Table: Escape (leaf, stem, kidney)

THE ESCAPE

The escape- This is an overnight part of the plant. The vegetative escape is laid in the process of the development of the embryo in which it is represented by kids. Kidney - This is a skeleton and leafy, can read the first kidney of rectification. APIKALNE MERISTEMA HUMARY During the Raziviators of Zarates, forms new leaves, and the stem is lengthened and differentiates NO nodes and interstices.

The escape - a complex organ consisting of a stem, leaves, kidneys. The stem has knots and interstices. Knot - The plot of the stem on which the sheet and the kidney are located. Plot of stem between nodes - interstown. Angle formed by a sheet and stem above the node called sheet Pazhy. The kidneys occupying the side position on the node are called side (or stuffing). At the top of the stem is the top kidney.

Weight modifications Different features can perform: stocking and function of vegetative reproduction (tubers, rhizome, bulb), protective (spines), serve as an Ovgan attachment (mustache), etc.

• Tubers - shortened and thickened underground shoots with kidneys (potatoes).
• Rhizome - Underground escape, resembling the root, carries the scratched leaves and kidneys, often forms overhead shoots and appendage roots (drinking).
• Bulb - Cropped stem (donation), surrounded by juicy leaves (onion onion).
• Spinys - Defense (wild apple tree).
• Mustache - A tool of attachment (grapes).

SHEET

Sheet - Flat side body escape.

The external structure of the sheet. Bowls have a sheet with a set of expanded plates and strokevidnogo with horses. For the leaves of other plants, the accuracy of the mixture, the observation of the sheet, they have expanded, in the vagina, by a vagina. In the crown of the vagina, all interdudice: the leaves of the bombing plants are proved and slightly. There are no needed leaves with a leaf plate, in order strongly dismembered on lipstick. Loose leaves have several sheet plates with severe cuttings. The peristolese leaves have an oozier of the cherry, the ones of the designer can be removed. Falcupy leaves have sheets, tall-mounted veteros from the top of a heart.

Internal listeure. Outside, the leaf will be a shorter of colorless cells, pounded by industrality - cuticle. Paul awards are made cellsready Parenhima, Counting Chlorofill. Cells are deeper than the cells of the spongy parenchyma with interclausers, driver-requested. In the parenchyma, the deposits have a beam. On the bottom of the leaves of the leaves, there is a basic cells involved in evaporation of the units. The evaporation of the work has prisons for the presence of overheating of the sheet through the absurd of epidermis (shortcuts). This process is called transpiration and provides a constant current of water from roots to leaves. Transpiration rate depends on humidity air, Temperature, light, etc.

Under the influence of these factors, the turgors of the cluster cells of the Ustian cells are changing, they are climbing or closed, choosing or enhancing the use of water and gazoam. In the process of gazo exchange in cells, oxygen will be used for breathing or is displayed in the car in the process of photosynthesis.

Cellular structure sheet.

Modifying leaves: Umpsions - serve for the stem of the stem in a vertical position; Needles (Kaktusa) play a navel role; scales are small leaflets that have lost their photosynthetic function; Lovely Arad - the leaves are decorated with columns, excreasing the mucus, which is used for the silent of small nosexists who have a sheet.

STEM

The stem is the axial part of the escape, carrying leaves, flowers, inflorescences and fruits. This is the support function of the stem. Other functions of the stem are related; Transport - carrying out water with substances dissolved in it from root to ground authorities; photosynthetic; Flashing - deposition in its fabrics of proteins, fats, carbohydrates.

Stem fabrics:

1. Long: The inner side of the mains represents the sieve tubes and the Luba satellites (FLOEM), closer to the center of the wood cells (xylene), and can be found in transport substances.
2. Purchase- A shortness of the old onesweight stems at the old onesweight stems.
3. Flashing- Specializer cells of the Luba and Wood.
4. Overweight(Cambier) - Pointed cells that have applied to all the tissues of the stem. Due to Cambia stem growsin Tolshchina, and the dear koults are graduated.

