Scattered sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease, which is based on the demyelination of nerve fibers. This disease occurs among people quite often, however, its prevalence on the globe is not uniform. Thus, the greatest percentage of morbidity is registered in the US countries, Canada, Europe, and the smallest in African and Asia countries. It is believed that the risk of the disease representatives of the European -ide race are most susceptible. The disease arises aged 16-40 years, the peak of morbidity falls for thirty years. In the structure of morbidity predominate.

Often people call forgetfulness, absentia, especially the elderly "senile sclerosis." But these phenomena actually have nothing to do with the disease called "scattered sclerosis". This is a severe disease that often leads to disability.

Causes of disease development

The main unit of the nervous system is neuron, which consists of a kernel, body and its processes (dendrites and axon). Dendriti is small, branched processes. Akson is a long process, with which the transmission of a nerve impulse is carried out actually from the neuron to the executive body. Akson, unlike dendrita, is covered with myelin shell. The quality of the nervous impulse will depend on the integrity of the myelin shell. With sclerosis, this shell is damaged, as a result of which the affected nerve is not able to fulfill its fulfillment.

Why does this happen? Scattered sclerosis belongs to the group autoimmune diseases. That is, the immune system perceives certain cells of the body alien (like malignant cells, viruses, bacteria) and begins to fight them. Thus, with multiple sclerosis, T-lymphocytes through the hematostephalic barrier penetrate the brain where myelin protein attacks.

As a result of the destruction of myelin (demyelinization) on the surface of the nervous fiber, sclerotic plaques occur. Plaques in the white substance are absolutely in any section of the head or spinal cord, but much more often in the perivantricular space of large hemispheres, trunk, cerebellum, the cross-nerve cross, is somewhat less often in the area of \u200b\u200bsubcortical structures and hypothalamus. The patient can simultaneously exist plaques at different stages of their development. So, during the recurrence of the disease, the processes of demyelinization are enhanced, new plaques are formed.

The reason for the occurrence of multiple sclerosis is still unexplained. It is believed that the prerequisite for the formation of the disease is the features of a set of genes controlling the immune response. Already on this factor, all sorts of external reasons are superimposed, which in the end and leads to the development of the ailment. To external factors provoking the development of the disease include:

• Overall disorders (, bias in eyes, vertical nystagm);
• Neuritis face nerve (manifested by peripheral part of the muscles of the face);
• Pyramidal disorders (limb paresa, increasing tendon reflexes, appearance of pathological reflexes);
• Cerebellar violations (steadying during walking, ataxia, intente tremor (trembling for targeted movements), horizontal nystagm, chanded speech, change of handwriting);
• Sensitivity disorders (numbness, tingling of the skin);
• Violation of the functions of pelvic organs (violation of urination, less often defecation);
• Neurotic disorders (fast fatigue, emotional lability, depressive states, euphoria, apathy, intellectual disorders);
• Epileptic seizures.

With multiple sclerosis, a symptom complex occurs, which in medicine received the name of the hot bath syndrome. When during the adoption of the bath, the patient's condition deteriorates. The occurrence of this syndrome is due to the increased sensitivity of the nervous fiber, devoid of myelin, to the effects of environmental factors. Also isolated by the syndrome of "inconstancy of clinical symptoms", when the severity of symptoms changes not only for months, but even during the day.

The "clinical dissociation" syndrome is characterized by the inconsistency of the severity of symptoms by the results of a neurological inspection. For example, in the presence of an acute reduction in vision and even full blindness, a normal, unchanged ocular bottom can be observed.

In most cases, patients have symptoms of lesions, both head and spinal cord. Such a clinical picture received the name of the cerebrospinal shape of multiple sclerosis. If the patient prevales the signs of the spinal cord defeat, speak of a spinal form of the disease, and signs of cerebellum lesions, a brain pillar, visual nerves - about cerebral form.

Approximately 90% of patients with illness has a wave-like flow. This means that periods of exacerbation are replaced by remissions. However, after seven or ten years of illness, secondary progression is developing when the condition begins to deteriorate. In 5-10% of cases, the disease is characterized by primary progressive flow.

Diagnostics

Instrumental research methods allow to determine the foci of demyelinization in the white substance of the brain. The most optimal is the method of head and spinal cord, with which you can define the localization and size of sclerotic foci, as well as their change over time.

In addition, patients conduct MRI brain with the introduction of a contrast agent based on Gadolinium. This method allows you to verify the degree of maturity of sclerotic foci: the active accumulation of the substance occurs in fresh foci. MRI of the brain with contrasting allows you to establish the degree of activity of the pathological process.

For the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, the blood test is carried out for the presence of an increased antibody titer to neurospecific proteins, in particular to myelina.

Approximately 90% of people with multiple sclerosis in the study of the spinal fluid are detected by oligoclonal immunoglobulins. But it is impossible to forget that the appearance of these markers is observed with other diseases of the nervous system.

Etiotropic treatment Sclerosis is still not developed. Therefore, the main direction in the fight against a poor is pathogenetic therapy. Two directions of pathogenetic therapy are isolated: treatment of aggravation of the disease and braking progression of multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic tactics should be developed taking into account the characteristics of the clinical course, the activity of the pathological process.

In case of exacerbation of the disease, patients prescribe glucocorticosteroids. First, pulse therapy methylprednisolone is carried out - administered intravenously drip at 500-1000 mg of the drug per day per 400 ml of saline. After reaching a positive result, it usually occurs on the fifth seventh days, go to the reception of tableted corticosteroids, in particular, prednisone.

