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Laboratory work Subject: "Morphological features of plants different species»The purpose of the work: - Create the concept of the morphological criterion of the species; - learn how to compose a descriptive characteristic of plants. Equipment: Live Plants and Herbarous Plant Materials different species: Buttercup Custracy, Litter Creeping, Halfweight Primorskaya, Halfweight Bitter, Nhealthy Square (burning), Deaf nettle (Clear Belaya) Work Proceedings See page 292 (textbook) Observation and conclusions write down in a notebook. Buttercup Chicken Domain: Eukaryota: Plants: Flower Symbol: Divo-Favorite: Luminous Messenger: Lutikomerod: Litickwide: Buttercup Cooking Buttercup - Perennial herbate plant, reaches a height of 20-50 cm. Lastly - lower - long-meshkin, 5-10 cm long, pentagonal, and palphells; Upper - sediment, three-part with linear, gentle groups. The flowers are bright yellow, reach 2 cm in diameter, single or collected in the threshing half. Chessels five; petals - five; Many stamens and pestles. Flowers in June. The fruit is a multi-way fruit - folk title: Chicken blindness. Flower Buttercup Calusing Kingdom: Plants: Covered Covenate: Divo-Covenate: Luminous Messenger: Lutikomode: Lutikwide: Buttercup Creeping Little Slide - Perennial Herbal Plant 15-40 cm with short rhizome. The stem is ascending or pinching in nodes. Burnt leaves of cuffs, troops consisting of diamond-ovoid, deeply three-part, non-unintegole leaves. Top Leaves Sitting, Lancing, Three-Grocery. The flowes are Obroat, the correct, with five outpatient cups, five golden-yellow petals, numerous stamens and pestles. Single top flowers or collected in half blood. The fruit is multi-penetrated with short spouts in nuts. Rusters on wet, shaded, apparent soils: on the shores of rivers and lakes, on wet meadows, ribbed thickets, on forest swamps, in fields and vegetables. Buttercup creeping annuals and perennial rhizuy or coronelectric plants; Stems upright, ascending or prostrated, often rooting in nodes; The leaves are solid, vopotoxic, and palphers or peristoids, are located next; Single flowers or collected in inflorescence, yellow, less often white or red, simple or terry; Fruit - multiores; Seeds naked or hair, flat or convex buttercup Asian, terry attention! Any species of this unpretentious plants poisonous, although they contain a lot of useful substances, which is used to be used in folk medicine. The most common representatives of this family are the buttercup, the sludge is creeping, buttercup is poisonous. Nepiva dwarm or burning nettle dioica (Urtica Dioica L.) - a long-term grassy burning plant of the spectal family (urtiassee) with a long creeping rhizome. The stem of the reprehensive, 90-120 cm high, with the resonid-shaped egg-shaped necklace leaves with a length of 8-17 cm. Flowers are small, green, same-sex, are collected in coole-shaped inflorescences. The fruit is egg-shaped or elliptical, yellowish gray color of a 1.2-1.5 mm long. Flowers from June to September. The band as a weed plant is common in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus and in Western Siberia, is found in Eastern Siberia, in the Far East and Central Asian Kingdom: Plants: Flower plantsClass: Divo-shaped carriage: Cleargrowth: Clear: Clearwide: Clear white deaf nettle, Clear white deaf nettle, white (Lamium Album), a long-term grassy plant of the family of licorious. Over the form of leaves is similar to nettle, but devoid of burning hairs. White flowers, in false mutoes. Rhizome Czakely Horizontal. Sticky four-edged, reprehension, up to 60 cm tall. The sophistication is opposite. Leaf cuttings up to 4 cm long (the tops of the top leaf are shorter - up to 1 cm). Leaf plates Egg-shaped or heart-shaped, wrinkled, up to 10 cm long, ominous. All the plant is shortly pubescent. Takes in the moderate zone of the northern hemisphere. Domain: Eukaryota: PlantsTeel: Flower School: Divine Food-Food: AstroColide: Astrovier: Polinky: Walinkle Bitter Halfweight Bitter Halfweight Plant Height 50-125 cm, often growing like a semi-staple, with a rod branching root and reprehensive shoots, with silver-felt input. Straight , weary, in the upper part branchy. Long-cooled leaf leaves, twice-three times peristracy, medium - short-sighted, twice-cut-off, the upper - almost seated, filament or twice three-separate; Solk all the leaves are linear-oblong, stupidly pointed. The flowers are all tubular, yellow; Edge - pestile, median - Obroat. Baskets spherical, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, in a non-loss of inflorescence. Basket wrapper tiled, widespile leaves. The color is convex, hairy. Blossom in the European part of Russia in June-July. A browned pointed semyon is about 1 mm long, the continued-wedge-shaped, thin-furred, on the top with a rounded, slightly convex platform. Wormwood Seaside Perennial Herbaceous Plant or Height Height 20-100 cm, White-Fastened, strongly smelling, with a rigid root. The stalks are numerous, ascending, in the top of the branches, forming a small turf. The leaves on both sides are whitish, the next, peristrastic, with narrow linear lines, longer than the baskets; Bottom leaves. The inflorescence is sparkling-blurred, with bent down the book with flowers. Floor baskets located risels at the ends of the sprigs of stems; They are very small, elliptically-oval, 1-2 mm long, greenish-gray in the non-color state, contain 3-5 flowers. Tubular flowers are reddish or yellowish. It blooms in July - October. Taken in the steppes, on dry solon beams and chalk sediments in the steppe and semi-desert zones of Russia and along the coast of the Black, Azov and Baltic seas. Wormwood Primorskaya

