets, slides and numerous shelves can be decorated with carvings. In the dining area, you can arrange a red angle with a blast, a massive, very heavy table and shops. The use of chairs is also possible, but they must be simple and good.

Beds are high with carved backs. Instead of bedside table, you can put chests in the Russian style. Patchwork beds were perfectly suitable and numerous pillows - stacks are painted from greater to the smaller.

Without sofas B. modern interior Do not do, although in the outstands of them, of course, was not. Choose a simple form with upholstery under the flax. Upholstery color is natural natural. Leather furniture will be knocked out of the overall picture.

Stylization under the interior of the 18th century in the extension of the hotel Pokrovskaya in Suzdal

Textile. As already mentioned, it is necessary to give preference to the bedspreads and covers for pillows made in patchwork technique. Textile products can be quite a lot: napkins on the couches and small tables, tablecloths, curtains, borders for the shelves. All this can be decorated with embroidery and simple lace.

By the way, the embroidery interior of the hut will not spoil - women in Russia have always loved to do this kind of needlework. Embroidered panels on the walls, curtains decorated with sewing, embroidered bags with herbs and spices suspended onto the kitchen beam, all this will be to the place. The main colors of textile in the style of Russian huts: white, yellow and red.

Lighting.For the interior in the style of Russian huts, choose a candle and lamp form. By the way there will be lamps with simple lampshades. Although the lamps and scaves are more suitable for the house, the interior of which is stylized under the Russian estate.

Kitchen.Without household appliances in modern hollow, it is impossible to do, but the technical design can spoil the integrity of the picture. Fortunately, there is a built-in technique that helps in the economy, but does not violate the Garmonies of Russian style.

For kitchens will suit Massive furniture: Kitchen table-stand with drawers, Buffets are open and closed, a variety of suspended shelves. Furniture, of course, should not be polished and not painted. Most likely there will be kitchen structures with facades, decorated glossy enamel or film, glass inserts, aluminum frames, etc.

Designer: Oleg Docks

In general, in the interior in the style of Russian huts should be as little glass and metal. Plastic here - as Belmo on the eye. Choose furniture with simple wooden facades Or realistic imitating a coarse tree. Facades from the array can be decorated with painting in Russian folk style or carvings.

As a kitchen decor Use samovar, wicker baskets and boxes, onion braids, barrels, clay dishes, wooden products of Russian folk crafts, embroidered napkins.

Decor for the interior in the style of Russian hut. Decorative textiles from flax with embroidery, many wooden items. Wooden wheel, spinning wheel and fishing nets perfectly fit, if the house is near the river, lakes or the sea. On the floor you can lay knitted round rugs and samadkanki tracks.

3. Creating a style of ancient wooden manor

The simple peasant hut and the rich old estate is a lot of common: it is the predominance of a tree in the interior, and the presence of a huge oven (in the estate, it is always lined with tiles), and a red angle with icons and candles, and textiles from flax and lace.

House in Russian style. Designer: Village Olga

However, there were numerous differences. Rich actively borrowed something new of foreign styles. This, for example, bright upholstery soft furniture, porcelain plates and watches on the walls, elegant wooden furniture in English or French style, lampshades and sconces, pictures on the walls. In the style of Russian Tereme, there will be very vitro in the style of stained glass as interior windows, partitions or veranda glazing. In short, everything is quite simple here, as in the hut, but there is a lightweight luxury flaw.

In the style of the Russian manor

4. Russian-style yard

And the interior itself, and the windows in it, and the "zocking" space should be in harmony. For the root of the territory, it is better to order a fence with a height of about 180 cm, assembled from pointed logs.

How do you create the yard in Russian style now? It is definitely impossible to answer, as the yard organized in different ways, depending on the terrain. However, designers found common featureswhich are recreated in landscape design. From the wicket there is a track (often loop) to the entrance to the house. Often it is filling the board. At the edges of the track there is a floral curb. In ancient peasants, any free plot of land was given to the beds, but the front yard still tried to decorate with flower beds.

Now for the rear yard, the horses are used for lawn herbs. This area shadowed with pines sitting around the perimeter. However, currant or raspberry bushes will also be quite in the spirit of Russian yard. Elements landscape design In Russian style, various wood objects are: a wooden children's hill, a landline table with benches, Russian swing. And, of course, all buildings in the yard must be made of wood.

The interior in the style of Russian huts or manor: ideas from designers

1. About the mirror. Mirrors are an alien item for an old Russian house. However, it is difficult to imagine modern house Without a single reflective web. Choose mirrors with the effect of the composition, enclosed in bulky wooden Rama. The mirror can be masked under fider thanks to the wooden shutters. The carved frame with the same wooden shutters can be used to disguise a flat TV.

2. The idea of \u200b\u200bstyling for the bedroom. An interesting solution for bedrooms or children's rooms: Stylization under a cozy village court. Walls per 1-1.5 meters from the floor are trimmed by an unknowing board that imitating the fence. Painted with floral ornaments is also used: butterflies flute on the wall over the fence and fly birds. Another wall of the room can be imitating an external wall wooden house With a window decorated with lace platbands and wooden shutters. The ceiling can be decorated with painting, which is an image of the sky. Bench, hammock, barrels instead of bedside table - and you will feel the night in a rustic courtyard.

