In the cells of the body continuously boils work: proteins, fats and carbohydrates are constantly synthesized. At the same time, there is a splitting of complex organic compounds and the release of energy.

The products of decomposition are formed at the same time - urea, ammonia and carbon dioxide - should be derived from the body. And all these processes are possible only with the participation of water. Water is not only an important component of all cells, but also the basis of the intercellular fluid, plasma, lymphs and digestive juices.

The role of water in the exchange of proteins

Water plays a key role in protein synthesis. The enzymes of the gastric, pancreas and intestinal juice, which also includes water, split the protein components of food to amino acids that fall into the blood and are spreading into the cells of the body. And already in cells are synthesized by the necessary proteins. So thanks to the participation of water, organs and fabrics are obtained by building material necessary for growth and development.

The role of water in the exchange of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - the main source of energy in the body. The enzymes of saliva, pancreas and intestinal juices split off with food carbohydrates to glucose, which is absorbed in the small intestine in the blood. With an excess, it is postponed in the liver as a strategic reserve of an organism in the form of glycogen. Inverse transformation and delivery are also possible thanks to the water medium, that is, blood.

The role of water in the exchange of fats

The formation of fats in the body is also impossible without water. Fat foods under the action of gastric, pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes are split into glycerin and fatty acids. In the small intestine, fat is formed. In the form of an emulsion, it is transported in lymph, and with it in general blood flow. Excess fat is deposited in the body or used as a source of energy.

Participation of water in thermoregulation

Water, affecting the metabolism, produces energy in the body. It has a large heat capacity - 4200 J / (kg · k). Therefore, is a kind of temperature regulator in the human body. And it maintains the body temperature in accordance with the ambient temperature.

Separational function of water

Water is a medium for safe removal of toxins and life products (carbon dioxide, ammonia, urinary acid, etc.). In a day, the body of a healthy adult can distinguish about 3 liters of liquid: through urinary paths, direct intestine, sweat glands and lungs. Therefore, to ensure normal metabolism, a person must replenish the volume of the expended fluid. This is an average of 2.5-3 liters of water.

Water is needed

The lack of water in the body can lead to the development of serious diseases. Pure drinking or mineral water should prevail in the drinking diet.

You need to know: Most of the human consumed by man (tea, coffee, sweet carbonated drinks, alcohol, etc.) contain substances that act with the opposite effect - contribute to the removal of water from the cells of the body, and not saturate them with the necessary liquid.

With many diseases, water exchange in the body is crucial. So, with chronic heart failure, hypertension of hypertension, launched atherosclerosis, urinary system diseases. Water and water-salt metabolism usually happens

violated and emerge swelling.

Therefore, the regulation of water and harvest metabolism is important in the treatment of the patient.

Consider first the question of the normal water exchange in the human body.

The water in the human body can be both free and in the associated state. Being in a free state, it easily moves from cells into an intercellular space, in lymph and blood plasma. If the water is connected by proteins, it is firmly held in cells and tissues. A healthy person in the body is constantly being respected by the water-salt balance, that is, a certain equilibrium of water and salts located both in the associated and in free state. In violation of this equilibrium there is a disease.

The water exchange is a combination of the processes of suction of drinking water, water formation during the oxidation of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, the distribution of it between intracellular and extracellular space, on the one hand, and the release of water by the kidneys, lungs, leather and intestines on the other.

In an adult, having a weight of 70 kg, the total water content in the body reaches 50 kg. Of this amount, only 15% falls on the plasma "blood and lymph, the remaining 50% is" water located inside the cells in the associated state. In a state of water equilibrium, the amount of water consumed is equal to the amount of water allocated.

The water balance is consisted of the following quantities: the amount of drinking water is 1000 ml; Water included in

food composition - 720 ml; Water formed during oxidation of fats, proteins and carbohydrates is 320 ml.

In Scyt, under normal conditions, a person forks to 2.5 liters of water. From this amount, about 1100 ml is distinguished through the kidneys, 400-450 ml - through the skin, 300-350 ml - through the lungs and about 150 ml - with the feet. When changing the conditions of the external environment (temperature, pressure, characteristics of food), these data can vary greatly in one direction or another. However, the water-salt balance in the body is restored very quickly, as it is a vital factor.