To suppress the activity of the immune system, preparations from a group of cytostatics are used: cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, azathioprine. Reception of these medicines reduces the severity of exacerbations, and also slows down the progression of the disease.

The new direction in the treatment of the disease is the use of beta interferon preparations: the rebiff, betaferon. These drugs have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, as well as antiviral action. Beta interferons are prescribed 6-12 million meters through a day a long continuous course. Also in the therapy of multiple sclerosis, modern drugs are used as: Copaxon (acetate), a cytostatic Mitoxantron, as well as the drug of monoclonal antibodies Natalizumab (Tisabin).

These drugs reduce the amount and severity of exacerbations, lengthen the remission period, slow down the progression of the pathological process.

Symptomatic treatment It is used to facilitate specific symptoms of the disease. The following drugs can be used:

• Middokalm, Sirdalud - reduce muscle tone at central paresis;
• Prozerne, galantamine - with urination disorder;
• Sibazon, phenazepam - reduce tremor, as well as neurotic symptoms;

Scattered sclerosis is a chronic neurological disease, which is based on the demyelination of nerve fibers. The peculiarity of such a disease is that it is associated with the failure of the immune system, as a result of which the dorsal and brain are affected. The disease is manifested in the form of violations associated with coordination, vision, sensitivity.

If you do not pay attention to standard signs in time, the disease will progress. The consequences are disability, inability to rationally and effectively make decisions, both at work and in everyday affairs.

What is this disease, why it is more often developing at a young age and which symptoms are characteristic of her, consider further in the article.

Scattered sclerosis: what is it?

Scattered sclerosis (PC) is a disease of the central nervous system with a chronic flow, characterized by the destruction of myelin fibers and leading ultimately to disability. With multiple sclerosis, the white substance of the head and spinal cord is affected in the form of multiple, multiple sclerotic plaques, so it is also called multicag.

Scattered sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. At the same time, the body "sees" some of the own fabrics, as alien (in particular, the myelin shell covering most of the nerve fibers) and struggles with them using antibodies. Antibodies attack myelin and destroy it, the nerve fibers turn out to be "bare".

At this stage, the first symptoms are already beginning to appear, which in the future begin only to progress.

No relation to the old marasmus, the loss of memory is not treated. Sclerosis denotes the bunch of connective tissue, and the scattered - multiple.

The reasons

The reason for the occurrence of multiple sclerosis is still unexplained. It is believed that the prerequisite for the formation of the disease is the features of a set of genes controlling the immune response. Already on this factor, all sorts of external reasons are superimposed, which in the end and leads to the development of the ailment.

Various causal factors, such as external, so internal, are able to increase the permeability of the blood hematorephalic barrier:

• back injuries and heads;
• physical and mental overvoltage;
• stress;
• operations.

Weight influence on biochemical and immunological reactions in the central nervous system have a nutritional features, such as a large proportion in the diet of animal fats and proteins, forming a risk factor in the development of pathology.

There are risk factors that can provoke the development of multiple sclerosis:

• A certain territory of residence or insufficient production of vitamin D. More often by multiple sclerosis, people are suffering, whose place of residence is away from the Equator;
• Stressful situations, strong neuropsychiatric stresses;
• Excessive smoking;
• Low uric acid;
• Made vaccine against hepatitis B;
• Diseases caused by viruses or bacteria.

Signs of sclerosis

The first signs of multiple sclerosis are nonspecific and often remain unnoticed both for the patient and for the doctor. In most patients, the debut disease is manifested by the symptoms of pathology in one system, others are connected later. Throughout the disease, exacerbation alternate with periods of complete or relative well-being

The first sign of multiple sclerosis is manifested at the age of 20-30 years. But there are cases when multiple sclerosis is manifested both at an older age and in children. According to statistics: women appear more often than men.

Signs of multiple sclerosis in the frequency of manifestation are presented in the table.

Symptoms	%	View of pelvic disorder	%
Paralysis of mimic muscles	1	Intermittent urination	42
Epilepsy	1	Sudden urge	43
Impotence	1	The feeling of incomplete emptiness	48
Mikimia (twitching century)	1	Urinary incontinence	48
Sweetness gait, instability when walking	1	Humped urination	48
Reducing cognitive activity, dementia	2	The predominance of night urine isolated above the daily	62
Reduced vision	2
Pain	3
Sudden pain when tilting the head the feeling of passing the current on the spine	3
Violation of urination	4
Dizziness	6
Ataxia - Motion Coordination Violation	11
Diplopia - Two-minded items	15
Paresthesia - goosebumps, skin numbness	24
Weakness	35
	36
Reduced sensitivity	37

Classification

Classification of multiple sclerosis on the localization of the process:

1. The cerebrospinal shape is statistically more often diagnosed - it is characterized by the fact that the foci of demyelinization is both in the head, and in the spinal cord already at the beginning of the disease.
2. Cerebral shape - the localization of the process is divided into cerebellar, stem, eye and cortical, in which various symptoms are observed.
3. Spinal shape - the name reflects the localization of the lesion in the spinal cord.

Distinguish the following types:

• Primary progressive - a characteristic constant deterioration of the state. Attacks can be weak or not expressed. The symptoms are problems associated with walking, speech, vision, urination, emptying.
• Secondary progressive form It is characterized by a gradual increase in symptoms. The appearance of signs of multiple sclerosis can be traced after colds, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs. The enhancement of demyelinization is also traced on the background of bacterial infections leading to increased immunity.
• Recurient-remittising. Characterized by the exacerbation periods that are replaced by remission. During remission, it is possible to complete the restoration of the affected organs and tissues. Does not progress over time. It is found quite often and practically does not lead to disabilities.
• Remisted-progressive Scattered sclerosis is characterized by a sharp increase in symptoms during attack periods, starting from the early phase of the disease.

