Chernobyl ... For more than 30 years have passed since this word broke the greatest tragedy into our lives, it announced the world about the largest technogenic catastrophe of the twentieth century. Up to the horror of the frightened by the "peaceful atom", ordinary people were ready to believe in the most incredible fantastic version of what happened: earthquake, aliens, testing of the new weapon. And the official leadership to announce the result of the investigation was not rushing.

Death radiation, mutants, cancer and any such is the first thing that comes to mind with the word Chernobyl. This place causes panic fear of a million people around the world. In the history of mankind, there has never been such a terrible tragedy, which the carelessness of people became the culprit. The world still lives in captivity of concentrated stamps, deeply rooted in the subconscious. All fully realized that the atom could serve not only to peaceful goals.

It has been over 30 years for more than 30 years, and many scientists who tried to solve the riddle of the tragic April 1986 day, still does not allow resting the main reason that caused the destruction of the 4th reactor. Eyewitnesses of liquidators who survived said: "You can't even try to talk about what was in Chernobyl, if you didn't see a destroyed reactor with my own eyes."
One knows exactly what the experiment conducted by that night on the fourth reactor was out of control of the station workers.

An eyewitness of the first minutes of a technogenic catastrophe - the head of the change of station B. Rogozhkin described it like this: "On the night of April 26, 1986, I observed a glowing pillar from the reactor mine, the correct cylindrical shape, a height and diameter of the second stage (the diameter of the pipe is 20 meters, and its height is 100 meters). Inside this, the luminous pillar smoothly rose and lowered the figures of various columns. Forms (just as it happens in a Chinese lantern), while the colors were so that I did not see in my life. "

The result of the explosion was regarded as a global technogenic disaster of a planetary scale: 190 tons of radioactive substances thrown into the atmosphere and eight tons of radioactive fuel, which was equivalent to explode five hundred atomic bombs discarded on Hiroshima in 1945. Radiation was infected with more than 145 thousand square kilometers of the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.

But the most terrible thing in this story is that the population has been warned about danger only two days later. As always, state figures put on the map first their reputation then only the lives of thousands of people. One hundred fifteen thousand people began to evacuate from the alienation zone with a large delay.

Chernobyl alienation zone The largest territory in Europe with closed access, it is comparable to some countries. And in the center of this zone, the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is a monument of the largest technogenic catastrophe in the world.

Artists, as creative people, have never stayed away from all the topical problems taking place on the globe. And the topic of Chernobyl did not bypass them.
Many artists of Belarus, Ukraine, Russia - one of those who are familiar from the areas affected by the radiation who saw the horror in which the catastrophe of the fertile land, which is in the very center of Europe. Their work is impregnated by tragedy and pain, make them think about the main thing about the price of human carelessness, and the invaluable life of the person himself.

And some creators later go to those places to penetrate the atmosphere and throw out their impressions and leaning feelings of longing, fear, pain from what they saw on canvas, in a stone sculpture, poems. And some leave on the walls of the destroyed city of drawings of graphitti, which "sound" like a plenty of help.

And here is the district of the Chernobyl NPP,
The village is Pripyat - a small miracle.
Here the roofs touches heaven
Houses of multi-storey amplitude.
Settlement of chemists, installers, doctors,
And energy whose work is particularly impressed
Who is his work valor
The country benefits in Kilowatte.
Now he suddenly devoured and me,
There are no reason to stay here,
After all, this before the found area
Now declared an infected zone.

Twenty-three years later, the Chernobyl station stopped generating electricity. "Currently, work is underway to conclusion from the operation of the Chernobyl NPP and the transformation of the fourth power unit destroyed as a result of the accident." At the atomic, the team in seven hundred people, who makes a feat in the name of all living things in the nuclear conditions. The atomic monster must be completely eliminated by 2065. And the true causes of the explosion have so far remain unknown, and the next apocalypse can be repeated at any time ...

Black Bul - Chernobyl

Chernobyl tragedy

20 years ago, hundreds of thousands of people from all the republics of the Soviet Union began to eliminate the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (Chernobyl) - sadly memorable humanity of an unprecedented disaster, which took place on April 26, 1986. It seems that the world has not yet realized that it could happen on that day, if there were no such people among us - Chernobyl courageous and brave heroes! They have been able to smarle this complex fire on the roof of the 4th Chernobyl disaster, destroyed as a result of a technogenic catastrophe.

The fire alarm CHAEC worked on April 26 at 01 an hour 26 minutes 03 seconds. After seven minutes, the combat posts were engaged in the fourth power unit, the fighting posts were occupied by the fireboards of the guard of the guard of Vladimir Ruke (HPV-2), and after 9 minutes on call No. 3 (the signal of the highest risk), Karaul Viktor Kibenka was taken to the station from an independent militarized fire unit No. 6 of the city of Pripyati. He was immediately arrived and the head of the Chernobyl HPV-2 Leonid of Venels, who was on vacation at that time; It remained to fit the day, but, having learned about the fire, urgently caused an operational car and drove to the station.

"I arrived at the fireplace at 01h of 46 minutes," he told later. - The fire was hung might and main, the destroyed roof of the fourth power unit was burning. The flame could cross the third block with him, but it was impossible to allow such a catastrophe. Rose into a 70-meter mark, looked at, then down. We did not yet know that the active zone of the reactor was already destroyed by an explosion - the flame and smoke did not allow to fully assess the situation. It was necessary to suppress the fire foci as soon as possible, overlapping all the moves and stop the fire. Running around the machine room where there was no fire, through the destroyed wall I saw some unusual glow in the central hall. What is it?! Reactor? I realized that this glow comes from the reactor ...

Today, all the details of the terrible April night of 86 years old are almost known, and we know how hot there was there on the roof of the fourth power unit: boiling bodies had lived, flew the splashes on clothes, he drove into the skin. We know how similar to the legendary front-line Panfilovtsam, 28 foreheads - the fighters of the first rank, did not flour, being in the heart of the radiation zone. They sustained this inhuman test, and the roof of the fourth power unit became a peak of life for them.

We know that the Chernobyl firefighters committed the greatest thing that real people can do for people - defended their lives, and to 5 o'clock in the morning completely eliminated the fire at the station. But few people know that the lives of these fearless Chernobyl citizens were fighting for a long time, although the six of them did not manage to survive - too much time was in the fight against fire in the decisive direction. Now they are Nikolai Vasil, Vasily Ignatenko, Victor Kibenok, Vladimir Prikik, Nikolai Titenok, Vladimir Tishura - rest at the Mitinsky Cemetery of Moscow.