Shave modifications: tuber - stocking underground escape; The whole weight of the tuber consists of a sparkling parenchyma with a conductive cloth (potatoes); Bulb - a shortened conical stem with numerous modified leaves - scales and shortened stem - Donets (onions, lily); Clubneelukovitsy (gladiolus, crocus, etc.); Kochan is a strongly shortened stem with thick, overlapping each other with leaves.

Cellular structure of the stem:

BUD

Bud - The desired shortened escape from which new shoots (vegetative kidneys) or flowers (generative kidney) can develop. From the kidneys in the spring, we will extract new shoots. The tops are the tops, ominous, (are published in the tales of leaves) and welcome kidneys. Increased kidneys will gain the account of the activity of Kambia and other frosting tanks in spring places - na roots, stems, leaves.

Vegetative kidney consists of a shortened stem and ridiculous leaves; Sometimes covered with protecting modified leaves - renal scales. Eliminate the top and side (stubby) vegetative kidneys. The top kidneys is located on the top of the stem and consists of an increase in the increasing cone cells and ensures the growth of escapes in length, as well as the formation of leaves and side kidneys. Side kidneys are formed in the sinuses of the leaves. With the help of phytogormones, which are formed in the top kidney, the growth and development of side (sleeping) kidneys are inhibited, which begin to grow only during damage or dying of the top kidney.

Generative kidney larger than vegetative; They carry less infarded leaves, and at the top of the stuffed stem, flower or inflorescences are located. A generative kidney concludes one flower is called a bud. On the interstices of the stem, roots and leaves can form appling kidneys, providing vegetative reproduction.

Escape: Functions, Building and Diversity

When they call this or thatthen in our imaginationkatya just escape, because, in fromlisting from the root, escape is visibleoverhead part of the plant. Any derevo, rising from the earth, isrun. Even the mighty. In naturethere are also underground shoots.There are plants without flowers, withoutsweews, without stem, but necessarily with the Corhim and escape!

Functions escape. Main function escape -air food plants. This process is called photosynthesis . For absorption carbon dioxide (Its in the air is only 0.03%) and to capture the sun's rays, the plant needs a large surface that is provided by the complex structure of escape.

Elegations capable of forming apparent roots, plants can multiply. Some shoots appear flowers, fruits and seeds ripen.

Building escape. Escape consisting of stem, leaves and kidneys, are called vegetative . If the escape also carries flowers, it is calledgenerative .

On the tip of escape, in the top kidney iscone increasing escape (BUT). Tender cells of its educational fabric are protected by young ridiculous leaves. Due to the division of cells of the top educational fabric and their growth is growing in length. In the intersals are locatedinsert educational fabric (B).

Unlike the top, inserting educational tissue maintains the ability to divide the cells only during the period of incompass. In an adult shoot, these cells are converted into the cells of constant tissues, after which the growth of interstices in length ceases. In some plants, insert growth continues long ( wheat, Rye, beans ).

Make signatures to the Figure "Build Eugene". (Interactive task)

List. Some shoots from the node can be separated only one sheet (lipa, Clane, Geran ). Such a location of the leaves is called opel . If there are two sheets on the node, then the leaves are located opposite (lilac, elder, star ). If on the node three sheets and more, then this mutovskaya Location ( voroniye eyes, Lilia ).

Determine the way of location of the leaves. (Interactive task)

Biological game

The location of the leaves on the stem provides the result of the flow of sun rays. In conditions of insufficient lighting indoor plants (balzamin, Ivy), on the lower branches of trees ( lipa, Clane ) Leafy stiffs bend, the leaves are shifted, smaller accompanied between large.

Sheet Mosaic.

As a result, all the leaves, regardless of the type of layout, turn to the light. This phenomenon is calledsheet mosaic .

Escape in a noiseless state. In the majority wood plants The leaves fall in the fall, and shoots become lightless. Traces from fallen leaves are well noticeable under each kidney. They are calledsheet scars . On the site of last year's top kidney remains renal ring .

In winter, trees and shrubs find it easy not only in the form of the crown, but also in the form and size of the kidneys and sheet scars, painting and shape of the stem.

