Pollution of the marine environment - the entry into the marine environment of substances or energy that cause or may damage biological resources, human health and his activities at sea (interfering with fishing, reducing the quality of sea water used, deteriorating recreation conditions, and so on). The main pollutants of the oceans are oil and petroleum products, which exacerbate their harm wastewater, household waste and air pollution.

The main causes of oil pollution in the sea are:

Damage to ships as a result of accidents;

Intentional discharge of oil or oily substances into the marine environment;

Spill of oil products during cargo or bunkering operations;

Small emissions of oil products during the normal operation of ships (washout of oil products from the deck as a result of rains, overflow through the nibs of air pipes)

The largest oil spills in the 21st century

1. In January 2000, a major oil spill occurred in Brazil. More than 1.3 million liters of oil got into the waters of Guanabara Bay, on the banks of which Rio de Janeiro is located, from the Petrobras pipeline, which led to the largest in the history of the metropolis environmental disaster.

2. In November 2002, the Prestige broke and sank off the coast of Spain. 64 thousand tons of fuel oil got into the sea. € 2.5 million was spent on eliminating the consequences of the accident.

3. In August 2006, a tanker crashed in the Philippines. Then were polluted 300 km of the coast in two provinces of the country, 500 hectares of mangrove forests and 60 hectares of algae plantations. The Taklong Marine Reserve was also affected, with 29 species of coral and 144 species of fish inhabited. As a result of the fuel oil spill, about 3 thousand Filipino families were affected.

4. On November 11, 2007, a storm in the Kerch Strait caused an unprecedented emergency in the Azov and Black Seas - four ships sank in one day, six more ran aground, and two tankers were damaged. More than 2 thousand tons of fuel oil spilled out of the broken tanker "Volgoneft-139" into the sea, about 7 thousand tons of sulfur were on the sunken dry-cargo ships.

5.On April 20, 2010 at 22:00 local time, an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon platform, causing a massive fire. As a result of the explosion, seven people were injured, four of them are in critical condition, 11 people are missing. At the time of the emergency, 126 people were working on the drilling platform, which is larger than two football fields, and about 2.6 million liters of diesel fuel were stored. The platform's productivity was 8,000 barrels per day. It is estimated that in the Gulf of Mexico, up to 5,000 barrels (about 700 tons) of oil are poured into the water per day. However, experts do not exclude that in the near future this figure may reach 50 thousand barrels per day due to the appearance of additional leaks in the well pipe. Oil spots were found in the water column of the Gulf of Mexico (one spot 16 km long, 90 meters thick at a depth of up to 1300 meters).

Permanent violation of environmental law and order leads to an ecological catastrophe, a massive illness of people, the disappearance of entire species of flora and fauna. 1) Art. 251 - "Pollution of the atmosphere"- air pollution causes great harm human health, natural environment and economy. Atmosphere Is the shell of the earth. Her pollution is determined by the limits of permissible concentration, which is determined by sanitary control and departments. The general concept"air pollution" covered two independent corpus delicti: 1 composition - violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere and 2 composition - violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects. Since one object and the same consequences. An object Item: atmospheric air, as a natural mixture of gases in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Disposition of Art. is blank, because it is necessary to refer to the rules contained in the Federal Law "On the protection of atmospheric air", "On the protection environment" etc. Objective side: violation of the rules for the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, if this entailed pollution or other change in the natural properties of the air; violation of the operation of installations, structures and other objects, if this entailed pollution or other change in the natural properties of the air (i.e., non-compliance established rules). Effects- air pollution or other changes in its natural properties. Subjective side: willful and reckless guilt. Subject- a person from the age of 16. Qualifying feature: causing harm to human health by negligence.

