High intensity varieties are responsive to optimal terms sowing, and deviation from them in one direction or the other reduces the yield.

At early sowing dates, wheat often outgrows, is more affected by diseases and pests, and overwinters worse. With late sowing, the plants in the fall are weak or do not bush at all; in the spring, many fall behind in growth and become unproductive. As studies of the Mironovskiy Research Institute of Wheat Breeding and Seed Production have shown, the winter hardiness of the Mironovskaya 808 variety decreases at early sowing dates. For example, in 1969-1970. under unfavorable wintering conditions, 72.1% of the plants remained on the sowing on August 20, and 88.6% on September 10. Plants damaged in autumn by Hessian and Swedish flies on average over four years (1968-1971) when sown on August 20 was 46.4%, and when sowed on September 10 - 3.7%.

According to the data of the Myronivsky Research Institute of Wheat Breeding and Seed Production, in the forest-steppe of Ukraine, the best time for sowing the variety Mironovskaya 808 for clean and busy pairs is from 5 to 15 September, and after unpaired predecessors from 25 August to 5 September. It is better to sow Mironovskaya jubilee from September 1 to 10 and on a higher agricultural background (N90P90K90) than Mironovskaya 808, which lays down (Blazhevsky, 1973). The optimal sowing time for Bezostoy 1, according to the data of the Shpolyai cultivar plot of the Cherkasy region, is September 10-15. Average yield for four years (1966-1969) with sowing on September 10, 44.7 centners per hectare were obtained and on September 20 - 39.4 centners. The Kavkaz variety is more responsive to sowing dates from 5 to 15 September.

In the steppe zone of Ukraine, a deviation from the optimal timing of wheat sowing, both towards early and late ones, leads to a decrease in yield due to thinning or death of crops (in severe winters).

According to the data of the Rozovskaya experimental station of the Zaporozhye region (Bondarenko, Nesterets, 1973), the best sowing time for black fallow varieties Bezostaya 1 is from 7 to 15 September and after corn for silage is from 1 to 15 September; Mironovskaya 808, respectively, from 1 to 7 September and from 1 to 15 September.

In the experiments of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of corn, for most wheat varieties, the best sowing time for black fallow in unfavorable and favorable years is September 7-15.

The varieties bred by the Mironovsky Research Institute for Breeding and Seed Production of Wheat and the All-Union Research Institute of Selection and Genetics are more resistant to unfavorable conditions than Bezostaya 1, Dneprovskaya 521 and some others; the latter are more thinned out and significantly reduce the yield when deviating from the optimal sowing dates.

The varieties of Mironovskaya and Odessa selection, possessing great plasticity, allow you to change the sowing time depending on weather conditions.

In the Krasnodar Territory, the optimal sowing dates for Bezostoy 1 are: in the northern zone, September 10-20, in the central and foothill regions - October 1-10, in the southern zone - October 1-15. At the Kushchevsky cultivar plot (northern zone), the yield of the Bezostaya 1 variety was obtained on average over six years (in centners per hectare) in terms of pure fallow (in centners per hectare) with sowing dates: September 1 - 46.2, September 10 - 47.6, September 20 - 52, September 6, 30 - 47.8, October 10 - 40.2 and October 20 - 33. At the Abinsk variety plot (southern zone), after alfalfa, Bezostaya 1 gave on average the following amount of grain for four years (in centners per hectare): sowing September 1 - 51.2, September 10 - 54.9, September 20 - 59.5, September 30 - 59.9, October 10 - 62.5, October 20 - 56.9, October 30 - 54.2, November 10 - 49.9.

The Caucasus variety gives more high yields at optimal sowing times. Plants of early crops outgrow, are strongly affected by diseases and pests, their winter hardiness decreases, at later stages they do not have time to develop normally, as a result of which the yield is sharply reduced. So, at the Abinsky variety site after perennial herbs the average yield of wheat in the Caucasus for two years was (in centners per hectare) at sowing dates: September 1 - 51.8, September 10 - 55.7, September 20 - 62, September 30 - 62.8, October 10 - 60, 6, 20 October 50.7, 30 October - 44.8, 10 November - 45. "

The Aurora variety, like the Caucasus, is best sown at the optimal time. In the experiments of the Ust-Labinsk variety plot (central zone), after perennial grasses with the optimal sowing time (October 10), on average, over three years, 61.6 centners of Aurora wheat grain were obtained. 1 ha, at early stages: September 1 - 46.6, September 10 - 53.2; at late: October 30, 47.6 and November 10, 38.5.

