Course work place and role of developed countries in the global economy. The role of developing countries in the world economy The role of developing countries
developing global economy payment
The socio-economic transformation of developing countries has created the necessary conditions To accelerate their development. This contributed to the reduction of out-economic coercion, the restriction of traditional methods of activity of foreign capital, the conduct of social transformations that undermined the rattles of Lomakin V.K. World economy. - M., 2005 ..
Over the past decades, developing countries in a number of social indicators have reached such shifts that were implemented in Western countries for almost a century. Despite these successes, there are huge social and economic problems. Approximately 30 million children under the age of 5 die every year due to the reasons that are not fatal in industrialized countries. About 100 million children, 20% of the relevant age group, do not receive primary education.
An important role determining the situation of developing countries in the global economy is played by foreign economic relations. Their development profiles not only relationships with other subsystems, but also the degree of impact of the latter on the domestic market.
The external sector provides the opportunity to receive the most effective means Production and new technology, which are a necessary factor in economic development. Foreign economic relations, expanding the framework of domestic markets, allow you to accelerate economic growth. Their impact on the processes of reproduction, the pace and proportions of economic growth have in the third world countries are greater value than for many industrialized countries.
The ratio of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover to GDP, or the openness coefficient of the economy is evidenced about the high dependence of developing countries from foreign economic relations. The highest openness of the economy is characteristic of African countries, the Middle East and in the past two decades - for East Asian countries.
The originality of the socio-economic structure predetermines the degree of impact of foreign economic relations into developing countries. More backward economic structures are painfully experiencing external influences due to the peculiarities of including their national farms in the international division of labor. The same countries in which the industrial revolution covered all areas of the economy, more successfully adapt to the peripetics of the global economic system.
The central place in the segment of foreign economic relations of developing countries belongs to the foreign trade of Lomakin V.K. World economy. - M., 2005 ..
At the heart of the competitiveness of industrial and commodity products from developing countries, there are lower costs of alternating capital per unit of products. Low level wages Allows you to maintain competitiveness of products in world markets, but by itself it impedes economic growth, holding back purchasing power in the domestic market.
The structure of export trade is not an effect on the economic development of the periphery of the world economy.
Shifts in the structure of production and demand under the influence of the industrialization process contributed to significant changes in the structure of imports and the role of developing countries in global procurement. The increase in the self-sufficiency of the periphery of the world economy led to a reduction in its share in the import of many finished products. This also contributed to the deterioration of the reproduction conditions in many countries. Imports are largely focused on ensuring the needs of national farms in the means of production, fuel and mineral raw materials. Draws attention quite high specific gravity developing countries in the procurement of agricultural raw materials. Standing agriculture at the high growth rate of the population, the development of labor-intensive industries contributes to the fact that developing countries remain large importers of raw materials and food products. The growth of the manufacturing industry, the decline in the level of accumulation did not allow them to use the materials-saving technology. Therefore, the pressure exerted by food and fuel imports on the balance of payments represents important factor development of national economies.
Over 20% of the influx of foreign funds and almost 80% of poor countries provide economic assistance. Geographically, the help is increasingly concentrated on tropical Africa, the share of the assistance provided to the countries of South Asia has decreased.
Introduction
Main part.
Chapter 1. Place of developing countries in the world economy:
Classification of developing countries
The role of developing countries in the global economy
Chapter 2. General characteristics of developing countries in the global economy:
2.1. Features of the economy of developing countries
2.2. Problems of developing countries in the world economy
Chapter 3. Prospects and forecasts for the development of the economy of developing countries
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
1 . Introduction
Relevance of the research topic.
The group of developing countries today unites about 141 countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Oceania, where 3.2 billion people live.
For this group of countries, the emergence of the economy has its own specifics arising from the characteristics of the development of their culture and economy. And in the foreground there is a problem inherited from the colonial past socio-economic retardation. As a result of the colonial system, more than 120 new states appeared in the world, in which over half of the world's population is concentrated. These countries, although they received political independence, continue to experience the consequences of the colonial past, and at present the negative impact of non-colonialism policies.
In general, after the global decay of the historical colonial system, the economic growth rate of developing countries was noticeably accelerated and for the first time in the long period of their existence within the world economy exceeded the economic growth of developed countries
The data suggests that the character in the system "Developed - Developing Countries" is constantly changing by general indicators, rather in favor of the second.
Theoretical and methodological basis This work was the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of the development of world economy, modern economic relations.
The methodological basis of the study constitutes general scientific methods of knowledge.
The paper uses such research methodsAs: monographs, statistical materials, annual reports.
Goals and tasks of work.The purpose of this work is a comprehensive analysis of the place and problems of developing countries in the global economy.
To achieve the goal, the following is solved private tasks:
give a classification of developing countries;
consider the role of developing countries in the global economy;
consider the features of the economy of developing countries;
analyze the problems of developing countries in the global economy;
consider the prospects and forecasts for the development of the economy of developing countries.
Main part
Chapter 1. Place of developing countries in the world economy
1.1. Classification of developing countries
In the early 90s. The "third world" developed extremely uneven, as a result of which the differentiation process was dynamically deepened, i.e., among developing countries of the world, two extreme groups of states were clearly marked:
the most developed;
least developed.
Between them is the bulk of the third world countries.
In accordance with world classifications, the poor is called one who receives less than $ 275 per year. In the early 90s. There were 20 countries with a smaller income level. Over the past seventeen years, 71 of 140 countries have observed a decline in the level of income of the population. In the most difficult position there are 42 least developed countries in which the average GDP per capita, according to UNCTAD estimates (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), has decreased to $ 230 per capita GDP, the gap of this group of countries from averages has increased up to 4 times.
In regional terms, 42 countries are developed (8 in Asia, 29 in Africa, the rest - in Latin America and Oceania) with a population of about 407 million people. The most developed countries of the Third World have been separated on the basis of "oil boom".
On another pole settled the poorest states in the situation of the actual stagnation. Among them are a number of countries in Africa, including Mozambique (GNP - $ 80 per year per person), Tanzania ($ 100), Ethiopia ($ 100), Chad and Rwanda (200 dollars), Burundi ($ 180 ), Sierra Leone (140 dollars), Uganda (190 dollars). In addition to these countries, this group includes individual Asian countries: Nepal ($ 160), Bhutan and Vietnam ($ 70), Mnyangum, etc. (according to the World Bank).
The category of developing states also includes the two largest countries in the world - China (with a population of approximately 1.2 billion people.) And India (about 1 billion people). Despite the relatively low level of GNP per capita (approximately $ 300), due to the major potential of natural and human resources and a targeted strategy of the socio-economic development of these countries, large production potential has already been formed in them, the food (as a result of the reforms) is solved. The problem, and these states themselves are considered as real applicants for the status of great powers.
You can highlight the classification of developing countries for the following criteria:
countries with an active balance of balance: Brunei-Darussalam, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Saudi Arabia;
countries with passive balance of payments:
energy exporters: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Bolivia, Venezuela, Gabon, Egypt Indonesia, Cameroon, Congo, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Oman, Peru, Syrian Arab Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Ecuador;
clean importers of energy resources: all other developing countries;
countries with recently formed Active Balance: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan;
countries - Large debtors: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Morocco, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Uruguay, Philippines, Chile, Ecuador, former Yugoslavia;
least developed countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Bhutan, Vanuatu, Haiti, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Gambia, Djibouti, Zaire, Zambia, Yemen, Cape Verde, Cambodia, etc.;
south African countries: African continent and nearby island states, with the exception of Nigeria, South and North African countries (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia);
countries of South and East Asia: countries of South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, with the exception of China;
mediterranean countries: Cyprus, Malta, Turkey, former Yugoslavia;
western Asia countries: Bahrain, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Syrian Arab Republic, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia,
The so-called "new industrial countries" for a number of signs are allocated from the bulk of developing countries. Features that distinguish "New Industrial Countries" from both developing countries, from whose environments they have come out and from developed capitalist countries, in the ranks of which some of them have already entered the "one foot", allow us to talk about the appearance of a special "new-indusion model" development.
Do not detracting the important role of the experience of the development of Latin American "New Industrial Countries", it should still be emphasized that the Asian "New Industrial Countries" - South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore - became peculiar development samples for many liberated states, as in relation to the internal dynamics of the people's farms and in respect of foreign economic expansion.
"New Industrial Countries" include South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, as well as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico. All listed countries are the "new industrial countries" of the "first wave" or the first generation. Next after them are "new industrial countries" of subsequent generations. For example, second generation: Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile; Third Generation: Cyprus, Tunisia, Turkey and Indonesia; Fourth generation: Philippines, the southern provinces of China, etc. As a result, whole zones "Newness of Industriality" appear, the pole of economic growth, which spread their influence, primarily on the nearby regions.
The criteria for which those or other states refer to the New Industrial Countries on the UN Methodology are as follows:
1. The size of the gross domestic product per capita;
2. The volume of exports of industrial products and their share in general export;
3. The average annual rates of its growth;
4. Volume of direct investment abroad;
5. The proportion of the manufacturing industry in GDP (it must be more than 20%).
For all these indicators, "new industrial countries" not only stand out against the background of other developing countries, but often exceed similar indicators of a number of industrial-developed countries.
The high growth rates of "new industrial countries" are accompanied by a significant increase in the well-being of the population.
The lag of developing countries from industrial and developed countries is a significant problem not only for these countries themselves, but also for the entire world economy. Strongly severe disproportions on different "poles" have an impact on the structure and level of development of world-economic relations. Those developing countries where raw materials are the basis of exports, in dire need of the search for additional export resources capable of supporting their position in the global market. Despite a number of problems in the expansion of exports of traditional goods, the share of developing countries in the overall world exports increases (see Appendix 1).
1.2. The role of developing countries in the global economy
The socio-economic transformation of developing countries has created the necessary conditions for accelerating their development. This contributed to the reduction of out-economic coercion, restriction of traditional methods of activity of foreign capital, conducting social transformations that have undermined provenistal relations.
Over the past decades, developing countries in a number of social indicators have reached such shifts that were implemented in Western countries for almost a century. Despite these successes, there are huge social and economic problems. Approximately 30 million children under the age of 5 die every year due to the reasons that are not fatal in industrialized countries. About 100 million children, 20% of the relevant age group, do not receive primary education.
An important role determining the situation of developing countries in the global economy is played by foreign economic relations. Their development profiles not only relationships with other subsystems, but also the degree of impact of the latter on the domestic market.
The external sector provides an opportunity to obtain the most effective means of production and new technology, which are a necessary factor in economic development. Foreign economic relations, expanding the framework of domestic markets, allow you to accelerate economic growth. Their impact on the processes of reproduction, the pace and proportions of economic growth have in the third world countries are greater value than for many industrialized countries.
The ratio of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover to GDP, or the openness coefficient of the economy is evidenced about the high dependence of developing countries from foreign economic relations. The highest openness of the economy is characteristic of African countries, the Middle East and in the past two decades - for East Asian countries.
The originality of the socio-economic structure predetermines the degree of impact of foreign economic relations into developing countries. More backward economic structures are painfully experiencing external influences due to the peculiarities of including their national farms in the international division of labor. The same countries in which the industrial revolution covered all areas of the economy, more successfully adapt to the peripetics of the global economic system.
The central place in the segment of foreign economic relations of developing countries belongs to foreign trade.
At the heart of the competitiveness of industrial and commodity products from developing countries, there are lower costs of alternating capital per unit of products. The low level of wages makes it possible to maintain the competitiveness of products in world markets, but by itself it hinders economic growth by holding back purchasing power in the domestic market.
The structure of export trade is not an effect on the economic development of the periphery of the world economy.
Shifts in the structure of production and demand under the influence of the industrialization process contributed to significant changes in the structure of imports and the role of developing countries in global procurement. The increase in the self-sufficiency of the periphery of the world economy led to a reduction in its share in the import of many finished products. This also contributed to the deterioration of the reproduction conditions in many countries. Imports are largely focused on ensuring the needs of national farms in the means of production, fuel and mineral raw materials. Attention is drawn to the fairly high proportion of developing countries in the procurement of agricultural raw materials. The lag of agriculture at the high growth rate of the population, the development of labor-intensive industries contributes to the fact that developing countries remain large importers of raw materials and food products. The growth of the manufacturing industry, the decline in the level of accumulation did not allow them to use the materials-saving technology. Therefore, the pressure exerted by food and fuel imports on the balance of payments is an important factor in the development of national economies.
Over 20% of the influx of foreign funds and almost 80% of poor countries provide economic assistance. Geographically, the help is increasingly concentrated on tropical Africa, the share of the assistance provided to the countries of South Asia has decreased.
Chapter 2. general characteristics developing countries in the global economy
2.1. Features of the economy of developing countries
The main socio-economic devices in developing countries are state, capitalist, cooperative, small-handed, as well as natural forms of farm. Socio-economic entries are special types of production relations with specific specific laws inherent.
The leading role among socio-economic styles in these countries is played by the state structure. This is due to the low development of the economic and social infrastructure, a decisive role in the formation of which belongs to the state. It is the state and the public sector of the economy who struggle for economic independence. In the absence of a numerous and experienced class of entrepreneurs, a low living standards of the population, it takes on capital accumulation functions, an investor and plays a dominant role in carrying out agricultural reform, the implementation of structural changes in the economy, the development of basic industries. State entry is an integrating factor in the interaction of other styles and the conversion of a disintegrated system into a single integrity. The state belongs to a decisive role in opposition to foreign capital, in bringing foreign investment in the national economy, it is mostly able to develop science, mastering the achievements of NTP. After all, the state at all times was given a leading role in providing national economy in money, in conducting monetary reforms, in the process of regulating the monetary system.
For the overwhelming majority of such countries, industrialization is the most important direction of overcoming economic retardation. This process of industrialization in them is uneven, often it begins with the creation of a production infrastructure, with transformations in agriculture and the extractive industry.
Presenting relatively sustainable community, developing countries at the same time differ from each other by resource support, the level of development of productive forces and public relations, demographic and social indicators. In a complex mosaic of countries located in Asia, Africa and Latin America, you can find all forms of social development - from the most primitive to the most modern.
Since all developing countries move towards the formation of an industrial society, then the level of technologies used in the manufacture of material goods can be distinguished as the main reason for their differences.
A characteristic of the economies of the least developed countries is the weak development of the market mechanism. Local entrepreneurs prefer the sphere of trade, as it was at the dawn of the development of capitalism in the now developed countries. However, there merchant capital quickly switched to the industrial sphere, since it was necessary to satisfy the growing demand for consumer goods. In the developing countries, overflow of capital from commerce to production is carried out extremely slow and with great difficulty. For a local merchant, as a rule, it is easier to sell goods coming from abroad, rather than enter into competition with foreign firms, organizing production in place. Foreign investors do not see incentives for investing in a slightwater economy.
Since the least developed countries are located at the initial stage of the creation of an industrial society, their industry is represented mainly by sectors engaged in the processing of local raw materials and producing daily demand.
In recent years, events have been held in many countries to privatize state-owned enterprises, which played an important role at the initial stage of the formation of the National Economy.
In relation to countries, which, on the path of intensive industrialization, developed countries are making discriminatory measures in the field of foreign trade, are actively carried out by the "scissors" policies, which leads to an increase in debts, repaid a significant part of national wealth. TNCs are trying to relocate environmentally friendly and labor-intensive industries here.
The transition from a planned market economy occurs approximately 30 countries in Asia, in which one fourth part of the entire population of the Earth lives, which makes such a transition paramountable. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that one of them, only enhancing the path of transformation, immediately survived a sharp economic downturn, from whose consequences were not yet freed, others were in a more favorable situation.
In general, the practice of transforming the transition economy indicates four of its features.
First, the search for solutions necessary for moderate economic growth is considered as the main goal of the transformation. At the same time, its designers have to revise the initial ideas about the complexity of the transformation process, the specifics of the market system and the theorems of economic growth.
Secondly, if the affected all industrial world "Great Depression" lasted 11 years (1929-1940), then depression in many countries with economies in transition turned out to be an even more prolonged process. The exception was only China, the rate of economic growth in which was perceived as a miracle in the entire history of the global economy. Roland noted: "The biggest positive surprise is the success of economic reforms in China."
For 20 years, economic growth in China accounts for half the value added of all developing countries. Developed industrial countries with a population of not over 900 million people. reached its modern level for 200-250 years. China with a population of 1.5 - 1.6 billion people. According to forecasts by 2050, i.e. Only in 100 years will be a country with a developed modern economy. This can also be assessed as the historical contribution of China to the development of human society.
Thirdly, in 15-25 years after the start of the transformation, the place and role of China in a number of countries with economies in transition and in the world economy as a whole were changed.
Fourth, after a deep rethinking of the problem of the transition from "Shock to therapy" in most countries in transition in economic growth, an improved trend has arisen. So, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian economy came out on the trajectory of rapid growth with an average annual pace of 6.7%. From 2000 to 2005 Russia's GDP grew 3 times, and its gold and foreign exchange reserve is 7.5 times. Almost all CIS countries began to demonstrate energetic growth, fueled by high prices for commodity groups and growing demand in domestic markets. GDP increase in 2004 in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Tajikistan and Ukraine exceeded 10%.
CEE-Central and Eastern European countries have a stable growth rate of the economy, starting from the 90s. 20th century. In general, in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Albania, Romania, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in 2004, GDP exceeded the level of 1989 by 42% (see Appendix 2, 3, 4).
The main trade turnover of ASEAN countries fall, first of all, on Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. They are provided by exporting the production and import components for the subsequent assembly of finished products and exports.
The largest export markets for ASEAN - US markets, EU, Japan, China (including Hong Kong) and the Republic of Korea. The same countries are the main partners in imports. Among them, Japan - in the first place, followed by the United States, the EU, China (including Hong Kong), the Republic of Korea (see Appendix 6).
Shares of export and imports of ASEAN countries in global trade significantly exceed the shares of their GDP in global GDP (see Appendix 7).
For seven years, all countries ASEAN (with the exception of Singapore) have increased their contribution to world GDP. The share of Singapore GDP in the global GDP although decreased, but in terms of `GDP per capita` He remains a leader ($ 25433), which reflects the high standard of living in the country.
The share of imported raw materials, materials and ready-made components in products of regional producers is 45% in the chemical industry, 53% in mechanical engineering, 56% in the transport equipment, 70% in the manufacture of electrical goods. Working industries, such as leather, clothing manufacturing include 40-43%, shoe- 56% imported raw materials. This situation is explained by the lack of competitive national suppliers of raw materials and components of the necessary quality.
At the same time, the level of industry development in these countries is far from the same. Three their groups can be distinguished in accordance with the current level of industry. The group of the least developed countries in the region includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
The group of countries with an average level of development of industry includes Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines.
The most developed states of the region are Singapore and Malaysia. The indicators of their industrial production indicate the transition to the post-industrial stage of the economy that began in this group - to the establishment of innovative industries to the technological improvement of production in industries that make up the basis of their current export potential.
In general, ASEAN characterizes a fairly consistent policy, first, guaranteeing macroeconomic stability and ensuring rapid accumulation of funds and their distribution in accordance with the competitive advantages of individual countries, a relatively low inflation rate and a refinancing rate, the balance of public spending and income, the national currency rate acceptable for manufacturers; secondly, ensuring maintaining the competitiveness of national products, which is sold in open markets with free competition with imported goods and is not subsidized by the state; thirdly, designed to quickly accumulate capital and human resources, the development of infrastructure is sufficient to avoid problems with the growth of economic activity, to improve the qualifications of employees; fourth, providing for the development of agricultural production and services sector for uniform and balanced economic development; Fifth, ensuring the development of contractual relations and motives, based or on the personal material interest of citizens, or on social solidarity and mechanisms that stabilize the creation of a favorable social situation; Sixth, providing sufficient competence of officials - sufficient to send economic transformations to the right direction.
Such a policy requires the implementation of the following organizational and economic principles:
1. Comprehensive mobilization of internal resources of the countries of the region, involving the possibility of achieving a synergistic effect in development, government financing of promising projects, promoting private investments in national enterprises, providing a preferential tax regime, the development of information support, simplifying bureaucratic procedures for national industrial enterprises.
2. The formation of the mechanism necessary to attract and master the FDI by creating a positive image on the profitability of investments, security and ease of business, improving the financial system, standardization of reporting companies, the development of the Investment Insurance Institute.
3. Priority development of industrial infrastructure.
4. Forming a modern legislative, regulatory framework in the field of attraction and use of FDI.
5. Priority development of own macrotechnologies.
6. Definitions of priority areas for the development of industry, taking into account long-term perspectives, involving the formation of an industrial specialization of the SUV countries, the exclusion of the practice of duplication of industries and reducing the cost of intraregional competitive struggle.
7. Enhances the resource self-sufficiency of the region's economy due to an increase in the degree of processing of oil produced in the region, the use of nuclear energy, the introduction of new technological developments into national production, increasing the degree of self-sufficiency in the supply of production components.
8. Taking into account the prospects for the orientation of production on the internal market of the region. The rise in the standard of living of the population will reduce the export dependence of the region.
9. Advanced training of personnel. In the absence of workers in the labor market, employees of the necessary qualifications, hiring such from other countries it turns out to be quite expensive and makes it difficult to work enterprises.
10. Development of the sectors of the mining industry, which ensures the competitive advantages of ASEAN countries. Many mineral deposits, especially in the poorest countries of South Africa (Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam) remain undiscovered and are not developed due to weak infrastructure, high costs and lack of investments.
Integration processes in the South-East Asia region (SHA), on the one hand, allow us to expand the markets for the products of national manufacturers, reduce trade and administrative barriers, on the other - create conditions for production cooperation. In this case, integration is carried out at different levels.
The global level of integration is reflected in membership in the WTO, IMF, APEC and other organizations. True, the active cooperation of SUV countries with international economic organizations ambiguously affects their economy. The assistance provided to the development of infrastructure, the fight against poverty, education, medicine allowed them to partly remove the severity of problems in these areas. At the same time, fast liberalization of domestic markets of countries has caused certain damage to national manufacturers, strengthened the dependence of the region from imports from developed countries.
The overall level of integration is manifested in the relationship between the SRAV countries with states adjacent to the region on multilateral: ASEAN + 3 (ASEAN, China, Y. Korea, Japan), free trade zone between Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand and on a double-sided basis, for example, in the free trade zone between Thailand and Australia. Integration processes at this level, in contrast to the level of global, have more positive results for SUV countries.
The regional level of integration is represented by the ASEAN relations concluded in 1992 the Agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone provides for the elimination of trade tariffs between member countries with the prospect of integrating ASEAN countries based on the creation of a single production base and the regional market. Free trade zone began to act from January 1, 2003. The countries that signed the agreement reduced trade rates on most of the goods up to 5%. Tariffs will be completely canceled by 2010. For ASEAN-6 and 2015. For new members, with the introduction of a special regime for some "specially sensitive" goods until 2018. True, while the main interests of the block member countries are rapidly around. But by lowering the rates of tariffs, ASEAN hopes to support cross-border trade and mutual investment flows.
The subregional level of integration of the SUV countries is represented by the so-called economic growth zones - three- and four-sided agreements, within which individual issues and transboundary trade are resolved. In relation to ASEAN's activities, this level of integration makes it possible on the basis of a narrow aqueous agreement to solve the problem of eliminating differences in the levels of economic development of South countries.
Within the framework of ASEAN, the recommendations of inside-regional industrial groups are particularly important, designed to ensure more successful management of resources and minimize the scale of uncontrolled production activities, as well as measures to liberalize the financial system of the region. In October 1998, a framework agreement was signed on the creation of the ASEAN investment zone. According to this agreement, the participating countries should open their industrial sectors for regional investors to the same extent as for national, including for the implementation of such large projects as a project for the construction of a Transsean gas pipeline, creating an Asian gas network of OPEC with access to large markets. neighboring SHUV countries.
In general, the success of the further development and rise in the economy of the SUV region largely depends on the deepening of their economic integration, industrial cooperation, involving and taking into account the peculiarities of individual countries in the formation of their general economic policy.
The modern economic situation in Brazil is characterized by ambiguity. Currently, the country is a very interesting subject for learning and research.
In the rating of competitiveness, developed since 1979, the global economic forum on the basis of the analysis of the economic situation of 80 countries of the world, Brazil in 2002 sank into two positions and occupied the 46th place.
The main factors defining such a low place are regulation by the state of foreign trade and non-compliance with intellectual property rights.
In 2003, GDP was 1.375 trillion. dollars, which per capita was $ 7,600. In this indicator, Brazil is among the top ten leading countries of the world. Of great importance is the public sector of the economy, which produces about 20% of the country's GDP (see Appendix 8).
Industry - leading industry of Brazil. The share of industry in the creation of GDP in 2003 amounted to 38.6%, of which 2/3 belong to the manufacturing industry.
Brazil agriculture is quite developed and significant in the industry. The share of agriculture in the creation of GDP in 2003 amounted to 10.2%, occupied in agriculture about 1/4 of the economically active population of the country (23%, 2003).
The service sector is the leading industry of the Brazilian economic complex. The share of services in the creation of GDP is 51.2% (2003), is employed in this area of \u200b\u200b53% of all labor resources.
The leading place in the foreign economic relations of Brazil is occupied by the trade in goods. Brazil's share in world trade is small (about 1%).
Basic trading partners of Brazil (2002)
Now, before Brazil, there are such priority tasks as the intensification of integration processes in the framework of the total market of South America (Merkosur), the protection of national interests in the negotiations on the creation of the Inter-American Free Trade Zone (MASST) and the Free Trade Zone between Merkosur and the EU, as well as the intensification of foreign economic Cooperation with China, India, Russia.
African countries also belong to developing.
The most attractive in Africa is the extractive industry and the oil and gas sector.
According to the UN, almost half of all foreign direct investment (FDI) falls on six oil-producing countries: Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Sudan.
Despite the fact that the development of export-oriented industries in Africa is a priority for investors, in the future this should lead to the formation of other sectors of the economy and the creation of infrastructure.
The countries of Southeast and South Asia are becoming increasingly interest in the deployment of funds in the African continent. Mostly China and India increase the volume of investment on the continent. In some cases, investors from these countries are much better adapted to the conditions of doing business in Africa. Asian businessmen, in contrast to their Western colleagues, invest money not only in the development of natural resources, but also in the construction, development of infrastructure and even the local manufacturing industry, such as textile. Russian business Although not introduced in Africa so wide as Asian, American or European, in the future can seriously strengthen its position.
Investment growth in Africa still restrains the impoverishment of the population, although it does not greatly improve the position of the majority of residents. GDP growth exceeds population growth. In 2006, GDP growth was 5.5%.
2.2. Problems of developing countries in the world economy
One of the most serious problems of developing countries is the development of agriculture, where the bulk of the economically active population is concentrated. In countries such as Burundi, Malawi, Rwanda, Nepal, Niger, Uganda, Mali, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Chad, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Central African Republic, Guinea, the share of employees occupied in agriculture is more than 80% of the entire working population of these countries. This is a higher level than it was 100 years ago in the United States.
Consider the most important factors constraining agricultural production in developing countries.
First, since many types of agricultural products are intended for export, their production depends on the price of the world market and from the policies of importers of this product.
Secondly, with the aim of accessing low-income people's access to states, the policy of low prices for agricultural products is carried out.
Thirdly, due to the poverty most of the rural population, its role in the accumulation is very limited. In the agrarian sector, capital exists mainly in physical form in the form of land, livestock, buildings and is characterized by low activity and low mobility.
The next problem of developing countries is the problem of external debt.
Not all destructive consequences of the debt crisis for the socio-economic development of developing countries were overcome during the implementation of the programs of a multilateral settlement of debt: the rate of economic growth was slowed down, the rate of accumulation fell, unemployment increased, the life level of the population decreased, and social tensions increased. Despite certain disadvantages in the mechanisms used by these organizations, the role of the IMF and the World Bank in the settlement of debt will increase. This is due to the trend towards the internationalization of economic life, with an increase in mutual relations, as well as with the current situation, when the data of the organization, having their own means and specific instruments, are actually affecting international capital flows. In addition, the effectiveness of these mechanisms will depend on the strengthening of the regulatory and coordinating functions of the Bank and the Fund relative to all states of the world community.
In addition to international financial organizations, the Paris and London Clubs, Meetings of the Big Seven countries, OECD took part in the development of new mechanisms. The main objectives of their activities were: to reduce the development of the debt crisis, restoring the economic and financial positions of debtors in the world, the restoration of the macroeconomic stability of the states of the Third World.
The main organization dealing with the settlement and repayment of debt of developing countries on a state or government guarantee loans has become the Paris club of creditors' countries. The conditions for the restructuring of official debt proposed by them, obtained the names of Torontic, Naples, London, Lyon, Lyon and Houston, contribute to significant relief of the debt burden of developing countries.
External debt has become a heavy burden for North African countries (223 billion dollars). Its specific weight in the volume of GDP reaches 70%, and the cost is about 2.5 times higher than export receipts. On serving external debt borrowing there is 1/5 exports of exports. Such a situation further aggravates the situation of countries within the world economy. The World Bank report "Prospects for the Global Economics and Developing Countries" states: "Although we can expect help from the outside in the form of real increase in commodity prices and measures to reduce debt and its service, the limited way of capping equipment, infrastructure, and human resources exclude a sharp improvement in living standards "
Significant acute at the turn of millennia in developing countries, uncontrolled natural environmental destruction processes have acquired, which may not only cause political instability in many regions of the world, but also the source of ecological and epidemiological hazards for the entire population of the Earth. The demographic explosion in developing countries, due to overcoming mass hunger and the improvement of nutrition as a result of the acquisition of national independence, led to a sharp increase in the population in these countries.
The higher rates of economic growth in developing countries compared with developed over the past decades contributed to the continuous reduction of the gap between them on economic indicators.
However, this gap is still striking. The average per capita volume of GDP and industrial products in developing countries is 15% of the level of developed countries, and in terms of agricultural products - 50%.
One of the main ways to overcome the rupture of the level of development and improving welfare is the liberalization of the national economy of developing countries and especially liberalization of foreign economic activity.
The higher the growth rates of foreign trade turnover and the degree of openness of the national economy, the higher the pace of gross product and per capita consumption. True, in Latin America, the growth rate of gross product and consumption at high growth rate of foreign trade turnover and the "opening" of the economy is relatively slow, which is due to the preservation of dictatorial regimes and the lack of guarantees of private property rights.
The growth rate of the population has significantly affected the dynamics of the growth of middle-risks.
Before developing countries, there are primarily the problems of strengthening and growing the economy, overcoming backwardness, raising the living standards of the population and changes in positions in the global economy.
A huge part of the population in developing countries is poor. Most of them live in rural areas, for example, in Ghana, Kenya, India, Thailand Over 80% of the rural population belongs to the poor. The exact dimensions of the poverty are difficult to calculate due to the lack of statistical indicators and differences in the determination of its boundaries. In accordance with the World Bank's criteria for residing in poverty, those whose daily income does not exceed $ 1, summary data indicate that in developing countries, 31% of the population lives at this level. In a number of countries, this indicator is even higher, for example, in tropical Africa - 48%, in India - 52.5%.
For developing countries, sharp unevenness in the distribution of income (it is much higher than in developed states). Moreover, during economic growth, it may occur (and this confirms the experience of many third-world countries) an increase in the share of rich sectors in income. For example, in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, the Philippines grew by the highest rates of 20% of the population, assigned to the category of the richest. This is largely due to the growing concentration of property and capital at the local elite, its approach to power. As a result, despite the growth of shower income in the third world over the past 25 years, by an average of 1.4% per year, 40% of the poorest population accounts for no more than 3-7% of income. Social problems in the third world are largely exacerbated due to the fact that the level of population growth is very high here (1.9% per year, and LDCs - up to 2.9% against 0.7% in developed countries). Fertility reduction programs in most of the developing countries gave minor results (with the exception of the PRC, which is sometimes ranked with this group - 1.1% per year).
Chapter 3. Prospects and forecasts for the development of the economy of developing countries
According to the World Bank's annual report on economic prospects, the economies of developing countries until 2020 will grow on average by 5 - 6 percent per year. As a result, their share in global production from the current 6 percent will reach almost 30 percent. Such a level was last registered in 1820.
In the short term in the economic development of Thailand and some other countries, Asia may have some pause associated with recent financial problems in these countries.
In the International Monetary Fund's annual report, the annual report of the International Monetary Fund contains a reminder that another year before the devaluation of the national currency of Thailand - Bata - international financial structures warned this country about the danger represented by the continued growth of the balance of payments and the weakness of its financial system.
World Bank experts indicate that the "locomotive" of the overall growth of the economy of developing countries will be 5 states - Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and Russia. They account for about 8 - 10% of world production and trade. By 2020, they will be able to at least double this indicator under the condition of continuing economic transformations.
Conclusion
So, we fulfilled the tasks set in the introduction, namely: gave the classification of developing countries; considered the role of developing countries in the world economy; considered the features of the economy of developing countries; analyzed the problems of developing countries in the global economy; We considered the prospects and forecasts for the development of the economy of developing countries.
Of the foregoing, it can be concluded that differences in growth rates, the speed of modernization of the economy and the impact of world economy contribute to the differentiation of developing countries. Socio-economic strategies of developing countries make it possible to overcome backwardness, transformation of traditional economic structures, a change in position in the international division of labor, integration into the world economy.
Socio-economic processes in developing countries are as a growing degree under the influence of world economy. This is primarily due to the impulses of scientific and technological progress that spread from the center to the periphery, the growing importance of world trade, as well as the activity of TNK.
One of the most important criteria for the allocation of developing countries into a separate global subsystem is their underdevelopment and backwardness.
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1.2. The role of developing countries in the global economy
The socio-economic transformation of developing countries has created the necessary conditions for accelerating their development. This contributed to the reduction of out-economic coercion, restriction of traditional methods of activity of foreign capital, conducting social transformations that have undermined provenistal relations.
Over the past decades, developing countries in a number of social indicators have reached such shifts that were implemented in Western countries for almost a century. Despite these successes, there are huge social and economic problems. Approximately 30 million children under the age of 5 die every year due to the reasons that are not fatal in industrialized countries. About 100 million children, 20% of the relevant age group, do not receive primary education.
An important role determining the situation of developing countries in the global economy is played by foreign economic relations. Their development profiles not only relationships with other subsystems, but also the degree of impact of the latter on the domestic market.
The external sector provides an opportunity to obtain the most effective means of production and new technology, which are a necessary factor in economic development. Foreign economic relations, expanding the framework of domestic markets, allow you to accelerate economic growth. Their impact on the processes of reproduction, the pace and proportions of economic growth have in the third world countries are greater value than for many industrialized countries.
The ratio of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover to GDP, or the openness coefficient of the economy is evidenced about the high dependence of developing countries from foreign economic relations. The highest openness of the economy is characteristic of African countries, the Middle East and in the past two decades - for East Asian countries.
The originality of the socio-economic structure predetermines the degree of impact of foreign economic relations into developing countries. More backward economic structures are painfully experiencing external influences due to the peculiarities of including their national farms in the international division of labor. The same countries in which the industrial revolution covered all areas of the economy, more successfully adapt to the peripetics of the global economic system.
The central place in the segment of foreign economic relations of developing countries belongs to foreign trade.
At the heart of the competitiveness of industrial and commodity products from developing countries, there are lower costs of alternating capital per unit of products. The low level of wages makes it possible to maintain the competitiveness of products in world markets, but by itself it hinders economic growth by holding back purchasing power in the domestic market.
The structure of export trade is not an effect on the economic development of the periphery of the world economy.
Shifts in the structure of production and demand under the influence of the industrialization process contributed to significant changes in the structure of imports and the role of developing countries in global procurement. The increase in the self-sufficiency of the periphery of the world economy led to a reduction in its share in the import of many finished products. This also contributed to the deterioration of the reproduction conditions in many countries. Imports are largely focused on ensuring the needs of national farms in the means of production, fuel and mineral raw materials. Attention is drawn to the fairly high proportion of developing countries in the procurement of agricultural raw materials. The lag of agriculture at the high growth rate of the population, the development of labor-intensive industries contributes to the fact that developing countries remain large importers of raw materials and food products. The growth of the manufacturing industry, the decline in the level of accumulation did not allow them to use the materials-saving technology. Therefore, the pressure exerted by food and fuel imports on the balance of payments is an important factor in the development of national economies.
Over 20% of the influx of foreign funds and almost 80% of poor countries provide economic assistance. Geographically, the help is increasingly concentrated on tropical Africa, the share of the assistance provided to the countries of South Asia has decreased.
Chapter 2. General characteristics of developing countries in the global economy
2.1. Features of the economy of developing countries
The main socio-economic devices in developing countries are state, capitalist, cooperative, small-handed, as well as natural forms of farm. Socio-economic entries are special types of production relations with specific specific laws inherent.
The leading role among socio-economic styles in these countries is played by the state structure. This is due to the low development of the economic and social infrastructure, a decisive role in the formation of which belongs to the state. It is the state and the public sector of the economy who struggle for economic independence. In the absence of a numerous and experienced class of entrepreneurs, a low living standards of the population, it takes on capital accumulation functions, an investor and plays a dominant role in carrying out agricultural reform, the implementation of structural changes in the economy, the development of basic industries. State entry is an integrating factor in the interaction of other styles and the conversion of a disintegrated system into a single integrity. The state belongs to a decisive role in opposition to foreign capital, in bringing foreign investment in the national economy, it is mostly able to develop science, mastering the achievements of NTP. After all, the state at all times was given a leading role in providing national economy in money, in conducting monetary reforms, in the process of regulating the monetary system.
For the overwhelming majority of such countries, industrialization is the most important direction of overcoming economic retardation. This process of industrialization in them is uneven, often it begins with the creation of a production infrastructure, with transformations in agriculture and the extractive industry.
Presenting relatively sustainable community, developing countries at the same time differ from each other by resource support, the level of development of productive forces and public relations, demographic and social indicators. In the complex mosaic of countries located in Asia, Africa and Latin America, You can find all forms of social development - from the most primitive to the most modern.
Since all developing countries move towards the formation of an industrial society, then the level of technologies used in the manufacture of material goods can be distinguished as the main reason for their differences.
A characteristic of the economies of the least developed countries is the weak development of the market mechanism. Local entrepreneurs prefer the sphere of trade, as it was at the dawn of the development of capitalism in the now developed countries. However, there merchant capital quickly switched to the industrial sphere, since it was necessary to satisfy the growing demand for consumer goods. In the developing countries, overflow of capital from commerce to production is carried out extremely slow and with great difficulty. For a local merchant, as a rule, it is easier to sell goods coming from abroad, rather than enter into competition with foreign firms, organizing production in place. Foreign investors do not see incentives for investing in a slightwater economy.
Since the least developed countries are on initial stage The creation of industrial society, their industry is represented mainly by branches engaged in the processing of local raw materials and producing daily demand products.
IN last years In many countries, events were carried out on the privatization of state-owned enterprises, which played an important role at the initial stage of the formation of the national economy.
In relation to countries, which, on the path of intensive industrialization, developed countries are making discriminatory measures in the field of foreign trade, are actively carried out by the "scissors" policies, which leads to an increase in debts, repaid a significant part of national wealth. TNCs are trying to relocate environmentally friendly and labor-intensive industries here.
The transition from a planned market economy occurs approximately 30 countries in Asia, in which one fourth part of the entire population of the Earth lives, which makes such a transition paramountable. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that one of them, only enhancing the path of transformation, immediately survived a sharp economic downturn, from whose consequences were not yet freed, others were in a more favorable situation.
In general, the practice of transforming the transition economy indicates four of its features.
First, the search for solutions necessary for moderate economic growth is considered as the main goal of the transformation. At the same time, its designers have to revise the initial ideas about the complexity of the transformation process, the specifics of the market system and the theorems of economic growth.
Secondly, if the entire industrial world affected the Great Depression"It lasted 11 years (1929-1940), then depression in many countries in transition turned out to be an even more prolonged process. The exception was only China, the rate of economic growth in which was perceived as a miracle in the entire history of the global economy. Roland noted: "The biggest positive surprise is the success of economic reforms in China."
For 20 years, economic growth in China accounts for half the value added of all developing countries. Developed industrial countries with a population of not over 900 million people. reached its modern level for 200-250 years. China with a population of 1.5 - 1.6 billion people. According to forecasts by 2050, i.e. Only in 100 years will be a country with a developed modern economy. This can also be assessed as the historical contribution of China to the development of human society.
Thirdly, in 15-25 years after the start of the transformation, the place and role of China in a number of countries with economies in transition and in the world economy as a whole were changed.
Fourthly, after a deep rethinking problem of the transition from "Shock to therapy" in most countries with economies in transition in economic Roste There was an improved trend. So, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Russian economy came out on the trajectory of rapid growth with an average annual pace of 6.7%. From 2000 to 2005 Russia's GDP grew 3 times, and its gold and foreign exchange reserve is 7.5 times. Almost all CIS countries began to demonstrate energetic growth, fueled by high prices for commodity groups and growing demand in domestic markets. GDP increase in 2004 in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Tajikistan and Ukraine exceeded 10%.
CEE CEE - Central and of Eastern Europe Have a stable growth rate of the economy, starting from the 90s. 20th century. In general, in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Albania, Romania, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in 2004, GDP exceeded the level of 1989 by 42% (see Appendix 2, 3, 4).
The main trade turnover of ASEAN countries fall, first of all, on Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. They are provided by exporting the production and import components for the subsequent assembly of finished products and exports.
The largest export markets for ASEAN - US markets, EU, Japan, China (including Hong Kong) and the Republic of Korea. The same countries are the main partners in imports. Among them, Japan - in the first place, followed by the United States, the EU, China (including Hong Kong), the Republic of Korea (see Appendix 6).
Shares of export and imports of ASEAN countries in global trade significantly exceed the shares of their GDP in global GDP (see Appendix 7).
For seven years, all countries ASEAN (with the exception of Singapore) have increased their contribution to world GDP. The share of Singapore GDP in the global GDP although decreased, but in terms of `GDP per capita` He remains a leader ($ 25433), which reflects the high standard of living in the country.
The share of imported raw materials, materials and ready-made components in products of regional producers is 45% in the chemical industry, 53% in mechanical engineering, 56% in the transport equipment, 70% in the manufacture of electrical goods. Working industries, such as leather, clothing manufacturing include 40-43%, shoe- 56% imported raw materials. This situation is explained by the lack of competitive national suppliers of raw materials and components of the necessary quality.
At the same time, the level of industry development in these countries is far from the same. Three their groups can be distinguished in accordance with the current level of industry. The group of the least developed countries in the region includes Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar.
The group of countries with an average level of development of industry includes Indonesia, Thailand and the Philippines.
The most developed states of the region are Singapore and Malaysia. The indicators of their industrial production indicate the transition to the post-industrial stage of the economy that began in this group - to the establishment of innovative industries to the technological improvement of production in industries that make up the basis of their current export potential.
In general, ASEAN characterizes a fairly consistent policy, first, guaranteeing macroeconomic stability and ensuring rapid accumulation of funds and their distribution in accordance with the competitive advantages of individual countries, a relatively low inflation rate and a refinancing rate, the balance of public spending and income, the national currency rate acceptable for manufacturers; secondly, ensuring maintaining the competitiveness of national products, which is sold in open markets with free competition with imported goods and is not subsidized by the state; Third, designed to quickly accumulate capital and human resources The development of infrastructure is sufficient to avoid problems with the growth of economic activity, to improve employee skills; fourth, providing for the development of agricultural production and services sector for uniform and balanced economic development; Fifth, ensuring the development of contractual relations and motives, based or on the personal material interest of citizens, or on social solidarity and mechanisms that stabilize the creation of a favorable social situation; Sixth, providing sufficient competence officials - Sufficient to guide economic transformations to the right direction.
Such a policy requires the implementation of the following organizational and economic principles:
1. Comprehensive mobilization of internal resources of the countries of the region, involving the possibility of achieving a synergistic effect in development, government financing of promising projects, promoting private investments in national enterprises, providing a preferential tax regime, the development of information support, simplifying bureaucratic procedures for national industrial enterprises.
2. The formation of the mechanism necessary to attract and master the FDI by creating a positive image on the profitability of investments, security and ease of business, improving the financial system, standardization of reporting companies, the development of the Investment Insurance Institute.
3. Priority development of industrial infrastructure.
4. Forming a modern legislative, regulatory framework in the field of attraction and use of FDI.
5. Priority development of own macrotechnologies.
6. Definitions of priority areas for the development of industry, taking into account long-term perspectives, involving the formation of an industrial specialization of the SUV countries, the exclusion of the practice of duplication of industries and reducing the cost of intraregional competitive struggle.
7. Enhances the resource self-sufficiency of the region's economy due to an increase in the degree of processing of oil produced in the region, the use of nuclear energy, the introduction of new technological developments into national production, increasing the degree of self-sufficiency in the supply of production components.
Their trade and the structures of their external debt. Shifts in the structure of production and demand under the influence of the industrialization process contributed to significant changes in the structure of imports and the role of developing countries in global procurement. Imports are largely focused on ensuring the needs of national farms in the means of production, fuel and mineral raw materials. Table 3 - Share ...
And energy-intensive, environmentally pollutants in developing countries helps developed countries to maintain social and political stability, improve the welfare of society. Economic problems of developing countries among the complex of serious problems that needed to be solved on the way to national independence, economic problems have come to the fore. IN...
That at this level of development of world production forces has developed new Type International specialization and cooperation between industrialized and developing countries, the integration of developing countries in the world economy increases. IV. Modern model International production of an important distinguishing feature of the world economy by the beginning of the XXI century. It becomes international production ...
Its functioning. Another characteristic feature of the 3rd stage is the transnationalization of economies, the capture of major flows international Movement The goods are the largest TNC and financial and industrial groups (FIGs). 2. Structure of the World Economy 2.1 Types of Countries Countries of the World Classification of the countries of the modern world economy is based on various criteria. From the standpoint ...
The separation of countries on economically developed countries, developing and countries with economies in transition - a widespread typology, found in analytical reviews International Monetary Fund "\u003e International Monetary Fund, media, textbooks. It is based on both economic and political criteria.
The role of these countries in the global economy, level and quality indicators is different.
Economically developed countries. These are countries with a high level of economic development, the predominance of the scope of services and the manufacturing industries in the structure of the economy and employment of the population, with a high level and quality of life. They produce the main share of industrial and agricultural production. About 1 billion people live in economically developed countries. This is the so-called "golden billion". This category includes the 28 most developed countries of the world:
- western European countries;
- seven countries and territories in Asia (including Xiangan (Sar China), Taiwan Island, Singapore, Republic of Korea - since 1997, Cyprus - since 2001);
- two - in America (USA, Canada);
- Australia and New Zealand.
Obviously, the developed countries include small countries of Western Europe - Andorra, Vatican, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and the Offshore - Bermuda (BR.) And Faroe Islands.
Developing countries. The total number of developing countries - 172. In the statistics of the International Monetary Fund, 126 countries were attributed to the number of developing countries - former colonial possessions, as well as China, which, despite gigantic successes in the economy, the high growth rates of GDP and foreign trade volumes are still lagging behind developed countries on shower indicators; South Africa, Turkey.
The role of economically developed, developing countries and countries with transition in the world economy, the beginning of the XXI century:
| Share in world indicators,% | Share in world indicators,% | Share in world indicators,% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Groups of countries | Population (mid 2006) | Area | GDP (for the purchasing power of currencies (2005) | Share in world exports of goods (2005) |
| The whole world | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Economically developed countries, including: | 13,8 | 25,0 | 52,0 | 60,0 |
| USA | 4,6 | 7,2 | 20,4 | 8,9 |
| FRG | 1,3 | 0,3 | 4,1 | 10,0 |
| Japan | 2,0 | 0,3 | 6,6 | 6,2 |
| Developing countries, including: | 80,0 | 55,5 | 41,7 | 35 |
| PRC | 20,1 | 7,2 | 14,6 | 6,5 |
| India | 16,8 | 2,5 | 5,9 | 0,8 |
| Brazil | 2,9 | 6,4 | 2,6 | 1,1 |
| Countries with economies in transition, including | 6,2 | 18,5 | 6,3 | 5,0 |
| CIS, including | 4,3 | 16,4 | 3,8 | 3,0 |
| the Russian Federation | 2,2 | 12,7 | 2,6 | 2,0 |
Based on the level and quality of life, there are also 46 small countries and dependent territories, countries with uncertain status - Western Sugar, Gibraltar, Falkland O-Wa, as well as Cuba and DPRK. For this group of countries, the colonial past, agrarian commodity specialization of the economy, an unequal position in the global economy, lower than in the group of economically developed countries, are per capita.
Some countries related to the category of developing, for a number of indicators (per capita GDP, the development of high-tech industries) not only approach developed countries, but sometimes exceed them.
The globalization of the global economy led to the dissemination of the achievements of the information society in less developed regions of the world.
Differences between economically developed countries and developing countries are not so much in the field of economics, as in the peculiarities of the territorial structure of the economy. In the boundaries of the territory of developing countries, as a rule, aroles with various socio-economic techniques coexist - from a primitive assigning economy, natural economy, to modern industrial. Areas with a predominance of natural farm occupy significant on the territory area, but are practically excluded from the overall economic life of the country. Commodities are connected mainly with an external market. Thus, a multi-fashioned, disintegrated economy is the main distinguishing feature of developing countries.
Least developed countries. These countries characterize an extremely low standard of living, low economic development rates, high population growth rates. Their economy depends on agriculture, where more than 2/3 of the economically active population is employed. In these countries, all global problems of humanity are most acute.
a) low income, threshold value for inclusion, is considered per capita GDP less than $ 750 per year (for exception from the Group - $ 900 per year);
b) a weak level of human resource development, determined by an expanded index of real quality of life. The latter is calculated based on the indicators of the expected lifespan at birth, calorie consumption per capita, the general coefficient of initial and secondary education and the level of literacy of the adult population;
c) Low level of economic diversification, determined by the economy diversification index. It is calculated on the basis of the share of manufacturing and services in GDP, the share of the workforce, occupied in the industry, the annual consumption of commercial electricity per capita and the index of the concentration of commercial exports.
The country is included in the list, if it matches all three threshold criteria. So, in 2001, Senegal was included in the list of least developed countries, after independence - East Timor.
The UN system organizations widely use the classification of developing countries based on the geographical position. So, developing countries that have no way out to the sea are allocated, and small island developing countries.
Developing countries that do not have access to the sea. This is 31 countries that does not have a sea coast. Geographical positionNamely - remoteness from the sea coast, imposes special conditions for economic development. In these countries, the cost of transporting export goods is almost 3 times higher than the average in the world, which limits exports and increases the cost of imports. This problem is particularly acute in countries that specialize in the global economy on the export of raw materials.