Tragic events in Chernobyl from all over the world caused flows of letters, in which the sincere admiration of the courage of Soviet firefighters, sympathy and support of the peoples of the Soviet Union. Mail every week brought evidence of professional solidarity of firefighters Austria, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, USA, France and many other countries. This is what he wrote in his message the head of the Cup of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the NRB General Lieutenant Elijah Donchev: "Dear comrades! We, the staff of the central fire department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the People's Republic of Bulgaria and all Bulgarian firefighters, with pain and the alarm learned about the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant ... We are delighted with the heroism and courage of your employees who were the first to fight the deadly element ... Soviet fire fighting May be proud to bring up and continues to raise such worthy sons of their people ... any of us must be ready to commit such a feat. Glory to you, dear brothers in arms! "

Whatever amazing, now the overwhelming majority of our fellow citizens actually does not know anything about the fact that the Chernobyl nuclear power plant shown the Chernobyl NPP after the April accident after the April Accident. On the night of May 22nd, May 23, 1986, the Government Commission received alarm message: "The station detected the burning of the 4th block cables ...". The consequences of the May Fire on the Chernobyl, could be terrific terrible, but again the firefighters were not retreated before the flame signedly under the leadership under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel of Vladimir Maximchuk. As a member of the Operational Headquarters of the State University of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, he prepared a group of experienced training colleagues in Chernobyl and on May 13 arrived in Chernobyl to directly manage a composite detachment of the fire service. Daily and for several hours he was in the station zone with an increased level of radiation. And once, studying the Chernobyl, he received a serious trauma of his left leg, hitting the globe of the graphite, which remained at the 4th block site after the April explosion. The leg has a swollen so much that Vladimir Mikhailovich could no longer put on his boots, then he had to steal the incredibly complex "tunnel fire" soon in sports kids. Like the fighters of the first echelon in April, and in May 1986, the fireman led by Lieutenant Colonel Maximchuk managed to curb the flame and completely eliminate the focus of burning in the zone of increased risk at the station. True, in contrast to the April Fire Odysseas of the Fighters of the first echelon, this no less impressive feat of the firefighters was not widely made public and therefore the country did not respond to the emergence of new heroes of Chernobyl.

Vladimir Maximchuk personally knew and served with him for more than one year the veteran of the metropolitan fire department Vladimir Nikitenko wondered a noble goal - as fully can be restored according to documents and memories of eyewitnesses the picture successfully conducted by flame harvesters in the Chernobyl May attack on the burnt center. The materials collected unequivocally testified: only due to the highly professional actions of the "01" service staff, the fire was localized and liquidated, which ultimately allowed to avoid re-Chernobyl tragedy. But the country's leadership decided not to indulge this event, therefore, the feat of firefighters remained unknown for a long time. And only after the death of Vladimir Mikhailovich Maximchuk, the truth about the second Chernobyl fire was gradually started to learn more and more people. In the book that came out not so long ago, the book of Lieutenant General of the Internal Service of Nikolay Demidov "MVD - Shield Chernobyl" is emphasized: "It seems that the Government of Russia has not yet told his word in the perpetuation of the memory of the Hero-Chernobyl Maksimchuk V.M. I say it with a full consciousness The fact that for the cementing of the friendship of the three Slavic peoples, Vladimir Mikhailovich his life and death made immeasurably more than many state states of the country ".

Of course, it is necessary to bow low in front of the entire initiative group headed by Colonel in the resignation of Vladimir Nikitenko, who managed to achieve the state recognition of the special significance of the admire of Vladimir Maximchuk: in December 2003, Vladimir Mikhailovich posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation. His spouse, a member of the Union of Russian Writers, Lyudmila Maksimchuk, remembering the husband-fireman, with the undisguised notice of bitterness stated: "As can be seen, the flame of history selectively". In his poem "Star of the Hero of Russia", as in spirit, she admits us:

And it's better late than ever ...
And here it is the hero's star.

During his lifetime, they said: this is nonsense;
Fire - not, heroes - no.

Hero! - He did not need an order,
I decided everything - and saved all firefighters;

Firefighters did not flip, saved
And station, and residents of the Earth!

There was a feat - eighteen years in the shade.
Hid, lied ... Where are they now?!

The family of the star of the hero was presented.
The star has a high price:
She is one at all. Firefighters - Stroy.
So know that any of them is a hero!

Of course, awards are only a symbol, a distinctive sign on the recognition of the actions performed by people with a capital letter. And if there was the title of "Hero of the Planet", then the names of all the heroes of Chernobyl liquidators would certainly be in the list of cavaliers of this award, including this Russian hero - Vladimir Maximchuk. But it is a pity, such award has not yet come up with humane mankind, and after all, after all, to think only, what would have been with all countries of Europe and the current "inextentive" states - the republics of the former USSR, if there were no such people among us as Vladimir Maksimchuk? And these people saved our world, giving their lives and health for it.

Our reference. Despite the crisis phenomena in socio-political life, in the Russian Federation, a cohesive social force operates for many years - the Union of Chernobyl Russia. This is an association of citizens who participated in the elimination of Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters. In his work, members of the Union have repeatedly confirmed their high moral qualities that they showed during the tragedy. The Union of Chernobyl Russia in difficult for the country time stood in one row with those who fought for stability in society, democracy, unity and justice.

The accident at the Chernobyl NPP was the largest in the history of nuclear energy. An objective understanding of its environmental, social, medical and psychological consequences is the subject of many years of studying the specialists of many countries.

It focused on the most negative features of the modern political, economic, social and environmental state of the country. The accident revealed all that negative, which can carry modern equipment and technology with imperative manual and the use of achievements of scientific and technological progress. As a result of the Chernobyl accident, 50,000,000 ki came to the external environment., Various radionuclides. In connection with the complex meteorological situation after the accident, the extensive territories of Ukraine were significantly contaminated (410075 sq. Km), Belarus (46006 sq. Km), the European part of Russia (57001 sq. Km). The trajectories of polluted air masses crossed the territory of Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland and Scandinavia countries, in the south - Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey. The territories of Austria, Germany, Italy, Great Britain and a number of other countries in Western Europe were contaminated.

According to official estimates of the three countries (Republic of Belarus, Russia, Ukraine), at least more than 9,000,000 people suffered from the Chernobyl catastrophe.

16 regions and one republic with a population of about 3,000,000 people living in more than 12,000 settlements have been subjected to radioactive pollution. The world public opinion rightly estimated a catastrophe at the Chernobyl NPP as a result of many years of practitioners of anti-human human and nature. In Chernobyl disaster, the entire vanity of the past totalitarian system was reflected: rooted inattention towards people, widespread negligence, disregard for labor standards and its safety.

In the field of use of nuclear energy reigned atmosphere of secrecy. The alarming signals about accidents at the Leningrad NPP - in 1975, on the 2nd block of the Chernobyl NPP - in 1982, they were silent.

The state systematically saved on the safety of atomic energy, the system of dosimetric control was in the launched state. Protective funds were far from perfect and manufactured by minimal parties. Often emerged emergencies with the complete absence of information from the population about the existing and possible danger to health and life.

In the period from 1986 to 1990, over 800,000 thousand USSR citizens, including 300,000 people from Russia, were attracted to work in the Chernobia Zone. The scales of the disaster could become immeasurably large if it were not for the courage and dedicated actions of liquidators.

Time takes into the past events and facts of the Chernobyl tragedy. In the modern period of development of our society, Chernobyl remains as a symbol of the oversight and fear, which should be forgotten soon than to remember. Therefore, efforts to overcome the negative consequences of the catastrophe were often hasty and ineffective. Errors in legislative activities on the social protection of affected citizens were accompanied by a violation of their constitutional rights to compensation for damage caused to health and property. "There is no one's sentence" - a call forgotten by time for humanity and mercy should find real content in civil society.

