Obtaining plentiful and high-quality harvest is impossible without solving the main task of the gardener - maintaining the health and fertility of the soil. This is achieved by the introduction of organic fertilizers. One of the most environmentally friendly species is humus. How to make a humus independently in the spring (in the fall), how to apply in the garden, what feedback from the leading gardeners tells the proposed material.

Humus: definition, advantages and disadvantages

The term "humus" sign to any studio. They are customary to designate a part of the soil consisting of irruptible plant and animal remains. The more humus it contains the soil, the more fertile.

Pure humus look like loose soft ground. It consists of small luggage particles and when introduced into the upper layers of the soil has a large positive effect on the soil:

• makes the soil more structured, improves its water and air permeability, moisture intensity;
• increases the content in the soil of humic and fulvocoslot, due to which mineral compounds from the soil solution are transferred to the plants affordable plants;
• stimulates the activity of beneficial soil microorganisms and rainworms.

Good humus does not cause any harm and plants. This is one of the few types of fertilizers deprived of any drawbacks.

Humus, compost and humus: what is the difference?

Some gardeners are confused in definitions and are often referred to as the contents of the compost pouch. To clarify the terminology, you need to understand how these types of fertilizers are made:

• Compost is a decopter to different degrees of organic waste. Composition may be any organic - from coarse branches and sawdust to kitchen waste. Therefore, even a mature compost is heterogeneous in structure ⊕.
• Humidiation is a product of a complete decomposition of plant residues and animal excrement. It is made only from manure or fast-prescribed organic matter - herbs and leaves. By appearance, it is absolutely uniform, separate inconspicuous inclusions in it are invisible.
• Gumus is a combination organic substances in the soil. It is also contained in the compost, and in the humus.

Important! The compost can be called humus only when it became completely homogeneous, does not contain visible indecomposted factions and turned into a loose earthen mass.

Analysis of different types of humus: dung, leaf, herbal

Most often humus prepare from cow, rabbit, sheep or horse manure ( see →) or from leaves and grass. Depending on the initial raw materials, the decomposition and humification processes go more or less intensively:

Raw materials for humoring	Humification rate
Cow manure	Low, the decomposition process goes at least 4-5 years
Horse dung	High, full decomposition goes for 2 years
Rabbit manure	Average, the decomposition process lasts 3-4 years
Pork manure	Low, decomposition takes 4-5 years
Sheep and goat manure	Average, the decomposition process takes 3-4 years
Leaves and grass	Very high, the decomposition process goes 1-1.5 years

After the complete completion of the decomposition processes different types Houring is insignificantly different by properties. The oscillations of the content of organic acids go within the following limits:

• humic acids - 30-40%;
• fulvocyuslots - 35-45%.

Thus, the "fast" sheet or horse humus is no less valuable than the "long" cow ( cm. → ). The initial raw material is more affected by the cooking speed of humus than on its properties as a fertilizer.

Tip # 1. Since the organic is decomposed at different speeds, it is better to prepare the humus from one type of raw material. If mixed to the grass and the leaves of manure, the fertilizer nutrition will not increase much, and the loss of time will be essential.

Method for cooking

By studying independent preparation from manure, it is necessary to take into account the property of the organicities as "burning". The organic mass in loose piles is greatly warmed up. This contributes to a speedy decomposition, but the loss of nitrogen increases. In the dense stacks, the manure does not "burn", overtakes slowly, but this method allows you to maintain nitrogen in the mass as possible.

Practice shows that the best manner quality is obtained according to the following recipe:

Stage of preparation	Stage duration	Instruction
Heat and sterilization	5 days	· Mass to put into place loosen, without failure; · If the manure is too dry, slightly moistened with it with water; · Leave for 5 days without sporing.
Half-line	12-18 months	· On the 6th day, the mass is tightly tumped; · Pouch on top of a peat layer ( see →) and the earth with a thickness of 20 cm; · Stack the stack of film.
Full decomposition	Depending on the type of manure	· The film from time to time to lift, bunch to turn the pile and cover again; · When mass sedimentation, 3 times compared with the initial volume and the acquisition of a homogeneous loose structure is considered to be completed.

The described method of cooking humor allows you to achieve two goals. At the heating stage, the death of seeds of weeding herbs, pathogenic microorganisms and eggs of helminths occurs. Then the active "burning" stops, and the decomposition goes without loss of nitrogen.

Method for cooking herbal and leaf humus

Herbal and leaf humus is preparing quickly, does not require much space and high labor costs. Laying raw materials on releasing early spring to deep autumn. This will require dense polyethylene bags:

• beveled grass or fallen leaves are tightly tight in bags;
• if the mass is dry, it is slightly moistened with water;
• bags are tied;
• several ventilation holes are made in bags or nail in bags;
• bags are removed into the shadow.

Prepare humus in bags is convenient because it turns out almost "conveyor" production. No need to wait long until the huge bunch of raw materials decompose - small amounts of fertilizer for seasonal feeding will always be at hand.

A year later, vegetable humus is ready. The decomposition rate in this case depends on the air temperature. If the bags in the winter are standing on the street and are frozen, the humus will turn out a little later - after 1.5 years. If they are removed into the basement for the winter, where the temperature does not lower 0 0 ° C, the fertilizer can be prepared by the next summer.

With independent production, it is important to prevent two errors:

1. Bookmark dry mass. With insufficient moisture, the decomposition will go very slowly. If the mass is dried with time, you need to water it with water or dung. The overjoyment is also undesirable. The optimal humidity should be such that during compression the mass is sticking out, but did not flow.
2. Bookmark of seamed weed herbs. Seeds are overloaded longer than the vegetative mass. So that in the future do not bring them on the bed, you need to let only the grass without seeds.