Applied files

Subject: "Study of species of local plants. Morphological features of plants of various species. "

Purpose: Ensuring the assimilation of the concept of the morphological criterion of the species, consolidate the ability to draw up a descriptive characteristic of plants. Secure knowledge of modification variability, the ability to describe plants along the phenotype and compare them with each other.

Equipment: Live plants or gerbars, plants of different types. Herbarian copies various varieties Plants (wheat, rye, barley, etc.).

Procedure for performing work:

Examine theoretical data.

Proceed to work.

Conduct observations and arrange in the notebook.

Make a conclusion.

Reply to test questions.

Protect work from the teacher.

Structure of work (experience number 1).

Consider the plants of two types, write their name, make the morphological characteristics of the plants of each type, i.e. Describe the features of their external structure (features of leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits).

Compare the plants of two species, identify four similarities and differences.

Answer the question: "What are the similarities (differences) of plants explain?".

Structure of work (experience number 2).

Consider two copies of wheat plants (rye, barley, etc.) of one variety. Compare these plants.

Describe the phenotype of each plant (the features of the structure of leaves, stems, flowers). Remit the signs arising from the modification variability and caused by the genotype.

Expand the causes of modification variability, its value.

Theoretical information

The speciation is the most complex evolutionary process of the occurrence of a new type. The new appearance interrupts relationships with the parental type and turns into a separate totality of organisms. The crossing of individuals and old species becomes impossible.

The idea of \u200b\u200bthe transmission mechanisms was first expressed by Ch. Darwin. He proceeded from the fact that the intraspecific struggle for the existence and the natural selection arising from it serve the main reason for the discrepancies of populations, cause species as widely and diverse to use natural conditions. According to C. Darwin, there are often populations within one species, which adapt to different habitats: wet or dry, flat or mountain habitats, consumption of certain food, etc. It is due to this species with the greatest completeness use their resources of their habitat. Consequently, natural selection favors more and more complete use of a variety of existence. This causes discrepancies of populations within the form of morphological, physiological and biochemical features. Geographical and environmental insulation, as already noted - evolutionary mechanisms, sharply reinforcing the process of discrepancies of populations due to weakening and even complete cessation of genes between them.