All plants have special signs. For example, U. alder The kidneys are sitting on special legs. Also, she is well noticeable seelings and small lumps - fruits. Bud and you covered with "cap". A W. crash The kidneys do not have barking scales at all. Kidney rowan. Founded. Kidney poplar. Adhesive and resinous. Many plants can be defined by smell. Pleasant, fresh smell poplar., but bezins There is no such smell. Do not confuse the smell of sprigs black currant .

A variety of shoots. Shoots that are well pronouncedextension . Interstowns are not always lengthened (there is no inserted growth), as a result of which the escape will consist only of knots, leaves and kidneys. Such shoots are called shorten . They meet both trees and herbs. Shortened grass shoots call otset (strawberry, dandelion, plantain ).

Escape that appears from a seedling grows vertically up. It - represented (A) (trees and shrubs, as well as many herbaceans -rye, bell, Astra ). But further from his kidneys, shoots are formed that can grow in different directions. In accordance with the location in space distinguish rising (B) (chernogolovka, Carnation Herbank ), lying (bird buckwheat, moc. ), creeping (E) (hoofing, butders, meadow tea ) shoots; Liana: women (IN) ( bindweed, lemongrass, beans ), cling (D) (peas, rank, grapes ), lyezing (ivy, blackberry).

One kind of plant can have different types shoots. For example, U. mokritsa There are and raising, and laying shoots.

The tops of the elongated shoots during growth make circular movements. W. curly plants The swing of circular movements is especially large. Finding a support, escape is wrapped around it. Interestingly, some types of plants are wrapped in a clockwise support, while others are counterclockwise. If such an escape of the support does not find, then his winding stem will fall on the ground. Looping precepts can be prepared from a sheet or part of it ( peas, peas), from lateral shoots ( grapes). Blackberry cling to the support of spikes - increments on the stem, and ivy - short apparent roots. In the botanical names of some plant species reflected the structure of their shoots:clover creeping, slide ripper .

Interactive training lesson. (Go away all the lesson pages and do all tasks)

Escape is a complex organ of a plant consisting of a stem, kidney and leaves. The escape structure ensures its main function - air power supply. Sobes can be not only vegetative, but also by the generative. The stem part of the escape consists of knots and interstitial. In the nodes there are leaves and kidneys.

It is an axis (stem) with the leaves and kidneys located on it - the recent steps arising in a certain order on the axis. These primitives of new shoots provide increasing escape and its branching, that is, the formation of the escape system.

Unlike the root, Escape is dismembered for interstices and nodes with one or more leaves attached to each node. Intezium may be long, and then shoots are called extended; If the interstice is short, shoots are called shortened. The angle between the stem and the sheet at the site of its deposition is called a sheet-leaf sinus. The variety of escape morphology is also determined by the location of the leaves, the method of their attachment, the nature of branching, the type of growth and biological features Escapes (its development in the air, underground, c).

In modern plant morphology, escape as a whole as a derivative of the unified part of the top meristem is taken for the unified body of the same rank as the root. Escape as a single organ has a metaalog, that is, it is well expressed - meta chambers, repeating along its longitudinal axis. Each metairor consists of a node with a leaf from it or leaves, a stubby kidney and the following interstice.

The first Escape develops from a germinal escape represented by hypocotyl, cotyledons, separating from the seedlock, and kids (the top kidney), from which all subsequent meta chairs are formed, or the main, stem.

While the top kidney persists, the escape is capable of further growth in length with the formation of new meta chambers. From the kidneys located in the sinuses of the leaves, the side shoots develop, each of which has the top and stubby kidneys. .

The kidney is covered outside with dense leathery scales, under which in the center of the kidneys are the reinforcement stem and small ridiculous leaves. In the sinuses of these leaves there are embossed kidneys, each of which is escape. Inside the kidney is a growth center, which ensures the formation of all organs and primary tissues of escape.

The kidneys can be vegetative and generative (floral). A vegetative kidney grows with a stem with leaves and kidneys, a complies from the generative or a single flower.

Branch escape

The side branches are built and grow in the same way as the main stem. Accordingly, this main stem is called the first order axis, branches developing from its stubborn kidneys - the second order axes, etc., etc.