Many gardeners lack patience to wait for a complete decomposition of biomass. Therefore, both manure and vegetable Odad are used in the semi-proverse state. To speed up the humification of raw materials, it is advisable to water it not just with water, but um-preparation solutions:

"For one season I get an excellent humus from horse manure, watering a bunch of Baikal Em-1 solution. For 1 ton of manure there is enough half-liter bottle. The main thing is to shed after the organ ceases to burn, otherwise the bacteria will die, and there will be no sense. "(Denis, Orenburg).

Expert opinion on the use of humus

In the horticultural circles, it is possible to meet a skeptical attitude to the sheet humus. It is the opinion that it does not have a nutritional value compared to the manure.

However, nature observations are delusted. In nature, precisely the dead leaves and stems form the main mass of humus, becoming the basis of the fertility of forest and meadow soils. Animal excrement here play a minor role. Therefore, you should not neglect such valuable and cheap raw materials as fallen leaves and bevelled around the grass site.

"The owner who gathered leaves and plant residues from the entire country area, in next year Get fertilizers for half the beds. Laying compost, we save ourselves from unnecessary work and material expenses. A year later, from these leaves you will get a good humor that you will fertilize the garden. "

Stepan Kovalik, agronom.

The most valuable humus can also be obtained, specially living herbs. If the area is allowed, it makes sense to allocate places under the sowing of alfalfa, wiki, white mustard, Facelia. Their greenery mass contains a huge amount of nutrients, and decomposes very quickly.

Many experienced gardeners are happy to dry up nettle, which loves growing along drainage drangies. The humus from this grass never contains phytopathogen and is always high quality.

Methods of use by humoring in the garden

According to the established tradition, the majority of gardeners are allowed by humus under the shovel, deeply closeing it in the soil. But more efficiency gives another method - sealing into the upper layers of soil. It is at the surface of the soil that the soil flora and rainworms are most active, which "modify" by the body, giving plants. Therefore, it is advisable to scatter the humus from the calculation of 5-8 kg per 1 m 2 and mix it with the soil flat.

Another way to use humus is adding it to soil seedlings. Depending on the cultural grown, the ratio of fertilizer and other elements of the soil may differ:

Culture	Number of humus	Number of turf land	Number of sand	Number of peat
Tomatoes	2 parts	2 parts	1 part	—
Peppers	5 pieces	3 parts	—	1 part
Eggplant	2 parts	1 part	1 part	—
Cucumber, zucchini	1 part	1 part	—	—
Pumpkin	2 parts	1 part	—	—
Watermelon melon	3 parts	1 part	—	—
Cabbage	2 parts	1 part	—	1 part

It is very useful to add humus in landing pit When landing seedlings, perennial fruit and decorative crops. In the future, starting from 3 years of age, the trees are asked for feeding 1 time in 2 years. In the attractive circle, 15-20 kg sweat over and close it in the soil with flattened.

Under fruit I. decorative shrubs The humus is being added every year, like a mulch, layer 5 cm. Also useful to mulch up vegetable and berry crops - cucumbers, zucchini, cabbage, garden strawberries.

Actual questions about cooking

Question number 1. Is it possible to make humus in the buying composter?

Can. For example, an inexpensive Russian composter "Wrust" has a volume of 1000 liters, keeps the temperature well and may well approach the accelerated preparation of humus from leaves, herbs or rabbit manure ( find out →). It is necessary to install it on Earth so that the rainworms have access to the organic mass below.

But when using purchased composters, it is necessary to take into account that the volume of humus is 3 times less than the volume of the source raw material. So about 300 liters of humus will be released from 1000 liters of manure. For more volume it is better to build a special box.

Question number 2. Is it possible to prepare humus sideways?

Theoretically, it is possible, but in practice the wooded humus is almost not used. The problem is that wood decomposes extremely slowly, for 5-10 years. Therefore, sawdust is more often composed with another organic and mineral fertilizers, and their final overlay occurs already in the soil ( see →).

Sheet humus is most often used for agricultural fertilizer. But it is possible to do this nutritional fertilizer not only from leaves. It is also important to store it correctly so that it does not lose the nutrients.

What is humus?

Humus - what is it? Inexperienced summer residents often ask such questions. Pour the fertilizer of organic origin. With it, you can saturate the poor soil all necessary for the growth and development of plants, microelements. It is easy to do with your own hands. All the ingredients needed for this can be found in any subsidiary farm.

What does it consist of?

Before at home, prepare humus, it is necessary to find out what is included in its composition. The composition of humus, as a rule, includes such components:

• Leaves.
• Dung Cres.
• Bird litter.
• Straw.
• Hay.
• Weeds from the site.
• Ash.
• Remains of fruits and vegetables.
• Bark.
• Wood sawdust.
• Special additives to accelerate plant growth.
• Branches of trees and shrubs.

It can be said that all parts of plants that have grown on the plot, as well as the manure of cattle can enter the composition. This is especially convenient for those dacities who are also engaged in agriculture.

How to do yourself?

Grass and leaves are the basis for fertilizer. But one will not be enough. Also do not do without avian litter and manure cattle. Otherwise, instead of nutritional fertilizer, it is possible to obtain a silo or rotten grass, which does not carry any use for plants.

What can not be used for processing in humus:

• Chemical agent.
• Infected parts of plants.
• Food of animal origin.
• Seeds from weeds.

If manual livestock is used, then animals must be healthy. Not all waste, which are intended for disposal, can be used to prepare humus at home.

