Botanical description and propagation of wheat. Root system of wheat
Morfemic. Word formation
Tasks of increased complexity
Millet and wheat - Words with the same root?
Answer. Not. In words wheat and millethighlighted roots - and - wentyt-. (Millet is not obtained from wheat, but from millet.)
Name words formed from phraseological revolutions.
Right roots form a strongly branched root system close to the surface of the Earth. Herbs are excellent soil coatings that prevent soil erosion. The roots of some herbs can also reach several meters deep into the earth to absorb water from these deeper soil layers.
The zoning of the root is well recognized by embryonic roots. The root is located on the root tip. It protects the fabric of the formation under it, which is responsible for the growth of the roots through cell division. The growth area is called the stretching zone. It is easy to determine by applying uniform marking on germinating roots. The root canal follows the stretching area. There are many tiny root hairs increase the surface of the root. In particular, they contribute to the total length of the root system. Only in the root canal area, which is often just a few centimeters in length, plants can absorb water and mineral salts.
Answer. Liegehok (lying on the side), the humpback (grief is plastered), topical (on the angry of the day), the energone (forever).
Poet Vasily Kamensky wrote a poem from one word: Recaccessia. How is this neologism formed?
Answer. Word recaccessia represents the overlay on each other of several words: river, pitching, seagull.
Very petty root harvesters live just from one to several days and processed with growth. Although the roots may have a completely different appearance, they are largely identical in their internal structure. This can be seen in the cross section of the root or cross section along the root line. Bull fabric should be inside. It forms the main part of the root body and fills the space between the risodermis and the conductive cloth with the cells of the main fabric with a uniform form. In addition to protective and strengthening functions, the bark fabric can also perform storage features.
Invoking Russian or borrowed is the word samba (fight)? How is it formed?
Answer. Word samba Formed in Russian by cutting words: selfoboron b.yez aboutruzia (self + b. + about ).
Word beroshi means 'the device to combat harmful to the human noise in production'. How is this word formed?
Water absorption roots
Entodermy is the inner cell layer of the crust. It closes the central cylinder with vascular beams. Vascular bundles consist of vascular and sieve cells. Vascular cells are used for water, sieta cells transport organic substances. In addition to the transport function, the guide fabric should always have functions of support and amplification. Supported cells can be recognized by their reinforced cell wall. Plant water intake occurs through the root cells. It is based on the physical laws of diffusion.
Answer. The word is formed by adding abbreviated base and a whole word: ber (Egypt) + ears\u003e earplugs.
Explain how neologisms of Igor Northerners are formed. Give examples of similar word-forming steam.
1. Solded in the room girl
The flute sounds excited her ...
2. Artists! Fear "Meshchanok":
They walk away your gift ...
How is water absorbed from under the ground?
Diffusion is a physical process in which the concentration is equalized between different concentrated gaseous or liquid substances due to the self-duration of the particles of the substance. Root cells are thin-walled, tubular, living cells. Under the cell wall we detect a cellular plasma with a cell core and large vacuoles in which salts and other substances are dissolved. Cellular plasma is separated from the wall of the cell and the vacuoles of the thin membrane.
Membranes have very small pores. Since membranes allow us to pass only one substance, they are called semipermeable membranes. To illustrate these ratios in the model experiment, two different concentrated solutions are separated by a semi-permeable membrane. As a semi-permeable membrane, for example, a pig bubble or sausage. Connected to one end bladder Or the intestines are equipped with an ascending tube and filled with a color concentrated salt or sugar solution.
3. I'm going to a silvernikpice wheelchair ...
4. All stars of the world and all planets
Pearls proud to your sonnets ...
1. Lonely (s)\u003e single and() - suffixing method (sad - sad).
2. Mendar (s)\u003e about-Ezdar- and() - Pottable suffix (Black - Finding).
3. Silver spokes (a)\u003e silver about-spit n.(s) - addition basics with suffixation (Railway - Railway).
This machine is hung on a tripod in a glass with water. Water in a glass is a bottom water that should be absorbed by the root. The concentrated solution of salt or sugar will correspond to the cell plasma and solutions dissolved in salt vacuolets. In a test layout, in a few minutes, we can observe an increase in the level of fluid in the rising pipe.