Difference Art. 250 (water pollution) from st. 252 (marine pollution):

Art. 250 suggests- pollution, clogging, depletion (i.e. the source is depleted) of surface or underground waters, sources of drinking supply, or other changes in their natural properties, and Art. 252 suggests- only pollution of the marine environment from sources located on land or as a result of violation of the rules for burial or discharge from vehicles or artificial islands, installations or structures of substances and materials erected in the sea. Water pollution- discharge of oily chemicals into the water body, which do not dissolve in water, forming a dense film, are very slowly washed out; as well as other changes in natural properties (chemical and physical composition), for example: pouring out hot water... As a result, the air does not penetrate inside and the animal world dies. Clogging- Dumping solid debris (for example: wood) into the water. A marine pollution- this is a formal composition (there is no need for consequences), since no one will investigate the insignificance of the act and look for the guilty.

2) Art. 250 Water Is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen. An object- environmental safety in the sphere of using objects of the aquatic environment. Item crime is water. Objective side: violation of environmental requirements for water use and protection of waters, which entailed causing significant harm to flora and fauna, fish stocks, forestry. Subjective side: indirect intent (realizes that he is committing an illegal act and allows it or is indifferent to it). Subject- a person from the age of 16. Qualifying feature: causing harm to human health or mass death of animals; death of a person through negligence.

3) Art. 252 - Object- environmental Safety. Objective side: active actions (dropping natural resources harmful to human and animal health) from vehicles. The crime is considered over from the moment of the onset of the consequences (harm to humans). Subjective side: direct intent. Special subject.Qualifying feature: significant harm to human health, aquatic biological resources, the environment, recreation areas; Highly qualified trait- death of a person through negligence.

¾ of the land area is occupied by seas and oceans. Now all the seas are experiencing intense anthropogenic pressure, both in the water area itself and as a result of economic activity. The development of abrasion processes is characteristic of the sea coasts, the coastline is experiencing destruction, erosion and flooding, which causes significant damage to the national economy and is an additional source of pollution of the marine environment. The burial of radioactive waste in the northern seas (northern seas of Russia) is especially dangerous. Dumping waste into the sea for disposal is called dumping... Many landlocked countries produce marine burial various materials and substances, in particular dredged soil, drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemicals, radioactive waste. The volume of burials was about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean. During the discharge of material through the water column, some of the pollutants go into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended matter particles and passes into bottom sediments. At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic matter often leads to a rapid depletion of oxygen in the water. Presence a large number organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in soils, in which a special type of silt water, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, metal ions, arises. V last years control over the quality of sea waters is somewhat weakened and is carried out according to an abbreviated program. All types of pollution are natural and arise as a result of human activity, and ultimately end up in the world's oceans. They include sewage and waste from all types of industry, agriculture, as well as poisonous and hazardous substances. The main percentage of marine pollution is associated with human activities on the seabed. For example, exploration and production of oil and gas, all waste from ships that go into the water. The pollution of the marine environment with oil products in case of tanker accidents, as well as platforms built for oil production from sea shelves, is becoming especially large. There are frequent cases of deliberate discharge of oil residues from ships into the sea. All this causes enormous harm to nature: marine organisms, food products of the marine fauna are destroyed. There is a weakening of the resistance of marine animals to various infections due to the absorption of oil by them. Hydroconstruction, the withdrawal of a large amount of fresh water for irrigation and other economic needs, the operation of water intakes without fish protection devices, water pollution, exceeding the production quota and other factors have sharply worsened the condition and conditions of reproduction of fish stocks, as a result, fish catches are reduced (Ob, Irtysh). Fish productivity has decreased, some fish species are disappearing (sardine of the Sea of ​​the Far East). This is caused by unregulated foreign fishing. The incidence of valuable fish species and the accumulation of harmful pollutants (salts of heavy metals, mercury) in them are increasing. The reasons for the ecological crisis of water bodies are associated with the theoretical groundlessness and practical inconsistency of the concept that has been dominating for almost 50 years and is based on false postulates. In Germany at the end of the 60s. 92% of enterprises operated on recycled water supply.

Solution

As you can see, there is no single criterion by which you can assess all the countless environmental problems in order to draw up a clear list of their order. Even if it is decided, for example, that human health is more important than environmental well-being, then, according to scientists, decisions cannot be based on the fact that the worst assumptions can be justified. Scientists are inclined to conclude that the most urgent problem is the greenhouse effect and global warming. The results of these changes will not be immediately apparent. and they will not be visible for a while, but to prevent them, we must act now. Any serious policy aimed at preventing climate warming will require international cooperation. The most effective ways to address this issue would help to solve other problems related to the environment, economy and energy. It is not possible to single out any one direction, which in itself can lead to decisive changes, but by taking many measures aimed at reducing pollution, significant results can be achieved.

The increase in air pollution requires quick and effective ways to protect it from pollution, as well as ways to prevent the harmful effects of air pollutants. The atmosphere can contain a certain amount of pollutant without causing harmful effects. there is a natural process of its cleaning. The first step in determining the harmful effects of air pollution is to develop air quality criteria as well as quality standards. Another approach to improving the state of the atmosphere is the requirement for the use of advanced technological processes, the replacement of harmful materials with harmless ones, the use of wet methods of processing raw materials instead of dry ones. Industrial plants use gas cleaning and dust collection processes or devices to reduce or prevent emissions. Gas cleaning processes can also destroy or alter its chemical or physical properties so that it becomes less dangerous. In some cases, the atmospheric dispersion method is used.

The most promising way to solve the problem of garbage and waste is recycling. The following main directions in processing have been developed: organic mass is used to obtain fertilizers, textile and paper waste paper is used to obtain new paper, scrap metal is sent for remelting. The main problem in recycling is waste sorting and the development of recycling technological processes. The economic feasibility of a waste recycling method depends on the cost of alternative disposal methods, the position in the recyclable materials market, and recycling costs. For many years, waste processing activities have been hampered by the opinion that any business should be profitable. But it was forgotten that processing, in comparison with burial and incineration, is the most effective method solving the problem of waste, as it requires fewer government subsidies. In addition, it saves energy and the environment. And as the cost of landfill space rises due to tightening regulations, and stoves are too expensive and dangerous for the environment, the role of waste recycling will grow steadily.

All waters are subject to protection from pollution, contamination and depletion, which can harm the health of the population, as well as lead to a decrease in fish stocks, deterioration of water supply conditions and other adverse phenomena due to changes in the physical, chemical, biological properties of waters, a decrease in their ability to natural purification, violation hydrological and hydrogeological regime of waters. Discharge into water bodies of industrial, household and other types of waste and waste should be prohibited. In order to maintain a favorable water regime of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, groundwater and other water bodies, to prevent siltation of reservoirs, conditions for the habitation of aquatic animals, water protection zones of forests are established, as well as forest reclamation, anti-erosion, hydraulic engineering and other measures are carried out.

The choice of territory for the construction of new and expansion of existing cities and other settlements is of no small importance for environmental protection. You should choose areas on land of non-agricultural value or unsuitable for agriculture, or on agricultural land of inferior quality. Priority development is subject to land free from construction, located within the boundaries established for this city or other settlement. Of all the problems, emerges the main problem - the problem of health care. Indeed, for the damage that we have brought to nature and bring it every day, she repays us in double the amount. Nowadays it is very difficult to meet an absolutely healthy person. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to improve the environment, ensure the sanitary protection of water bodies, soil and atmospheric air.

The most important thing is that it is necessary to disseminate information about nature conservation among the population. For example, book publishers must produce not only brochures, but also various book publications. In addition to them, this problem should be dealt with - or, at least, should pay great attention to newspapers, TV programs, i.e. should increase the airtime allotted for programs that touch on environmental issues.

All decisions must be implemented on a global scale. Improving energy efficiency would be the most effective method solutions to most environmental problems, including global warming, acid rain and urban air pollution. But there are other measures that environmentalists expect to have a big impact. All tasks for the protection of the environment on an international scale must be distributed among different countries.

Developing countries must make efforts to stop deforestation. About 20% of excess carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere in developing countries, where growing populations are burning forests to clear land for plowing. When forests are burned, additional carbon dioxide and at the same time, the planet's ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere decreases. A huge amount of carbon dioxide is absorbed by forests. They act like sponges, absorbing carbon dioxide and converting it to oxygen and wood.