The initial difference between the gene pool of the addicted parts of the species

in the course of further evolution, inevitably enhances. As an important reason for this, the mutational process is. In one of two divided populations, one mutations arise, and other other. Since habitat conditions in different "isolates" can differ significantly, then natural selection will also act in different directions. The gene drift also contributes an important contribution to the further discrepancy between the genelons of the urgent parts of the species. The process of discrepancies of populations, continuing for a long time, leads to deep changes in the gene pools of populations and many properties of organisms: size, painting, fertility, preference for certain habitats, etc. New signs and adaptation arise, differences in the structure and even the number of chromosomes appear.

As a result of this, the individual before the relative populations loses the ability to cross each other. New species arise. As a result of the speciation, a view of or several species that never existed before. They possessed only by them inherent properties.

Two main methods of speciation are distinguished: geographical and environmental. The difference between them is which type of insulation will serve as an initial population for discrepancies. The essence of the process of speciation is the same for both methods. She, as already noted, is the root restructuring of the properties of the parent species and in the formation of the properties of the new species.

Most of the newly emerging species is brave. Only the most successfully mastering new environmental conditions, i.e. The most adapted species persist and go along the path of further evolutionary development.

Answer control questions:

1. Does the process of speciation take place in our time and is it possible to observe it?

2. Explain how you think could form from one source of nature in nature two views that you describe?

3. Can, in your opinion, human activity to influence the education of new species? Justify the answer?

Before proceeding to the definition of the plant, it should be carefully learned. Analysis external structure Plants and its bodies are accompanied by some measurements and the preparation of flowers, seeds and fruits, for which it is necessary to use the lineup, vacuer needles, scalpel or razor blades, a magnifying glass with an increase of 3, 6, 10. In some cases, a binocular magnifier is needed with a greater increase.

Analysis of morphological signs of plants requires a certain skill. To acquire it, you need to make a detailed description. 10 - 15 plants from different families covered departments ( Angiospermae.). To perform descriptions, take herbaceous plants. This is due to the fact that the analysis of signs of plants and plant descriptions are performed before their definitions of samples assembled on excursions. Description wood plants It should be carried out mainly on the excursion: for wood plants, such signs are important as the crown architecture and the nature of the rise of shoots in different parts of it, the peculiarities of the crust and periderm on the midstakes, etc. In addition, a complete description of many woody plants of a moderate zone requires observation of them Throughout the growing season, since it is typical of the early flowering to the dissolution of the leaves.

Morphological description is performed according to the following plan:

plant name (Latin and Russian), systematic affiliation (name of the family - Latin and Russian);

duration life cycle (annual, twiser, perennial), life form (rod-cornery plant, carburry, root, corneeling, dermal, bulbous, etc.), total height or length For ground-creeping forms and lian;

structure root system : rod, urine, fringe, etc., its placement in the soil (surface, deep, long-term), root morphology in the root system (diameter, color, length, degree of branching and other signs), the presence of specialized (for example, retracting) and modified roots, other features of root systems;

structure underground organs Of religious origin in perennial herbs: Caudeks, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, replicious organs ("rooteploods"), clubnellukovits, underground columns: their size, color and nature of the surface, shape, depth of location in the soil, the presence, number and location of the apparent roots and Other features;

structure overhead escapes : quantity, position relative to the level of soil, growth direction, type of branching of shoots, the location of side shoots on the mother and their number, the type of shoots along the length of interstitial (extended, shortened, intersective, sockets), leaf focus and other features;

structure skeletons : The presence of faces, wings, shape on cross section, diameter, the nature of the omission, color and other features;

structure leaves : complex or simple, palpal or pasta, cuff or seats; parts of the sheet and their structure, shape of sheet plates and their bases, edges, tops, types of sheet plates according to the degree of dissection, the presence and nature of the omission, other features;

structure inflorescence : Flowers single or in inflorescences (simple, complex), type of inflorescence by branching method (racewall, cloomin, tirsoid) and nature character (frondose, frondulous, brague, naked), types of private inflorescences (brush, umbrella, spikes, basket and t .d.), the number of flowers, flowering length, other features of the structure of inflorescences;