However, painted salt or sugar water can not be detected in the glass. How to explain the explanation? The concentration balance between water and physiological solution or sugar solution is hampered by a semi-permeable membrane in one direction. Salt particles are held by a semi-permeable membrane. Water particles can freely pass through the membrane and diffuse into a solution of saline or sugar. This water consumption increases the fluid level in the rising pipe.
4. Pearls\u003e Pearl and(ie) - Suffixal (silver - silver).
What unites words swab, Volcano, Fuuder?
Answer. These are nominal nouns, which are formed from their own names.
In two ways, describe the word formation of each word.
Needle, short, knee pad.
The concentrated saline or sugar solution is diluted with water absorption. Migration of water particles or small dissolved particles of a weakly concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane into a more concentrated solution is called osmosis. Osmosis is a physical process in which diffusion passes through a semipermeable membrane.
RJA, survival artist
Rye forms a lot of substance with a small leaf mass, with narrow leaves and plenty of stem even on bad soils. His connection with light and air is intense. Rye needs a pollutant, necessarily flowering dust from neighboring plants. Rye - world champion in survival. Closed snow cover seven months. In addition, his amazing ability Intensively replace the soil.
Answer. Needle: 1) needles\u003e needle chat(s)- suffix;
2) needles\u003e needle (a)\u003e needle aT.(s) - suffix method.
Not a short: 1) Long time\u003e not- Moving - prefix method.
2) short-term\u003e short-term about- suffix method.
Podpolenik: 1) Knee (o)\u003e on-knee-n (s)\u003e knew iK() - suffixing method.
To form grains, rye is more dependent on the assimilation activity of the stem than other grains. Rrya is not much different from other cereals. It germinates at lower temperatures than wheat or barley. This is clearly shown by adding forms of winter grain crops. It is assumed that the value of winter resistance increases, since the percentage of rye in the fields automatically increases the natural selection, which allows to survive.
Originally, rye was not one of the main varieties of cereals. In early cultures you can find only isolated grains of rye. Rye barely calms down when the grain matures, and it sprouts again. Wheat and even more pronounced barley know the phase of germination. Risk of germination, germination on the ear, is the greatest in rye. In the event of an expression, rye is no longer suitable for broth. Such breads are chubby and inedible. As a rule, mature rye is used as a stern grain. Summer Glaciers of border areas, along with a six-grade grove, retain the record shortest seasonal period.
2) Knee (o)\u003e on the- nick() - Prefixal-suffix method.
Determine the method of word formation: idleness, fun, manty.
Answer. Affairs (o)\u003e without-del- [ j.] - (e) - the subfixtural way;
cheerful\u003e fun- [ j.] - (e) - suffix;
god (a) moths (s)\u003e about-Mol- [ j.] -E - addition basics with suffixation.
Strategies of both plants are completely different. Rye does not use barley "on flowering" for the formation of a substance. Rye plants of border guards look like wild plants, thin and fine-grained. It is clear why the grain growing was stopped in these areas.
Because of its open bloom of rye, especially susceptible to maternal grain. Maternal grain is similar to the overgrown grain of rye. This is the fruit body of the mushroom. Especially in humid-cold weather prevails in fertilization, and the flowers remain open longer. It was then that the disputes of mushrooms have a chance to grow in color and use seedlings. Poison of the maternal grain prevents the blood circulation of peripheral tissue.
Build a word-forming chain ending in the following word:1) winning; 2) facing; 3) misunderstanding.
Answer. Play\u003e Win \u003e Winning\u003e Winning\u003e Winning;
face\u003e Lining\u003e Standering\u003e Wanders;
thought\u003e Think\u003e Message\u003e Muffled\u003e Invisible\u003e Miscelers.