3. Household appliances in the interior of Russian huts. In the kitchen, as already mentioned, it is advisable to embed all the household appliances. But some items can not be hiding, but, on the contrary, make the interior highlight. Technics " aerography "Used not only for car painting, but also for decorating household appliances housing. For example, you can order the painting of the refrigerator in the Russian style - in this case, the modern item will not only get out of the style of the Russian hut, but also emphasize it.

More photos:

That is so interpreted the style of hut Designer Retais Tatiana

In the style of the Russian manor

Modern hill. Photo taken

Housing from the lochot, and living with marigolds

The interior of the peasant dwelling, which can be found in our time, has developed over the centuries. Due to the limited space, the planning of the house was very rational. So, open the door, bending, we enter ...

The door leading to the hut was made low with a raised threshold, which contributed to the greater conservation of heat in the house. In addition, the guest, entering the hut, the Will-Neils had to worship the owners and icons in the Red Corner - the mandatory attribute of the peasant hut.

The location of the furnace was fundamental when planning the hut. The oven played the main role in the house, and the very name of the "Izba" comes from the ancient Russian "Istba, Introduction", that is, to stir, to escape.

The Russian oven was fed, heated, treated, slept on it, and some were mixed. Respectful attitude to the oven was expressed in proverbs and sayings: "The oven we are familiar with us", "On the furnace, all the Red Summer", "Like a furnace," and in the years, and by years - one place is a furnace. " In Russian riddles, it is asked: "What do not pull out from the hut?", "What is not visible in the hut?" - Heat.

In the central regions of Russia, the oven was usually in the right corner from the entrance. Such hut was called "Pryaki". If the furnace was located on the left of the entrance, then the hut was called the "uphony". The fact is that opposite the furnace at the long side of the house there was always the so-called "long" shop, on which women were inherited. And depending on the location of this shop in relation to the window and its lighting, convenience for spinning, huts and gave "sparkles" and "indirect": "Not with the hands to spin: right hand to the wall and not in the light."

Often, vertical "chimneys" was placed in order to preserve the shape of the globbit hut in its corners. One of them, which went to the center of the huts, was always put. From him to the side front wall, wide brushes squeezed out of oak or pine. For constantly black from soot, they were called Voronts. They were located at the height of human growth. "It is worth Yaga, in the forehead rog" - they made a riddle about the Voronets. That of the Vorontsov, which is a silk of a long side wall, was called the "walled bar". The second Voronets, which went from a furnace pillar to the front facade wall, was called the "cholebed, cake timber." It was used by the hostess as shelves for dishes. Thus, both Voronenz denoted the boundaries of the functional zones of the hut, or corners: one way from the entrance of the furnace and cutting (babium) cute (corners), on the other - the master's (celad) cute, and red, or large, upper angle with icons and table. The old saying, "not red-haired corners, Krasnu Pies" confirms the division of horses to different in its own value "corners".

Rear corner (y entrance door) Isxtari was male. There was a konker - a short wide shop, wooded along the back wall of the hut. The konfer had a drawer shape with a folded flat lid. From the door (so as not to the night at night) the Konych was separated by a vertical board, which was often attached to the shape of the horse's head. It was workplace Men. Here the lapti was cleaned, baskets, repaired horse harness, were engaged in carvings, etc. Under the conic in the box kept the tools. A woman on the konik was to sit in an indecent.

This angle was called even Caut, because Here, right above the door, under the ceiling, special flooring were arranged near the furnace. One edge of the flaps are cut into the wall, and the other rely on a bars. We slept on the parads, climbing there from the furnace. Here dried Len, hemp, Lucina, cleaned the day there bedding. The faults were the most favorite place of the shovels, because From their heights, it was possible to observe everything that happens in the hut, especially during the holidays: weddings, gatherings, festivities.

Any good person without demand could enter the journalia. Without a knock on the door, but for a possession of the host of a guest in his will no go. Waiting for the invitation of the owners to enter the next Kut - red at low yields was extremely uncomfortable.

Babi or oven angle - the kingdom of women-hostess "Bolshe". Here at the window (at the light) against the mouth of the furnace always put the hand mills (two large flat stones), so the angle was also called "Horry". A wide vestee was going along the wall from the furnace to the front windows, sometimes a small table was put on which hot bread was laid out. Overlooks hung on the wall - shelves for dishes. On the shelves stood a variety of utensils: wooden dishes, cups and spoons, clay plates and pots, iron frying pan. On the benches and sex - dairy tableware (roofs, jugs), cast iron, buckets, bans. Sometimes there was a copper and tin utensils.

In the oven (kuny) corner of women were preparing food, rested. Here during the big holidays, when a lot of guests gathered, a separate table was covered for women. Men even their family go to a furnace corner without much need could not. The appearance of an outsider of a foreign man was regarded as a gross violation of the established rules (traditions).

Harrow Angle was considered a dirty place, unlike the rest of the pure space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the premises with a curtain of a motley sither, a colored domain or wooden bulkhead.

The future bride during the whole match should have heard a conversation from the Babi corner. From there she went out and during the looking. There I expected the arrival of the groom on the day of the wedding. And the output from there in the red angle was perceived as a departure from the house, farewell to him.