structure flowers , their formula and diagram: all parts of the flower are consistently analyzed and described - a color, perianth, androza and garnets, neckers (their shape, sizes, number, color, odor, presence or absence of instinctness of the same name and different parts flower flower), type of their symmetry and other morphological features;

structure seeds and Fruit : shape, sizes, color of fruits; Types of fruits - genetic (depending on the structure of Guineseca: apocarpny, sykarpny, lisicarpic, parakropny) and in the structure and consistency of the ocopulodnik, the number of seeds; ways of opening fruit; the presence of the nozzles, their structure, other features of the structure of seeds and fruits;

o. Information biological features Plants: flowering time, method of pollination, distribution methods of diaspora, etc.;

information about environmental timeliness plants for certain habitats (conditions of lighting, moisturizing, soils, etc.), plant communities, frequency of occurrence in the territory where practice is being carried out.

To describe, the types of plants are selected, which at the moment of the growing season have all the necessary for the compilation of a complete description by the authorities. Information on biological and environmental features should be based on the results own observations during excursions. Morphological analysis and description of plants is accompanied by sketches external appearance of plants and more detailed drawings of their important parts - flowers and their parts, fruits, etc.

When analyzing signs of plants to compile their descriptions, we need to use educational and reference literature on plant morphology, vocabulary of botanical terms, atlas on plant morphology. Often brief morphological directories are available in plant identifiers.

As a sample of the morphological description, the characteristic of a widespread mass-forest plant was a large, often occurring in the forests, gardens, forestry, urban parks, near housing, in gods, and in other more or less shady weeds.

Chelidonium. majus. L.. - Large cleanliness.

FamilyPapaveraceae. Juss. - poppy.

A perennial grassy short-corneelous plant height from 25 to 80 cm. All plant is covered with rare hairs or naked, its above-ground parts contain acutely smelling orange milky juice.

Root system rod, with numerous side roots on the rod root. Rhizome short, vertical, carrying vegetable shoots and renewal kidney.

Overhead shoots Personal, intermediate, branched above the middle of the elongated part of escape. Stems green, rounded. Location spiral (next).

The leaves on top of the green, from the bottom are pepper, from 7 to 20 cm of length and from 2.5 to 9 cm. Width. The lower leaves of the shoots are collected in the socket and have stuffs from 2 to 10 cm of length, stem leaves on the elongated middle part of the escape escape. All leaves are non-parpty-solidized with almost opposite pairs of lateral segments, the dimensions of which increase towards the largest unpaired end segment. Leaf segments from 1.5 to 6 cm length and from 1 to 3 cm width, rounded or rounded-ovid-shaped, at the base with an add-on to the eye blade, bonding on the axis of the sheet, solid, or sometimes on the bottom of the deep side. The final segment of the sheet is more or less deeply out of 3 shares, less frequently solid. On the edge of the segments of the leaves unevenly gloomy-gear.

Inflorescence - umbrellas of 3 -7 flowers at the ends of the main escape and its side branches - Parakladiev. Flowers on flowers from 0.5 to 2 cm length.

The flowers are correct (actinorphic), with a double separately sawing perianth. Potion spot. A cup consists of two convex rounded, falling on with the blooming of flowers of greenish cholesters. The whore is yellow, out of 4 rounded petals 10 - 15 mm in diameter. Numerous stamens, in length in short, shorter than petals. The pestle is approximately equal to the length of the stamens, with a linear upper urging and seating with a laid or blade stigm. Ginetsay Paracardis of two rests.

Flower formula: K 2 s 4 A  G (2) .

Fruit - long podlovoid box with one socket inside. The box is opened with two sash bottoms up. Its length from 3 to 6 cm, width - from 2 to 3 mm. Seeds of about 1.5 mm length and 1 mm width, numerous, egg-shaped, black and brown, shiny, with a white comb-gun appendat, are located on the walls of the wound in 2 rows. Doodles for fruits are lengthened to 5 cm.

Flowers are pollinated by insects. Flowers in V-VII, fruits ripen VVI-VIII. Seeds apply to ants (Mirmekochor).

It dwells on weed places in the floodplain forests in the valley of the river. Kalitva between the village. Kirsanovka and Khutor Marshinsky, in forest belts, gardens and gardens in the village. Kirsanovka. Prefers shaded and moistened areas with rich black soils. It grows by groups, sometimes forms large on the Kurtin Square, thickets. Milky juice is very poisons.

Selection of plants to compile descriptions should not be random. Since one of the objectives of the study practice is the consolidation of knowledge on plant systematics, for a detailed analysis, plants should be selected from leading families of the local flora. For the south of the European part of Russia, these are the following: legumes ( Fabaceae.), brownie ( Boraginaceae.), cloves ( Caryophyllaceae.), buckwheat ( Polygonaceae.), licable ( Lamiaceae.), cereals ( Poaceae.), umbrellas ( Apiaceae.), Conductors ( Brassicaceae.), marine ( Chenopodiaceae.), norichnikovy ( Scrophulariaceae.), dies ( Cyperaceae.), pink ( Rosaceae.), complex ( AsteracEae.).

Starting practice, the characteristics of leading families on the educational literature should be repeated, clarify and assimilate all the most important signs of the structure of vegetative and reproductive bodies of plants relating to them. Carefully analyzing the main signs of families from their specific representatives, ultimately it is possible to unmistakably install the affiliation of plants to them on botanical excursions, without resorting to the help of determinants.

In subsequent work on the definition of plants after the acquisition of a well-known skill in the analysis of their morphological features, you can refuse detailed descriptions. However, preliminary morphological analysis and the establishment of the main distinctive features of all organs of the plant is an indispensable condition for successful definition.

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Slides presentation

Laboratory work Subject: "Morphological features of plants of various species"

The purpose of the work is:  Create the concept of the morphological criterion of the species;  Learn to make a descriptive characteristic of plants.

Equipment:  Live Plants and Herbarous Plant Materials Different Species: Buttercup Cooking, Butterfly, Halfweight Primorskaya, Bitter Wormwood, Nuts Bicycle (burning), Deaf nettle (Clear Belaya)

Work stroke  See p.292 (textbook) Observations and conclusions write down in a notebook.

 Buttercups  Domain: Eukaroto  Kingdom: Plants  Division: Flower  Class: Divorny  ORDER: LUTICOME  Family: лю    лю лю лю  View: лю

 Buttercup is a perennial herbaceous plant, reaches a height of 20-50 cm.  Leaves - lower - long-cooled, 5-10 cm long, pentagonal, and palpheal; Upper - seating, three-part with linear, gentle shares.  Flowers - bright yellow color, reach 2 cm in diameter, single or collected in inflorescence.  CHASSELISTICS FIVE; petals - five; Many stamens and pestles.  Flowers in June.  Fruit - Multi-Trucks -  Narodnaya title: Chicken blindness. flower

 Buttercup Creeping Kingdom: Plants Department: Covenate Class: Dicotyled Order: Lunting Color Family: Butt Ring: Buttercup View: Little Creeping

 Buttercup is a perennial grassy plant 15-40 cm high with a short rhizome. The stem is ascending or pinching in nodes. Burnt leaves of cuffs, troops consisting of diamond-ovoid, deeply three-part, non-unintegole leaves. Top Leaves Sitting, Lancing, Tro-Pointed. Obroat flowers, correct, with five hopping cups, five golden-yellow petals, numerous stamens and pestles. Single top flowers or collected in half blood.  Fruit - multiwest with short spouts in nuts. It grows on wet, shaded, apparent soils: on the shores of rivers and lakes, on wet meadows, in shrub thickets, on forest swamps, in fields and vegetables.