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Signs of development of multiple sclerosis depends on where the focus of demyelinization is localized. Therefore, symptoms of different patients differ in variety and is often unpredictable. It is never impossible to simultaneously detect the entire complex of symptoms at one patient simultaneously.

Consider the main symptoms with multiple sclerosis:

• Fatigue appears;
• Reduced memory quality;
• Weakens mental performance;
• Appear unfortunate dizziness;
• Immersion in depression;
• Frequent change of mood;
• There appears involuntary vibrations by the eyes of high frequencies;
• The inflammation of the optic nerve is manifested;
• The surrounding items start bothering in their eyes or completely blur;
• Worsen speech;
• When eating, difficulties appear in swallowing;
• Spasms may appear;
• Disorders of movement and motility hands;
• Periodic pains, numbers of limbs appear and gradually decreases the sensitivity of the body;
• The patient may suffer from diarrhea or constipation;
• Urinary incontinence;
• Frequent urge to the toilet or their absence.

Approximately 90% of patients with illness has a wave-like flow. This means that periods of exacerbation are replaced by remissions. However, after seven or ten years of illness, secondary progression is developing when the condition begins to deteriorate. In 5-10% of cases, the disease is characterized by primary progressive flow.

Dispel sclerosis in women

Signs of multiple sclerosis in women are expected when the immune system is too weakened. Filters of the body and cells that are not able to withstand infections are surreated, so immunity destroys the myelin sheath of neurons, which consists of neuroglia cells.

As a result, the neuron nerve impulses are transmitted slower, causing not only the first symptoms, but also severe consequences - violation of vision, memory, consciousness.

Violation of sexual function with multiple sclerosis in women is developing due to sexual dysfunction. This feature is formed directly after the pathology of urination. It is found in 70% of women and 90% of men.

Part of women are experiencing the following symptoms of multiple sclerosis:

• The impossibility of achieving orgasm;
• Insufficient love;
• Soreness during interchanges;
• Impaired sensitivity of genitals;
• High tone of leading femoral muscles.

According to statistics: women are more often sick with sclerosis several times than men, but, they carry the disease is much easier.

Usually, for the classical PC flow, the increase in the severity of clinical manifestations, which lasts 2-3 years to give the deployed symptoms in the form of:

1. Paresis (functions of function) of the lower extremities;
2. Registration of pathological stop reflexes (positive symptom of Babinsky, Rossolimo);
3. Noticeable gait instability. Subsequently, patients generally lose their ability to independently movement;
4. An increase in the severity of trembling (the patient is not able to perform a pioneer sample - to get the tip of the nose with the index finger, and the knee-heel sample);
5. Reduced and disappearance of abdominal reflexes.

Of all the above, it becomes clear that all initial manifestations of multiple sclerosis are extremely nonspecific. Many symptoms can be a sign of another disease (for example, an increase in reflexes in neurotic states or Krampi in case of violation of calcium exchange) or even a norm (muscle weakness after work).

Exacerbation

Scattered sclerosis has a very large number of symptoms, only one patient may have only one or several of them. Proceeds with periods of exacerbations and remission.

Wrong disease exacerbation can any factors:

• sharp viral diseases
• injuries
• stress
• error in the diet,
• alcohol abuse
• supercooling or overheating, etc.

The duration of remission periods can be not one ten years, the patient leads a normal lifestyle and feels absolutely healthy. But the disease does not disappear, sooner or later, a new exacerbity will occur.

The range of symptoms of multiple sclerosis is quite wide:

• from light numbness in hand or step-down when walking to enuresis,
• paralysis
• blindness and difficulties in breathing.

It happens that after the first exacerbation, the disease does not exhibit in any way over the next 10, or even 20 years, a person feels completely healthy. But the disease in the consequence takes his own, the aggravation comes again.

Diagnostics

When the first symptoms of the brain disorder or nerves, it is necessary to refer to a neurologist. Doctors use special diagnostic criteria that allow you to determine the scattered slope:

• The presence of signs of multiple focal lesions of the CNS - white substance of the head and spinal cord;
• Preventive development of the disease with the gradual addition of various symptoms;
• Instability of symptoms;
• The progressive nature of the disease.

• studies of the immune system;
• biochemical analyzes;
• MRI brain and spine (shows the accumulation of plaques);
• Ct brain and spine (shows foci of inflammation);
• electromyography (for finding pathologies in organs of vision and hearing);
• diagnosis from an ophthalmologist (for examination for myopathy).

After all necessary analyzes and research, the doctor will diagnose, on the basis of which treatment will be appointed.

Treatment of multiple sclerosis

Patients who have been identified for the first time, are usually hospitalized in the neurological department of the hospital for a detailed examination and appointment of therapy. Treatment is selected individually, depending on the degree of severity and symptoms.

Scattered sclerosis is considered not curable at the moment. However, people are shown symptomatic therapy, which is capable of improving the quality of life of the patient. He is prescribed hormonal drugs, tools for improving immunity. Positively in the state of such people affects sanatorium-resort treatment. All these measures allow you to increase the time of remission.