Daughter in the cradle - dowry in the box.

In the Babi corner hangs on a long pole (sequence) and the cradle. The pole, in turn, is told in the ring, made in the ceiling Matitsa. In different areas, the cradle is made in different ways. It happens entirely woven from the rods, it happens with the sidewall from the Luba, with a bottom or wicker. And they also call it differently: cradle, Sybka, Kolya, colup. A rope loop or a wooden pedal was tied to the cradle, which allowed the mother to swing a child without breaking away from work. Hanging position of the cradle is characteristic of the eastern Slavs - Russian, Ukrainians, Belarusians. And this is connected not only with the convenience, but above all with popular beliefs (standing on the floor cradle appears a lot later). According to the ideas of the peasants, the child's head of the child, "Niza", contributed to the preservation of vitality in it, because the floor was perceived as the border between the world and underground, where the "unclean power" lives - the house, deceased relatives, ghosts. In order to protect the child from the unclean under the cradle, stuck these items: a knife, scissors, broom, etc.

Parade, the central part of the hut was the red angle. The red angle, like the oven, was an important reference point of the inner space of the hut.
No matter how far the oven was located, the red corner was always diagonally from her. The red angle was always well lit, as the windows were cut in both walls that make up this angle. He turned out always "in the sun", i.e. south or east. In the very corner, immediately under the climber was placed the blade with icons and lamp, which is why the angle was also called the "holy". The Bores kept the Holy Water sanctified willow and Easter egg. We certainly lay a feather for zakotka icons. It was believed that the icon should be sure to stand, not hanging. This, for the icons, folded bills, debt receipts, payment notebooks, etc.

The curtain or "divine" was hung on the bore. Thus called a specially disinanted and embroidered narrow, long towel (20-25 cm * 3-4m). It was decorated along one side and at the ends embroidery, woven ornaments, ribbons, lace. Bodged the shit so as to cover the icons from above and from the sides, leaving those open.

The refectory, consecrated by the shrines - that's what is a red angle. Like a residential premises orthodox Christian It is considered a symbol of the Orthodox church, and the red angle is considered as an analogue of the altar, the most important and honorable place in the house.

Along the walls (front and side) of the red corner went shopping. In general, the shops were arranged along all the walls of the hut. They did not belong to the furniture, but were an integral part of the cut and were attached to the walls motionless. To one side, they were swayed into the wall, and on the other hand they were supported by beserves drank from the boards. To the edge of the bench was sewn with tesid, decorated with carvings. Such a shop was called pubescent, or "with a canopy", "with a supervision". They sat on them, slept, stored things. Each shop has its own purpose and name. To the left of the door was the bench back, or the threshold. It was called the conic. Behind it, along the left long side of the hut, a shop was walking from the conic to the red corner, distinguished from the other in its length. Like a stove cut, this shop has traditionally been considered a female place. Here they sewed, knitted, hung, embroidered, engaged in needlework. Therefore, this shop was called even Babiy.
Along the front (facade) wall, from the red corner to the furnace, there was a turn of a short (it is red, front). On her during the family meals, a man was sitting. From the front wall to the furnace went shopping vessel. In winter, under this bench, picked lattices, kept chickens. And finally, behind the furnace, to the door, went shopping center. She put buckets with water.

In the red corner of converging shops (long and short) always put the table. The table has always been rectangular in shape with a powerful podstol. The countertop was read by "God's palm" giving bread. Therefore, knocking on the table was considered a sin. The people said: "Bread on the table, so the table is the throne, and the bread is neither a piece - and the table - the board."

The table was covered with tablecloth. In the peasant dress, the tablecloths were made from dominant as a simple linen weave, and made in the technique of grain and multi-generic weaving. Used everyday tablecloths stitched from two panels, as a rule with a checkered pattern (the color of the most diverse) or simply coarse canvas. Such a tablecloth was covered with a table during lunch, and after eating or filmed, or covered her bread left on the table. The festive tablecloths were distinguished by the best quality of the canvas, such additional details as a lace past between two panels, brushes, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.

In the red corner, all significant family events took place. The bride was bought here, from here they took her wedding to church, in the house of the groom she was immediately led too into a red corner. During harvesting, the first and the last sheaf was solemnly installed in the red corner. During the construction of horses, if under the corners of the first crown, coins were put on happiness, then under the red angle put the largest. This angle of horses always tried especially decorate and keep clean. The very name "red" means "beautiful", "light". It is the most honorable place in the house. According to the traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could only go there at a special invitation of the owners.

Incoming in the hut, first of all, turned to the red corner and donated themselves with a cross-sign. The Russian proverb says: "The first bow is to God, the second - the owner with the hostess, the third - all kinds of good people."

The place at the table in the red corner under the images was the most honorable: the owner was sitting here, or the honorary guest. "The Red Guest is Red Place." Each family member knew his place at the table. The eldest son of the owner was sitting on his right hand from his father, the second son - on the left, the third - next to the older brother, etc. "Each cricket know your sixth." The place of the hostess at the table in the end of the table from the side of the Babi Kuta and the furnace - it is she a prichess of a home temple. She communicates with the oven and fire, she turns the square, puts the dough in the oven, takes it out to the bread.