Industrial the developed countries can help restore lost forests and preserve some threatened animal and plant species.

Conclusion

For thousands of years, a person lived, worked, developed, but he did not even suspect that perhaps the day would come when it would become difficult, if not impossible, to breathe clean air, drink clean water, grow anything on the ground, as the air is polluted, the water is poisoned, the soil is contaminated with radiation or other chemicals. But a lot has changed since then. And in our century this is a very real threat, and not many people realize it. The owners of large factories, oil and gas industry, think only about themselves, about profit. They disregard safety rules, ignore the requirements of the environmental police, GREANPEACE, and sometimes they are too lazy to buy new filters for industrial effluents, gases that pollute the atmosphere. And what can be the conclusion? Another Chernobyl, if not worse. So maybe we should think about it? Each person should realize that Humanity is on the brink of death, and whether we survive or not, it is the merit of each of us.

We need to learn to feel like members of one family, the fate of which depends on each of us. Only then will we be able to preserve our common home - the Earth. And that awareness of the unity of mankind is one of the foundations of ecological morality and humanism.

List of used literature

1. Kharchenko N.A., Mikhatsky Yu.P. Ecology. M .: Publishing house of the Moscow State University of Forest. 2003. -398s.

2. Nikolaykin N.I. Ecology. -3rd ed., Erased. - M .:, Bustard, 2004.- 621s.

3. Mozolevskaya E.G. Ecology, monitoring and rational use of natural resources. M .: MGUL, 2002.-249s.

4. Gorelov A.A. Ecology: Textbook. Manual for universities. -M.: Yurayt, 2001.-312s.

5. Girusov E.V., Novoselov N.A. Ecology and economics of nature management. M .: Unity. -2002.-519s.

6. Denisov V.V., Gutenev V.V. Ecology. - M .: University book, 2002. -726s.

7. Magazine "Civil Protection", October 2001.

8. Shevchenko LB Research and development of a modern information base for scientific research in the field of ecology / dis. for a job. learned. step. Cand. ped. Sciences: 05.25.03.– Novosibirsk: GPNTB SO RAN, 2006. - 303 p. - Novosibirsk: GPNTB SO RAN, 2003 .-- 251 p.

9. Shevchenko L.B., Lavrik O.L., Kalyuzhnaya T.A. Electronic library on environmental problems // Distributed information and computing resources (DICR): X All-Russian. conf. with the participation of foreign. Scientists (6-8 October 2005, Novosibirsk): Program and abstracts. doc. - Novosibirsk, 2005 .-- S. 50.

10. Bulatov VI Russian ecology: differentiation and integrity: analyte. review / SB RAS. GPNTB, IVEP. - Novosibirsk, 2001 .-- 116 p.

11. Lavrik O. L. Information support of regional environmental programs // Library science. - 1998. - No. 3. P.56-60.

2.1. Sources of pollution of marine waters

Any body of water or water source is associated with its surrounding external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or groundwater runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction into the aquatic environment of new, unusual substances - pollutants that worsen the quality of water (Fig. 7).

Figure 7. Routes of entry of pollutants into the sea

According to international terminology, sea pollution is the introduction by a person directly or indirectly into the marine environment of substances that harm animals and plants, pose a threat to human health, worsen the quality of the marine environment, reduce it beneficial features.

Pollutants entering the aquatic environment are classified in different ways, depending on approaches, criteria and objectives. So, chemical, physical and biological pollution is usually emitted.

1) Chemical pollution is a change in natural chemical properties water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it as inorganic ( mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).

A) Inorganic pollution. The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of sea waters are various chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in the water as a result of human activity. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then passed along the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effects of some of the most common pollutants in the hydrosphere are presented in Appendix 2.

In addition to the substances listed in the table, inorganic acids and bases that change the acidity of water can be classified as dangerous sources of infection in the aquatic environment.