Preparations that promote the change in the course of the disease:

• preparations of a group of steroid hormones - this type of preparations are used in exacerbations of the flow of multiple sclerosis, their use reduces the duration of the period of its exacerbation;
• immunomodulators - with their help, it is reduced symptoms characteristic of multiple sclerosis, increases the time interval of exacerbations;
• immunosuppressors (drugs, overwhelming immunity) - their use is dictated by the need to influence the immune system damaging myelin within the period of exacerbation of the disease.

Symptomatic treatment is applied to facilitate specific symptoms of the disease. The following drugs can be used:

• Middokalm, Sirdalud - reduce muscle tone at central paresis;
• Prozerne, galantamine - with urination disorder;
• Sibazon, phenazepam - reduce tremor, as well as neurotic symptoms;
• Fluoksetin, Paroksetin - with depressive disorders;
• Finlepsin, Antelectsin - apply to eliminate seizures;
• Cerebroleasing, nootropyl, glycine, group B vitamins, glutamic acid - apply to courses to improve the work of the nervous system.

The healing massage will be useful to the patient with scarwing sclerosis. It will improve blood circulation and speed all the processes in a problem location. Massage will remove pain in muscles, spasms and improve coordination. However, this therapy is contraindicated in osteoporosis.

Acupuncture is also applied to facilitate the patient's condition and accelerating recovery. Thanks to this procedure, spasms and edema are removed, the level of pain in the muscles is reduced and problems with incontinence of urine are eliminated.

With the permission of the doctor you can take:

• 50 mg of vitamin thiamine twice a day and 50 mg in the complex;
• 500 mg of natural vitamin from 2-4 times a day;
• folic acid in combination with in-complex;
• twice a year for two months, tilomic acid is taken - endogenous antioxidant, participates in carbohydrate and fat exchange.

People's methods for the treatment of multiple sclerosis:

• 5 g Mumia is dissolved in 100 ml of boiled chilled water, take an empty stomach on a teaspoon three times a day.
• 200 g Honey Mix with 200 g of the Spangulated Luke Juice, use an hour before eating 3 times a day.
• Honey and onions. On the grater it is necessary to lose the bulb and squeeze juice from it (you can use the juicer). A glass of juice needs to be mixed with a glass of natural honey. This mixture must be taken three times a day per hour before meals.

Forecast with multiple sclerosis

About 20% of patients face a benign form of multiple sclerosis, the flow of which is characterized by a minor progression of symptoms after the appearance of the primary attack of the disease is either in the absence of progression. This allows patients to fully maintain ability to work.

Many patients, unfortunately, facing the malignant form of the disease, as a result of which the deterioration of the state occurs steadily and quickly, leading to a pronounced disability, and sometimes to death.

Patients die often from infections (Urosepsis,), called intercurrent. In other cases, the cause of death becomes bulbar disorders, under which swallowing, chewing, function of the respiratory or cardiovascular system, and pseudobulbar, and accompanied by violation of swallowing, facial expressions, speeches, intelligence, but cardiac activity and respiration does not suffer.

Prevention

Prevention of multiple sclerosis includes:

1. Permanent physical exertion is necessary. They should be moderate, not exhausted.
2. If possible, it is necessary to avoid stress, find time for rest. Hobbies will help to be distracted from thoughts about problems.
3. Cigarettes and alcohol accelerate the destruction of neurons and can cause impaired immune system.
4. Tracking your weight, refusal of hard diets and overeating.
5. Refusal to hormonal drugs (if possible) and contraceptives.
6. Refusal of a large amount of oily food;
7. Avoid overheating.

Sometimes we meet people suffering from this disease in the street or elsewhere, while they can still walk. One who for any reason came across multiple sclerosis (RS or, as neurologists write, SD - SClerosis Disseminata) recognizes it immediately.

In the literature you can find information that multiple sclerosis is a chronic process leading to disability, but it is hardly a patient to count on a long life. Of course, it depends on the form, not all of them are equally progressing, but the longest life of the sclerosis is still small, just 25-30 years with a remitrating form and constant treatment. Unfortunately, it is almost the maximum term that is far from all.

Age, floor, form, forecast ...

Life expectancy - 40 or more years - the phenomenon is extremely rare, because in order to establish this fact, you need to find people who are sick in the 70s of the 20th century. And in order to determine the prospects for modern technologies, you need to wait 40 years. One thing is laboratory mice, another person. Complicated. When, with a malignant RS, some die in 5-6 years, while the sluggish process allows a person to stay quite a long time in an active able-bodied state.

RS usually debuts at a young age, for example, at 15 years and to 40less often 50, although there are cases of disease in childhood and on average, for example, after 50. However, despite the fact that multiple sclerosis does not apply to rare diseases, the expansion of age boundaries does not happen and often, so the emergence of multiple sclerosis Children are considered to be an exception rather than the rule. In addition to age, RS prefers female sex, however, like all autoimmune processes.

Patients die often from infections (Urosepsis, pneumonia), called intercurent. In other cases, the cause of death becomes bulbar disorders, under which swallowing, chewing, function of the respiratory or cardiovascular system, and pseudobulbar, and accompanied by violation of swallowing, facial expressions, speeches, intelligence, but cardiac activity and respiration does not suffer. Why this disease occurs - there are several theories, but its ethiology is not fully understood.