Highlight morphemes in words stand up, challenge, Smolensky.
Previously, it was used as a means from excessive bleeding during childbirth, hence the name "Maternal grain". Figure 1: The husk is quite narrow, the grains are barely covered. The growth and productivity of the plant also depends on its root equipment. For a healthy plant, a significant part of the biomass should consist of root fabric. However, it is generally often found that cultures do not "invest" more than necessary in their root system.
In many cases, this means that almost the entire mass of the root is located in the upper 20 cm of the soil. There is a sufficient number here nutrients And to about about. This is problematic, however, when drought begins or, on the contrary, severe deposition leads to contaminated soil. Root systemmay not be able to sufficiently perform the main functions.
Answer. In the above, morphemes are not sequentially, but they are superimposed on each other. In word formation, this phenomenon was called applique morpheme.
Sun + Star + T, Wed to become, at the end;
from + creative + and + h, cf. in-creative, the imposition-to-y
Smolensk + SK + IY, Wed. kiev-SK-Ii.
Determine the words by the characteristic of the morpheme.
Roots perform three main tasks when developing plants
Absorption of water and nutrient salts Anchors of the content of shoots in the soil. . Plants are not capable of predictive actions. However, the farmer can give the corresponding signal at the appropriate time. Increases the growth of the roots, and the treated plants form a longer roots, which leads to an improvement in the root penetration of the soil. An important task of roots is the fastening of the plant in the soil. The more roots and, above all, thin roots make the plant horizontal and vertical, the more stable is to escape with their own weight from external influences, such as dampness and wind.
I. 1. Prefix (primordial) indicates excess of anything, limit.
2. The root indicates what we hear, catch the hearing authorities.
3. The suffix of the adjectives with the value 'is characteristic of anything having something relation.
4. End of the names of the adjective identification case, the only number, male race.
In very wet ground conditions, a large number of small roots are extremely important. Thin roots surround a large number of separate particles of the soil and, thus, provide a stable and sustainable fixation of the plant on soaked soil. In addition, thin roots of neighboring plants are intertwined.
You can measure fastening in the soil, connecting the plants with trucks and pulling them out of the ground through this scale. Plants penetrate with their roots with their roots and come into contact with water, which sticks in the cavities between soil particles. This soil water can absorb the plant on the surface of the root canal. The inflow of water into external root cells is mainly osmotic process: water follows the increase in the concentration of solutes and can also penetrate the cavity between the cells.
II. 1. The prefix points to the proximity to the subject, in touch with it.
2. The root indicates the appendages on the back of the animal body.
3. The suffix is \u200b\u200ballocated in the names of nouns denoting male persons in their actions (with a negative characteristic).
4. End of the names of the 2nd declination (zero) nominal case, the only number, male genus.
Thus, the absorbed water dissolved in it dissolved in it, reaches the surroundings of plant " water pipes", Vessels xylems. Courts of Xleema pass through the plant from the root to the leaves and end near the gaps. Through the slot holes, the width of the opening of which can be adjusted by the installation, water is highlighted as a pair. What is distributed from above should flow down: In the xylems vessels, suction voltage is created, which continues near the external root cells and, thus, provides water supply.
III. 1. The root indicates the upper limb of a person.
2. Connecting vowel.
3. Root meaning 'create, make something'.
4. The verb suffix denoting to 'do something, to detect the tendency to something.
5. suffix (ending) infinitive.
Answer. Over-oh-oh-oh, at-tail-pray, hands-o-del niche.
In case of cereals and other herbatous plants Negative pressure up to -15 bar can occur in the vessels of xylems. But the floor also reveals the suction tension against the water contained in it. It can be much stronger than that of a plant in dry conditions. If so, the fading occurs and may die of drying. Therefore, it is vital that plants with their root system be penetrated into the soil layers in which there is still a sufficient amount of water that can be absorbed.