How to get humus?

In order to get a quality humus, cooked at home, you need to know exactly what sequence is layers.

• Plants. The first layer is the remains of plants. It should be no more than 15 cm. If this layer succeeds more, then the process of rotting will be slower. From the grass, you can use all parts except seed. Otherwise, they can germinate and then will have to fight weeds. The first layer of grass must be sprinkled with earth mixed with lime.
• Straw and hay. Due to straw, deciduous and all other layers are saturated with oxygen. Straw creates a porous structure and binds moisture in humus. Before laying out hay or straw, it needs to be thoroughly crushed. Mulching by humus with the addition of hay to provide access to oxygen to plant roots.
• Leaves. Leaves need to be dried before cooking humus with their own hands. If this is not done, they will betray lumps. Mix the leaves with other vegetable residues and lay out a thin layer.
• Sawdust. To prepare humus in the country, you can use wood sawdust. But they are poorly decomposed, so before laying them are mixed with grass and bone flour.
• Wooden bark. Wooden core contains a large amount of nitrogen. But to increase its concentration in the compost, it is necessary to mix the bark with chicken litter, manure of cattle or urea.

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How to make humus?

At home, it is possible to obtain the humus from the following components:

• Food waste. Preparation of humus does not do without food waste. They contain many nutrients. But to prevent their decomposition, waste is mixed with solid material to provide oxygen access.
• Manure and litter. From the manure it turns out the most nutritious for plants humus. It contains a large amount of nitrogen, which contributes to the acceleration of agricultural growth. It is desirable to sprinkle it from above.
• Paper. Before laying the paper when cooking the manure with your own hands, it is necessary to cut it large and moisten in herbs flaws. Herbal decoction can be cooked from nettle. In nettle of nutrients, a lot, and the paper in the process of soaking absorbs them into itself. Mix the wet paper is needed with another solid material. Otherwise, it crumbles.

How to cook humus from manure?

Many dacifics are interested in the question of Gumus and about where to take it. You can cook it at home with your own hands. The most common type of humus is based on the manure of cattle. Suitable manure of sheep, cows or horses.

Preparing humus as follows:

• Dung for humus must be bought fresh. It contains more nutrients.
• To lean the box and put on the bottom of the chopped grass. Then you can lay out the straw. So humus will be saturated with oxygen.
• Then lay out the manure (you can use chicken litter).
• In order to speed up the decomposition, biodestructors can be added to humus. It may be Baikal or shine. They include bacteria that accelerate the process of rotting.
• Regular humus should be water (but not to fill). It is important to not allow it to dry.

You can use the humus when it is impossible to consider individual parts. The mixture should be homogeneous consistency. The smell of the finished humus should be like a wet earth. And the color is brown or closer to black.

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How to quickly make humus from leaves?

The leaf from the leaves is also prepared with the addition of manure. You can use straw, paper and other plant residues.

Sheet humus is preparing like this:

• You can use any leaflets of deciduous trees. If shrubs or fruit trees grow on the site, the fallen leaves are used.
• Since the leaves are poor with nutritional trace elements, they need to be mixed with food waste or sawdust.
• Lay a bird litter on the layer of foliage.
• Periodically humus to water. If a large number of midges appeared above the box with humus, this is a clear sign high humidity. In order to get rid of them on a sunny day, the humus should be left open. When he gets up a little, to cover it back.
• If the overseas does not change the color and does not acquire the smell of wet land, then it means it is reheated. You can correct the situation by adding water, potato cleaning or fresh grass.

Mulch them plants for the winter so that the roots do not froze and the bushes did not died. The fertilizers made in this way can be stored in bags.

Where to store it?

How to store humus, cooked with your own hands so that he does not lose beneficial features? The optimal storage method is a box. How to make a box for humoring?

Gumus Storage Box:

• You can learn this box from any unnecessary boards. On the bottom you can pour sawdust or leave the box without the bottom, and immediately add humus into it.
• On top of the tank can be slate or a greenhouse film. The moisture that falls on the humus together with the rain should not accumulate in one place, but should flush into the ground.
• It is also worth not to forget that one of the walls of the box should be advanced. So it will be easier to pick up the humus to the ground.
• In the bags of humus can also be stored, but only you need to keep track of solar rays to it.

How to store?

What are the features of the storage of humus? First of all, the capacity with humus should not be located under the open solar rays. So fertilizer will begin to decompose and in it will begin to multiply the pathogenic microbes.

In the box it is important to maintain a constant temperature and humidity. The earth and the humus itself should not be too wet, but should not disappear.

It is not desirable to have a container with fertilizers next to the trees. Very soon, trees can direct their height in the direction of the composks. And then all nutrients will go to their height.

The main principle of gardening states that the land on which the seedlings are planted should be fertile or fairly fertilized. One of the first roles in horticulture plays compost. Through the application of different organic fertilizers, gardeners achieve results to collect excellent harvest of vegetable, fruit, berry crops.

But a number of questions are still sharp:

• where to get a fertilizer of such quality so that you can not be afraid of health as soil and planting;
• how to make compost - your own fertilizer - and not to spend significant financial resources.

There are many fakes on the market, which are issued under natural fertilizers - humus, compost and so on. But there are no guarantees that this is not an ordinary "breeding", stuffed with various chemical additives, which then damage the soil and harvest.

The solution of these issues is resting in a new one: how to make compost? This procedure for anyone. A high-quality organic supportive substance due to the various nutrients contained in it is almost at all different from high-quality humus. And this allows him to guarantee excellent yield.