Forms and Patomorphological Changes of the Nervous System

The symptoms of multiple sclerosis are very dependent on which zone there is a pathological process. They are due to three forms located in different stages of the disease:

• Cerebrepinal, which is rightfully considered the most common, because the frequency of occurrence it comes to 85%. In this form, multiple already appear in the earliest stages of the disease, which lead to the affix of white substance and the dorsal, and brain;
• Cerebral, including cerebellar, eye, stem, cortical species flowing with the lesion of the white matter of the brain. With the progressive flow with the appearance of a pronounced jitter from cerebral form, one more: hyperkinetic;
• Spinal, for which the spinal lesions are characteristic, where, however, the more often suffers from the chest department;

Patomorphological changes with multiple sclerosis are associated with the formation of multiple dense red-gray plaquesForming foci of demyelinization (myelin destruction) of pyramid, cerebelling paths and other CNS departments (central nervous system) or peripheral nervous system. Plaques are sometimes merged between themselves and reach quite impressive sizes (several centimeters in diameter).

On the affected areas (the focus of multiple sclerosis) accumulates, mainly T-helpers (when the content of T-suppressors in peripheral blood), immunoglobulins, mainly IgG, while for the center of the center of the sclerosis, the presence of IA-antigen is characteristic. The exacerbation period is characterized by a decrease in the activity of the complement system, namely, its components C2, C3. To determine the level of these indicators, specific laboratory tests are used to help determine the diagnosis of PC.

Clinical manifestations, or rather, their absence, the duration and severity of remission of SClerosis Disseminata are determined by the coming intensive treatment and the corresponding reaction of the body - reeselinization.

It should be noted that to other forms of sclerosis of the RS does not have a relationship, although it is called sclerosis. Many people explaining their forgetfulness inherent for old age refer to sclerosis, however, in the case of multiple sclerosis, although the intellectual abilities of a person suffer, but it has a completely different (autoimmune) mechanism and occurs at all other reasons. The nature of the plaques and PC are different and if the clerical damage of the vessels (!) Is due to the deposition of cholesterol (low density lipoproteins - LDL), then in this situation foci of demyelinization arise as a result of replacing normal nerve fibers on connective tissue. Foci is dissipated arbitrarily in various zones of the head and spinal cord. Of course, the function of this area is significantly violated. Detect plaques can a myreo or.

What can be the cause of multiple sclerosis?

Discussions, defending this or that point of view regarding the etiology of multiple sclerosis, continue to this day. The main role, however, belongs to autoimmune processeswho are considered the main cause of the development of PC. Violation in the immunity system, or rather, an inadequate response to some viral and bacterial infections is also not discharged by many authors. In addition, the prerequisites that promotes the development of this pathological condition include:

1. The impact of toxins on the human body;
2. Increased level of radiation background;
3. The effect of ultraviolet radiation (in white-skinned lovers of the annual "chocolate" tan, obtained in southern latitudes);
4. Geographical location of the area of \u200b\u200bpermanent residence (cold climatic conditions);
5. Permanent psycho-emotional tension;
6. Operational interventions and injuries;
7. Allergic reactions;
8. Lack of visible cause;
9. The genetic factor on which I would like to especially stop.

SD does not apply to hereditary pathology, so it is not at all necessary that a sick mother (or father) will be born a obviously sick child, however, it has been reliably proven that the NLA system (histocompatibility system) has a certain meaning in the development of the disease, in particular, the Lokus antigens A (HLA-A3), Locus B (HLA-B7), which, when studying the phenotype, the patient with multiple sclerosis is detected almost 2 times more often, and D-region - antigen DR2, determined in patients up to 70% of cases (against 30-33% in Healthy population).

Thus, it can be said that these antigens carry genetic information about the degree of resistance (sensitivity) of a certain organism to various etiological factors. Reducing the level of T-suppressors, overwhelming immunological reactions, natural killers (NK cells) involved in cellular immunity, and interferon, ensuring the normal activity of the immune system, characteristic of multiple sclerosis, possibly due to the presence of certain histocompatibility antigens, since the NLA system Genetically controls the products of these components.

From the beginning of clinical manifestations to the progressive flow of multiple sclerosis

the main symptoms of the PC.

Symptoms of multiple sclerosis do not always correspond to the stage of the pathological process., exacerbations can be repeated with different intervals: at least a few years later, at least a few weeks. Yes, and relapse can last only a few hours, and it can reach a few weeks, but each new aggravation takes place heavier than the previous one, which is due to the accumulation of plaques and the formation of drain, exciting all new sites. This means that for SClerosis Disseminata is characterized by a remote course. Most likely, because of such inconstancy, neurologists came up with a different sclerosis name - chameleon.

The initial stage is also not a certainty, the disease can develop gradually, but in rare cases can give a rather acute beginning. In addition, at an early stage, the first signs of the disease can not be noticed, since the course of this period is often asymptomatic, even if the plaques already take place. Such a phenomenon is due to the fact that with a few foci of demyelinization, healthy nervous fabric takes on the functions of affected areas and thus compensates for them.

In some cases Any one symptom may appear, for example, vision of vision for one or both eyes under cerebral form (eye variety) SD. Patients in a similar situation can not at all anywhere to treat or limit himself to a visit to an ophthalmologist, which is not always able to attribute these symptoms to the first signs of a serious neurological disease, which is multiple sclerosis, since the discs of optic nerves (zN) the color could not be changed (later With RS, the temporal half of the occasion pale). In addition, it is this form that gives long-term remissions, so patients may forget about the disease and consider themselves quite healthy.