In addition to shops in the hill there were mobile filing benches. The place on the shop was considered more prestigious than on the bench; Guest could judge the attitude towards him looking at that. Where it was seated - on the shop or on the bench.
The shops are usually covered with a special fabric - a drill. And in general, the whole hollow is removed with the objects of home weaving: polluts and laying on the furnaces cover colored curtains, on the windows - curtains from household kitty, on the floor - multicolored rugs. The window sills decorates the sweetheart of geranium to the peasant heart.

Between the wall and the back or side of the furnace was bake. At the location behind the furnace there was a horse harness, if the side, then usually kitchen utensils.

From another side of the furnace, near the entrance door, Golball attached, - special wooden extension To the furnace, on the stairs of which descended into the sublock (underground), where the supplies were stored. Golball also served as a place of rest, especially old and small. In some places, the high goball was replaced by a box - "West", a height of 30 centimeters from the floor, with an adjustable lid, on which you could also sleep. Over time, the descent in the soil moved to the mouth of the furnace, and it was possible to get into it through the hole in the floor. The oven angle was considered the habitat of the houses - the keeper of a homely hearth.

From the middle of the XIX century. In the peasant dwelling, especially at the wealthy peasants, there is a parade residential premises - a hillside. The barbell could be a summer room, in the case of all-season use, she was heated with a dutch stove. The flames, as a rule, had a more colorful interior than the hut. In the interior of the hillside, chairs, beds, coils of chests were used.

The interior of the peasant house, folding for centuries, represents the best sample combination of convenience and beauty. There is nothing superfluous and every thing in its place, everything is at hand. The main criterion of the peasant house was the convenience that a person could live in it, work and relax. However, in the device, it is impossible not to see and characteristic of the Russian people the need for beauty.
In the interior of the Russian hut, the horizontal rhythm of furniture (shops, flavors, shelves) combines the interior of a single material, joinery receptions. The color of wood remained natural. Leading color gamut There was a golden-ocher (walls of huts, furniture, dishes, utensils) with the introduction of white and red colors (white were towels on icons, the red color was sparkled in clothes, towels, in plants on the windows, in the painting of home utensils).

Lesson on the topic "Decoration of the Russian Hisp".VII Class.

The topic is designed for two lessons

Used textbook"Decorative and applied art in a person's life." ; Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.

Type of occupation: Binary lesson (double lesson).

Type of lesson: Studying a new material.

Used model: Model 1.

The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students with the interior of Russian hut.

Tasks lesson:

1. For students to the student imaging about the organization and wise of the arrangement of the internal space of the hut.

2. Give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe life of Russian peasants of the XVII-XVIII centuries.

3. Using the drawings, consolidate the knowledge gained.

4. Brief interest in everyday life of the peasants, the traditions of our people.

Ensuring lesson:

For teacher . 1) reproduction of samples of public life.

2) Exhibition of Literature: "Russian Izba"; "Folk art"; Textbook for grade 8; Magazine "Folk Creativity" (1990, No. 2).

3) Demonstration PC.

For students. Albums. Pencils, rubber band, paints (watercolor, gouache). Workbook on from.

Lesson plan:

Org. Part - 1-2 minutes. Report the goals and objectives of the new material - 1-2 minutes. The story of the teacher's "life of peasants." Practical work. Drawing an interior of horses. Outcome 1 lesson. Work in color. Outcome 2 lesson

I. Organizational moment

Set proper discipline in the class. Mark absent. Report the goals and objectives of the new material.

II. The story of the teacher "life of peasants"

Fig. 1.The view of the view of the hut.

From a long time, we read and watched Russian folk tales. And often the action in them unfolded inside the wooden hut. Now they try to revive the traditions of the past. After all, without having studied the past, we will not be able to appreciate the present and the future of our people.

Let's rise on a red carved porch. It seems to invite to enter the house. Usually, on the porch of the houses of the house there are expensive guests with bread and salt, so expressing hospitality and wishes of well-being. Having passed through the Songs, you get to the world of domestic life.

The air is special, spicy, filled with fragrances dry herbs, smoke, sour dough.

All in the hut, except for the furnace, wooden: ceiling, smoothly covered walls attached to them shops, shelves-climbing, stretching along the walls, below the ceiling, flavors, dining table, soils (restaurant stools), non-human home apparel. Be sure to hung the cradle for the child. Washed from Lohani.

Fig. 2.

The interior of the hut is divided into zones:

· When entering the hut, the left is located russian oven..

Fig. 3. Russian oven.

What role did the oven play in the life of the peasant hut?

The furnace was the basis of life, a family hearth. The furnace gave heat, it was cooked food and baked bread, in the furnace of the soaps of children, the furnace got rid of his rhodes. And how many fairy tales are told to children on the furnace. No wonder the saying: "The oven of the beauty is in the house of wonders."

See how important it was easy to hide the white grudge oven. Before the mouth of the furnace, the seals are arranged - a wide thick board, on which pots, cast-iron hosted.

Near the corner there are grasp and wooden shovel for garbage stove. Next to the floor wooden ears with water. Next to the oven, between the wall and the stove, there was a door to Golball. It was believed that behind the stove, the housework lives over the gallball - the patron saint of the family.

The space near the oven served female half.