What is compost

Compost is a natural organic fertilizer, Get which you can independently. It is due to the waste of vital activity contained in it all possible microorganisms is saturated with various necessary elements and processes.

Such a fertilizer is enough to make it yourself on a nice or garden plot. The resulting substance can be subsequently used for cultivation and further cultivation of biologically and environmentally friendly crops and products.

Setting the goal how to make compost with their own high-level hands, it is necessary to read and continue to follow certain rules., be aware of some subtleties and nuances.

How to make compost with your own hands

Start

To prepare compost with your own hands, you need to withstand the following conditions and take into account the following information.

Select the time you need for this event, traditionally this month from September to November.

Do not be afraid to start up the creation of your own hands, since this event is quite simple and will not require any serious temporary or financial stress.

Lack of information that the compost pile will be a kind of bioreactor. That is, you need to be prepared in advance to ensure that only pure waste will go there, without any chemical or synthetic impurities.

To start making compost on your own, you need to make sure that there is a sufficient condition for this: a warm and humid place to create humus (or may be organized).

First stage

Before cooking compost, it is necessary to prepare a space for a compost heap.

With your own hands, the compost pile is created like this: First, the remote place is selected on the site, it is struck by any organic materials, usually it simple boards. Material importance will play the dimensions of the ground location. It is necessary to withstand the following dimensions: width - 1.5 meters, length - 1.5 meters, height - 1 meter. If it turns out to be a smaller area, the compost manufactured will rapidly dry and do not breathe insufficiently inside. All this will lead to the fact that the technology of creating high-quality humor will be disturbed, since fermentation inside the heap will be too slow. But if you stand sizes, there will be no such problems.

The process of transition of organic mass consisting of waste into high-quality humus will be held due to the vital activity of organisms in it. They will rapidly multiply, due to which the required amount of energy will be distinguished. The vital activity of these organisms will launch all important biochemical processes and provide them as soon as possible.

Second phase

When the site for creating humus will be ready, you can proceed to the next step, how to make it with your own hands.

What can be put in compost?

For compost, it will be necessary to collect as many diverse waste. It is important here to understand that the more extensive it will be its composition, the more complete it will be humus. Once again, we note that the composition should be from natural materials. To allow any synthetic chemical waste does not follow.

In a compost bunch, you can safely fold the following: various economic and household waste, potato peeled skins, stalks, bones and leather from fruits and vegetables, eggs from eggs, leaving of bread, cubs.

You can fold the remains after construction work: chips, sawdust, thin cartons, paper.

Agricultural waste (weeds after weeding, crushed branches, unnecessary hay or straw), vital products of domestic birds, animals. Even natural fabrics, paper, newspapers, and so on come true.

To make the compost correctly, it is important to remember that all waste that is placed in it must be pre-crushed. If this is not done, laying into compost too large and pre-rapid waste, instead of an compost, as a result, you can simply get a big garbage. The necessary processes, microorganisms and other necessary things in it will not be. Accordingly, it will not be in humus. That is, each similar error in the question "How to make compost" can lead to a damage of the assembled material.

The right compost bunch also requires proper care for her. Under the departure in this case it is understood as its proper cover. It is necessary in order to adjust the amount of moisture, heat and the effect of sunlight.

The right solution will cover the humus and organic materials. It will be appropriate to use tight paper, cardboard, boxes, unnecessary chipboard boards and so on. In no case can not allow different kinds polyethylene films and other synthetic materials. They reduce the contact with oxygen, and accordingly, violate important metabolic processes inside the humus. Characteristic odors will help convince this.

Third stage

At this stage, we will define compost readiness in use. On average, compost becomes useful after 8 months from the beginning of its creation. Determine that humus is ready to use, very simple. To do this, make sure that the compost material has a homogeneous rash mass, the color of which should be dark brown, and the smell of a characteristic earthy. If these characteristics have a compostable heap appear, it can be safely used for fertilizer.

Methods of applying compost

The material obtained by the foregoing method is an organically important fertilizer that can be used for any garden crops. In this case, there are no contraindications, exceptions and reservations. Such a compost can be used for all cultivated cultures., adhering to the same doses, which traditionally relates to manure. That is, it will be about 100 or 200 kilograms per one hundred. You can enter this valuable humus in the fall or in the spring during plowing or during the dumping of the soil. It is also very simple to apply it. It is enough to simply scatter on the freshly spent soil or put into the wells like a mulching material.

Answers to frequent questions

How to be if the compost did wrong?

Often newbies, starting for the first time to prepare humus, allow various errors. If for any reason the compost was not done correctly and errors were allowed, this does not mean that it is worth throwing everything. You can try to adjust the position and explode the humus. Thus, air exchange will be restored and the necessary processes can be launched again.

What should I do if the compote turned out to be stolen?

In this situation, which arose due to the fact that most likely, a sufficient amount of heat does not receive in the material for humus, you can add some moisture yourself. The average humidity indicators in the compostable material should not exceed the mark of 60-70 percent.

Another situation occurs more often: sometimes compost material turns out to be too moistened due to the fact that working with it is produced in autumn time, and it is most often rainy. If the compost pile is blown with water, in this situation it is necessary to control the level of moisture and close a bunch in time.

How to speed up compost readiness

For any farmer or just gardener 8 months of compost maturation is more than a serious time. However, gardeners are waiting for excellent news. To date, there are several simple events, allowing to shift the volume of compost maturation literally up to several days. To do this, add specially selected microorganisms to compost material.. The necessary microorganisms and bacteria are contained in special preparations that have been developed specifically for the rapid production of high-quality humus. They are completely harmless, only benefit and excellent results. They are perfectly leaving inside the compost, more than significantly accelerate metabolic processes inside it.