The basis of the neurological diagnosis - the clinical picture of the disease

The diagnosis of SClerosis Disseminata puts a neurologist, relying on the diverse neurological symptoms, manifested:

• Tremor of the hands, legs or the whole body, a change in the hand writing, it is difficult to keep some object in hands, and a spoonful of the mouth becomes problematic;
• Disruption of coordination of movements, which is very noticeable by gait, first the patients walk with a stick, and subsequently transplanted in a wheelchair. Although some still hard to do without it, as they themselves are not able to sit in it, so they are trying to move with the help of special devices for walking, based on both hands, and in other cases used with such a goal or stool with such a goal. What is interesting, for some time (sometimes quite a long time) they succeed;
• Nistagmom - the rapid movements of the eyes, which the patient, follow the movement of a neurological hammer in the left and right side, up and down alternately, cannot control itself;
• The weakening or disappearance of some reflexes, abdominal - in particular;
• A change in taste, a person does not respond to the favorite normal products and does not receive pleasure from food, so it will noticeably lose weight;
• Numbness, tingling (paresthesia) in hand and legs, weakness in the limbs, patients cease to feel a solid surface, lose shoes;
• Vegetative-vascular disorders (dizziness), why at first, dissipated sclerosis is differentiated and from;
• Dresses of the facial and triple nerve, which is manifested by the skeleton of the face, the mouth, the abnormal of the eyelids;
• Violation of the menstrual cycle in women and sexual weakness in men;
• Disorder of urination function, which is manifested by rapid urges in the initial stage and urine delay (by the way, and stool too) in the progression of the process;
• A transient decrease in visual acuity or both, bias in the eyes, losing sights, and in the future - retrobulbar neuritis (neuritis the visual nerve), which may end with full blindness;
• Chant (slow, divided into syllables and words) speech;
• Violation of motility;
• Disruption of the psyche (in many cases), accompanied by a decrease in intellectual abilities, critics and self-critics (depressive states or, on the contrary, euphoria). These disorders are most characteristic of the cortical species of the cerebral form of PC;
• Epileptic seizures.

Neurologists for diagnosing PC use a set of some signs. In such cases, symptoms characteristic of SD are used: Charcot Triad (jitter, nystagm, speech) and Pentada Marburg (jitter, nystagm, speech, disappearance of abdominal reflexes, pallor of optic nerve discs)

How to figure out the manifold of signs?

Of course, not all signs of multiple sclerosis may be present at the same time, although a cerebrospinal shape is distinguished by a special diversity, that is, it depends on the form, stage and degree of progression of the pathological process.

Usually, for the classical PC flow, the increase in the severity of clinical manifestations, which lasts 2-3 years to give the deployed symptoms in the form of:

1. Paresis (functions of function) of the lower extremities;
2. Registration of pathological stop reflexes (positive symptom of Babinsky, Rossolimo);
3. Noticeable gait instability. Subsequently, patients are generally losing the ability to independently movement, but there are cases when patients cope with the bike, the main thing, holding the fence, sit on it, and then it went normally (it is difficult to explain such a phenomenon);
4. An increase in the severity of trembling (the patient is not able to perform a pioneer sample - to get the tip of the nose with the index finger, and the knee-heel sample);
5. Reduced and disappearance of abdominal reflexes.

Of course, the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is primarily based on neurological symptoms, and laboratory studies are assisted in identifying diagnoses:

At the moment, the questions answers: A. Olesya Valerievna, Ph.D., teacher of medical school

Most people mistakenly believe that sclerosis is a senile disease, accompanied by temporary failures in memory. This is not so. There are various types of sclerosis that reflect the condition of the internal organs and human body systems. In fact, it is not even a disease, but the symptom of the pathological process already occurring in the body.

In the language of medicine, this term denotes the replacement of parts of the internal organs with a connecting cloth. Accordingly, such phenomena may affect any internal organs and human systems. Science is known several types of pathology that need to be illuminated in more detail.

The reasons

For the development of sclerosis in the body there are various prerequisites. In particular, the decrease in immunity is one of the common causes of the disease. In this case, the tissue cells behave aggressively, chaotically destroy the myelin shell.

In addition, the following factors can provoke the development of pathology:

1. Alcohol and nicotine abuse. The addiction to bad habits often leads to cirrhosis, which is essentially sclerosis of the liver.
2. Unbalanced diet. Improper nutrition invariably causes destructive changes in the internal organs.
3. Genetic predisposition. In this case, the disease is simply transmitted by inheritance.
4. Intoxication. We are not talking about food poisoning, but by damage to the body with chemicals, especially hard metals.
5. Chronic diseases. In particular, you can select diabetes and syphilis.
6. Natural aging. This is a natural factor where age changes affect all organism systems.

It should be noted that to diagnose sclerosis in the body is extremely difficult: the symptoms of pathology is similar to the signs of a large number of diseases. Therefore, the diagnosis is based on the exclusion method, for which a comprehensive survey of the body is carried out. In particular, the patient takes a laboratory blood intake, lumbar puncture and MRI are prescribed.

Based on the anamnesis, the doctor defines the type and form of pathology, assigns a treatment regimension. It is worth noting that the diagnosis "sclerosis" does not sound like a sentence. The correctly built treatment scheme with mandatory observance by the patient of all the requirements of the doctor will invariably cause a positive shift.

Varieties

Immediately it is necessary to clarify that the replacement of the functional parts of the internal organs by the connective tissue can manifest itself at any age. Pathology is found in the elderly and young people. Pathological processes can develop in various systems of the human body.