Among the main sources of sea pollution with minerals and nutrients, food industry and agriculture should be mentioned.

B) Organic pollution. Among the soluble substances introduced into the seas from land, great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment, they have not only mineral, biogenic elements, but also organic residues. Wastewater containing organic suspensions or dissolved organic matter has a detrimental effect on the condition of water bodies. After settling, the suspensions fill the bottom and retard the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms participating in the process of self-purification of waters. When decaying, these sediments can form harmful compounds and toxic substances such as hydrogen sulphide, which lead to complete pollution of the water in the river. The presence of suspensions also impedes the penetration of light to depth, and slows down the processes of photosynthesis.

One of the main sanitary requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. All pollutants, which, in one way or another, contribute to a decrease in the oxygen content in water, have a harmful effect. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water, which prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of oxygen saturation of the water.

A significant amount of organic matter, most of which is not characteristic of natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the slow construction of treatment facilities or their unsatisfactory operation, water bodies and soil are polluted with household waste.

Oil and petroleum products are the most common pollutants.

The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergency situations, overboard discharge of washing and ballast water by tankers - all this causes the presence of permanent fields of pollution along the routes of sea routes. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm water flows.

Once in the marine environment, oil first spreads out in the form of a film, forming layers of varying thickness. The color of the film can be used to determine its thickness (see Appendix 3).

The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water.

Pesticides are a group of artificially created substances used to control pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to fight harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to fight bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds.

It has been found that pesticides, by destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. V agriculture the problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control has long been faced.

The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. In the aquatic environment, representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are more common than others.

Synthetic surfactants (SAS) - belong to a wide group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents(SMS), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, synthetic surfactants enter mainland waters and the marine environment.

The presence of synthetic surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in such processes as the separation of products of chemical technologies, the production of polymers, the improvement of conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, and the fight against corrosion of equipment. In agriculture, synthetic surfactants are used as part of pesticides.

Compounds with carcinogenic properties. Carcinogens are chemical compounds that disrupt developmental processes and can cause mutations.

Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The maximum amount of PAHs in the current sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 μg / km of dry matter mass) was found in tectonically active zones.

Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial industries, therefore, despite treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the seas through the atmosphere. The most dangerous are mercury, lead and cadmium.

Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of coastal populations. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of Minomata disease caused by waste from businesses. Insufficiently treated wastewater from the enterprises entered the Minomata Bay.

Lead is a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: rocks, soil, natural waters, atmosphere, living organisms. Finally, lead is actively dissipated into the environment in the course of human economic activity.

Discharge of waste into the sea for disposal (dumping). Many landlocked countries produce marine dumping of various materials and substances, in particular, dredged soil, drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemicals, and radioactive waste.

The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much damage to the water. However, this ability is not unlimited.

Therefore, dumping is viewed as a necessary measure, a temporary tribute of society to imperfect technology. Industrial slags contain a variety of organic substances and heavy metal compounds.

During the discharge and passage of the material through the water column, some of the pollutants go into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended particles and passes into bottom sediments.

At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to the rapid consumption of oxygen in water and not infrequently to its complete disappearance, the dissolution of suspensions, the accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide.

The presence of a large amount of organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in soils, in which a special type of sludge water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Organisms of benthos and others are exposed to the impact of the dumped materials to varying degrees.

In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and synthetic surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water interface is disrupted. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of aquatic organisms and have a toxic effect on them.

Discharge of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the bottom water leads to the death of sedentary forms of benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, molluscs and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to the deterioration of nutrition and respiration conditions. The species composition of this community often changes.

When organizing a system for controlling waste dumping into the sea, it is of decisive importance to determine dumping areas, to determine the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments. To identify the possible volumes of discharges into the sea, it is necessary to calculate all the pollutants in the composition of the material discharge.