For a few days in a few days It is necessary to refer to such a biostimulating drug as the "Compost embryo". We owe it to the Crimean scientist. This drug helps cut a compost pile literally for 5-7.5 weeks.

Bostimulator for humoring "Compost Embryko"

In addition to the fact that this stimulator effectively speeds up the metabolic processes inside the humor, it has a number of pleasant additions:

• fully removes all sorts of characteristic odors inherent in organic waste;
• annuls pathogenic microbes contained in waste;
• promotes the death of weed seeds;
• destroys eggs and larvae of various unwanted insects and helminths.

How to apply the "Compost embryo":

1. first, the packaging shake until a homogeneous color is obtained;

1. after each use, to squeeze the package as much as possible to remove excess air from it, and close tightly. After that, the drug can be applied more than once;
2. on 1 m3 of the compost, use 100 ml of stimulator. It is necessary to breed it in the proportion of 1:50;
3. water for breeding should be pure from chlorine. If this condition is not respected, the useful microorganisms contained in it can or dispense, or die completely.

Compost Features

If the compost turned out the correct, you can safely expect a lush harvest. And that is especially nice, not only one season. Good and correct humus is able to improve the structure of the soil. This allows it to provide yield forward for several years.

Good and correct humus contains all the most necessary micro and macroelements for the best planting.

Compost is able to increase the immunity of garden plantations To different kinds of adverse conditions, diseases, even pests.

Its personal compost allows you to safely save on expensive means and rationally use usually utilized home waste.

It became much easier to get its compost thanks to the development of a biostimulator. Now you do not have to wait for the readiness to run away for almost a year.

Humane or humus is an effective organic fertilizer containing trace elements of long-term action. The oversized effect on the ground has a fascinating effect and creates a favorable environment for plants. However, not many gardeners know what it is. Consider in more detail what is humid, its composition, and also what it differs from compost.

Humidiation is a useful organic fertilizer that is formed as a result of a complete expansion of manure. To turn into humusThe manure of birds or herbivores should go to no less than two years. He has no nasty smell, And it looks like a black substance, having a plants and smelling fresh ground.

The humus is completely harmless. Thanks to him, the soil is enriched with all necessary trace elements and minerals, with the result that you can get a rich harvest of fruits and vegetables on your site. It contains humic acid useful for plants. They solve them well in soda, ammonia, alkalis, sodium pyrophosphate and do not dissolve in water. In addition, in humus contains such substances as fulvocyuslots with a strong-acid reaction and capable of dissolving in water. Another group of substances, humins, do not dissolve in anything.

Benefit

This fertilizer contains nutrients in large quantities. He absorbs moisture well And helps to hold it. At the same time, the particles of humories remain the same elastic, and between them there are air gaps necessary for the respiration of the roots. Fertilizer helps to improve the soil: in the sandy it helps to hold water and nutrients in the root zone, and heavy clay makes loose, nutritious, air.

If humus Used as a mulch, then favorable conditions are created in the upper layer of the soil. It does not arise crusts with capillaries, which, like a sponge, stretch moisture from the soil. Under mulch, useful bacteria and rainworms begin to settle, increasing the efficiency of the roots. The soil under humus cooles much slower and also slowly heats up, that is, the temperature changes rather smoothly. This allows you to survive with heat-loving plants: with the onset of autumn, they have time to prepare for wintering, and in the spring they do not wake up ahead of time and therefore do not fall under the blow of frosts.

In severe heat The surface of the soil closed by humus does not burn root neck in plants. But it was through the damaged place that pepper verticillase, Clematis, can penetrate sad strawberry and other cultures. Nutrients are in a mulch from humus begin to gradually penetrate the roots of plants with rains and watering, resulting in one reception the beds are equipped and moisturized.

In addition, humus is an indispensable fertilizer when growing indoor plants and seedlings. Humus as part of the substrate (Mercy) brings more benefits:

• pelargonium;
• hibiscus;
• begonias;
• eggplant;
• cucumbers and other pumpkin cultures.

Varieties by humus

There are three main types of humus, the use of which gives the maximum result as a result of tillage in the garden plot:

• from manure;
• from bird litter;
• sheet humus.

After the ripening of humus, the humus is a wonderful feeder for plants rich in all necessary trace elements. The soil is recommended to fertilize with such humus 2 times a year during the dumping of the garden. In the fall in the soil, it is possible to distribute and unworthy humus. By seasonings, he should decompose, with the result that the seedlings will receive all the necessary elements for their growth and development.

Sheet humus is the safest and most common fertilizer that are used by gardens, but it does not contain nutrients. Such feeding is used to improve the composition of the soil. It is not able to harm plants and fertilize it in any quantity, but fearing overdose. And preparing sheet humus is very simple.

How to cook humus?

From manuza

In the horticultural markets, any dachank can purchase a ready-made humidier sold in bags, but it is quite expensive. It is much more profitable to buy manure on the farm and prepare humus yourself. For this, the manure must be put in a compost box or in a bunch where it will ripe. If a box is used, then it is covered with shields, rubberoid or dark film, and through the sidewalls it should be ventilated.

Nothing wrongIf the shelter is slightly passing water, the main thing is that the rains could not rinse the mass through. Matures manure for 1.5 - 2 years. Determine that the humus is ripe, it is possible when its volume completely became bulk and acquired a homogeneous dark colorand its amount decreased at 3-4 times in relation to the original.