Water exchange regulators are central nervous and endocrine systems. The violation of the function of regulating the water-salt exchange can cause severe changes in the exchange and determine either the water delay in the body, or, on the contropenment, the reinforced removal leading to dehydration.

Of great importance for maintaining the water balance of the body is the condition of the cardiovascular system and the content of proteins in the blood plasma. The degree of water delay in tissues has a significant effect in cells and extracellular sodium salts and potassium salts. Due to these salts in cells, a certain osmotic pressure is created. The salt composition of intra and extracellular fluid is different. If the extracellular liquid has a large similarity with sea water and the presence of salts in it can vary greatly, then the composition of the intracellular fluid is almost always constant and retains its chemical personality. This is due to the presence of cell membranes, which, holding potassium, refuse sodium and calcium. In cells, magnesium, potassium, sulfate groups, and outside cells, sodium, calcium and protein fractions are usually dominated in cells.

Water-salt exchanging is called a set of water and electrolyte processes into the body, distributing them in the inner medium and separation from the body.

Water-salt exchange in the human body

Water-salt exchange calledthe combination of the processes of water and electrolytes in the body, distributing them in the inner medium and the allocation of the body.

A healthy person is supported by the equality of volumes of water outlooking and received in it per day, which is called water balance organism. The balance of electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium, etc. can also be viewed. The average water balance indicators of a healthy person at rest are shown in Table. 12.1, and the balance sheet of electrolytes in table. 12.2.

Average values \u200b\u200bof human body balance parameters

The average daily balance of the exchange of some substances in humans

With different disturbing effects (Medium temperature shifts, different levels of physical activity, change in the nature of nutrition) separate balance indicators may vary, but the balance itself is preserved.

In the context of pathology, impaired balance with a predominance of either delay or loss of water.

Water organism

Water is an essential inorganic component of the body, providing the connection of the external and internal medium, transport substances between cells and organs. As a solvent of organic and inorganic substances, water is the main medium of deploying metabolic processes. It is part of various organic substance systems.

Each gram of glycogen, for example, contains 1.5 ml of water, each protein gram - 3 ml of water.

With its participation, such structures as cell membranes, blood transport particles, macromolecular and supramolecular formations are formed.

In the process of metabolism and hydrogen oxidationseparated from the substrate forms endogenous "water oxidation", moreover, its quantity depends on the type of disintegrating substrates and the metabolism level.

So, at rest when oxidation:

• 100 g fat formed more than 100 ml of water,
• 100 g of protein - about 40 ml of water,
• 100 g of carbohydrates - 55 ml of water.

The increase in catabolism and energy exchange leads to a sharp increase in the formulated endogenous water.

However, endogenous water in humans is not enough to provide an aquatic environment of metabolic processes, especially the deduction in the dissolved form of metabolic products.

In particular, increasing the consumption of proteins and, accordingly, the final transformation of them into urea, removed from the body with urine, leads to absolute need to increase the loss of water in the kidneys, which requires an increased admission to the body.

When nutrition is predominantly carbohydrate, well-food and small admission to the NaCl body, the need for water is less.

In a healthy adult, a daily need for water ranges from 1 to 3 liters.

The total amount of water in the body is from a person from 44 to 70% of the body weight or approximately 38-42 liters.

Its content in different tissues varies from 10% in adipose tissue to 83-90% in kidneys and blood, with age, the amount of water in the body decreases, as well as in obesity.

In women, the water content is lower than that of men.

The water of the body forms two water spaces:

1. Intracellular (2/3 of the waters).

2. Extracellular (1/3 of the total water).

3. In the context of pathology, a third water space appears - body cavity water:abdominal, pleural, etc.

Extracellular water space includes two sectors:

1. Internal water sector, i.e. Plasma of blood, the volume of which is about 4-5% of body weight.

2. The interstitial water sector containing 1/4 of the entire body of the body (15% body weight) and is the most mobile, changing volume during an excess or disadvantage of water in the body.

All water of the body is updated approximately in a month, and extracellular water space for a week.

Hyperfishing organism

Excessive intake and formation of water with inadequately small, its allocation from the body leads to the accumulation of water and this water balance shift was called hyperhydrating.