Significant biochemical processes of plant growth
The roots also serve as a "bioreactor" for the entire plant. A number of important metabolic products are formed only in the root and shifts it from here to run. Cytokinins are also formed almost exclusively in roots, especially in the tips of the roots. The term cytokinine includes a group of plant hormones that stimulate cell division, contribute to germination of the parties and slow down the aging processes. However, their participation in storage facilities, such as storing starch in the grain of corn, is especially important.
IN last years Autumn and spring droughts create extreme conditions for the development of winter in the initial phase of vegetation. Low content of productive moisture during the occasion winter wheat leads to a delay in germination of seeds. In this case, crops have a motley look: near the plants in the initial stage of the body there are places where the seeds only germinate. Such crops are not always successful, therefore their yield is inferior to the Ozimy, which was carried out under optimal conditions.
It is known what an important role in ensuring the occasion of sowing is played by an overhead vegetative mass of wheat. Intensive bunning helps to obtain the optimal staples, and sufficient development of the sheet apparatus - the high intensity of photosynthetic processes, ultimately determines the productivity of all sowing. However, we do not always pay attention to what is happening underground. The roots of winter plants are as important for the formation of the future harvest, like the stem. By ensuring the absorption and transportation of water and the mineral elements dissolved in it, the root system supplies all substances necessary for the photosynthetic apparatus, from which organic substances are applied to the roots. Thus, the plant organism is a complex system, the parts of which cannot be separately functioning.
The root system in the wheat of winter urine type, well branched, the bulk of it is locked in arable layer. In some years, with sufficient moisture content in the soil, some wheat roots are able to penetrate a significant depth - to 1.5-2.0 m, and sometimes more. However, most of the root system is located at a depth of 30 cm, and it is in this zone that the most intensive absorption of soil moisture and mineral elements occurs.
The root system of winter wheat and other cereals consists of primary (germinal) roots formed in embryonic hypotte le seeds in the stage of germination, and stem (secondary, nodal), developing from nodes of adversaries. The number of primary roots in wheat varies within three-six (on average five, their number depends on varietal features). Regarding the entire root system on primary roots accounts for 1-14%. On the initial stages Vegetation of wheat plants feed only with their help. During the body from each new stem, two secondary roots will usually grow. These roots provide the powers of the lateral shoots of plants. In fact, the intensity of the formation of secondary roots and bunning plants is closely related. The role of primary roots during this period is somewhat reduced, but they do not die, and function until the end of the growing season and ensure the power of the main escape. In case the plant has not formed secondary roots (due to drought), they take on the main power function. However, the bulk of water and mineral substances under normal vegetation conditions is absorbed precisely by secondary roots, so the future sowing performance depends on them.
When the Wheat is sown in optimal deadlines, By the beginning of winter, the primary roots are able to penetrate up to 1 m, and the secondary - by 30-60 cm. With the recovery of spring vegetation, the growth of the root system is resumed and continues to the waxing phase. The root system is most intensively (up to 2.5 cm / day) during the autumn vegetation period. In the spring, the speed of the root increases gradually falls: so, in the phase of the colet, it does not exceed 1-1.5 cm / day. IN different periods Organogenesis of wheat plants The distribution of roots of the soil horizons is also not the same. Thus, during the exit of the culture in the tube, the main mass of the roots (up to 60%) is placed at a depth of 20 cm, in the horizon 20-40 cm contains 25-30%, 40-60 cm - 6%, 60-80 cm - 3% , 80-100 cm - 2% of the roots of the plant. During the wheat flowering period, their relative amount in the horizon 0-40 cm decreases to 50%, and in the horizon 40-80 cm increases to 45%. In deeper soil layers, the number of roots increases slightly.
The intensity of the development of the primary and secondary root system depends on a number of factors.It has been established that on the rewarded soils due to the impairment of the gas exchange primary and secondary roots develop weakly and only in surface layers of the soil. With low humidity, the development of secondary roots is inhibited, and in the case of a significant moisture deficit, they are not formed at all. The secondary roots are raised better when the moisture content of the substrate is 60-70% of the total moisture intensity. With low soil moisture, the total mass of the roots decreases, but in terms of the entire mass of plants, their share increases. Under such conditions, the root system penetrates deeper into the soil.
The intensity of the development of the root system also affects the temperature. Its reduction intensively slows down the growth of the above-ground part than the roots.
To a large extent, the development of the secondary root system of wheat winter depends on the predecessor. It has been established that the smallest increase in the secondary root system was when sowing winter wheat after corn on the silage and after the stupid predecessor. It is also known that after these predecessors, on the time of Seva wheat, the smallest supply of productive moisture is preserved in a half-meter soil layer. When zaming after a black pair or pea, the growth of secondary roots occurred significantly more intense.
A significant impact on the intensity of the formation of secondary roots produces the depth of seeds. It is known that ozimy sowing at an optimal period to a depth of 3-4 cm contributes to the formation of a large number of secondary roots and productive stellace. When living on a larger depth - 6-8 cm - the processes of the root formation are braking. This is explained by the fact that with the optimal timing of sowing on a small depth, the soil is better warmed, and a sufficient amount of moisture creates favorable conditions for the formation of a secondary root system.
During growth, the roots show positive chemotropism, that is, grow faster where there is a high concentration of mineral elements. The development of secondary roots has the greatest influence in the autumn period of phosphorus, potassium, as well as mixtures of these fertilizers. Nitrogen ensures an increase in the physiological activity of the roots, an increase in the above-ground mass and wheat productivity. Phosphorus and potassium, in turn, to a greater extent contribute to the increase in the mass of primary and secondary roots than the aboveground part. The use of mineral fertilizers to the main introduction and in vegetation phases significantly increases the amount of formed secondary roots on winter wheat. Best of all they develop when feeding mineral fertilizers In the range of norms of use N60P60K60 - N120P75K75. Making phosphorus and potassium into pre-sowing cultivation and lower case - when extinguishing, in combination with a small amount of nitrogen creates optimal conditions It is for increasing the secondary root system. Making nitrogen in the spring phases of vegetation to a greater extent stimulates the growth of the already established secondary roots.
In addition to NPK, the intensity of the development of the secondary root system affects the presence of a sufficient number of trace elements. Microelements such as boron and molybdenum are accumulated in large quantities in young wheat (shoots, roots), which are in the stage of active growth. Thanks to the boron, the synthesis of carbohydrates in the leaves and their further move them to the root growth points. With a deficiency of Bor, the growth intensity of the tops and roots is gradually reduced. The greatest concentration of molybdenum is also observed at the points of growth - shoots, root tops. The deficiency of this element is similar to the manifestation of nitrogen fasting: in particular, the development of vegetative organs is slowed down. To stimulate the development of the secondary root system, it is advisable to conduct pre-sowing processing of seeds boric acid (1 tons of seeds - 300-500 g of microfertilitation) or boron-magnesium powder (in the amount of 10-20 kg / t of seeds). In addition to the processing of seeds, positive results makes introduction to the pre-sowing cultivation of boric superphosphate. To ensure wheat, winter molybdenum is carried out preseign treatment of ammonium molybdate seeds - up to 75 g of the hectare rate of seeds or by the extractive spraying of crops in autumn - 150-300 g of ammonium molybdate per 1 hectares of sowing.
conclusions
Thus, for the formation of a fairly developed secondary root system in plants of winter wheat seeding, it is advisable to carry out at an optimal period after the best predecessors. The development of secondary roots contributes not only the optimal temperature mode and sufficient moisture supply, but also the correct distribution of mineral elements during the fall and in the spring-summer period, the destruction of the soil crust, which will contribute to the sufficient aeration and preservation of productive moisture.
V. Khodanitsky, Cand. biol. science A. Khodanitskaya, Cand. Agricultural Sciences
Citation Information
The secondary roots of wheat winter and harvest / V. Khodanitsky, A. Khodanitskaya // Regrocytsey. - 2017. - № 2. - P. 64-65