So that humus is ripe As soon as possible, the manure should be kept in a secluded place that will not be bludging with the northern winds. In this case, it will not be freeze for a long time, and the bacteria will continue to work even in winter. In warm weather, the humus should be drunk once a month, trying to simply make it deeper, in front of it, slightly moistened. EM-preparations can be used (shine-3, Baikal and others), which are used to ripen composts.

From bird's litter

There are several ways to make liquid chicken litter fertilizer:

• It is necessary to grab fresh in the following proportion: one part of the manure on 15 parts of water. During fermentation, a rather unpleasant smell is distinguished, so the dishes, where the fermentation process passes, must be covered. As soon as the solution dares, it should be divorced by water again. If the composition is obtained too concentrated, then the plants are capable of getting burns.
• One part of the litter should be mixed with one part of the water in the bucket and are covered with a lid or film. They put it in a warm place, periodically stirring. The solution must wander several days. Before use, it needs to be dissolved with water: a liter of liquid is used on the water bucket. Such a solution is used for watering trees and some colors. If you need to pour garden cropsThe concentration of the solution should be even less.
• It is necessary to pour part of a dry or fresh chicken manure into the barrel and diluted with 4 parts of water. Then it is pretty stirred, cover the container and put for several days in a warm place. It follows a few days to insist, and at this time in the barrel there is a fermentation process. Before use of 0.5 liters, the jigs are divorced in a bucket of water. The preparation of a solution of severe concentration should be avoided. If it is cooked correct, then the color must resemble weak tea.

Sheet humus

To prepare sheet humus, you need to collect autumn leaves And put them in a compost bunch. To do this, you can also use boxes or bags. To the leaves, many dackets add null or a solution of special bacteria accelerating the decomposition process. Then the folia should be moistened and cover with a film. From time to time the leaves need to be crushed and mix. It matches such humus 6 - 12 months. Ripe humus reminds fresh loose soil without unpleasant odor. It should be borne in mind that for the preparation of sheets, oak leaves do not apply.

This fertilizer is useful by almost all indoor, garden and garden cultures. The exceptions are only some decorative cultures for which a depleted soil is necessary (orchids, desert cacti, plants for the Alpine slides).

In the spring, humus is introduced into the soil under the people, and in the fall - after the harvest is collected and the plot is cleaned. In the fall, the prepared beds should be made by humus (a bucket of 1 m2), two glasses of ash, 2 tbsp. l. Phosphorian fertilizers and 1 - 2 tbsp. l. Superphosphate. To find out the spring rate, you need to proceed from the needs of culture. Under the landing of garden strawberries, colors, roses, vegetables contribute humus 2 - 4 buckets per 1 m2.

Humus, which acts as a component of fertile soil for growing seedlings, should be used together with a compost, garden ground, peat. For seedlings of flowers and vegetables, humus is introduced into the nutrient substrate approximately ½ of the total.

For some annuals (cosmeu, ageratum, nasturtium), it follows a moderate dose of fertilizer, as such plants in excess of the organicists begin to "live", that is, leaf extension to the detriment of flowering.

Humile under the strawberry You need to make fall after harvest. The fertilizer layer is desirable to climb sawdust or straw. The humus lay a layer of 5 cm thick, while plants should not touch with humus, as they can bend.

Under the yields of crops that have a stretched period of fruiting (zucchini, pumpkins, cucumbers), humus close up during the spring resistance of the soil at a depth of 15 cm. Under the raspberry it is laid out of spring as a mulch does not close it. For many indoor plants, humus use as an additive to nutritional soil.

What is the difference between the compost from humoring? The content and proportion of nutrients and in that, and in another fertilizer is almost the same. But the compost differs from humoring by the fact that it does not structure the soil and does not have a long positive impact on its fertility. In addition, nutrients from the soil, a fertilized compost, are not so actively enrolled in the plants. Another important point - When fertilizing, the danger of plant infection is practically equal to zero, since the anaerobic medium created in the constructive mass destroys the embryos of pests and weeds.

In this way, humus is a fertilizerused by many gardeners as feeding various plantsSince it contains a huge amount of nutrients. Usually make it in the soil to stimulate the growth and development of plants. It can be purchased, but you can do it yourself. The use of this fertilizer is justified on any soil species.

The farm always has a lot of organic waste - leaves in autumn, vegetables, fruits, manure pets and birds. Of all this, you can cook excellent fertilizer without spending a lot of strength. It is called fertilizer - compost, which means compounded from individual components.

The principle of cooking is simple - to compose layers, give them to track and drive. To prepare the compost, certain types of bacteria are needed - anaerobic or aerobic, depending on how to lay the components.

Dimensions of fertilizer

How to make compost in the country with your own hands - will tell any experienced gardenerwho practices natural organic fertilizers to restore Earth. Only here is a recipe for each different - by the number and quality of components, the timing of ripening, the use of bacteria.

The general features are different recipes:

• What microorganisms are involved in the process of composting.

• Whether manure is added, or only plant residues.

• Which box is used or components are folded into the pit without air access.

• What time of year there is a bookmark.

The amount of nutrients in fertilizer depends on how to make compost in the country - open or in a closed manner. In the absence of oxygen, the ripening process is slower, but most of the batteries are preserved.

For closed method It is necessary to completely isolate the mass of air penetration. In such a medium, anaerobic bacteria develops well that get energy without oxygen.

If you give access to air, then the preparation of composts will go faster, but the nutritional elements at the output will also be less. The aerobic method allows to avoid zaking, but requires regular stirring of the layers to provide oxygen access. If this is not done, most of the useful microorganisms will die without air.