Sowing rates. Intensive varieties react differently to seeding rates. For example, in the experiments of the Mironovsky Research Institute of Breeding and Seed Production of Wheat after peas and corn for silage, on average for two years, the Mironovskaya 808 variety gave the highest yield at a sowing rate of 4.5 million germinable grains per hectare, and Mironovskaya Jubilee - at 5.0-5.5 million germinating grains per hectare.

According to the variety plots of the Krasnodar Territory, optimal rate sowing seeds of varieties Bezostaya 1 and Kavkaz, providing yields (depending on agricultural technology) 36.0-69.9 centners per hectare - 4-5 million germinating grains per hectare. In the walled regions of Ukraine, it is 4-5.5 million germinating grains per hectare.

To obtain higher and guaranteed yields, it is advisable to cultivate 2-3 varieties in each farm. winter wheat, differing from each other in biological properties and economically valuable traits.

High yields of intensive varieties of winter wheat are obtained on the "Peremoga" collective farm of the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. This was achieved as a result of the introduction of high-intensity varieties and the use of high agricultural technology. However, not all varieties produce the same yield. For example, in 1972 cultivated varieties produced the following amount of grain per hectare (in c): Mironovskaya 808 - 42.1, Bezostaya 1 - 49, Caucasus - 52 and Aurora - 53.8 (Sokolov, 1972). Mironovskaya 808 gave a lower yield compared to other varieties due to lodging before harvesting after heavy rains. Wormless 1 also partially perished, and the Caucasus and Aurora turned out to be resistant to lodging.

Wheat is placed on the farm after perennial grasses, peas and other crops. After harvesting perennial grasses, the fields are cultivated with cultivators in two directions to a depth of 10 cm with simultaneous rolling and harrowing. In case of precipitation, the fields are harrowed in order to better retain moisture in the soil. Before plowing, phosphorite flour is added 2 centners per 1 ha and cainite 3 centners per 1 ha. They plow to a depth of 25-27 cm. Fields after peas are also husked, manure is introduced at the rate of 35-40 tons per hectare, phosphorite flour and kainite. Subsequent tillage is carried out as in the first case.

Wheat is sown at different times, taking into account biological features varieties. First of all, Bezostuya 1 (September 8-12) is sown, since it bushes less, then Aurora and the Caucasus (September 10-15) and last of all (September 15-20) Mironovskaya 808 and Mironovskaya jubilee, as they are faster grow in autumn and respond less to sowing dates. Sometimes, due to changes in weather conditions, the sowing time may change, but the sequence of sowing varieties is respected.

Sowing is carried out in a cross way with two seeders at the same time (SUB-48 along the plowing and SUK-24 - across). When sowing, add granular superphosphate (0.8 c / ha) and granular urea (0.8 c / ha). In total, 12 centners of mineral fertilizers per hectare are given for winter wheat.

Sowing rates are set depending on the variety. For Mironovskaya 808 and Mironovskaya jubilee - 6.5 million germinating grains per hectare, Bezostoy 1 - 5 million, Aurora and the Caucasus - 4.5 million Seeds are planted to a depth of 5-7 or 6-8 em, with optimal moisture soil - by 4-5 cm. After sowing, the fields are rolled with ring rollers.

Interesting data were obtained in the collective farm named after Dzerzhinsky, Chemerovets district, Khmelnitsky region (Mazur, 1973). In 1972, the farm sowed varieties Kavkaz (10 hectares), Aurora (15 hectares), etc. The predecessor was the fallow, occupied by peas. For plowing, 40 tons of manure per hectare were applied, while sowing - 1 centner of nitrophosphate per 1 hectare. In the fall, the crops were fed with P30K30, in the spring - with N40P20K40. After harvesting peas before sowing wheat, the fields were treated layer by layer with cultivators in an aggregate with harrows. Sowing was carried out in a cross way, at the optimal time (September 12-14). In the spring, as the soil dried up, the wheat crops were harrowed in two tracks. Before harvesting, torrential rains with wind often fell, as a result of which Mironovskaya 808 and Mironovskaya yubileinaya fell badly, Bezostaya 1 died a little, while no lodging was noted on the crops of the Kavkaz and Aurora varieties. Under such unfavorable weather conditions, before harvesting, a record yield (without irrigation) of the Kavkaz variety was obtained - 95.3 centners per hectare. Other varieties yielded significantly less grain: Bezostaya 1 - 48.3 centners per hectare, Aurora - 63, Mironovskaya jubilee - 62 and Mironovskaya 808 - only 30.3 centners per hectare. These data show what great potential the varieties Kavkaz and Aurora have.

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Sowing timing is of decisive importance in obtaining friendly plant shoots and a guaranteed high yield. Amicable and full seedlings better resist weeds, pests, and in arid regions such crops are better provided with moisture.

Sowing time depends on temperature, soil moisture... The air and soil temperature is the main diagnostic indicator of the sowing period of spring crops. For production purposes, it is important to know the minimum soil temperatures for seed germination and germination of plants. This circumstance allows not to be late with sowing, but also not to start it too early.

The lowest soil temperatures(2-3 ° C), at which shoots appear, are characteristic of camelina, mustard, clover, alfalfa. Seeds of wheat, barley, oats, vetch, peas, lentils, radishes germinate normally at a minimum soil temperature of 4-5 ° C. Slightly higher (6-7 ° C) requires a minimum soil temperature for seed germination and emergence of seedlings of flax, beet, lupine, buckwheat, carrot, cabbage. Even higher (10-11 ° C), a minimum soil temperature is required for germination of seeds of corn, millet, soybeans, Sudanese grass, mogar. And especially high temperatures (14-15 ° C) are required for the shoots of cotton, sesame, rice, melons and gourds.

According to the sowing dates, spring crops are divided into early and late... Early sowing crops include: spring wheat, barley, oats, flax, peas, vetch, turnips, rutabagas, carrots, cabbage, beets, etc. Late sowing crops include corn, potatoes, cotton, buckwheat, millet, rice, soybeans, etc. The seeds of these crops germinate at high temperatures, and their seedlings suffer greatly even from small frosts.

All spring crops are sown within agrotechnical terms, that is, when there are mainly favorable temperature conditions and soil moisture. However, some other conditions are also taken into account: debris in the fields, the rate of temperature rise, the zone of moisture and other reasons. So, in the steppe regions of the North. In Kazakhstan, Trans-Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, high yields of spring wheat are obtained at slightly later sowing dates, since at early stages spring wheat is more clogged with wild oats, and the critical periods of its life (heading) coincide with the least amount of precipitation. Somewhat belated sowing dates allow the appearance of the bulk of wild oat seedlings, which are destroyed by pre-sowing cultivation of the soil for spring wheat, and its crops are less suppressed by wild oats.

In the southern European part of the country, it is necessary to sow spring crops as early as possible in order to better use the moisture accumulated in the soil during the winter and not lose it during the pre-sowing days.

Consequently, the sowing of spring crops should be carried out in the optimal agrotechnical terms for each individual crop, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the zone.

Winter crops are sown in each zone at certain calendar dates... For example, winter wheat, for the autumn growing season, requires a certain sum of effective temperatures, which is approximately 480-500 ° C, to pass through the phases of life and stages of organogenesis. This means that the planting of this crop should be done approximately 60 days before the onset of stable cold weather. Too much early dates sowing leads to the overgrowth of winter crops and a decrease in its winter hardiness, and late sowing periods do not provide a sufficiently normal development of seedlings before the onset of cold weather, which also affects negatively the overwintering of plants, and sometimes leads to the complete death of plants. In both cases, the harvest of winter wheat sharply decreases.

Unlike the timing of sowing spring crops, the timing of sowing winter crops is mainly determined by calendar dates., which are established empirically in each zone. So, for the northern regions of the non-chernozem zone, the optimal calendar dates fall on the period from August 1 to 25, and at the same time, only the harvest of this crop is taking place.

Winter crops

annual plants, the normal development of which is associated with overwintering conditions - the effect of a low temperature (from 0 to 10 ° C) for 30-70 days and more. O. k. Are sown in the fall and get a grain harvest for next year... At spring sowing O. to. Form root system and aboveground vegetative organs - leaves, tillering shoots, but do not bear fruit. Sown in spring with vernalized seeds (exposed to low temperatures), O. to. Yield a harvest in the year of sowing. O. K. have 2 periods of active vegetation: autumn (45-50 days) and spring-summer (75-100 days). Between these periods, the plants are dormant (see Dormancy in Plants). In autumn, as a result of complex biochemical and physiological processes, plants acquire hardening (see Plant hardening), i.e. resistance to low temperatures and other unfavorable wintering conditions (see Plant wintering, Winter hardiness of plants). There are so. n. Two-handed (some varieties of wheat, oats, barley, etc.), representing an intermediate form between winter and spring plants. They develop normally and yield grain in both autumn and spring sowing.

O.'s group to. Includes bread - winter wheat, rye, barley; cruciferous oil plants - winter rapeseed, rape, camelina; legumes - winter vetch. In world agriculture, winter wheat is the most widespread - the main bread plant Europe and the United States. Winter rye is grown in European countries, the USA, Turkey, Canada, Argentina; winter barley - in the southern regions of Europe and Asia; winter rapeseed - in India, Japan, East Germany, France, Sweden, North Africa, USA, etc .; winter rape - mainly in the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany; camelina - in Western Europe and North America; winter vetch is found in Europe, Asia Minor, the USA, Japan, and others. O. cultivation is confined to areas with relatively mild winters and a stable snow cover. In the USSR, winter wheat is cultivated throughout the country (from the south of the Arkhangelsk region to Turkmenistan); main regions - Ukraine, North Caucasus, Moldova. Its sowing area (in mln. ha): 8.3 in 1913, 14.3 in 1940, 12.1 in 1960, 15.5 in 1970, 20.7 in 1971, 15.0 in 1972. Winter rye is sown almost everywhere, but more than 70% of the area is RSFSR. The crops occupied it (in mln. ha): 29.1 in 1913, 23.1 in 1940, 16.2 in 1960, 10 in 1970, 9.5 in 1971, 8.1 in 1972. Winter barley is grown in the south of the RSFSR, in Central Asia, and Moldova; winter oilseeds - in Ukraine; winter vetch - in Ukraine, Belarus, Central Asia.

In the main areas of cultivation, O. k. Are more productive than spring crops. use the spring moisture reserves in the soil better. For example, the average yield of winter wheat in the USSR (in 1966-70) is 19.6 c from 1 ha, and spring - 11.1 c from 1 ha... When sowing in forage crop rotations winter rye gives the earliest green fodder. The agrotechnical and organizational-economic value of the plant is of great importance: they are a good predecessor for spring plants and reduce the intensity of spring and harvesting field work.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Winter crops" are in other dictionaries:

WINTER CROPS, agricultural plants that develop normally during autumn sowing and yield the next year. Winter crops are grown in areas with relatively mild winters and stable snow cover. The most common ... Modern encyclopedia

Annual plants(winter wheat, rye, barley, rapeseed, camelina, vetch, etc.), normally developing during autumn sowing; yield the next year. More yielding than the corresponding spring crops. Good predecessors for other crops ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

winter crops- Annual plants (winter wheat, rye, barley, etc.) that develop normally during autumn sowing and yield the next year's harvest ... Geography Dictionary

Annual plants (winter wheat, rye, barley, rapeseed, camelina, vetch, etc.), normally developing during autumn sowing; yield the next year. More yielding than the corresponding spring crops. Good predecessors for other crops ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

WINTER CROPS- annual s. NS. plants that develop normally during autumn sowing; give a harvest for the next year. They have 2 periods of active vegetation: autumn (40 to 45 days), during which they form the root system and aboveground vegetative organs, being exposed to ... ... Agricultural encyclopedic dictionary

winter crops- winter crops, annual agricultural plants that develop normally during autumn sowing; yield the next year. They have 2 periods of active vegetation: autumn (40-45 days), during which they form the root system and ... ... Agriculture. Big encyclopedic dictionary

Annual rhenium (winter wheat, rye, barley, rapeseed, camelina, vetch, etc.), normally developing during autumn sowing; give the harvest on the trail. year. More yielding than acc. spring. Good predecessors for other crops of crop rotation, reduce ... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

Winter wheat in early spring... There are two forms of cereals, spring and winter. Spring plants are sown in spring, during the summer months they go through a full cycle of development and autumn ... Wikipedia

They are sown in autumn and require exposure to low temperatures for the full development cycle. Sown in the spring O. r. do not form a flowering stem and do not bear fruit in the same year (unlike spring crops), but at the same time they do not necessarily require two full ... ... Agricultural Dictionary

Annuals with. NS. Plants sown in spring and producing crops in the year of sowing. For the normal development of Ya. K., In contrast to winter crops (See Winter crops), they need a shorter (spring) period of exposure to reduced ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• Frost-resistant garden and vegetable garden: how to defeat the climate, Kalyuzhny SI .. Everyone dreams of a blossoming and fruitful garden and vegetable garden, but when we come to our site in the spring, we often do not recognize it, so winter “ruled” it. We will tell you how to survive ...