After the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, more than 20 years have passed. What can be said about its consequences? If you contact the international medical and information system of smartline, it is easy to detect that more than 2,000 scientific articles have been published on this issue. But there are unclear and unsolved many issues related to an objective assessment of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP. The accident at the Chernobyl NPP became the largest nuclear accident. In the first week after the accident, the radiation situation was determined mainly by iodine radionuclides and was very tense. In a number of regions, doses power reached hundreds of MKP / h, and often exceeded 1 mP / h. In large territories, an increased content of radionuclides in milk, vegetables, meat and other types of agricultural products was observed. During this period, the preemptive irradiation of the thyroid gland, sorbing radionuclides of iodine, entered into the body with food and air. Subsequently, as short-lived radionuclides decay, the radiation situation began to be determined by the cesium radionuclides. Works on the country's radiation monitoring of the country were deployed, in total in Russia more than 6 million square kilometers of the country's territory were examined. Based on aerogammaker and terrestrial surveys, CESIE-137 contamination, strontium-90 and plutonium-239 of the European part of Russia were prepared and published. In 1997, a long-term project of the European Community to create an atlaning of contamination of Europe Cesium after the Chernobyl accident was completed. It is estimated to be made in the framework of this project, the territory of 17 European countries with a total area of \u200b\u200b207.5 thousand square meters. km turned out to be polluted cesium with contamination density over 1 k / sq. Cm.

Directly during the accident, over 300 people from NPP staff and firefighters were undergoing acute radiation exposure. Of these, 237 were delivered primary diagnosis "Acute radiation disease" (Alb). The most seriously affected, and this is 31 people, they could not save. After the accident, hundreds of thousands of citizens of the USSR were brought to work on the elimination of its consequences, including 200 thousand from Russia. Despite the measures taken to limit the irradiation of participants in the disposal of the consequences of the accident, a significant part of them was irradiated in doses of the order of maximum permissible 250 mW in 1986.

Events on the radiation protection of the population from translating were launched in Russia immediately after identifying radioactive pollution. They were to introduce various restrictions, deactivational work, the implementation of the relocation of residents. As the radiation situation is clarified, the area of \u200b\u200bwork has been expanded, the volumes of anti-emergency measures were increasing. The main activities at the initial stage were carried out in the so-called zone of hard control, limited insulating 15 ki / sq. Km (about 100 thousand inhabitants of Russia). The boundary of the zone was chosen on the basis of the dose rate for the first year - 100 mW. Subsequently, the following restrictions on the annual dose of the exposure of the population in 30 msv - the second year, 25 mW - the third year were adopted. The security measures carried out significantly reduce the dose of exposure to the population, but violated its usual life structure. Changes in society and an understanding of the negative effect of numerous livelihood restrictions initiated in 1988-1990 an attempt to transition to the rehabilitation phase of an accident based on the determination of an additional dose limit for life of 350 msv. Regarding this concept in a rapidly changing society, how then was the Soviet Union, the sharp discussion unfolded. In this situation, the USSR government appealed to the IAEA asking for an independent examination. The results of the International Chernobyl project, which confirmed the adequacy of the adopted protective measures, could not overcome the outlining trend of the problem. Competent organizations (NKRZ of the USSR, WHO, IAEA, etc.), focused on radiological approaches, could not fully appreciate the role of socio-psychological and political factors.

In May 2000, the 49th session of the UN Science Committee on the action of atomic radiation (NCDAR) took place in Vienna. The considerable attention of this authoritative international organization was paid to the evaluation of the medical consequences of Chernobyl. One of the highest Citation indices of the NCGAR was noted by scientific research performed by the national radiation-epidemological register established on the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on the basis of the Ramna Medical Radiological Scientific Center (Obninsk).

The accident sharply violated the usual way of living of people, and for many of them had tragic consequences. However, the predominant majority of the affected population's accident should not live in fear of fearing serious health effects, because favorable prospects should be prevailing for the health of most people.

Chernobyl and Hiroshima

On April 26, 1986, during a completely planned procedure at the Chernobyl NPP, everything began to evolve at all as describes the regulations and how the common sense suggests ...

Matvey Vologdanin

Any event in the world consists of such a variety of factors, which can be safe: the whole universe takes part in it. The human ability to perceive and understand reality ... Well, what can I say about it? It is possible that we have almost overtake on successes in this area some plants. While we just live, you can especially not pay attention to what actually happens around you. The sounds of different volumes are distributed on the street, more or less ride as it were, like a mosquito, not that mosquito flew past the nose past the nose, not the remains of yesterday's hallucination, and behind the corner of the elephant, who did not notice.

Workers of the Chernobyl NPP. 1984

But we are calm. We know that there are rules. Table multiplication, hygienic standards, military charter, Criminal Code and Euclidean Geometry - all that helps us believe in pattern, orderliness and, most importantly, the predictability of what is happening. How was Lewis Carroll - "If you keep a hot chockerel in my hands, then in the end you can burn slightly"?

The troubles begin when disasters occur. Whatever order they are, they almost always remain inexplicable and not understandable. Why did this even new left sandal fall off the markup, while the right full of strength and health? Why from thousands of cars that drove on this day on a frozen puddle, only one flew into the dick? Why April 26, 1986 during a completely planned procedure at the Chernobyl NPP, everything began to develop at all as usual, not as described by the regulation and how does common sense suggest? However, we will provide the word to the direct member of the events.

What happened?

Anatoly Dyatlov

"On April 26, 1986, at one hour and twenty-three minutes of forty seconds, the head of the shift of the block No. 4 Chernobia Alexander Akimov ordered to drown out the reactor at the end of the work carried out before stopping the power unit to the planned repairs. The reactor operator Leonid Toptunov took off the AZ button that protects against accidentally erroneous press, and pressed the button. According to this signal, 187, the rods of the reactor are moved down, in the active zone. Illumination lights tanned on the mpmotablo, and came in the movement of the arrow of the rod position pointers. Alexander Akimov, standing in the co-rotation to the reactor control panel, also watched this, also saw that the "bunnies" of the indicators of the APs were rejected to the left, as it should be, which meant a decrease in the power of the reactor, turned to the security panel, followed by the experiment.

But then there was something that could not predict the most unrestrained fantasy. After a small reduction, the reactor power suddenly began to increase with ever-increasing speed, emergency signals appeared. L. Toptunov shouted on emergency increase in power. But to do something was not in his power. Everything he could have made - kept the AZ button, the SUZ rods went to the active zone. There are no other means at his disposal. And all others too. A. Akimov shouted sharply: "Determination of the reactor!" Jumped to the console and de-energized the electromagnetic clutches of the drives of the SUZ rods. The action is true, but useless. After all, the logic of the SUZ, that is, all its elements of logic schemes, worked correctly, the rods went to the zone. Now it is clear: after pressing the AZ button of faithful actions, there was no rescue, there were no two powerful explosions with a short gap. Rods AZ stopped moving without passing and half of the path. It was nowhere to go. At one hour and twenty-three minutes, forty-seven seconds, the reactor collapsed by overclocking power on instant neutron. It is the collapse, a limit catastrophe, which can be on an energy reactor. She was not comprehended, they were not prepared for her. "

This is an excerpt from the book Anatoly Dyatlov "Chernobyl. How it was". The author - Deputy Chief Engineer of the Chernobyl NPP for Operation, who was present on the day on the fourth block, which became one of the liquidators, recognized as one of the perpetrators of the tragedy and convicted for ten years in prison, from where it later was released to die from radiation to freedom, where he and I managed to write my memories before died in the 1995th.