Biohumus

How to make a compost with your own hands so that 1 liter replaced 10 kg of manure - to provide your work with rainwrites. The fact is that they quickly recycle the organic and allocate livestry products in environment - That is, in the compost bourge.

The method of cooking biohumus will be somewhat different from the usual composting of waste in the country. Components are entered into small layers, then red Californian worms are satisfied - they are record holders for eating vegetation.

When eukaryotes recycle substances, the tops are pepper with tops and worms are moved to the top layer behind a new portion of food. At the bottom of the box is made the door so that you can ship the finished compost.

Pluses this method a lot, but there are disadvantages: the worms are needed a constant temperature - in the cold they fall into the hibernation, so the box is put in the warm room. It requires moisture control so that the substrate does not swam, as well as the constant feeding of worms.

If you are interested in how to quickly make a compost, so that in a couple of months it could be used on purpose - it is necessary to attract worms. Fast compost do not need to wait a year and a half, but just a couple of months. Apply it for both garden and indoor plants.

The benefits of organic compost

Organic fertilizers are able to restore even the most informable land. The need for an organizing occurs when it was too long mineral fertilizers - non-chelate, but in the form of salts.

So that the soil did not lose their physicochemical characteristics, it must be fertilized by the Organic once every three years. It may be manure, siturates, humid or compost.

The organic serves as nutrition for soil bacteria, thanks to which the formation of humus occurs. Humic acids - the main factor of fertility of the Earth. An organic increases the volume of soil and keeps water. Without moisture, the bacteria cannot survive, therefore, there will be no one to recycle organic matter.

The recycled organic guide is safe for the root system of plants. If fresh manure make to the holes, then poisonous methane and carbon dioxide will damage the young seedlings. In the process of ripening of the compost heap, all harmful substances will be destroyed, only useful remains.

Mineral substances from organic compost are fully absorbed by plants, unlike chemical fertilizers, degree of digestibility of which about 30%. It is explained by this natural chelating of trace elements. An organic manner passes through the digestive path of bacteria and comes out in the organic shell of humic acids.

In this form, the plant can fully absorb nutrition - nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and trace elements.

Components included in organic fertilizer

Found out what compost is how to do it is another question. The fact is that there are also errors here:

• Incorrectly mixed components. Some components cannot be added to the maturing compost pile - they increase the maturation time or lead to the burning stop.

• When using additional bacteria concentrates, we used not to be the species. For example - fused the start of anaerobic microorganisms and opened air access. Or vice versa - closed oxygen aerobam, which is why those died.

• Components for too tightly laid open fashion Or not tamped substances for a cold processing method.

• No humidity level was maintained - microorganisms were killed.

• Did not turn the layers during maturation. The bacteria ended oxygen.

Video: how to make a good compost

The composition of the compost heap includes all substances of plant and animal origin:

• fallen leaves - they are better mixed with green vegetation;

• trimming branches - need to grind before bookmark;

• sawdust and bark of trees - it is necessary to observe dosages so that the compostable mixture does not zakisla;

• wood ash - makes fertilizer more nutritious and speeds up ripening;

• trees of vegetable crops;

• manure or bird litter;

• beveled grass or straw;

• egg shell that has not been undergoing thermal processing;

• yeast with sugar for rapid heating heap;

• vegetables and fruits are also without thermal processing;

• paper, natural fabrics in crushed form;

• peat and soil.

To increase the nutritional value, superphosphate is added to the compost, as it is originally little in plants and manure. If you put the goal to make a compost properly in the country, so that it is simultaneously a nutritious feeder for plants and a useful soil component, you need to add phosphorus.

What can break the ripening of compost

Many make up the concept that the entire garbage can be put in a compost bunch. This is not true. Even the natural ingredients are not all suitable for composting, not to mention such things like rubber tires, glass, plastic, synthetic fabrics.

In the manufacture of compost in the country can not use:

• Sick plants. When infecting the fungus of tops and with insufficient combustion temperature of the compost pile, disputes can survive. Such fertilizer can cause infection of the entire site. The correct compost during ripening has a temperature of up to 70 degrees. To measure it use the thermometer. If the temperature is below 60 - the fungus can survive.

• Feces dogs and cats. They too nourish the environment, so such components are better not to use. In addition, animal feces contain pathogenic microflora or helminty.

• Organic residues that contain many essential oils - lemon or orange peel. Although this question is controversial: collect so many cleanings to kill bacteria, it will not be able to any dacket.

• Waste from sewerage - Also the question is open. If the dacha is a two-chamber sump, which functions anaerobic microorganisms, then such waste are good fertilizer And without composting. Therefore, they can be safely used. But if B. wastewater Find detergents Or chlorine, then such waste to pour into a compost bunch cannot be.

It is not desirable to fold in the Bourge fresh grass - She must lie down a little and dry.

This will reduce the risk of zaking and the appearance of unpleasant odor from the compost heap. Do not recommend using animal residues - bone flour, fish and meat waste. In the decomposition of the substance of protein origin, they publish a sharp unpleasant odor.

Where the plot should be a compost bunch

Depending on which processing method is used. If rainworms take part in the process, the Bourge must be warm. Considering the coming odor when the components are overworked, the bourge or pit is better to have away from the housing from the leeward side. The pit in its location should be below the level of drinking well at a distance of at least 15 meters.

It is recommended to place a bourge in the shade. The best place - under the tree. But if the bourge with an open bottom, then the roots of the tree will change the direction of growth in order to get nutrients. Therefore, stationary boxes are better to do with a solid bottom.

One of the types of organic fertilizer is considered humus. This is lying for two years of manure. The way to make humus humus is similar to composting in Burta. It is necessary to fold the organic to a special box. It should be understood exactly how to store the substance.