On this basis, the following types of sclerosis can be distinguished:

• Scattered. In fact, this is the inflammation of the nervous system, accompanied by the destruction of myelin. The lesion area increases in geometric progression, the process becomes irreversible without medical intervention. It is worth noting that the disease is considered incurable, however, with a timely manner of treatment, it is possible to suspend the development of the disease.
• Senile. These are age processes associated with the dying of nerve cells, which causes memory problems. The disease is usually manifested in old age and flows at different speeds, depending on the individual characteristics of a person.
• Tuberous. The cause of pathology is usually caused by a failure in the work of the nervous system, which at the initial stage is manifested by the advent of pigment spots in open areas of the body. The disease is very quickly progressing, causing destruction of dental enamel, the appearance of benign formations on soft tissues and internal organs. It is worth noting that this form of the disease is extremely rare and transmitted by inheritance. The risk group includes the children of the first year of life.
• Side. Here, the changes affect the motor neurons of the central part and the periphery of the nervous system. The symptoms of the disease is manifested by the growing weakness of the muscles.
• Brain vessels. This is quite common pathology, which is reflected in the work of the circulatory system. As a result, lipid deposits appear in brain vessels that can wear a single and multiple nature.

The sclerosis variance is most often found among the representatives of the beautiful gender living in the cold regions. Interestingly, the middle age of patients is 20 years old!

Classification

Sclerosis can be classified in the hearth of the domestic organs. Here we can distinguish such varieties:

1. Prostate gland. In this case, the prostate replacement with a connecting tissue causes wrinkling the gland. As a result, the neck of the bladder and the urinary channels is squeezed, which leads disorders of urine outflows. It is worth noting that the increased pressure in ureters may eventually affect the work of the kidneys.
2. Nodular. This type of sclerosis is characterized by the lesion of lymph nodes, which is most often found in women. In essence, this is a favorable form of the Hodgkin lymphoma, which is successfully treated in the early stages.
3. Multiple. Another form of female sclerosis, which is rarely found in men. The age of patients varies within 20-50 years. Pathology causes the aggressive behavior of the body's protective systems in relation to nerve fibers and myelin shells, which are perceived as alien. The reasons for the development of the disease are not yet known.
4. Spine. These are pathological processes that cause the appearance of seals in the bone structure of the tissue. Provice diseases may cause injuries, age-related changes and dystrophy of the paravertebral muscles. In the medical language, the disease is called subchondral sclerosis of the closure plates. Without proper treatment, the disease can hit the entire vertex pillar.
5. Cardiosclerosis. This is a disease of the heart, where part of the myocardium is replaced by a connective tissue. For the illness, two types of form are characterized: diffuse and focus. Pathology is found in patients of any age and gender.
6. Nesklerosis. This is a dangerous disease of the kidneys, which can lead to a fatal outcome. Some of the common causes of pathology development are atherosclerosis and hypertension. Sclerosis of the kidneys is expressed in a narrowing of the arteries, which contributes to the formation of thrombosis and scars.
7. Sclerosis of lungs. To determine the disease, there is a medical term pneumosclerosis. The causes of the development of pathology are tuberculosis, chronic respiratory diseases, protracted pneumonia.

Treatment

Symptoms and treatment of sclerosis are interrelated concepts. If you summarize the above, you can see that there are quite a lot of the disease varieties. At the same time, some forms are considered incurable, respectively, any therapeutic measures will be directed to prevent the progression of pathology.

Therefore, the universal means from sclerosis does not exist in nature. Typically, complex therapy is practiced, which is aimed at relieving symptoms and prevent the recurrence of the disease. The course and duration of treatment determines only the attending physician who is guided by the general state of the patient and the data of the diagnostic survey.

Depending on the form of illness, the patient may assign immunomodulating, diuretic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Sometimes sedatives and antidepressants are applied. Practically always included with the reception of vitamins and antioxidants.

On the Internet you can find a lot of recipes of traditional medicine for the treatment of sclerosis. It is necessary to take into account that the effectiveness of these funds is no confirmed, so patients take them on their own risk. To avoid possible complications, the use of any folk methods should be coordinated with the attending physician!

Preventive measures

If there is no genetic predisposition, the development of sclerosis in the body can be prevented. For the prophylaxis of sclerosis, it is recommended to observe the following measures:

• Compliance with diet. No need to extend yourself with hunger strikes or separate food, it is enough to avoid food with a high cholesterol content.
• Refusal of alcohol and tobacco. These bad habits cause a sharp expansion or narrowing of blood vessels, which creates a favorable environment for the development of sclerotic diseases.
• Physical exercise. Here you can choose any sport, optionally exhausting. Even the usual outdoor walk promotes the improvement of the blood system.

Healthy lifestyle helps to reduce the risk of sclerosis to a minimum.

Sclerosis I. Sclerosis (Sclērōsis; Greek. Sclerisis seal, hardening)

sealing organs, walls of vessels and tissues as a result of atrophy or dying parenchyma and substitution with its connective tissue. Focal S. diffuse S. is characterized by a seal of all organ. In this case, the surface becomes a grainy, sometimes buggy, which is associated both with uneven development of sclerotic changes and with phenomena of compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the preserved parenchyma. Sometimes S. is accompanied only by a decrease and compaction of the organ, the surface of which remains smooth. Focal S. develops more often as a result of the organization of infarction, foci of inflammation, etc.