If someone taught the physics very poorly at school and vaguely imagines that it happens inside the reactor, he probably did not understand what was described above. In principle, this can be conventionally explained in this way.

Imagine that we have tea in a glass that is trying to overtakely drop by itself. Well, such tea. So that he does not break the glass of the glass and did not fill the kitchen with hot steam, we regularly lower metal spoons in a glass - in order to compose. The colder we need tea, the more spoons we picham. And on the contrary: so that tea becomes rushing, we pull out spoons. Of course, carbide and graphite rods that are placed in the reactor, they work in a slightly different principle, but the essence does not change too much.

Now let's remember what the main problem is facing all power plants in the world. Most of all the hassle in the energy sector is not with fuel prices, not with drinking electricians and not with the crowds of "green", picketing their passing. The greatest trouble in the life of any energy is uneven power consumption of the station clients. The unpleasant habit of mankind in the afternoon work, sleep at night, and there is also a chorus, shave and watch the series leads to the fact that the energy produced and consumed instead of pouring a smooth uniform flow, forced to jump as the bembered goat, which makes Blackouts and other troubles. After all, instability in the work of any system leads to failures, and get rid of excess energy heavier than to produce it. Especially great difficulties with this in nuclear stations, since the chain reaction is quite difficult to explain when it should go more active, and when you can and slow down.

Engineers at the Chernobyl NPP. 1980 year

In the USSR, at the beginning of the eighties began to slowly explore the possibilities of rapid increase and reduce reactor power. This method of control overloads was much easier and more profitable in the theory.

This program is open, a clear case has not been discussed, the staff of the stations could only assume why these "planned repairs" were frequent and changed the regulations for work with reactors. But, on the other hand, nothing extraordinary with reactors did not do. And if this world was regulated only by the laws of physics and logic, the fourth power unit still walked himself as an angel and regularly stood in the service of a peaceful atom.

For so far no one could really answer the main question of the Chernobyl catastrophe: why does the power of the reactor do not fall after the introduction of the rods, but, on the contrary, inexplicably increased sharply?

The two most authoritative authorities - the Commission of the State Summandsor of the USSR and the Special Committee of the IAEA after several years of work were developed by documents, each of which stuffed the facts about how the accident proceeded, but none of the page in these detailed research cannot be found to the question "Why?". There you can find wishes, regret, concerns, instructions for disadvantages and forecasts for the future, but there is no intentional explanation. By and large, both of these reports could be reduced to the phrase "sounded there is something" *.

* Note PHACOCHOERUS "A pounding: « No, well, it is already slander! Employees of the IAEA have expressed themselves more culturally. In fact, they wrote: "It is significant unknown, whereby the power leap began, which led to the destruction of the Chernobyl NPP reactor »

Less official researchers, on the contrary, put forward their versions with might and main and more thanks and convincing. And do not be so many of them, some of them probably would have to believe.

Different institutions, organizations and simply scientists with world names in turn were announced by the culprits of the proof:

incorrect design of rods; improper design of the reactor itself;
personnel error, too long reduced reactor power; local unnoticed earthquake, which happened accuracy under the Chernobyl nuclear power plant; ball lightning; another unknown science is a particle that sometimes occurs when the chain reaction.

The alphabet is not enough to list all the authoritative versions (unauthorized, of course, as always, look more painted and contain such wonderful things as evil Martians, cerebral cerebrals and angry Jehovah. It is a pity that such a respected scientific publication, like Maxim, cannot go to The occasion of the thick tastes of the crowd and describe everything in more detail.

These strange methods of combating radiation

A list of items that are usually required to distribute to the population in the event of radiation hazards, it seems incomplete for the uninitiated. And where is the bayan, the bitter and a sump? But in fact, things in this list are not so useless.

Mask Someone seriously believes that gamma rays, instantly penetrating steel, will be saved in front of five layers of marblets? Gamma rays - no. But the radioactive dust, which was already equipped with the hardest, but from that no less dangerous substances, will be less intensively to fall into the respiratory tract.

Iodine Iodine isotope is one of the most shortly living elements of radioactive emission - has an unpleasant property to settle in the thyroid gland for a long time and bring it into complete disrepair. Tablets with iodine It is recommended to take that your thyroid show this iodine was going on and she no longer had a happala from the air. True, an overdose of iodine - the thing in itself is dangerous, so it is not recommended to swallow it with bubbles.

Cannedize Milk and vegetables would be the most useful products when contacting radiation, but, alas, they are they infected first. And followed by meat, which was powered by vegetables and gave milk. So the foot feed in an infected region is better not to collect. Especially mushrooms: the concentration of radioactive chemical elements is above all.

Liquidation

Record negotiations of rescue services dispatchers immediately after the catastrophe:

The explosion himself went about two people: one died immediately, the second managed to deliver to the hospital. The first firefighters arrived at the place of the catastrophe and began to extinguish the fire. They made it in the tarp robes and helmets. They did not have other means of protection, and they did not know about the radiation threat - only in a couple of hours they began to extend the information that the fire is different from the usual.

By the morning, firefighters hung the flame and began to fall into fainting - the radial defeat began to affect. 136 employees and rescuers who found themselves at that day at the station received a huge dose of irradiation, and every fourth died in the first months after the accident.

In the next three years, the elimination of the effects of the explosion was engaged in a total of about half a million people (almost half of them were soldiers of the urgent service, many of which were sent to Chernobyl in fact violently). The catastrophe itself was covered with a mixture of lead, boron and dolomites, after which a concrete sarcophag was erected over the reactor. Nevertheless, the number of radioactive substances thrown into the air immediately after the accident and in the first week after it was huge. Neither before any of this amount did not turn out to be in places of tight residence of people.

The deaf silence of the USSR authorities about the accident then did not seem so strange as now. Hide the bad or exciting news from the population was so in the then practice that even information about the engineering in the Sexy Maniac region could not reach the ears of the serene public; And only when the next "Fisher" or "Mosgaz" began to conduct the score of his victims to dozens, and even hundreds, the plot was given the task of Tikhonechko to bring to the attention of parents and teachers the fact that the kids are perhaps better than the street.

Therefore, the city of Pripyat the next day after the accident was evacuated hastily, but quietly. People said that they were taken out on a day, a maximum of two, and they asked not to take with them any things in order not to overload transport. About the radiation of the same power did not drop the word.

Rumors, of course, crawled, but the overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia and the layers did not hear about what Chernobyl. Some of the members of the Central Committee of the CPSU had enough conscience to raise the question of the abolition of May Day demonstrations at least in the cities that were directly in the path of polluted clouds, but it was considered that such a violation of the eternal order would cause unhealthy excitement in society. So residents of Kiev, Minsk and other cities managed to move to run with balls and cloves under radioactive rain.

But the radioactive release of this scale was impossible. The first screams raised Poles and Scandinavians to which those magic clouds flew from the East and brought with them a lot of interesting things.

Victims

Of course, the government could continue to pretend that nothing happens, but here we can justize the Soviet officials a little: they were still not such a complete ghouls that sleep and see how to turn two hundred and a half million of their subjects in ulcers covered Mutants. From the very beginning they consulted with scientists, primarily with the miniators, trying to figure out the degree of threat to the health of citizens of neighboring areas with Chernobyl. The content of these negotiations is either not recorded or still secretly, but, apparently, the scientists radiated the exceptional optimism then.

Indirect certificate confirming that scientists gave the Government to Silence about Chernobyl, the fact that the scientist Valery Legasov, a member of the Governmental Commission for the Investigation of the accident, organized eliminating four months and voiced the official press of the official (very united) version of what was happening, in 1988 The year hanged himself, leaving in his office a voice recorder, talking about the details of the accident, and that part of the record, where the story was chronologically, the story of the reaction of the authorities on the events in the first days was erased by unidentified persons.

Another indirect evidence of this is that optimism scientists emit so far. And now officials of the Federal Atomic Energy Agency are on the fact that only those several hundred people who participated in the first days of the explosion may be considered actually affected by the explosion, and even then with bills. For example, an article "Who helped create a Chernobyl myth", written by FAEA and Ibraa RAS specialists in 2005, analyzes statistics on the health of residents of polluted areas and, recognizing that in general the population is sick there a little more often, sees the reason only that, Landing with panickers, people, firstly, run to doctors with each pimple, and secondly, for many years they live in a non-pretty health stress caused by hysteria in the yellow press. The huge number of persons with disabilities among the liquidators of the first wave, they explain what "being disabled is beneficial", and hint that the main cause of catastrophic mortality among liquidators is not the consequences of irradiation, but alcoholism caused by the same irrational fear of radiation. Even the phrase "radiation danger" our peaceful nuclear makers are written exclusively in quotes.

But this is one side of the medal. For each atommaker, convinced that there is no energy in the world a cleaner and safe and safer than atomic, there is its member of the environmental or human rights organization, ready to sow the very panicity of generous grievances.

"Greenpeace", for example, assesses the number of victims of the Chernobyl accident at 10 million, adding to them, however, representatives of the following generations that will be sick or cause patients over the next 50 years.

Between the two poles there are dozens and hundreds of international organizations, whose statistical studies contradict to each other so much that in 2003 the IAEA was forced to create the organization "Chernobyl Forum", in whose task would be an analysis of this statistics in order to create at least some reliable picture What is happening.

And so far with estimates of the consequences of the catastrophe there is nothing clear. An increase in the mortality of the population from the areas close to Chernobyl can be explained by the mass migration of young people from there. A minor "rejuvenation" of cancer is the fact that they check the local residents on the oncology much more intense than in other places, therefore many cases of cancer are caught in very early stages. Even the condition of blinds and ladybugs in the closed zone around Chernobyl is the subject of fierce disputes. It seems like the burdocks grow on Divo juicy, and the fastened cows, and the amount of mutations at the local flora and fauna within the natural norm. But what does the harmlessness of radiation manifest itself, and what is the beneficial effect of the lack of people for many kilometers around, is difficult to answer.

OKU "Kursk Center for Juvenile"

Prepared: Kiryaev's teacher Lyudmila Sergeevna

Chernobyl: Black Bul ... Black Pain ...

Hour courage.

Life - defenseless

And love is gentle.

And the mind of the earth

Takes tribute.

And accurate responsibility

Great knowledge.

(Inscription on a nuclear reactor. 1985 M. Dudin)

Fallen and live participants of the disaster elimination

at the Chernobyl NPP and other radiation accidents,

widows and mothers, families who lost the breadwinners,

dedicated to this project.

Slide 1-3. (Theme, epigrafe )

Slide 4.

Lead 1: April 26, 2016 Humanity celebrated 30 years of Chernobyl! 30 years! Black jubilee tragedy. An anniversary that is not celebrated, but which you need to remember. Although those whom it affected directly, this day will never forget.

About this date you need to remember everything. Perhaps, we didn't fully realizewhat it happened on April 26, 1986. One of the most common misconceptions - at the Chernobyl NPPoccurred accident. More accurate judgment, but also erroneous: wesurvived nuclear catastrophe. Until now, the world has not understood that Chernobyl-86 does not have the past. For 30 years, we already live with him daily and hourly, suffering from a catastrophe, who are more, who are to a lesser extent.

Slide 5.

Lead 2: Few in Europe guess the existence of the city of Pripyat until April 26, 1986. The Chernobyl nuclear power station is located in the Kiev region in the north of Ukraine, 16 kilometers from the Ukrainian - Belarusian border (110 kilometers from Kiev, 18 km from Chernobyl and 16 km from Border with Belorussia). These places rich in forests and meadows are near the place where the River Pripyat flows into the Dnieper. The station began to give electricity in 1977. The fourth power unit was paved at the end of 1983.

By the beginning of 1988, 417 atomic reactors existed in the world and 120 was still built. The contribution of NPP in energy production in many countries was more than 50%. Nuclear power plants give the necessary people to people. Reactors are installed on icebreakers, satellites, submarines. Nuclear energy firmly entered our lives with its "pluses" and "minuses".

Slide 6.

Lead 1: The fact that nuclear transformations can become a source of huge energy, scientists have become clear already a few years after the opening of Anthohan Henri Becquer and Pierre Curie.

Slide 7.

Back in 1922, Academician V.I. Vernadsky warned that the time of mastering atomic energy is close, and the main question is how humanity will use this colossal source of energy - to increase its welfare or for self-destruction. The creation in the subsequent nuclear weapons of mass lesions and accidents at industrial facilities of nuclear power plants, show the relevance of the warning of the scientist.

Slide 8, 9, 10.

For the first time, mankind saw an atom in action in 1945. When the United States dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A third of the population of these cities died, radiation caused leukemia from many people. People died and continue to die so far.

Slide 11.

A series of nuclear-weapon tests by the United States on the island of Bikini in 1946-1958. They led to the fact that, as a result of the explosion, two neighboring islands disappeared from the face, and the island itself became unsuitable for life.

Slide 12.

Have accidents at nuclear power plants on the territory of the former USSR? Yes, but none of them was so terrible and did not have such severe consequences.

For reference:

September 1957. Accident at the reactor near Chelyabinsk.

May 1966 - a malfunction in a nuclear reactor in Mekekes.

1964-1979 - repeated disorders in the first block of the Beloyarsk NPP.

January 1974 - an explosion of radioactive gases at the first block of the Leningrad NPP.

October 1975.- The destruction of the active zone at the first block of the Leningrad NPP.

1977.- The melting of the fuel assemblies of the active zone at the Beloyarsk NPP.

December 1978 - the second block of the Beloyarsk NPP burned down.

September 1982. - Destruction at the first block of the Chernobyl NPP.

October 1982 - the explosion of the generator at the first block of the Armenian NPP.

June 1985.- Accident at the first block of the Balakovo NPP.

Slide 13.

Lead 2: The coastal largest and consequences of the disaster occurred on April 26, 1986 in 1 h. 24 minutes at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The total emission of radioactive substances was 77 kg (when the bomb explosion in Hiroshima is 740 g).

Hit the Chernobyl bell. Heard residents of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, people of the whole planet were heard.

Slide 14. (clip)

Beautiful city, Pripyat coast,

Slightly noise pine forest

As if the chest is cool by saying,

Spring meets crumb-port.

And there, away, there are behind the trees,

Podboy nuclear power plants.

Around the field, fields with villages,

And river and green forest.

Spring day already ends,

Another April day.

And night quietly selected,

On the city, lowering the shadow. (A. Belkin)

(Reads prepared pupil)

Do not survive before morning

Silence split down

On the sinister that explosion.

In the dark, ran.

And, went! Sprinkle

Hot porridge.

The court is a great one.

Over our carelessness.

Fucked all up:

Overlap, blocks.

And the fire dassed.

On the destroyed block.

On the roads are already overwhelmed with sirens.

Right in his forehead fly

Invisible x-rays. (A. Belkin)

Slide 15.

Lead 1: Restore the terrible chronology of those events.

Slide 16.

April 25 at 01:06 began the planned shutdown of the reactor with a gradual decrease in total power. The emergency cooling system of the reactor was isolated in order not to interfere with the experiment.

April 26 at 00:05 The power level dropped to 720mV and continued to fall. Now it is known that the safe level of the reactor was 700mV.

00:28 The power level is 500mV. Control passed automatic regulation system. Then it happened incomprehensible: whether the operator forgot to include the system "keep the power level at a given mark", or the system did not give this directive, but the power level dropped to 30mV. Then the operator tried to correct the situation: raise the power level and solve the problems with cooling. Water pressure was increased to cooling circuit

01:22:10 began the spontaneous generation of steam in the reactor.

Nothing could stop the process. Twenty seconds the fuel atomized.

Slide 17-20.

1 hour 23 minutes 40 seconds -187 The rods of the control system and protection entered the active zone to join the reactor. The chain reaction was to be interrupted. However, after 3 seconds, emergency signals are registered to exceed the power of the reactor, pressure growth. And after another 4 seconds - a deaf explosion, shaking the entire building. Emergency protection rods stopped, without having passed half of the way.

Another powerful explosion shocked the power unit building -the top of the reactor was destroyed. Steel cover weighing in 2000 tons rocketreached into the air, exposing the channels where it was containednuclear fuel.

Radiation was simplemonstrous, energy created and shot in the sky a huge fireball.Graphite caught fire, the reactor became uncontrollable and began to melt. The flame has reached a height of 300 meters.

Operators who were in the building were doomed. Alarms sounded throughout the NPP complex, warning 4500 workers and engineers located in other power units.

It is customary to allocate three stages of the tragedy.

1 Stage of the Accident - Two explosions: after the first - for 1 with the radioactivity of the reactor increased 100 times; After the second - after 3 with radioactivity increased 440 times. The mechanical power of the explosion was such that the upper protective plate of the nuclear reactor weighing 2 thousand tons of shattering, exposing the reactor.

Of the 190 tons of nuclear fuel, 90% (170 tons) fell into the atmosphere of the Earth.

No roofs, part of the wall is destroyed ... went out the light, the phone turned off. Cutting overlap. Paul trembles. The premises are filled with or ferry, or fog, dust. Sparks of short circuit flashes. Radiation control devices are excavated. Hot radioactive water flows everywhere.

2 Stage (26.04 - 2.05) - combustion of graphite rods due to the allocation of tremendous energy.

3 Stage (May 2-6) - melting of nuclear fuel.

In the period of burning rods, the temperature inside the reactor did not fall below 1500. C, and after May 2 began to increase, approaching 3000` C, which caused the melting of the remaining nuclear fuel.

Slide 21-24.

Lead 2: The first, the most terrible blow accepted the firefighters of Pripyat. They extinguished the fire in the zone of the strongest radiation - above the reactor.

In 1 hour 30 minutes (that is, 6 minutes after the accident) to the place of the catastrophe profit of the fire units for the protection of nuclear power plants, the station itself and the city of Pripyat. Firefighters accepted all the power of radioactive radiation when steaming a fire on the roof of the machine room. Later arrived fire parts from Chernobyl, Kiev and other districts.

The struggle with the elements was height from 27 to 72 meters, and the station's duty personnel was engaged in stew inside the premises of the fourth power unit. The fact that the reactor is disclosed, the firefighters did not know.

2 hours 10 minutes - hit the fire on the roof of the machine room.
2 hours 30 minutes - the focus of the fire on the roof of the reactor compartment is suppressed.
4 hours 50 minutes - the fire is mostly localized.
By 6 hours 35 minutes - the fire is eliminated.

Lead 1: The reactor continued to burn, and at this time the rescue teams of ambulance urgently pulled irradiated. Attempts by firefighters, whose legs drowned in the molten bitumen, they gave fire with fireweak results. And yet they did everything they could. At the price of my own life.

Lead 2: 28 firefighters who left for the fire that night, made a real feat - Diligent Bed, saved thousands of human lives. C.yena of his life.

Slide 25-32.

They were the first.

Hero of the Soviet Union Lieutenant Vladimir Pavlovich Rules
Hero of the Soviet Union Lieutenant Viktor Nikolayevich Kibenok
Sergeant Nikolay Vasilyevich Vashchuk
Senior Sergeant Vasily Ivanovich Ignatenko
Senior Sergeant Nikolai Ivanovich Titenok
Sergeant Vladimir Ivanovich Tishura

(Reads prepared pupil)

How amazing male character,

When it reaches a height,

When the atomic reactor is expanding

And you must cope with misfortune.

But there was another reactor not far away -

They just needed to be very

Do not give fire pass the in the next block!

Fire and darkness - invisible enemy.

Before death, the step is then immortality.

Neither shootout nor attacks.

But only so - the price of death.

Slide 33

Lead 1: The burning of the reactor, although with a smaller force, continued until May 10. From the burning reactor, as from the vulcan zherel, lost burning particles, destroyed reactor and radionuclides with radioactivity in millions of Curi.On the territory of the Chernobyl, people stepped over the wreckage, later due to the high level of radiation there could not undergo radio-controlled robots: "went crazy."

Those who recruited the maximum allowed dose of radiation were left, and others came to their place. It was necessary, first of all, to put out the fire so that the fire would not throw on other power units. If this happened, the disaster would become planetary.

Lead 2: Remembers S. Tokarev, one of the participants in those events: ("Change", 1986, No. 17) "... The string of climbing up ... They took mittens and dumped from the roof the slices of graphite from the explosion, the bonfirefs were tapped. Immersioned legs in the melted bitumen, and the skin came up later with boots ... "

Slide 34-38.

(Reads prepared pupil)

Fire, Radiation of Luce Vole.

Boiled graphite and resin,

No sinners - Nice guys burned ...

And the zone of silence was ...

The countdown began to be an unknown era

The struggle is not for life, but to death.

And in the heart pounded, and beat about the door,

The soul is not giving mournful.

And jumped in Sweden apps arrows,

In the alarm of Europe was.

And it was unthinkable terrible grief.

And zone silence called ...

Slide 39-46.

Lead 1: Thousands of people from all over the former USSR were called and sent to eliminate the consequences of the catastrophe. Works on the elimination of the accident were mainly manually. Only volunteers were called. Only the best, people are physically healthy and having children are selected from them. Thousands of military, firefighters, rescuers, builders, doctors, nuclear scientists responded to the call of the Motherland. Did these people know what they were going? YES! They walked into battle, there were no shots, breaks of shells. The enemy was invisible! But he was everywhere! Do not give a terrible atomic shade to obscure the sun, save the whole world - this is the task that stood before these ordinary people!

The main part of the work was performed in 1986-1987.

(Reads prepared pupil)

And when

chernobyl firefighter

radiation,

in the bone appeared,

stepped -

not bosses

and his conscience in the direction of the main thing held - Inside the fire.

There are in the fires damned echoing law,

And the Chernobyl Summerman

Covered the whole of Ukraine from her nicknames

rakitami

and no one knows

how many countries it covered

how many roofs -
maybe my sons

and you, the Scandinavian kid,
And now only whispers about him

in that pumped atomic pit
ash along with charred nightingians ...

(Evtushenko E. "Inside the Fire")

Slide 47-49.

Lead 1: The government, listening to the councils of specialists, decided to close, fall asleep the funnel with heat-absorbing materials capable of filtering fire and ashes. In a torch above the reactor at an altitude of 140-180 meters, there were about 200 x-rays per hour.

In order to reduce the radioactive output over the active zone, it was necessary to create protection.Because from April 27 to May 10, the pilots of the Air Force of the USSR, risking the flesh and their life, made hundreds of flights over the active zone.By May 6, helicopters dropped more than 5,000 tons of protective materials (lead, boron carbide, dolomite, sand and clay) into an emergency reactor.

In the first days of working flights, helicopters hung over the reactor, and onboard techniques, attaching a safety belt, looked down into radioactive smoke, and threw a bag with a mixture through the open side door. Only then the bottom of the helicopters were trimmed with lead gaskets, the process of resetting the mixture in the reactor zero was mechanized. Daily took off at 20-30 helicopters, each made 20 goals. Fuzzy work, a hint in the air over the reactor meant an additional dose of radiation, and inaccurate dropping would cause new, catastrophically dangerous damage to the NPP.

Slide 50-52.

Lead 2: On May 9, grand work began on the conclusion of all smoking reactor residues to the concrete "sarcophagus" in Chernobyl. The reactor, which was covered with tons of protective materials, began to gradually pour concrete.

The height of the "sarcophagus" was 61 meters, the largest thickness of the walls is 18 meters. It provides a system of exhaust ventilation with air purification, a system of forced cooling, and to prevent increasing neutron activity on the roof, tanks with a solution of boron are installed.

All this time at nuclear power plants went on stopping three serviceable reactors.TOOn May 5, the Soviet government announced that along the shoresPripyat began the construction of powerful dams. It was supposed to protect the water fromradioactive contamination.

Slide 53. ( video clip )

(Reads prepared pupil)

Near the pripyat dead tree stands - Cross,

Next to the brotherly grave and rugged chaps

Red Forest buried from dawn to dawn,

Only the "cross" was saved for the descendants of the Earth.

From the eyes of the dead windows, the city looks at us,

Hiroshima far, wearing a crying eye.

How many thousands - I do not know - she left her shelter,

Life without the birthplace of childhood is flour without words.

Next to the brotherly grave and rugged Chernoby.

Near the pripyat the dead tree is a cross.

Book before those who died and disappeared

Asks the tree - the memory, asks the tree - Cross. (S. Zhigulsky.)

Slide 54.

Lead 1: For almost a minute of silence, the memory of those heroes: firefighters, physicians, rescuers, builders, scientists, drivers, all those that the price of their lives defended the world from the hut threat.

Minute silence (under the bell

Slide 55-58.

Lead 2: As for evacuation population, as during the otherthere are no such incidents around the world, they were not in a hurry, while scientists argued about the seriousness of the situation. And only at 13:50, April 27 (after 36 hoursafter the catastrophe), at the local radio network, the population of Pripyat was announced the beginning of immediate evacuation. It was required to take out 40 thousand people, and forthe execution of this task was used 11,000 buses. After 2 hours 20moments the city completely detected. Then the residents of the villages and the villages of 30 kilometer zone were evacuated.

In mid-May, the Ukrainian authorities tried, finally, to somehow defend citizens from the effects of radiation. On May 15, early holidays were announced for 25 thousand students of primary classes. Children's gardens also closed. Kiev residents warned so that they hold windows closed, more often washed floors, thoroughly soaphed hands and hair - thereby reducing the danger of radioactive contamination.

And the authorities of Belarus did not even do that. Evacuation from the districts, named after the zone of complete alienation, began in Belarus only on May 3: the government of the republic did not want to spoil the holiday. In June, the second stage of evacuation occurred, as a result of which 50 thousand people were exported into safe areas in Ukraine and 25 thousand in Belarus.

Slide 59. ( video clip )

(Reads prepared pupil)

Became the dead city, the coast of Pripyat,

And the pine forest is not noisy,

All covered sand

Now there is a poor port.

Only in some things are naked trees,

Empty huts in the villages.

And only triangular signs.

Everywhere stands along the roads.

What did you do, reality?

Black is a challenge.

(A. Belkin)

Slide 60-62.

Lead 1: However, it was not completely empty. The city remained the work of communal and other services, which, after detailed dosimetric intelligence, the territory was cleaned.

Slide 63.

Lead 2: The total area of \u200b\u200bzones with the maximum level of pollution (CS137 15 Curi / km.kv and more) is more than 10 thousand square meters (about 6,400 sq. Km in Belarus; 2400 - in Russia; 1500 in Ukraine). In total, about 640 settlements are located on the territory of this zone (116 thousand people).

As you receive more accurate information from the USSR, many experts in the West realized the scale of the catastrophe, which shook the whole world without exaggeration.

Slide 64.

Radiation by the wind opened away from Chernobyl. According to observations, on April 29, 1986, high radiation background was registered in Poland, Germany, Austria, Romania, April 30 - in Switzerland and Northern Italy, May 1-2 - in France, Belgium, Netherlands, Great Britain, Northern Greece, May 3 - in Israel, Kuwait, Turkey ...

Abandoned to a large height of gaseous and volatile substances spread globally: on May 2, they are registered in Japan, on May 4, in China, 5th - in India, 5 and 6 May - in the USA and Canada.

Slide 65.

Lead 1: 3.2 million people were injured from the accident. 30% of the thrown cesium fell into the territory of Russia, 23% - Belarus, 18% - Ukraine, 4.8% - Finland, 4.6% - Sweden, 3% - Norway, 2.4% -ustria, 1.8% - Germany.

About 600 thousand people participated in the elimination of the consequences of the accident.

Leading 2: howw. any nuclear accident, w.Chernobyl not yetcompletion, and make a line early. Until now, the city remains the city -the ghost, whose residents left forever.

Slide 66.

Sarcophagus covered 171 a ton of thickened and hardened nuclear fuel, gradually winds. Built in feverish hurry to curb radiation, it will serve only 30 years, and its content will remain radioactive and, therefore, will be dangerousfor 150 years.

The reactor closed by concrete, "awakened" can give a second emission of radioactive substances, if not to take appropriate radical measures.

Slide 67-71.

In addition to the task of the construction of a new giant sarcophagus,scientists, engineers and workers faced the problem of more than 800 burialsother highly voiced materials. Including houses, trees and toplayer of soil.

After a few years after the accident on Chernobyl, cars and helicopters, which worked with the elimination of its consequences, rust in the open-air burial grounds located in the 30-kilometer zone. The largest such cemetery is located in the village of Soloha - 25 kilometers to the southwest from the nuclear power plant.

Slide 72.

In the village of Burakivka there is the most radioactive technique. It is buried in earthy trenches - such as this, at number 5. Of the 30 bogilniks, only three remained empty.

Slide 73.

Lead 1: Chernobyl alienation zone today.

Slide 74, 75-roller.

Today, about 6,000 people who came here are worked here from the entire territory of Ukraine. They work shifting - 15 days are in the zone, 15 days - beyond. In the zone they bring them from a special train. In 1991, a fire broke out on the 2nd power unit, and in the same year the reactor was completely derived from operation. On December 15, 2000, the reactor of the 3rd power unit was forever.

Officially live in the territory of the zone is prohibited, although one year after the accident 1000 people returned to their former houses, because of this they were called self-movies. Some of them live in the villages even alone. Total today, about 300, the middle age of 60 and higher remains, the postman goes to them, the doctor examines once a month, the zone administration pays a pension. Also on the territory of the CHW operates 130 organizations, 30 of them are large - this is the Chernobyl, Chernobylles (heads all the plantations), ChernobylServis (utilities), ChernobylMaltal (deactivation and metal disposal) and others. There are several main objects - this is the Chernobia itself, the exhaust nuclear fuel repository (s), the burial for nuclear waste from all over Ukraine "Vector".

Lead 2: For the time after the Chernobyl disaster, the situation with the safety of atomic nuclear facilities, primarily NPP, and primarily in our country, was not particularly improved. In the "dashing nineties", abnormal situations at NES began almost the norm of their work. In 1999, on the Kola NPP, one of the power units was stopped due to the fact that someone freely penetrated into the station control unit and pulled out electronic cards containing precious metals, from cells, resulting in "cut out" oil pressure sensors in the turbine power plant What could lead to a serious catastrophe, do not work the alarm.

The most terrible diseases of the liquidators of the consequences of the accident at NPP are tumor of the thyroid gland, leukemia, mental disorders. Mortality among liquidators is one and a half times higher than that of ordinary residents of this zone. In addition, now almost every fifth liquidator of this tragedy has already left our world due to incurable diseases.

Lead 1: It is terrible that the consequences of the catastrophe still suffer from the people of the Earth, and especially children. So, approximately half of the children born many years after the man-made tragedy in Chernobyl, were born with Down syndrome, many of them have various thyroid diseases (this gland's disease officially appears in each thousandth resident of these areas). For the first ten years, which passed after this accident, about 300,000 people died only in Ukraine from radiation sickness. Subsequent generations are doomed to oncological diseases.These regular medical examinations are simply scared. Total incidence of the population in the affected territory since 1988increased by more than 45%.

Slide 76.

Lead 2: In the elimination of the accident at the Chernobyl NPP, our countrymen took part. (Presentation)

Guest performance.

Summarizing.

Slide 77-82.

Lead 1: Let our life will never be extruded by a new trouble and new Chernobyl. It depends on us with you. From our responsibility, from our desire always and in everything to remain a person.

Twenty years will pass, thirty years will pass,

Time is moving fast forward.

Hearing how the earth is sad

How heat gives the earth,

A new man on earth will pass.

Photographer AP about death colleagues after Chernobyl and modern life at nuclear power plants

30 years ago, on April 26, 1986, there was a largest catastrophe in the history of a peaceful atom - an explosion at the Chernobyl NPP. The first photographers who went to the scene of the incident received a radiation disease for life. Some of them were recognized that if they knew about the terrible consequences of their business trip, I would never agree on it. Photojournalist Ephraim Lukatsky, since the 1990s, removing for Associated Press, remembers that three decades have worked back in Chernobyl and Pripyat, and shows how destroyed NPPs looks.

Aerial view of the effects of explosion and fire at nuclear power plants. Only three were admitted to the shooting: TASS photographers Vladimir Repeik, Igor Kostin and Valery Zifarov. Repeika and Zufarov died of irradiation. Kostin also suffered radiation disease. He died in a car accident in 2015.

Celebration on May 1 in Kiev did not cancel. A few days after the catastrophe under the clouds of destructive radiation through the streets of the city there were thousands of people with songs, flowers and portraits of Soviet leaders.
This snapshot was made 10 years after the Chernobyl catastrophe. Ephraim Lukatsky photographed against the background of the sarcophagus, which covered the sadly famous fourth atomic reactor. Lukatsky lived in less than 100 kilometers from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, but the accident recognized only the next morning from his neighbor. Few photographers allowed to remove the destroyed reactor. The same, who succeeded, paid to their health, notes the photographer. Lukatsky arrived in several months later and returned to dozens of times.
November 10, 2000. Dispatcher Chernobyl NPP.

March 23, 2016. The specialist checks the level of radiation before leaving the storage of nuclear waste at the Chernobyl NPP. Cesium-137 half-life, which was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an explosion at the station, is 30 years.

Crucifixion and sign warning about radiation at the entrance to Pripyat - the city near the Chernobyl station. After the catastrophe, all 47.5 thousand residents of the city were evacuated, he is empty to this day. Pripyat is closed, littered with radioactive dust and will still be unsuitable for life.

March 23, 2016. On the left - the ventilation pipe above the destroyed reactor, on the right - the giant steel arches, erected for the dome, which will cover the remnants of the exploded reactor. In the foreground - abandoned 30 years ago at home.

March 2016. For 30 years already in Pripyat neither soul. Only curious tourists come to look at the ghost city.

December 3, 1999. Ukrainian engineers carry out routine work inside the sole working third reactor. It was closed in 2000.

Five-year-old Alek Zhoba, suffering from leukemia, in the children's department of the Gomel Regional Hospital in Belarus. On the head of the boy traces from medical procedures. The Chernobyl station is located 11 kilometers from the border with Belarus, and most of the radioactive precipitation fell on this republic.

March 2016. Portraits of Soviet leaders in the local club under the layer of radioactive dust. They were prepared for May Day demonstration.

November 10, 2000. Radioactive Soviet technique who participated in the elimination of the consequences of the catastrophe. In total, 1350 helicopters, buses, bulldozers, tank trucks, conveyors, fire cars and an ambulance were involved in operation.

November 2000. The photo is what remained from the fourth reactor control system.

Part of the covered roof of the Chernobyl station. October 13, 1991.

The station worker measures the level of radiation near the destroyed reactor. The picture was made by photographer TASS by Vladimir Repeik, who then suffered from radiation sickness all his life. Subsequently, a photojournalist recognized that he would never have agreed to a trip to Chernobyl, if he knew how dangerous for health.