It is taught to limit air access or on the contrary, loose to overtake. In the first case, the temperature will be about 30 degrees and does not rise above. In the second - as it should be for the ripening of the compost heap - about 75 degrees.

When pumping up the manure, caustic odors are distinguished, which are able to cause dissatisfaction with neighbors. There is a way to make humus in the country to fertilize soil odorless. This is an anaerobic method. Bacteria that destroy the aromas of sewage will help prevent the spread of smells emanating from the pit. But in this case, it is necessary to equip the storage.

How to make a drawer for ripening organics

For an anaerobic way, a pit is needed or a hermetic tuber to completely eliminate air access. To set the pit, her bottom and walls must be pouring concrete. This is done in order for the liquid flowing down in the process of cooking fertilizer, not absorbed into the ground.

It is rich in nutrients, so it is desirable to keep it. Before laying components, the bottoms are littered with peat, soil, straw or sawdust. These substances hold the nutrient fluid.

After laying a pit is covered with a film and the earth is satisted. Full darkness and airless medium is formed. When using manure under the film, methane will accumulate.

In sewer runoff use ventilation. In the case of a pit, you can also attach a tube for gases, at the end of which there is a valve. The accumulated gases open the valve, output, the valve closes, and with it air access.

If you have a bunch in the box, there are 2 options here - for aerobic and anaerobic ways. Burts are installed on a concrete site. The distance between the board for the aerobic method is at least 3 cm throughout the perimeter. Need the door to make it convenient to turn the layers with forks.

For anaerobic boil, the board is nourished close to each other, and the inner surface is lined with a film or other solid material.

For ease of use, two-chamber boots or pit are made. In one lay a new portion of the components, and from another take fertilizer for the current season.

If the maturation dates are not pressed, you can use the mesh: to blow it down on the site and put economic waste there. Through the mesh, the air penetrates well inside, especially if no tamper components. During the rain, the repository needs to be covered so that the finished nutrients do not wash out. In the small grid, it is possible to make a humus - fall asleep with a straw manure and wait for its natural decomposition.

Preparation of fertilizer with your own hands - ways

How to make compost at the cottage:

• Using rainworms.

• Apply only bacteria.

Compost fast cooking It can be obtained only if you set up rainworms in the organic. We recommend those species that have a good appetite. They quickly digest the components and crawl up the new portion.

How to prepare compost in the country quickly using worms:

• Fold cleaning, bread, nutritional waste, filled with fruits in a compost tank half or third. Check for moisture: if water flows when it is compressed, then add sawdust, crushed cardboard or soil.

• Plut a solder from EM drugs.

• All mix and leave for 2 - 3 days. The mixture should not be made of a rotten smell.

• Before settling, the worms are home to the ground, so that the ratio is 1: 3.

• Run worms and make holes for air access in the lid.

• Wait until adult individuals recycle waste.

When the worms eat the entire portion, they sleep a new one. If the component is equipped with the bottom door, the finished fertilizer can be obtained and used. All adult worms will overwhelm up.

Stages of creating a compost heap

What is the right compost:

• dark-colored substance, loose, wet;

• it has a pleasant smell.

To make a laying of a compost heap, you need to prepare components and grind them. Regardless of who will recycle the organics - bacteria or worms - small parts they will eat faster.

It is advisable to remove the patient of the top of vegetable plants. Green grass hold on the air to dried.

Layered laying of components - what to fold

When bookmark, it is necessary to alternate carbon components with nitrogen:

• Nitrous: Manure, green grass, tops, kitchen waste - vegetables and fruits. The content in the mixture is 1/3 of the total.

• Carbon: Straw, bark, sawdust, corn cobs, seed husks, paper.

Wet ingredients alternate with dry. On the bottom lay the layer of the finished compost, so that the microorganisms are multiplied.

• dry layer - moisturized with water or urea solution;

• sawdust layer;

• wet layer;

• manure or litter - the best is a cow, horse and pigeon;

• dry;

• wet;

• manure;

• greens or tops.

The thickness of each layer is not more than 15 cm. The ground is poured with a thin layer between the main components. If there is a ash, it is poured onto the ground or mix with it. Concentrates are used to accelerate the reproduction of bacteria and pour each layer of solutions.

Fertilizer based on pork manure is prepared for another technology. It is mixed with carbon components - straw, sawdust, crust. It is necessary to withstand to full maturation, then limit.

How to provide oxygen access

The process of cooking compost in the country with your own hands requires care. First of all, it is necessary to monitor whether the renal smell appeared. This suggests that oxygen is not enough and compost is not burning, but rot.

In the process of bookmarks, thick sticks are used vertically. After laying the components, they are cleaned, and the holes remain and ventilated a bunch. If the smell still appeared, then take the pitchfork and shock all the layers. In hot weather, the pile is watered more often, and in the rain it is covered on top of a film.

It is impossible to use forks if the vermicapost is prepared. So you can damage the worms. Therefore, for biohumus, the components laid loose, without the murdration and only one third of the volume.

How is the readiness of fertilizer

Experienced gardeners check the willingness of fertilizer, while planting a plant of a flavor. If the seeds rose for 6 days, then the mixture is ready. If not, then you need to withstand yet.

Not a problem if the compost is a bit no longer. It is used in semi-proverse form similar to fresh manure. The exception is pork feces.

Ready for use Fertilizer has medium ruffiness. Water should not drip when compressing in a fist. The smell of the compost looks like a forest land, although some gardeners describe it as ozone, which appears after the rain.

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