Buttercup

Buttercup Asian, terry about the dwariet and perennial rhizuy or cornflower plants; Stems upright, ascending or prostrated, often rooting in nodes; The leaves are solid, vopotoxic, and palphers or peristoids, are located next; Single flowers or collected in inflorescence, yellow, less often white or red, simple or terry; Fruit - multiores; Seeds naked or hairy, flat or convex

Attention!  Any views of this unpretentious plant of poisonous, although they contain a mass of useful substances, which is used with caution in folk medicine. The most common representatives of this family are the buttercup, the sludge is creeping, buttercup is poisonous.

Nettle or burning nettle or burning

 Nuts of the dioxide (Urtica Dioica L.) - a long-term grassy burning plant of the speckled family (urtiasea) with a long creeping rhizome.  Stem is a reprehensive, 90-120 cm high, with spots of ovid-shaped cinema leaves with a length of 8-17 cm. Flowers are small, green, same-sex, are collected in coole-shaped inflorescences.  Fruit - egg-shaped or elliptical, yellowish-gray nuts 1.2-1.5 mm of length. Flowers from June to September.  nettle as a weed plant is common in the European part of Russia, in the Caucasus and in Western Siberia, found in Eastern Siberia, in the Far East and Central Asia

Deaf nettle, Clear white  Kingdom: Plants  Division: Flower plants  Class: Double-color  ORDER: Clear-colored ые  Family: Clear)  Rod: Clear  View: Clear Belaya

Deaf nettle, whipped white (Lamium Album), a perennial grassy plant of a family of licorious. Over the form of leaves is similar to nettle, but devoid of burning hairs. White flowers, in false mutoes.  Rhizome Crescent horizontal.  Four-footed stems, upright, up to 60 cm high.  leaves opposite.  Leaf cutters up to 4 cm long (the tops of the top leaf are shorter - up to 1 cm). Leaf plates egg-shaped or heart-shaped, wrinkled, up to 10 cm long, ominous.  The whole plant is shortwritten. It grows in the moderate zone of the northern hemisphere.

Halfweight Gorky  Domain: Eukaroto  Kingdom: Plants  Division: Flower  Class: Divorny  ORDER: AROSTROCOCHERS  Family: Astrovaya  Rod: Wormage  View: Bitter Walinkle

Halfweight bitter  Plant height 50-125 cm, often growing like a semi-staple, with a rod branching root and upright shoots, with silver-felt feed.  Stems straight, weakness, in the top of the branched.  The lower leaves are long-meshy, twice-three times peristo-disseated, medium - short-sized, twice peristo-disseated, the upper - almost seating, filament or twice three-separate; Solly all leaves linearly oblong, stupidly pointed.  Flowers are all tubular, yellow; Edge - pestile, median - Obroat. Baskets spherical, 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, in a non-loss of inflorescence. Basket wrapper tiled, widespile leaves. The color is convex, hairy. Blossom in the European part of Russia in June-July.  The fruit is a brown-pointed seed of about 1 mm long, the continued-wedge-shaped, thin-furred, on the top with a rounded, slightly convex platform.

Wormwood Primorskaya  Perennial grassy plant or 20-100 cm height semi-stabbed, white-pubescent, strongly smelling, with a rigid root. The stalks are numerous, ascending, in the top of the branches, forming a small turf. The leaves on both sides are whitish, the next, peristrastic, with narrow linear lines, longer than the baskets; Bottom leaves. The inflorescence is spreadable, with a bent bloomon bowl. Floor baskets located risels at the ends of the sprigs of stems; They are very small, elliptically-oval, 1-2 mm long, greenish-gray in the non-color state, contain 3-5 flowers. Tubular flowers are reddish or yellowish. Flowers in July - October. It grows in the steppes, on dry salt deceived soil and chalk sediments in the steppe and semi-desert zones of Russia and along the coast of the Black, Azov and Baltic seas.

Wormwood Primorskaya