In hypershydration, water accumulates mainly in the interstitial water sector.

Water intoxication

A significant degree of hyperfedration manifests itself water intoxication .

In this case, in the interstitial water sector, the osmotic pressure becomes lower than inside the cells, they absorb water, swell and the osmotic pressure in them becomes also reduced.

As a result of the increased sensitivity of nerve cells to a decrease in osmolarity, the aqueous intoxication may be accompanied by the excitation of nerve centers and muscle cramps.

Dehydration organism

Insufficient flow and water formation or excessively large selection lead to a decrease in the aquatic space in, mainly, the interstitial sector, which is called dehydration.

This is accompanied by blood thickening, deterioration of its rheological properties and hemodynamic disorders.

The disadvantage in the body of water in the amount of 20% of the body weight leads to a fatal outcome.

Regulation of the body's water balance

The system of regulation of the water balance provides two main homeostatic process:

first, maintaining the constancy of the total volume of fluid in the body and,

secondly, the optimal distribution of water between the aquatic spaces and the sectors of the body.

The factors of maintaining water homeostasis include Osmotic and oncotic pressure of water space liquids, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic blood pressure, the permeability of histohematic barriers and other membranes, active transport of electrolytes and non-electrolytees, neuro-endocrine mechanisms for regulating the activities of the kidney and other allocation bodies, as well as drinking behavior and thirst.

Water saline exchange

The water balance of the body is closely associated with the exchange of electrolytes.. The total concentration of mineral and other ions creates a certain amount of osmotic pressure.

The concentration of individual mineral ions determines the functional state of excitable and non-typical tissues, as well as the state of permeability of biological membranes - so it is customary to speak about water-electrolyte(or salt)exchange.

Water electrolyte exchange

Since the synthesis of mineral ions in the body is not carried out, they should enter the body with food and drink. To maintain the electrolyte balance and, accordingly, life activity, the body must receive per day Approximately 130 mmol sodium and chlorine, 75 mmol potassium, 26 mmol of phosphorus, 20 mmol calcium and other elements.

The role of electrolytes in the vital activity of the body

For homeostasiselectrolytes need to interact multiple processes:admission to the body, redistribution and deposit in cells and their microenvironment, separation from the body.

Admission to the body depends on the composition and properties of food and water, the peculiarities of their suction in the gastrointestinal tract and the state of the enteral barrier. However, despite the broad fluctuations in the number and composition of food and water, the water-salt balance in a healthy body is steadily supported by changes in excretion using the isolation organs. The main role in this homeostatic regulation is performed by the kidney.

Regulation of water and salt metabolism

Regulation of water-salt metabolism, like most physiological regulations, includes afferent, central and efferent links. The afferent link is represented by a mass of receptor vessels of vascular channel, tissues and organs that perceive the shifts of osmotic pressure, the volume of liquids and their ionic composition.

As a result, a central nervous system creates an integrated pattern of the state of the water-salt balance in the body. The consequence of the central analysis is to change the drinking and edible behavior, restructuring the operation of the gastrointestinal tract and the selection system (primarily the functions of the kidney), implemented through the efferent links of the regulation. The latter are represented by nervous and, mostly hormonal influences.published

In fact, the role of water is multifaceted and with difficulty can be ordinary transfer. From the most obvious its functions can be called:

1. Participation in enzymatic hydrolysis reactions. therefore

• catabolism in the cell of any polymer molecules (triacyl glycerers, glycogen) and the production of energy cannot happen without water,
• digestion of food substances worsens in a state of water failure.

2. Formation cell membranes Based on phospholipid amphility, i.e. On the ability of phospholipids to automatically form the polar surface of the membrane and the hydrophobic internal phase. As a result, with a decrease in the volume of intra and extracellular water, part of phospholipids turns out to be "superfluous" and the cell membranes are deformed.

3. Water forms hyded shell Around molecules. It provides

• the solubility of substances, in particular protein-enzymes, and properly interaction of their surface hydrophilic amino acids with the surrounding water medium. With a decrease in the share of water in the medium, the interaction deteriorates, the conformation of the enzyme and, it means varies the rate of enzymatic reactions,
• transportation of substances in the blood and in the cell.

4. Water creates an active amount of cell volume and intercellular space. Water binding with organic structures of the intercellular matrix - collagen, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin-sulfates and other connections provide a tour and elasticity of fabrics. It is clearly manifested in extreme dehydration of the body when the eye apples and the neelasticity of the skin are observed.

As an example of the manifestation of a hidden water deficit, you can specify the degeneration of joints during arthrosis. In the preclinical stage, dryness and roughness of cartilage surfaces lead to an increase in friction and clutch in the joint, which manifests itself as an audible when moving creak and crunch. In the future, thinning and abrasion of articular cartilage are developing, reducing its ammortization properties, the appearance of pain and the beginning of the clinical stages of osteoarthrosis.

5. State of liquid media The organism (blood, lymph, sweat, urine, bile) directly depends on the amount of water in them. The concentration and concentration of these liquids leads to a decrease in the solubility of their components - salts, organic substances, and the increase in crystal formation in the urine and bile.

Thus, with other factors, such as excess oxalates or uric acid (for urolithiasis) or lipotropic deficiency (for jelly Disease) Water deficit potentiates the development of these diseases.

6. A sufficient amount of water supports stability of arterial pressure. With a lack of water, the secretion of vasopressin and angiotensin is activated, part of whose effects is directed to

• the narrowing of the vessels to bring in accordance with the volume of blood and the capacity of the vascular bed,
• increased blood pressure to ensure blood supply to the brain, kidneys and other organs.

Regular lack of water leads to a constant reduction of the smooth muscles of vessels, their "training", thickening the muscular layer and, as a result, a more pronounced tone of vessels in response to ordinary incentives and a natural hormonal background. Develops essentialarterial hypertension.

Sources of water in a cage

There are two water sources for cellular metabolism:

1. Water, coming with food- During the day in an adult, the body should flow as pure (!) water not less than 1.5 liters or at the rate 25-30 ml / kg masses. Additionally, it can come with drinks, liquid and solid food up to 1.5 liters. In the first year of life, the daily need for water is 100-165 ml / kg weight that is associated with b aboutby the number of extracellular fluid and the ease of its loss when applying to the body.

2. Water formed in the process of catabolism and in oxidative phosphorylation - metabolic water, an average of 400 ml.

Often, this source of water is overestimated and considered sufficient to cover the water deficit, leading to the example of camels and fat in their humps. However, an elemental calculation shows that in a state of rest even with full starvation to ensure the human body with daily energy (2100-3500 kcal), it is necessary to 225-380 g of fat (the value of the oxidation of triacyl glycers 9.3 kcal / g). It is known that full Oxidation of 1 g of fat is formed by 1.09 ml of water, i.e. On a day, such water will be only 245-414 ml.

Camels are capable of losing water to lose up to 25% of the mass without complications for well-being. Their ability to survive in the hot conditions of the desert is due not to the reserves of fat, and very different reasons:

• oval erythrocytes are less sensitive to blood concentration,
• water steam exhaled air is completely condensed on the walls of the nasal ways (nostrils) and returns to the body,
• breathing frequency is lower,
• the body temperature varies from 35 ° C to 41 ° C, depending on the environment, which prevents excessive sweating,
• a high reabsorption of water from the large intestine is carried out, their litters contains 6-7 times less water than in cattle and consists of almost dry vegetable waste,
• in the urine there is no urea, osmotically active substance that holds water, which reduces urine volume.

Removal of water from the body

Water removal is carried out by several systems:

1. Light. Water is displayed imperceptibly for a person with exhaled air, it is imperceptible losses (an average of 400 ml / day). The proportion of water outlooked may increase with deep breathing, breathing dry air, with hyperventilation, artificial ventilation of the lungs without taking into account air humidity.

2. Leather. Losses through the skin can be

• imperceptible - at the same time almost clean water (500 ml / day) is derived,
• tangible - sweating with increasing body temperature or environment, with physical work (up to 2.0 liters per hour).

3. The intestine is lost 100-200 ml / day, the amount increases with vomiting, diarrhea.

4. The kidneys take up to 1000-1500 ml / day. The heating rate of urine in an adult 40-80 ml / h, in children - 0.5 ml / kg · h.

Under normal conditions, thanks to the kidneys, water from the body is allocated in an amount corresponding to the volume of the resulting fluid.