Fig.4. Red corner

In the front right corner, the brightest, between the windows were located red corner, red bench, red windows. It was a landmark to the east, with whom the poverty representation of the peasants about the paradise, blissful happiness, life-friendly light and hope; East treated prayers conspired. It was the most honorable place - spiritual center of the house. In the corner, the icons were stood on a special shelter in the savings, decorated with embroidered towels and bunches of herbs. Under the images stood the table.

In this part of the huts there were important events in the life of the peasant family. The most expensive guests sat in the red corner.

· From the door, a wide bench was arranged along the furnace. On which the neighbors were sitting. On it, men were usually engaged in economic work - Pellee Napti, etc. I slept on her the old owner of the house.

· Above the entrance, in the politinates under the ceiling, near the furnace reinforced wooden flavors. Children slept on the yield.

· Significant place in the hut occupied wooden weaving machine - CROZNO, Women's Women Wool and Cleck Fabrics, Rugs (Tracks).

· Near the doors, opposite the oven stood a wooden bed on which the owners of the house were sleeping.

Fig.5.

For the newborn, they suspended the ceiling of the hilt cradle. She was usually made from a tree or spilled out of the vine. Mildly swaying, she burned the baby under the peasant singing song. When the twilight came down, Zhgli Lucina. For this served forged svetts.

fig. 6.

In many northern villages, the Urals have survived at home with painted interiors. See which wonderful bushes bloomed.

III. Practical work.

Students are invited to perform a sketch of the interior pencil of the Russian hut.

Various types of interior are considered:

An explanation of the interior construction of the exemplary of different options.

Vi. Repetition with students traveled material.

Thus, we approached the next section of our topic "Decoration of the Russian Hisp." Now everyone is trying to revive the traditions of the cultural and spiritual life of the Russian person, but for this you need to understand and explore. And the first question is class:

1. What is it appearance His

2. What is the main material used during the construction of the hut?

3. What natural materials were used in the manufacture of dishes and household items?

4. What kind of zones was divided by the interior of the hut?

5. What rules did you apply when building an interior of the hut?

6. What kind of riddles and sayings do you know on the topic "Russian hut?"

("Two brothers look, and together will not come together" (Paul and ceiling)

"One hundred pieces, one hundred beds, every guest has its own bed" (logs in the wall of the hut)) IT. d ..

VII. Continuation of the practical part - drawing the interior in color.

Color when painting are used all the peephones of brown, ocher, not bright yellow. Stages of drawing in color:

1. Color the walls with different shades of brown.

2. Color the floor and ceiling, another shade of ocher.

3. Glasses in the window - gray.

4. Furniture - the next tint of brown.

6. The furnace can be painted with light gray, light-brown light.

VIII. Exhibition of children's work. Analysis.

Students hang their work on a special place. It is proposed to analyze their workselves. Using leading questions:

What did you want to show in your work? What means of artistic expressiveness did you use? What presented works are similar than different? Did you use the laws of perspective in your work? Your impressions of this work?

Assessment of teacher. I liked how you worked, liked your work on building, according to a colorful decision, according to the ability to correctly convey the life of Russian peasants.

IX. Completion of the lesson and job task.

At the end of the lesson, students are reported that work on acquaintance with the traditions of the Russian people we will continue in the next lesson.

At the end of the lesson, folk music sounds.

Students stand up, lead their jobs in order.

Russian dwelling is not a separate house, but a fenced courtyard in which several buildings struggled, both residential and economic. The hut was the general name of the residential structure. The word "hut" occurred from the ancient "Istba", "Istopka". Initially, the mainly heated residential part of the house with the furnace was called.

As a rule, the dwellings of rich and poor peasants in the villages were practically distinguished by the good quality and the number of buildings, the quality of the finish, but consisted of the same elements. The presence of such household buildingslike barn, riga, barn, saucer, cellar, hlev, exit, hunger, and others, depended on the level of development of the economy. All the construction in the literal sense of the word was cut by an ax from the beginning to the end of construction, although longitudinal and transverse saws were also known. The concept of the "peasant yard" included not only buildings, but also a plot of land on which they were located, including a garden, garden, gum, etc.

Basic building material There was a tree. The number of forests with an excellent "business" forest was much superior to what was preserved now in the vicinity of Saitovka. Pine and spruce were considered the best wood species for buildings, but the pine was always preference. Oak was valued for the strength of the wood, but it was heavy and difficult to process. It was used only in the lower wedges of the log cabins, for the device of cellars or in facilities, where special strength was needed (mills, wells, salt barns). Other breeds of trees, especially deciduous (birch, alder, aspen), were used in construction, as a rule, household buildings

For each need, the trees were chosen according to special features. So, for the srub walls, they sought to pick up special "warm" trees, crumpled moss, straight, but not necessarily straight. At the same time, for the test on the roof, they necessarily chose not just straight, but it was the long-layer trees. More often, the logs were collected on the yard or near the courtyard. Carefully chose and place for the future house

To erect even the largest buildings of the cutting type, they usually did not build a special foundation around the perimeter of the walls, but supports were laid in the corners of the corners - large boulders or so-called "chairs" from oak stumps. In rare cases, if the length of the walls was much more ordinary, the supports were put in the middle of such walls. The nature of the concentration structure of the buildings itself allowed to limit the support of four main points, as the log house was a solid-linked design.

Peasant isbi

At the heart of the overwhelming majority of buildings lay the "cell", "crown", - a bunch of four logs, the ends of which were minced. Methods such a cutting could be different on the technique of execution.

The main constructive types of chopped peasant residential buildings were the "cross", "five-rank", a house with a bunch. For insulation between the wrenches of the logs, Moss was laid in a pair of passage.

but the appointment of communication was always one - to bore a log into a square of solid nodes without any additional elements of the compound (brackets, nails, wooden pins or spokes, etc.). Each log has a strictly defined place in the design. After having chucking the first crown, it was cut into it the second, on the second third, etc., until the log house reached a predetermined height.

The roofs of the nap were mainly covered with straw, which, especially in failing years, often served as feed for livestock. Sometimes more wealthy peasants were erected by the roofs of penetrated or from the drady. TERS was manually manufactured. For this, two employees were used high goats and a long longitudinal saw.

Everywhere, like all Russians, the peasants of the Saitovka on common custom, when booking at home, put money under the lower crown in all angles, and a larger coin was rejected the red corner. And where there was a stove, did not put anything, since this corner of popular ideas was intended for the house.

At the top of the log cabin, the uterus was located in the top of the stew - a tetrahed wooden beam, which serves as a support for the ceiling. The uterus was shed into the upper worsens of the log cabin and was often used to hang to the ceiling of objects. So, a ring was nailed to her, through which the cradle (flexible pole) of the cradle (swing) was held. In the middle for lighting huts, the lantern with a candle was suspended, and later a kerosene lamp with lampshade.

In rites related to the completion of the construction of the house, there was a mandatory treat, which was called "mathic". In addition, the laying of the uterus itself, after which there was still a fairly large volume of construction work, was considered as a special stage in the construction of the house and was tested with their rites.

In the wedding rite for a prosperous matchmaker, the matchmaker was never held in the house for the uterus without a special invitation of the owners of the house. In the folk language, the expression "sit under the uterus" meant "to be a wool". The uterus was associated with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe house, good luck, happiness. So, leaving the house, it was necessary to hold down the uterus.

For insulation throughout the perimeter, the lower wints of the huts were covered with the earth, forming a bumble in which a bench was installed. In the summer of Zavaling and the bench, the evening of the old men Cornney. From above, the ceiling was usually laid foliage with dry ground. The space between the ceiling and the roof - the attic in Saitovka was also called an Istka. It was usually kept stored things, utensils, dishes, furniture, brooms, bunches of grass, and a pr. Devora, arranged his simple caches on it.

The porch and Seni were pretended to the residential hollow - small premisesProtecting the hodge from the cold. The role of Seine was diverse. This is a protective tambour in front of the entrance, and an additional residential premises in the summer, and the economic premises, where they held a part of food reserves.

The soul of the whole house was a stove. It should be noted that the so-called "Russian", and the most correct oven - the invention is purely local and quite ancient. It leads its own story from tripole dwellings. But in the design of the overall furnace itself during the second millennium, our era occurred very significant changes, which allowed much to use the fuel much more.

Fold a good oven - the matter is not easy. At first, a small wooden log house (ovens) was installed directly on Earth, which served as the foundation of the furnace. A small logs were laid on him in half and laid out the bottom of the furnace on them - under, even, without inclination, otherwise the baked bread will turn out to be coastal. Above the head of the stone and clay built a stove arch. The side part of the oven had several shallow holes, called the chubby, in which mittens, mittens, socks, etc. were dried. In the old days, the huts were treated in black - the oven did not have a pipe. Smoke went through a small magic window. Although the walls and the ceiling became smoked, and it had to put up: the stove without a pipe was cheaper in construction and demanded less than firewood. Subsequently, in accordance with the rules of rural improvement, mandatory for state peasants, chimney pipes began to be excreted over the sleeves.

Before everyone got up "Bolhukh" - the owner's wife, if she was not yet old, or one of the daughter-in-law. She flooded the oven, opened the door and the smoke. Smoke and cold raised everyone. Small guys sat down on the seas. The caustic smoke filled all the horses, plenty up, hung under the ceiling above human growth. In ancient Russian proverb, known since the XIII century, it is said: "Smoky sorrows did not tolerate, we did not see warmth." Purchased logs of houses were less subjected to rotting, so Kurkish huts were more durable.

The furnace took almost a quarter of the area of \u200b\u200bthe dwelling. She struck several hours, but, heated, kept warm and heated the room during the day. The furnace served not only for heating and cooking, but also as a layman. Baked bread and pies in the furnaces, cooked porridge, soup, stew meat, vegetables. In addition, it was also dried mushrooms, berries, grain, malt. Often in the oven, replacing the bath, batted.

In all cases of life, the furnace came the peasant to help. And the furnace accounted for not only in winter, but throughout the year. Even in the summer you needed at least once a week to cool the oven to bake a sufficient stock of bread. Using the property of the oven accumulate, accumulate warmly, the peasants were prepared to eat once a day, in the morning, left cooked inside stoves to lunch - and food remained hot. Only in the summer late dinner had to warm up. This feature of the oven has provided a decisive influence on Russian cooking, in which the processes of tomation, jarry, extinguishing, and not only peasant, as the lifestyle of many small-position nobles was not very different from peasant life.

The furnace served as a lair for a whole family. On the furnace, the most warm place of the huts slept the old men, who climbed there by attacks - the device in the form of 2-3 steps. One of the mandatory elements of the interior was the flavors - wooden flooring from the side wall of the furnace to the opposite side of the hut. We slept, climbing from the oven, dried Len, hemp, Lucin. For the day there were bedding and unnecessary clothes. The polls did high, at the height level of the furnace. The free edge of the bailies was often crossed by low perillers-balusters so that nothing fell from the climb. The faults were a favorite place of children: and as a place for a sphanish, and as the most convenient observation point during the peasant holidays and weddings.

The location of the furnace determined the layout of the entire residential room. Typically, the furnace was put in the corner to the right or left of the entrance door. The angle opposite the mouth of the furnace was the workplace of the hostess. Everything here was adapted for cooking. The oven was a kocherga, grasp, pomelo, wooden shovel. Nearby - Stupa with PEST, hand millstone and smoking spask for the break of the dough. Kocherg was burned as a stove. Casting Straapuha clinging pinched clay or cast iron pots (cast iron), and sent them to the heat. In the stage, she was a grain twelve, cleaning it from husks, and with the help of the mill grinding into the flour. The pomelo and the shovel were necessary for baking bread: the peasant sweat was swept under the furnace, and the shovel was put on him the future loaf.

Next to the furnace necessarily hung a rubbish, i.e. Towel and colorhouse. Under it stood a wooden laghan for dirty water. The front corner also had a vessel (ship) or shelves with shelves inside used as a kitchen table. On the walls there were observables - lockers, shelves for a simple dining room, pots: pots, buckets, cups, bowls, spoons. Mastered them from the tree the owner of the house. In the kitchen, it was often possible to see the clay dishes in "clothes" from Berriest - the economical owners did not throw off the pots, korchags, bowls, and they were fluttered for strength to strengths of birch bark. Above was placed a chimney bar (pole), which was put kitchenware and laid a variety of economic accessories. Futwaste mistress of the furnished corner was the senior woman in the house.

Chimney

The oven angle was considered a dirty place, unlike the rest of the pure space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate it from the rest of the placement with a curtain of a motley sense or a colored domain, a high wardrobe or wooden bulkhead. Closed, thus, the oven angle formed a small room, which had the name "Chulad". The oven angle was considered exclusively female space in the hut. During the holiday, when many guests gathered in the house, the oven was put on the second table for women, where they were singing separately from men sitting at the table in the red corner. Men even their families could not go without a special need for female half. The appearance of a foreign man was considered in general unacceptable.

During the walling, the future bride was supposed to be all the time in the furnace corner, having the opportunity to hear the whole conversation. From the furnace angle, it came out elegantly dressed during the view - the rite of dating the groom and his parents with the bride. In the same place, the bride was waiting for the groom on the day of departure under the crown. In ancient wedding songs, the oven corner comprehended as a place associated with his father's house, family, happiness. The output of the bride from the furnace corner in the red angle was perceived as a departure from the house, farewell to him.

At the same time, the furnace corner from where there is a yield in the underground, the mythological level was perceived as a place where people with representatives of the "other" world could occur. Through chimneyAccording to reference, it can fly to a fiery snake-devil who tasking for a deceased husband. It was considered that the days were especially solemnly for family: during the baptism of children, birthdays, weddings - the dead parents come to the furnace - "ancestors" to take part in an important event of their descendants.

The honorable place in the hut is a red corner - there was a painter from the furnace between the side and the facade wall. He, like a furnace, an important reference point of the inner space of the hut is well lit, since both components of his walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner was the Borean with icons, in front of which the lamp was burning, suspended to the ceiling, so it was also called the "holy".

Red corner

The red angle was trying to keep clean and eleven decorated. He was cleaned with embroidered towels, luffed pictures, postcards. With the advent of wallpaper, the red angle was often blocked or isolated from the rest of the spacing. On the shelves near the red corner put the most beautiful homemade utensils, stored the most securities and objects.

All significant events family life celebrated in the red corner. Here, as the main piece of furniture, there was a table on massive legs, which were installed. Stoles allowed to easily move the table on the hut. He was put on the oven when baked bread, moved during the washing of the floor and walls.

It was passed as everyday meals and festive feast. Every day the whole peasant family gathered at the table at the table. The table was so size so that everyone had enough space. In the wedding rite, the wedding of the bride, the redemption of her at girlfriends and brother was performed in the red corner; From the red corner of the house at home, she was held on a wedding to church, brought into the house of the groom and led too into a red corner. During harvesting, the first and the last gripped braid solemnly carried from the field and installed in the red corner.

"The first squeezed hennik was called a birthday room. From him, the autumn sharpening, straw fed him a sick cattle, the grains of the first snatch were considered healing for people and birds. The first sheaf usually heated the eldest woman in the family. He decorated with flowers, carried him into the house with songs and put it In the red angle under the icon. " The preservation of the first and last ears of the crop, endowed with the people's ideas, the magical force of the well-being of the family, home, the whole housework.

Anyone who was the first thing that came to the hut took off his cap, was baptized and bowed to the images in the Red Corner, saying: "The World of Home." The peasant etiquette prescribed a guest who entered the hut, to remain half of the hollows at the door, without going beyond the uterus. Unauthorized, without inviting the invasion of the "Red Half", where the table was put, was considered extremely indecent and could be perceived as an insult. The person who came to the hut could only go there at the special invitation of the owners. In the red corner put the most expensive guests, and during the wedding - young. On ordinary days, the head of the family was recreated here at the dinner table.

The last of the remaining corners of the hut, to the left or right of the door, was a host work site. There was a shop on which he slept. Under it, the tool was kept in the box. In his free time, the peasant in his corner was engaged in different crafts and small repair: Plurl of Napti, Lukin and Rope, cut a spoon, crushed the cups, etc.

Although most of the peasant missions consisted of only one room, not divided by partitions, the secret tradition prescribed compliance with certain placement rules for members of the peasant hut. If the furnace angle was a female half, then in one of the corners of the house, a place for sleeping senior couple was specifically allotted. This place was considered honorable.

Shop

Most of the "furniture" was part of the hut design and was fixed. Along all the walls not occupied by the oven, wide benches were drawn, close from the largest trees. They were designed not so much for the seat as for sleep. The shops tightly attached to the wall. Another important furniture was considered benches and stools that could be freely transferred from place to place when guests came. Over the shops, the shelves were arranged along the all the walls - "shipyards", on which household items were kept, small tools, etc. Special wooden pegs for clothing were driven in the wall.

The inalienable attribute of almost every hut is a sew - a timber, which is located in opposite walls under the ceiling, which is found in the midst, opposite the simpleness, was supported by two sauces. The second pole was resting at one end to the first pole, and the other is in common. The designated design in the winter was supporting the mill for tedious of rogs and other utility operations associated with this fishery.

Spinning

The special pride of the hostesses were accurate, carved and painted straps, which usually put on a prominent place: they served not only to the instrument of labor, but also the decoration of the dwellings. Usually, the peasant girls went to the "gatherings" - merry rural gatherings. "White" Izba was removed with home weaving items. The polls and laying were closed with colored flaxseed flaxes. On the windows - curtains from household kisa, the window sills adorned geranium to the peasant heart. It was especially carefully retired to the holidays: Women washed with sand and screamed a lot of big knives - "Kosari" - ceiling, walls, shops, shelves, flavors.

Clothes peasants stored in the chests. The more wealth in the family, the chests in the hollow. Mastered them from the tree, they were abundant for strength by iron stripes. Often the chests had ingenious mortise locks. If a girl grew in the peasant family, then from the small years in a separate chest, she was gathered.

In this space there lived a poor Russian man. Often, in the winter stepped in the hut contained pets: calves, lambs, kids, piglets, and sometimes poultry.

In the decoration of the huts, the artistic taste and skill of the Russian peasant were affected. His silhouette crowned carved

horse (oven) and roofing porch; FRONTON was decorated with carved breeds and towels, wall planes - windows of windows, often reflecting the influence of the architecture of the city (Baroque, classicism, etc.). Ceiling, door, walls, furnace, less often Outdoor Fronton painted.

Utility room

Non-residential peasant buildings made up an economic courtyard. Often they were collected together and put under the same roof with riding. Build a household yard in two tiers: in Lower there were a chlev for a cattle, a stable, and in the top - a huge dental, scored by fragrant hay. A significant part of the economic courtyard was held by the barn for storing the working equipment - soy, harrows, as well as carts and a sled. Than wealthy the peasant, the greater the size was his economic courtyard.

Separately from the house usually put a bath, well, and the barn. It is unlikely that the then baths were very different from those that you can still meet - a small log house,

sometimes without a defendant. In one corner - the stove-Kamenka, next to it - shelves or the flavors on which they were soared. In another corner - a barrel for water, which heated, throwing rusted stones there. Later, pig-iron boilers began to heal the water in the stove-heater. To mitigate water in the barrel added woodwood, thus preparing. All the decoration of the bath was illuminated by a small window, the light of which was shattered in blacks of wrapped walls and ceilings, as in order to save the baths of the bath, "in black" and smoke was released across a partial door. From above, such a structure often had almost flat single-car roof, covered straw, bark and turf.

Barn, and often under him and the cellar, put in sight against windows and gone from the housing to keep the annual stock of grain in case of fire. On the doors of the barn hung the castle - perhaps the only one in the whole household. In the barn in huge boxes (slaves) the main wealth of the agriculture was kept: rye, wheat, oats, barley. No wonder in the village used to say: "What is in the barn, such and in your pocket."

To improve the cellar, they chose a more sublime and dry place, which was not flooded with a hollow water. Drinking for cellars Fravel is quite deep enough, so that vegetables stored in the cellar are stored in the cellar. As the walls of the cellar - the half of the oak logs were used. The overlap of the cellar also was made of the same halves, but more powerful. From above, the cellar fell down the earth. The cellar was leased, which was called by the worklines and in the winter from above, as always he was insulated. The cellar, like in the barn, also equipped susees for storing potatoes, beets, carrots, etc. In the summer, the cellar was used as a refrigerator in which milk and perishable products were placed.

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