2) Physical pollution is created by the discharge of heat or radioactive substances into them. Thermal pollution is mainly due to the fact that the water used for cooling at thermal and nuclear power plants (and, accordingly, about 1/3 and 1/2 of the generated energy) is discharged into the same water body. Some industrial plants also contribute to thermal pollution. With significant heat pollution, the fish suffocates and dies, since its oxygen demand increases, and the oxygen solubility decreases. The amount of oxygen in the water also decreases because the rapid development of unicellular algae occurs during thermal pollution: the water “blooms” with the subsequent decay of the dying plant mass. In addition, thermal pollution significantly increases the toxicity of many chemical pollutants, in particular heavy metals. During normal operation of nuclear reactors, neutrons can enter the coolant, which is mainly used as water, under the influence of which the atoms of this substance and impurities, primarily corrosion products, become radioactive. In addition, the protective zirconium shells of the fuel elements can have microcracks, through which the products of nuclear reactions can enter the coolant. Although such wastes are low in activity, they can still increase the overall background of radioactivity. In case of accidents, waste can be more active. In natural reservoirs, radioactive substances undergo physical and chemical transformations of concentration on suspended particles (adsorption, including ion exchange), precipitation, sediment formation, transfer by currents, absorption by living organisms, and accumulation in their tissues. Living organisms accumulate, first of all, radioactive mercury, phosphorus, cadmium, vanadium, cesium, niobium, zinc in the soil, sulfur, chromium, iodine remain in the water.

3) Biological pollution. Biological pollution is created by microorganisms, including pathogens, as well as organic substances capable of fermentation. The main sources of biological pollution of coastal waters of the seas are household wastewater, which contains feces, food waste; wastewater from food industry enterprises (slaughterhouses and meat processing plants, dairy and cheese factories, sugar factories, etc.), pulp and paper and chemical industries, and in rural areas wastewater from large livestock complexes. Biological pollution can cause epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever and other intestinal infections and various viral infections, such as hepatitis. The degree of biological pollution is mainly characterized by three indicators. One of them is the number of Escherichia coli (the so-called lactose-positive, or LCP) in a liter of water. It characterizes the pollution of water with animal waste products and indicates the possibility of the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses as well. By State standard 1980, for example, bathing is considered safe if the water contains no more than 1000 LCP per liter. If the water contains from 5,000 to 50,000 LCP per liter, then the water is considered dirty, and there is a risk of infection when swimming. If a liter of water contains more than 50,000 LCP, then bathing is unacceptable.

Another indicator, biochemical oxygen demand (BOC), is used to characterize the pollution with organic substances. It shows how much oxygen is required for microorganisms to process everything subject to decomposition. organic matter into inorganic compounds (for, say, five days, then this is BOD 5). Finally, the third indicator is the content of dissolved oxygen. It is inversely proportional to the MIC.

One tourist base, forest shelters and 80 equipped parking lots are also located in the park. The park administration productively cooperates with international environmental organizations and educational centers. In its development, ecological tourism in Russia encounters a number of serious problems. We can distinguish three main groups of these problems and outline some ways to solve them in an active ...

Exposure to various harmful substances contained in the air of settlements in concentrations of 10 MPC and above. Due to atmospheric pollution, a tense ecological situation remains in a number of regions, and in a number of cities it is assessed as dangerous. Background pollution of the atmosphere Background technogenic pollution of the atmosphere is formed mainly under the influence of industrial emissions and conditions ...

Due to the loss of freshwater forms. The number of marine species in the phytoplankton of the Caspian Sea is 47, brackish-66, brackish-water-freshwater - 74, freshwater - 210 and others - 52 species. Among the phytoplankton of the Caspian Sea, the most abundant are EKZUVELLA and RIZOSOLENIYA. Zkzuvella is an indigenous inhabitant of the Caspian Sea, Rizosolenia is a relatively recent settler, penetrated into the Caspian Sea in 1934 ...

In the classic, traditional way. It is a treatment with a reagent (coagulant), two-stage clarification and filtration, and a new operation for Russia is also performed at the Eastern Station - ozonation. In extreme environmental situations, activated carbon is used. During long-term treatment, the water is necessarily chlorinated twice. Allow yourself the luxury of not ...