Part of the water is always removed regardless of the water diet, even with dry starvation. It is called bond water loss (about 1400 ml per day). To bond water loss belongs to remove water with laterExhaled air, fecesand urine. At the same time, the proportion of water lost through the kidneys, even with the most concentrated urine, is up to 50% All losses.

Regulation of water balance

In the body of Cha preservation The water is responsible for two antidiuretic systems:

1. Antidiuretic hormone(Vasopressin) - its secretion and synthesis increases with:

• activation baroreceptorshearts as a result of a decrease in blood pressure, with a decrease in intravascular blood volume by 7-10%,
• excitation osoryceptorhypothalamus and portal veins - with an increase in the osmolality of the extracellular fluid, even less than 1% (with dehydration, renal or liver failure),

In the mature and old age, the number of Osoricceptors decreases and, therefore, decreases the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to the change in osmolality, which increases the risk dehydration, usually subclinical.

In the epithelial cells of the distal channels of the kidneys and collective tubes, the hormone stimulates the synthesis and embedding of aquaporins into the apical membrane of cells and the reabsorption of water.

2. Renin angiotensin-aldosterone system(The RAAS system) is activated when the pressure decreases in the renal brings of arteriols or a decrease in the concentration of Na + ions in the urine of the distal tubules. The ultimate goal of the operation of this system is to enhance sodium reabsorption in the finite departments of nephron. This entails an increase in the flow of water into the cells of the same departments and prevent its losses.

Water loss are caused by low activity of antidiuretic systems.

3. For targeted removalsodium and, accordingly, the water answers the third hormone. Sodium uretic peptide (Atropeptin) is a vasodilative and sodium-ethical hormone produced in the secretory myocytes of atria and ventricles in response to their stretching. The level of atropeptine increases, for example, as a result of stagnant heart failure, chronic renal failure, etc.

Sodium-ethical hormone enhances the removal of Na + ions and water and reduces pressure due to:

• increase the speed of glomerular filtration,
• brakes of reabsorption of Na + and Cl ions - in proximal tubules and increase their excretion, which reduces water reabsorption,
• reduce heart rate and increase the coronary tone,
• inhibition of the secretion of renin, angiotensin II and aldosterone effects,
• increase the permeability of histohematic barriers and increasing the transport of water from the blood to the tissue fluid,
• expansion of arterioles and reducing the tone of the veins.

Water is a source of life. No living creature on Earth can live without it. The article will be told about the exchange of water and minerals in the body, as well as about the meaning of such an exchange in reducing the weight and maintaining the normal functioning of the body.

The human body is sixty percent consists of water. Its content in the blood reaches about eighty percent, in the liver - seventy, muscle tissue, as well as blood, almost completely consists of water.

In order for a person to fully live and have not experienced health problems, it is necessary to maintain the balance of fluids in the body.

The average person can do without eating up to forty days, while without water no more than ten days.

The elimination of moisture from the body occurs due to breathing, the release of sweat and urine.

The ratio of fluid consumed and the organism released is called water balance. If a person lacks moisture, there may be faults and negative changes in the body. The reason is that water is an important component of all tissues and human body systems.

In addition to the aqueous component in the body, minerals are present. If you focus on body weight, the estimated percentage of minerals from the total weight is about five percent.

Most of the useful vitamins and minerals man takes out of food. That is why it is so important correctly and balanced to eat. After all, the state of the internal organs, the nervous system, skin, hair, teeth and nails depends on nutrients.

Water exchange + and minerals + in the body

To properly function all systems of our body, it is necessary to drink a sufficient amount of fluid. There is an opinion that a person should use at least two liters of pure water per day. But this is not quite the case: in fact, the calculation of the individual amount of water for a day must be made on the basis of weight, growth and age of a person.

Metabolism + and weight loss

According to the conducted studies, one-time consumption of 0.5 liters of water leads to thirty percent.

Two liters of water help to burn about a hundred per day.

250 ml of water drunk in thirty minutes before meals help reduce the amount of food consumed.

Scientists conducted studies of two groups of losing weight. Participants of one group before each meal drank a glass of water. Others drank water arbitrarily. "Drinking water" before meals, as a result, dropped more weight for forty percent.

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