The reasons of C. can be a variety of processes. For example, C. develops with involutive changes in the organs (uterkeys, ovaries) at the old age, in the postpartum period (in the vessels of the uterus), on the site of yellow ovaries, etc. in the context of the pathology of S. comes in the outcome of inflammation (inflammation), more often chronic , for example, during syphilis, rheumatism, tuberculosis, actinomycosis. In a number of chronic diseases, sclerotic changes are developing in (cm cardioosclerosis), kidneys (see NEFROM CLEAN), lungs (see pneumosclerosis), other organs and tissues.

II. Sclerosis (SClerosis; Greek. Sklērōsis hardening, sealing)

sealing the organ caused by the replacement of its dead functional elements of the connecting (usually fibrous) cloth or homogeneous hyali-like mass.

Sclerosis is caseless (s. Non Cellularis) - see sclerosis straight.

Vascular sclerosis (s. vasclilaris) - see sclerosis angiogenic.

Sclerosis age (s. Prasenilis) - diffuse angiogenic S., due to progressive atherosclerosis in elderly people.

Sclerosis inflammatory (s. inflammatoria) - S., arising in the outcome of the inflammatory process.

Sclerosis remote -cellular S., in which fibrous structures are formed at some removal of fibroblasts, but with their participation.

Sclerosis diffuse focal (s. Diffusa Focalis) - a combination of perivascular S. with the formation of large scars; More often found in myocardium.

Sclerosis diffuse (s. diffusa) - C., which is characterized by the growth of connective tissue throughout the body; It is observed in the outcome of chronic inflammation or chronic insufficiency of the organ of blood supply.

Sclerosis isomorphic (s. Isomorpha) -

2) S. p. The growth of the specific tissue specific for this organ.

Cellular sclerosis (s. Cellularis: Sin. S. Nepnyama) - C., in which the fibrous structure of the connective tissue is produced by fibroblasts or functionally similar cells.

Sclerosis indirect (s. Indirecta) - see Cellular sclerosis.

Sclerosis focal (S Focalis) - C., characterized by local development of connective tissue in a focus of inflammation or necrosis.

Sclerosis peribronchial (s. Peribronchialis) - C. Tissues surrounding, arising on the soil of chronic bronchitis and (or) bronchopneumonia.

Perivascular sclerosis (s. PeriVascularis) - diffuse Englishless or inflammatory S. Tissues surrounding intraganic vessels.

Sclerosis direct (s. Directa; Sin.: S. Berlet, sclerosis-hyaline) - S., at which there is a homogeneous hyali-like mass on the site of plasma impregnation or fibrinoid necrosis.

Sclerosis rheumatic (s. rheumatica) - Focal S. with rheumatism with the formation of small rutters on the site of fibrinoid disorganization foci and granuloma, mainly in myocardium.

Sclerosis mesh (s. Reticulata) - diffuse S., arising from interstitial inflammation (more often) or in hypoxia, characterized by a mesh pattern of the organ due to the root of its connecting jancase.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First medical care. - M.: Large Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

Synonyms:

Watch what is "sclerosis" in other dictionaries:

- (Greek). The castration of arteries and others. The most important internal organs, due to the rebirth of them in lime. A dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. Sclerosis painful dryness, cursing. Full Dictionary ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

I have the very disease, the names of which I can not remember. Sclerosis cannot be cured, but you can forget about it. The Faine Ranevskaya sclerosis is attributed, as well as youth, it hits the head. Zofya Fistshitskaya Training Memory to remember that you are already ... ... Summary encyclopedia of aphorisms

sclerosis - A, m. Sclérose, it. Sklerose c. Sklerosis solidification. 1. The disease expressed in the pathological seal of various organs due to the destruction of the functioning parts and the rebirth of them into solid connecting tissue. Bass 1. At ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicalism Russian Language

Sclerosis, sclerosis, husband. (from Greek.skleros solid) (honey). The painful rejection process, seals of various organs due to the destruction of the working elements in them and the substitution of them with solid connective tissue. Sclerosis of the heart. Arterily sclerosis. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary Ushakov

Sclerosis, degenerative tissue seal arising, as a rule, with the scarring of wounds, accompanied by inflammation, or as a result of aging. Sclerosis can hit the head or spinal cord, causing neurological symptoms, or the walls ... ... Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary

Seal dictionary of Russian synonyms. Sclerosis of the SUM., Number of synonyms: 10 Disease (995) ... Synonym dictionary

SCLEROSIS - (from Greek. Scleros solid), sclerosis, the growth of connective tissue in certain organs. C. May be diffuse and focal. With a diffuse S. notes a significant seal of the entire organ, the surface of the latter is at the same time ... ... Big medical encyclopedia

- (from Latin Sclerosis solidification), sealing of fabric or organ caused by the death of the elements of the parenchyma of the main functional tissue of the liver, spleen and other organs (on the basis of inflammation, circulatory disorders, exchange disorders ... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from Greek. Sklerosis solidification) Sealing fabric or organ caused by the death of parenchyma elements (on the basis of inflammation, circulatory disorders, metabolic disorders, age-related changes) and replacing them with mature connective tissue, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Sclerosis, a, husband. Sealing the organs due to the rebirth of their tissue into solid connecting tissue, in dense mass. S. vessels. S. Kidneys. Scattered with. (Chronic progressive disease characterized by the emergence of sclerotic foci ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (Meditz) Hardening, sealing of tissues of arteries, hearts, brain of the head and spinal, leading to diseases of these organs ... Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron

Books

• Sclerosis, scattered in life, Shirvindt A., "Why is this book written? From the usual vanity? From the feeling of unheard of its significance and the need to tell humanity something that he could not come to mind? Of… Category: Memoirs of domestic figures Series: Person Publisher: