Lamiaceae labiate. Lamb family: a brief description

13.02.2019 Roof

Hello dear friends! Many of us plant in their gardens and orchards not only vegetables, berries, fruit trees and flowers. Do you grow spicy and medicinal plants? If yes, then you are probably familiar with the Lamb family botanical family, because it is to it that the most aromatic herbs of our gardens belong.

They are used as spices and medicines, cosmetics, for flavoring and as repellants of harmful insects.

The most famous representatives of the vast family of Lamiaceae are,, lemon balm, oregano, (thyme),, sage (including the salvia flower), lavender, rosemary,, snakehead,

Motherwort, white lamb (dull nettle).

Amazing "lips"

The Lamb family was formerly called Lipocytes. This is due to the formula of the flower (its structure). If you look closely, you can see that the small flowers resemble a human mouth with half-open lips - that's general characteristics all the lamines, it is perfectly visible in the photo.

Flowers can be arranged singly, in pairs or in the form of an inflorescence in a ring around the stem or at its top, often in tiers. Usually the stem has the shape of a tetrahedron (less often round). The leaves are arranged oppositely, in pairs, criss-cross, one above the other. The fruits of the laminoceae are small and consist of four parts, similar to small nuts.

Representatives of the family are found everywhere, most of them are perennial (less often annual) herbaceous plants or dwarf shrubs. They produce biologically active organic substances, which for several centuries regularly help a person who has put their various properties at his service:

frightening,
astringent,
bactericidal,
anti-inflammatory and many others.

Flowers and leaves contain tannic (tart, astringent) compounds, essential (odoriferous) oils of complex composition, glycosides (including saponins, flavonoids), mild alkaloids, etc. In moderate doses, luciferous plants are not poisonous, they do not contain a large amount of hazardous substances.

The kingdom of spicy flavors

Essential oils owe their smell and pungent taste organic compounds terpenoids. Representatives of the Yasnotkov family are very rich in essential oils containing complexes of terpenoids - thymol, geraniol, limonene, nerol, lavandulol, menthol, cineol, farnesol, salviol, sclareol and many others.

Terpenoids impart a complex spicy taste and aroma to food and drinks, have the ability to kill germs, disinfect, induce sleep or invigorate, help in the treatment of heart and stomach diseases, alleviate the course of colds, etc.

Terpene compounds work in cosmetics and perfumery. Some substances are able to drive away mosquitoes, midges, moths.

Essential oil plants can cause allergic reactions in some people.

Magic herbs

Mint

It is a large genus of plants in the Yasnotkov family, consists of several perennial species... All are high in menthol (Latin for Mentha) and other terpenoids.

Two varieties are especially popular - Japanese mint and peppermint. The latter is a cultural hybrid of wild species.

In many national cuisines mint tea and other mint drinks are appreciated. It is used to season dishes of meat, cheese and vegetables. Mint relieves nausea and stomach cramps, improves appetite, reduces toothache and headache, calms nerves, helps with angina pectoris, participates in the complex therapy of diseases of the gallbladder and respiratory tract.

Melissa

Lemon balm is prized. Also called lemon mint. More than two hundred aromatic substances have been found in its essential oil, many of which are lost during boiling. In addition, organic acids and mineral elements provide high biological activity.

Melissa is known as a sedative (even for childhood neuroses). Able to reduce the severity of allergic reactions (especially skin manifestations). Eases attacks of nausea and vomiting in pregnant women, improves appetite. It is used as a milk-producing, diaphoretic, laxative, choleretic. Blocks the influence of microbes and viruses. It is useful in diabetes mellitus.

Oregano

It has long been considered primarily a female herb. Regulates the female hormonal background at any age, with many disorders of the female genital area. Increases the amount of breast milk. However, this herb reduces sexual function in men.

A lot of carvacrol terpenoid is found in oregano. it organic matter acts as the strongest natural antibiotic, and without toxic effects on the human body; in addition, it can reduce allergies.

Sage

Distinguish between medicinal sage and clary sage (also medicinal). Both species are perennial, but in areas with cold winters they freeze or freeze altogether.

Medicinal sage is used as a spice in small doses (excess gives excessive pungency and bitterness): when salting herring fish, for meat, in sweet dishes and tea. Medicinal sage preparations kill bacteria and heal inflammation in a variety of diseases (acute respiratory infections, gastric and many others).

Clary sage is a delicate seasoning with a clary flavor, especially for drinks. Essential oil is an anti-stress aphrodisiac (for both men and women). The oil also sharpens memory and intuition.

Lavender

Lavender scent eliminates anxiety and irritability. It improves blood flow to the brain. It has a diuretic effect. Healing herbal baths are soothing.

Essential oil - wound healing and bactericidal.

In cooking, it is especially good for smoking and in liqueurs. Popular in cosmetics and perfumery.
The smell of fresh and dried inflorescences repels harmful insects, including moths.

Very decorative, excellent honey plant. It grows as a perennial dwarf shrub, but it winters badly in the Middle Lane and Siberia.

Rosemary

In cold regions, this evergreen dwarf shrub can be brought home on the windowsill for the winter. It is suitable for compact shaping.

Sweetish-spicy, slightly coniferous aroma goes well with baked goods, fish and meat dishes.
Grass and essential oil cleanse the air and surfaces from many of the most dangerous microorganisms.
Rosemary tones (including impotence), increases blood pressure, improves memory.

Motherwort

Unique medicinal properties motherwort is different.

It is also called the motherwort heart, because it normalizes the work of the heart, is able to cope with initial stages hypertension, soothes (like valerian), induces healthy sleep.

Goodbye, dear friends! Many more informative and useful articles await you, so subscribe more actively to blog updates!

With all respect, Andrew

Enter your e-mail and receive new articles by mail:

Herbaceous plants, shrubs and shrubs, sometimes trees or vines. On all or some parts of most species, glands are located that secrete essential oils of a complex composition, which explains their characteristic aromatic smell. Stems are erect, occasionally creeping and rooting, usually tetrahedral, and the edges can be flat, convex or concave. Leaves are opposite, very rarely whorled, usually whole, often entire, with pinnate venation, without stipules. The flowers are pink, lilac, lilac, yellow, white, often variegated, bisexual, in many genera, along with bisexual, there are female flowers with rudimentary stamens, as well as, but much less often, male flowers with a rudiment of gynoecium or cleistogamous flowers. The flowers are collected in the so-called false whorls, which are composed of two opposite semi-umbrellas bearing bracts. The axes of these primary inflorescences are usually greatly shortened, their constituent flowers seem to be located directly in the leaf axils and in turn form common spike-shaped, less often racemose, paniculate or capitate inflorescences. The calyx is five-membered, occasionally four-membered, extremely diverse in structure: tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or spherical, or two-lipped without any teeth, or more or less two-lipped with 5 teeth of various lengths, or actinomorphic with 5 (4) teeth of the same length ... The calyx remains with the fruit, sometimes expanding or brightly colored. Corolla five-membered, spine-lobed, consists of a tube and a two-lipped limb, upper lip formed by two fused petals, the lower one - by three. The upper lip is flat or convex, sometimes whole-edged or appears to be absent, the lower lip is usually large, three-lobed, with a larger and, in turn, two-lobed middle lobe. Some genera have a short and almost actinomorphic corolla with 4-5 lobes. 4 stamens, sometimes reduced to 2. The reduced stamens are sometimes preserved in the form of staminodes, sometimes the rudiment of the fifth extinct stamen is found. Gynoecium of 2 carpels. The ovary is superior. Each nest of the ovary is divided in half by a false septum, as a result of which it becomes deeply four-lobed. The fruit is dry, fractional, disintegrating into 4 single-seeded nut-like lobes with a very varied shape.

221 genera, 5600 species. Cosmopolitan. Most genera and species are found in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean.

In ornamental gardening, representatives of 65 genera are used, of which sage (Salvia) is the most popular. Many clamorous plants are valuable essential oil crops used in medicine and perfumery, such as lavender, lemon balm, mint, basil, oregano, thyme, and other lesser known genus.

Representatives of the vast family Lamiaceae, and formerly Labiaceae, are ubiquitous on Earth - in temperate latitudes Europe, on the Asian continent, in the tropical and subtropical zones of Central and South America. The Mediterranean countries, the mountainous regions of the American continent and the plains of Eurasia are famous for a special variety of plants of the family, but in the arctic tundra it is a rare success to meet a plant of labiates. Let's learn more about the characteristic features of the representatives of this wonderful family.

The most common types and their applications

The Yasnotkovye family, rightfully considered a cosmopolitan of the plant kingdom, unites 221 genera and more than 6 thousand plant species. Most of them grow wild, but representatives of 65 genera are used in ornamental gardening and even in industrial production. Many yasnotkovy are valuable essential oil crops that have found application in cooking, medicine, food and perfumery. These are plants such as lemon balm, mint, lavender, oregano, basil, thyme and many other crops. Some representatives of the labiate contain

Different sources inform the reader about the different number of species in the family. We will not specify their number, we will only note that there are really a lot of varieties of these plants. But all of them are distinguished by their amazing endurance and excellent adaptability in the offered, often very harsh conditions. That is why they are common in temperate and tropical latitudes, that is, in areas with polarly different climatic features.

Lamb family: general characteristics

Most members of the family are herbaceous one-, two- or perennials, less often shrubs and semi-shrubs. Treelike forms (trees or vines) are extremely rare, there are very few of them.

The family of luciferous plants is distinguished by the shape of the stems - pronounced tetrahedral. Well-felt edges in some species are slightly rounded, convex or, conversely, concave. Have different types the stems are different: erect or creeping, but they are all capable of excellent root in the nodes.

The main root often persists throughout the life of a culture or dies off, being replaced by additional clauses. In some representatives of lacustrine rhizomes, rhizomes are formed, in others, root suckers.

The leaves are whole or dissected, in some species - noticeably pubescent. Stipules are absent. They are located on the shoots in pairs, opposite each other, each pair of leaves is located crosswise relative to the previous and subsequent pairs. The Lamiaceae family is also distinguished by the fact that most of its representatives contain essential oils in the leaves. That is why the leaves of the labiate have a strong odor.

Flowers

The original name of the labiate was obtained due to the external similarity of the flower with an open pharynx, framed by two lips - upper and lower. In some species, they are divided into several lobes. The flowers are small, five-membered, bisexual; less often, along with bisexual flowers, only female flowers are found and, extremely rarely, only male flowers. Their color is varied: pink, lilac-lilac, yellowish, white or variegated. They are formed in the axils of leaves, ordinary or upper, modified and acquired the shape of the bracts. They are single, paired or collected in thin inflorescences on short petioles. Each pair of inflorescences comes into contact with subsequent flowers and forms a kind of false flower ring.

With the close proximity of such rings in the apex of the shoot, a beautiful false ear, brush or panicle is formed. The upper leaves of the shoot gradually decrease in size and take the form of bracts. Typical false ears can be observed in nettle, mint, catnip, lemon balm, etc.

Flower structure

The calyx of the flower is usually five-toothed, bell-shaped, spliced, remaining even when the fruit is ripe. By the time the fruit ripens, it hardens, and the teeth become prickly. Occasionally, depending on the species, the calyx is two-lipped. Corolla is a tube ending in various variations. The abundance of species gives rise to different forms of corollas. For example:

With a two-lipped limb. The upper lip is formed by 2 fused petals, and the lower lip is formed by 3. The middle part of the lower lip is often double incised. Similar corollas are found in nettles, sage, and pickles.

One-lipped or incomplete-lipped, for example, in the oak tree.

Cropped (at mint).

The usual number of stamens is 4, they are attached to the corolla tube, 2 of them are usually longer than the other two. They can hide under the concave upper lip or protrude outward if the corolla is trimmed or incomplete. Some species have only 2 stamens. Some species have a short pistil protruding between the lobes of the 4- or 5-lobed ovary. For pollination, the Lamiaceae family uses a column, which is a stigma split in two. It attracts insects, but prevents self-pollination. The pronounced owner of such a device is sage. The ripe fruit splits freely into 4 single-seeded nuts.

It has been established that Lamiaceae with an undeveloped corolla and prominent stamens are distributed mainly in the east of Europe, in Asia, in the northern regions of Africa and America. Probably the same is the distribution of pollinating insects. This is the general characteristic of the Lamiaceae family, it remains only to find out the peculiarities of the formation of the fruits of these plants.

Fruit

The fruit, the so-called coenobium, immersed in the calyx, fractional, most often consists of four chambers, evenly developed parts with nut-like seeds. In case of possible underdevelopment, the number of chambers may be less - 1 or 3. So, fractional fruit is characteristic of lamiplops, by definition they cannot have a fruit-box or berry.

Lamb family: representatives

The generosity of nature, which provided the diversity of genera and species, united in this family, is amazing. It is to her that we owe the fact that these plants are known throughout the world. Here is an incomplete list of genera that make up the Lamiaceae family:

Agastash (Mexican hyssop);

Snakehead;

Pikulnik;

Lamb;

Lavender;

Motherwort;

Melissa;

Basil;

Finally

All these, as well as representatives of various genera of the family not mentioned in the publication, are magnificent plants that have served humanity for many centuries.

And it doesn't matter that some of them have been cultivated for a long time and bring considerable benefits, giving essential oils and rare dyes, while others are common exclusively in the wild, decorating taiga glades and mountain slopes with their discreet beauty.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FBGOU VPO

"ORLOVSK STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY"

Department of Biological Foundations of Modern Agricultural Technologies and Feed Production "

Topic: "Lamb family"

Completed:

1st year student

extramural education

group Bio-121

Rasulov Vatan Kaysuevich

Gradebook No. ____________

Checked by: Associate Professor Elena Ivanovna Stepanova

Eagle 2014

1.Characteristics of the family

2. Representatives of the family. People's economic value(application)

List of used literature

1. Characterfamily theristics

It's cleartissue(lat. Lamibceae), or Gubotsvemtne(lat. Labibtae) is a plant family of about 250 genera and about 7850 species, including such widely used plants as basil, mint, rosemary, savory, sage, marjoram, lemon balm, thyme and oregano.

Russian and Latin names families descend from the plant Lamb ( Lamium).

Most of the lamb are annual and perennial grasses, less often dwarf shrubs and shrubs, and only a few tree-like forms.

Original title labiate (Labiatae Juss.) Was given due to the fact that the flower is two-lipped in most, similar to an open pharynx or mouth with two lips pointing up and down, and sometimes divided into different lobes.

The fruit is usually four-part, immersed in the calyx remaining after flowering; rarely is the fruit of 1 or 3 nuts, due to the underdevelopment of their part, but it is never either box-shaped, or berry or any other kind.

Stems are most often tetrahedral, in a few they are round; the leaves are always opposite, and their pairs are located crosswise, whole or differently dissected. There are no stipules. In the corners of the leaves, the flowers are single, paired or collected in a few bifold inflorescences with short legs; each pair of such inflorescences, touching the extreme flowers, forms a false ring of flowers, and with the close arrangement of such rings in the upper part of the stem, the entire collection of flowers takes the form of a false ear (for example, in mint, catnip, lion's tail, etc.), and the upper the leaves are significantly reduced and take on the character of bracts. The leaves contain aromatic essential oils.

The calyx, which always remains with the fruit, as already mentioned, is usually bell-shaped and five-toothed; by the time the fruit ripens, it hardens and its teeth become prickly; less often two-lipped. The corolla is always tubular, but at the end it varies greatly: it is clearly two-lipped with strongly developed lobes (sage, dead nettle, pickle, etc.), then incomplete or one-lipped (tenacious (oak tree), then trimmed almost correctly and not at all lipped (mint) There are 4, rarely 2 stamens attached to the corolla tube, with which they fall off together; they are either hidden under the concave upper lip of the corolla, then they are exposed outward, if the corolla is incomplete or cut off.

It has been noticed that some lammatous with protruding stamens and a poorly developed corolla, have their own special area of distribution, mainly in Central and Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, North Africa and North America, which, in all likelihood, depends on the uniform distribution of some insects that contribute to the pollination of such plants. In general, with regard to pollination, it should be said that all lamipopus are pollinated with the help of insects, for which some of them are equipped with remarkable adaptations, especially sage, Salvia: a long column with a bipartite stigma protrudes from the middle of the 4-nested ovary, usually exceeding the length of the stamens, why self-pollination of the same flower turns out to be impossible.

2.Representatives of the family. PeoplenO- economicmeaning(application)

Lamb (Lamium L.). Perennial and annual herbs. The flowers are collected in false whorls in the axils of the upper leaves, white, pink or purple. More than 10 species grow in the former USSR.

White lamb (L.albumL.) - perennial height 20-40 cm (Fig. 1). Distributed everywhere, grows in forests, on forest edges, in shrub thickets, in clearings, in gardens, in kitchen gardens, near dwellings. Blooms from May to October. It is characterized by high nectar productivity: in Siberia - about 64 kg / ha, in middle lane- up to 100 kg / ha. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers in the Amur region is 17.9 mg, in the Ukraine - 22.1, in the Leningrad region - 16.3 mg. Nectar-bearing tissue of yellowish-green color, with several lobes, equally developed in thickness, covers the base of four eremes on all sides. The nectar flows down to the bottom of the flower tube.

Purple lamb (L. purpureum L.)- grows in deciduous forests, mountain slopes. The nectar-bearing tissue in its flowers is greenish, with a wide (from the side of the lower lip) lobe and narrower lobes on the other sides, surrounds the base of the ovary. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers ranges from 8.9 to 23.1 mg, continuous grass stand - 49-55 kg / ha.

In forests, thickets of bushes, on peat bogs of the European part of the former RSFSR, I am also common. speckled (L. maculalum L.) (sugar productivity of 100 flowers reaches 26-28 mg, continuous cover - 58-75 kg / ha), in mixed forests of the Far East - I. bearded (L. barbatum Sicd. et Zull.) (sugar productivity of 100 flowers - 16.6 mg) and others, the flowers of which also emit a large number of nectar. In the Far East, apiaries are brought in for honey harvesting from lambs and other simultaneously flowering melliferous plants.

Chistets (Stachys L.). Perennial, rarely annual grasses. Flowers are collected in false whorls. The calyx is tubular-bell-shaped. The corolla tube has a hairy ring inside, the upper lip is helmet-shaped, the lower one has three obtuse lobes. More than 50 species are found in the former USSR.

Marsh chase (S. palustris L.)- perennial plant up to 110 cm high. Distributed in the European part the former USSR, Siberia. It grows in swamps, along the shores of lakes, rivers and ponds. The flowers are lilac-purple, with specks on the lower lip. Blooms in summer for 20-25 days. Each plant produces up to 900 flowers. Sugar productivity in the Lower Volga region ranges from 16 to 64.6 mg, in the middle lane - 69.5 mg, solid grass - 118 kg / ha, in Belarus - 60 kg / ha. In the European part, in the Urals, in Siberia, part of the forest (S. sylvatica L.), part of the straight line (S. recta L.) also grow (sugar productivity of 100 flowers in them ranges from 14.7 to 28.0 mg), in Transbaikalia and the Far East - part Baikal (S. baicalensis Fisch ex Benth), part Chinese (S. chinonsis Bq 1.) (sugar productivity of 100 flowers reaches 7 mg).

The nectar-bearing tissue of the marsh purse surrounds the erems on all sides with a layer of the same thickness. From above, the nectar-bearing tissue has a slight waviness. In contrast to the marsh nectary, the forest nectary has large undulations in the upper part. The nectar-bearing tissue in both types of purse is yellowish-greenish in color.

Pikulnik (Galeopsis L.). Annual hard-pubescent grasses. 5 species growing in the former USSR - weeds of fields and gardens; are also found on wastelands, clearings. For beekeeping, the item ordinary (G. tetrahit L.), item cistus (G. ladanum L) growing on stubble, item beautiful (G. speciosa Mill.), Item bi-split, or gills (G. bifida L.). All of them are primary honey plants. Bloom in June - September. Honey productivity in solid grass near Moscow is 39-49 kg / ha, in Ukraine - 41-73, in the North-West of the former RSFSR - 38-47 kg / ha.

Chernogolovka (Prunella L.). Perennial herbaceous plants. Apical inflorescences - from 6 flower false whorls, sitting in the axils of bracts.

Common chernogolovka (P. vulgaris L.)- plants up to 50 cm high. Grows in forests, bushes, meadows, forest edges, clearings in almost all regions of the country, except for the Far North. The flowers are purple, on one plant there are up to 30 of them. Blooms in June. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers in the Lower Volga region is 10-12.5 mg, in Bashkiria - 11 - 23 mg.

Large-flowered (P. grandiflora (L.) Iacq.) Grows in light forests, bushes, meadows of the European part of the former RSFSR. It blooms in summer. Honey bees take nectar and pollen.

Oregano (Origanum L.). Perennial grasses with small flowers twisted into small spikelets. In the former USSR, there are 3 species. The oregano (O. vulgaro L.) has a melliferous value. Blooms from July to late August. Distributed throughout the European part of the former USSR, in Siberia and as an invasive species in the Far East, grows in thickets of bushes and in light forests. A nectar-bearing chain plant. Honey productivity is high - 85 kg / ha and more.

Skullcap (Scutellaria L.). A perennial herb up to 20-55 cm high. The flowers are large, collected in one-sided conical brushes. In the former USSR, there are about 150 species of lesser melliferous value. In the Amur and Primorye regions, the Ussuri skullcap (S. ussuriensis (Rql.) Kugo.) Is widespread. It grows on forest edges, among stones, in damp deciduous forests. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers is high - 18-20 mg, solid grass - 16-37 kg / ha. In Siberia and the Far East, along the banks of rivers, on fallow lands, on dry stony and clay slopes, Baikal skullcap (S. baicalensis L.) grows. In terms of melliferous qualities, it is similar to w. Ussuriysk. Its sugar productivity is 15-36 kg / ha. In the European part of the former USSR, Siberia, the common skullcap (S. galcriculata L.) is best known, growing in floodplain meadows, in swamps, on the banks of water bodies, in swampy forests. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers in the Lower Volga region reaches 17 - 19 mg. Skullcap has a highly developed nectar-bearing tissue located at the base of the coenobium. Its lower part in the form of several lobes surrounds the base of the erem, and in the upper part it passes into numerous transparent bubbles of various sizes.

Burda (Glechoma L.). Perennial herb with a creeping stem and rising flowering shoots. In the former USSR, there are 3 species. The ivy-shaped burda (G. hederaceae R.) is of melliferous importance. Distributed in the European part of the former USSR, in Siberia, grows in fields, meadows, fallow lands, near residential premises, on the edges of the forest. Blooms in early spring and blooms until early June. It is actively visited by honey bees. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers in the Lower Volga region reaches 18.0 mg, in Ukraine - 23.7 mg. On the bottoms of the beams, the ivy-shaped burda sometimes forms continuous thickets. The honey productivity of such a site is 14 - 19 kg / ha. clawberry plant mint sage

Lavender (Lavandula L.). Herbs, semi-shrubs, shrubs. There are over 25 species; lavender is cultivated in the flora of the former USSR in the Crimea, Moldova, Central Asia and the Caucasus. Distributed in the wild in North Africa, found in Spain, Italy. Grows in one place for 15-18 years. The flowers are small, gathered at the ends of the flower stems in a spike-shaped inflorescence. Corolla bluish-violet. Blooms in June - July. Flowers are actively visited throughout the day. Sugar productivity is high - 150.0 kg / ha.

Lavender honey has a pleasant aroma and taste and has healing properties.

Snakehead (Draco cephalum L.). Perennial and annual herbs. Flowers in false whorls, collected at the ends of the stems and spike-shaped inflorescences. Corolla with a long tube widened at the pharynx. In the former USSR, 35 species are found. The melliferous value is s. thyme-flowered (D. thymi-I "lorum L), h. large-flowered (D.grandil" lorum L.), h. Ruysha (D. ruyschiana L.), widespread in the European part of the former USSR and in Siberia, sugar productivity of 100 flowers of plants of these species reaches 115-128 mg, continuous grass stand - 150-180 kg / ha. In the Crimea, in the Caucasus, Altai, Ukraine, it is found in the wild. Moldavian (D. moldavica L.). Its honey productivity with continuous growth ranges from 155 to 190 kg / ha.

Motherwort (Leonunis L.). Perennial and biennial grasses up to 2 m high. Multi-flowered false whorls, sit in the axils of the upper leaves. The corolla is pink, two-lipped. In the former USSR, 11 species are found, most of them are of melliferous value.

Motherwort (L. cardiaca L.) - grows in the European part of the former USSR, in Western Siberia on wastelands, near dwellings (Fig. 2).

Blooms in the second year in July and blooms until mid-August. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers reaches 61 mg, plants in the European part of the former USSR - up to 300 kg / ha, Perm region - 240, in Western Siberia - 170 kg / ha.

In Primorye and Amur Region, n, equifolia (P. heterophyllus Sineet), a biennial plant up to 1.5 m in height, and a large-flowered plant (L. macnahtus Maxim.), A perennial up to 1.7 m in height, are widespread.Both species are characterized by high sugar productivity: 100 flowers of the first produce 68.3 mg of sugar with nectar, the second - 67.0 mg. The honey productivity of solid grass stands ranges from 160 to 155 kg / ha. The p. Five-blade (L. quinquelobatus Gilib.) Is widespread in the European part of the former USSR. In the Voronezh region under drought conditions, its sugar productivity was 383 kg / ha, in Belarus - 300 kg / ha.

Hound (Ballola L.). Perennial herbaceous plants with a height of 50-120 cm. Black husk (B. nigra L.) has a melliferous value. Its flowers are located in whorls of 5-12 in each. Flowering begins in June and ends in early August. The species is widespread in the European part of the former USSR in ravine forests and damp places. The amount of sugar in the nectar of 100 flowers in the Lower Volga region ranges from 13.2 to 18.6 mg. The honey productivity of one plant during the flowering period is up to 0.5 g, with continuous growth - 40-50 kg / ha.

Initial letter (Betonica L.). Perennial herb. Flowers in false whorls, collected in spike-shaped apical inflorescences. There are 7 species in the former USSR. The melliferous letter is medicinal (B. officinalis L.). It blooms in early July, blooms for a month. It grows in floodplain and ravine forests, along the edges and shrubs of the European part of the former USSR. Primary honey plant. The honey productivity of one plant in the Lower Volga region is about 60 mg, in Bashkiria - up to 55 mg. Areas of floodplain forest, where the letter is found abundantly, can yield honey up to 16 kg / ha.

Sage (Salvia L.). Perennial grasses or shrubs. Flowers in false whorls, forming a spike-shaped or paniculate inflorescence; the upper lip of the corolla is helmet-shaped, straight or sickle-shaped. There are about 80 species in the USSR. Several species are important for beekeeping.

Whorled sage (S. verticillata L.)- drought-resistant plant. Its sugar productivity near Moscow is 300 kg / ha, in Bashkiria - up to 310 kg / ha. The maximum amount of nectar is excreted by whorled sage flowers in moderately humid and hot weather. At the same time, they are most actively visited by bees, which collect nectar and pollen. Whorled sage blooms from June to late August.

Meadow sage (S. pratensis L.)- distributed throughout the European part of the former USSR, grows in dry meadows, along roadsides. Blooms from May to September. The flowers are blue, in false whorls, excrete abundantly nectar and are well visited by bees to collect nectar, however, the work of bees is somewhat difficult due to the depth of the corolla tube. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers is 73-106 mg, with continuous growth - 110 kg / ha.

Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis L.)- a semi-shrub 20-50 cm high, more often with purple flowers. Grows in the Mediterranean. In the Krasnodar Territory, in Moldova, in the south of Ukraine, it is cultivated as a medicinal and spicy-aromatic plant. Its honey productivity is high - 117 - 133 kg / ha. In Ukraine, it is recommended to close the honey-free period after orchards flowering to buckwheat flowering.

Honey-bearing, but little studied, are: w. sticky (S. glutinosa L.), w. nutmeg (S. sclarea L.), w. forest (S. silvestris L.), sh. steppe (S. stepposa D. Scb.) and other species common in the European part of the Russian Federation.

Thyme (Thymus L.). Semi-shrubs with woody stems, small flowers, collected in forest whorls. There are 150 species in the former USSR. Many of them are good, late summer honey plants. Thyme honey is light, very aromatic, and has high taste. Highest value in the melliferous relation is common thyme (Th. serpyllum P.) - a perennial plant 5 - 15 cm high, with mauve flowers collected at the ends of the stems in a capitate inflorescence. It grows in the steppe, pine forests, in shrub thickets throughout the European part of the former USSR, in the Urals, in Siberia. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers in the Lower Volga region is 2.5-4.1 mg, in the Moscow region - 14.7 mg, with continuous growth - 160 - 181 kg / ha. The t. Medicinal (Th. Officinalis R.) is of great interest for beekeeping. One plant produces up to 8.3 thousand flowers, sugar productivity of 100 flowers - 17.0 mg, one plant - 1.41 g, with continuous growth - 140.9 kg / ha. T. flea (Th. Pucegioides L.) is widespread - its honey productivity with continuous growth is 98-136 kg / ha.

Mint (Mentha L.). Perennial or rarely annual grasses. The flowers are pink-lilac, collected in axillary false whorls. More than 20 species are found in the flora of the former USSR. Most of them are primary honey plants. Honey from mint is amber in color, but it is not possible to get it in its pure form. However, the admixture of mint nectar to the honey of other plants gives it a specific mint aroma.

It grows in meadows, along the banks of rivers, lakes, streams, ditches, in the damp forests of the European part of the former USSR, in the North Caucasus, in the Transcaucasia, Western and Eastern Siberia... In Central Asia widespread m. Field (M. arveusis L.) - a perennial herb 20 - 40 cm high. It blooms from the second half of summer to autumn. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers is 15-19 mg. Also, little studied in the melliferous relation is M. longifolia (L.) L.) - a perennial herb 30-100 cm high.It grows in damp places, along the banks of rivers, lakes, in swamps, in shrubs, almost everywhere in the European part of the former USSR, Western Siberia, in the North Caucasus, in the Transcaucasia. Blooms in summer. Honey productivity of continuous sowing is 224 kg / ha. Widespread in the wild flora and cultivated m. Pepper (M. piperita L.) - a perennial herb up to 60-80 cm high. It blooms in July and August. Its sugar productivity is over 200 kg / ha. Studies carried out in the Far East have shown that M. dahurian (M. dahuriae Fisch.) And M. hap-localyx Brig are good melliferous plants. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers of the first is 13 -18 mg, the second - about 20 mg.

Sparrow (Plectranthus (L.) Her.). Perennial grasses up to 100 cm high, with thin tetrahedral stems and powerful woody rhizomes. Flowers are collected in complex paniculate inflorescences. There are 2 types - w. cut (P. axcisus Maxim.) and sh. sysochal (P. glaucocalux Maxim). Distributed in Primorye and in the southern and central regions of the Khabarovsk Territory. They grow in clearings, forb-shrub meadows, in mixed forests. The flowers are small, lilac-blue, collected in large paniculate inflorescences. They are valuable late summer honey plants. Honey productivity with continuous growth is 105-115 kg / ha. Honey from bristle flower is light, pleasant to the taste, fragrant.

Etshoilzia Willd. An annual herb.

Elsgoltsia Patrena (E. patrinii (Lep.) Garckl.). Plant up to 70 cm high.

Distributed in the Far East, in Western and Eastern Siberia. It grows most abundantly among thinned crops, often developing after harvest. It is also found along roads, on pastures, on wastelands, near buildings, along streets and in vegetable gardens. The stem is straight, branched. Leaves are oval-lanceolate, crenate or large-pollinated. Corollas are lilac or blue-violet, 2-3 times longer than the calyx, flowers are collected in terminal dense brushes, which are convex on the upper side, flat on the lower side and with wide, tiled bracts overlapping one another. Blooms in mid-August and blooms for a long time. The honey productivity of one plant is 0.11 g, with continuous growth - up to 55 kg / ha.

Elsgoltia ciliate (S. ciliata L.)- a plant with a height of 30-60 cm. Distributed in the European part of the former USSR as a weed crop in gardens, near dwellings. Blooms in July - August, abundantly visited by bees. Honey productivity with continuous growth is 51-62 kg / ha.

Schizonepeta L.). A perennial low herb with opposite leaves, with blue-blue flowers, collected by whorls in the axils. For beekeeping, the village is of interest. multi-cut (S. multifidaL.). Distributed in the steppes of the Kuznetsk Alatau, in Altai, in Primorye and Amur region on dry rocky slopes. Blooms in the second half of August and blooms for 20-25 days. The flowers release nectar abundantly. Sugar productivity of 100 flowers ranges from 10 to 14.7 mg.

Zopnik (Phlomis L.). Perennial herbaceous plants. Widespread z. tuberous (Fig. 3) and h. barbed. Tuberous zopnik is a plant with a height of 40-150 cm. It grows in meadows and fallow lands, in shrub thickets, on forest edges, in the European part of the former USSR, in the south of Siberia and in the Far East, in the Caucasus, in Central Asia. Blooms in summer. One plant has up to 250 flowers. Flowering begins in the second half of May and lasts 40-45 days. The nectar is released even in the buds. Honey productivity in the Lower Volga region with continuous growth is 80-120 kg / ha, in Azerbaijan - 100-120 kg / ha. Spiny zopnik is a plant with a grayish-tomentose, spread-branched stem up to 80 cm high. Distributed in the European part of the former USSR, in the Caucasus, grows on the steppe slopes, more often on the western slopes. It blooms two weeks later than h. tuberous and lasts 45-48 days. Honey productivity in Azerbaijan is 100-120 kg / ha.

WITHlist of used literature

1. Mirkin B.M., Naumova L.G., Muldashev A.A. Higher plants: short course taxonomy with the basics of vegetation science: Textbook. - 2nd, work. - M .: Logos, 2002 .-- 256 p. - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-94010-041-4

2. E. I. Barabanov Botany: textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2006. - P. 241. - 448 p. - ISBN 5-7695-2656-4

3. Previously, it was not distinguished from a berry, but in modern botanical literature, pumpkin is considered an independent subtype of the fruit, see, for example. Artyushenko Z.A., Fedorov Al. A. Atlas of Descriptive Morphology of Higher Plants. Fetus. - L .: Nauka, 1986 .-- P. 10.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Homemade baking recipes with photos - step by step master classes