The degree of branchism, the direction of growth of branches and their dimensions determine the appearance of plants, their Habius. There are two types of branches: the top and side. The top branching is characterized by the division of the increasing cone into two parts, each of which gives escape. Such a branch is called Wils, or dichotomous. Dichotomic branching is found in some mossoid and plane-shaped plants.

With lateral branching, shoots are developing from stubby kidneys, and it can be monopodial or symptomal.

Monopodial branching is characterized by the fact that the increasing cone of the main escape is functions for many years, extinguishing the stem and increasing the length of the first-order axis. The axis of the second order is formed from the sinus kidneys. Monopodial branching is characteristic of viced (spruce, pine, larch), many wood coated brushes (oak, beech, maple, cherry) and many herbaceous rosette plants (plantain, dandelion, clover).

The sympodial branching is due to the ignition of the upper part of the escape and the development of vegetative escape from the upper stubborn kidney, which usually continues the main axis (poplar, birch, IVA, a rustic, lingonberry, cereals, sources, etc.). Such shoots are called swelling.

Falconic branching resembles a dichotomous, but is a sympoomial with the opposition position (lilac, deren, horse chestnut, etc.).

In the direction of growth, the shoots are distinguished by the shoots, inclined, drooping, cutting, ascending, lying, or sharpening, creeping, curly, climbing.

On the structure and life expectancy of shoots, plants are divided into grassy and rustic.

By lifetime, herbal plants can be annual, twilight and perennial. Annual plants Live less than a year. Two-year-old plants in the first year of life form vegetative organs and accumulate spare spare roots nutrients; For the second year they bloom and after fruiting die (carrots, radish, beets, etc.). Perennial herbaceous plants live for more than two years, they have been developing overhead shoots annually from kidneys. These kidneys, called the renewal kidneys, are in most cases underground on the modified shoots - rhizomes, tubers, bulbs.

Rolling plants are characterized by the presence of many years of above-ground, severely apparent shoots. They are represented by trees and shrubs. The trees are well developed main stem - trunk, reaching usually high height, - and crown, usually consisting of numerous smaller side branches. At shrubs, the main barrel is short-lived or poorly developed. From the stuffed and apparent kidneys, which are in its foundation, develops shoots that reach significant development (Crushshchi, Leschina, honeysuckle, etc.).

The shrubs of the stalks are perennial, but they are weakly pronounced secondary thickening and height growth (lingonberry, blueberries, a richness, cranberry, etc.).

At the semi-shops, the foundation of shoots is decorated and saved for several years, the upper parts of the shoots to the winter die. From the stuffed kidneys located on the wintering sections of the shoots, in the spring next year They grow up new shoots (some types of wormwood, sabelnik).

Metamorphosis escape

To metamorphoses of escape plants include various forms of modifications of underground and overhead escapes.

Underground shoots are formed in the soil, and the nature of their modifications is associated with the accumulation of spare nutrients to survive the seasons unfavorable for the growing season - winter, drought, etc. Spare substances can be postponed in such underground shoots like tubers, bulbs, rhizomes.

Tubers are the thickening of underground escape. Usually they are formed in the sinuses of developing underground colorless leaf-shaped leaves, called columns (for example, potatoes). The top kidneys are thickened, while their axis grow up and turns into the tuber, and only brings remain from the scaled leaves. In the sinus of each brow, the kidney groups are sitting - eyes. Stalls are easily destroyed, and tubers serve as a vegetative reproduction bodies.

The bulb is an underground, strongly shortened escape. The stem in the bulb takes a minor part and is called Don. The bottom juicy leaves are attached to the bottom, called scales. Exterior scales of bulbs are often dry, leathery, performing a protective function. The upper leaves are in the top kidney of the Donette, developing in the above-ground green leaves and in the color-point arrow. From the bottom of the donkey of the bulbs developing apply roots. The bulbs are characteristic of plants from the family of lily (lilies, tulips, bows, etc.), amarylline (Amarillies, daffodils, etc.). Most bulk plants belong to ephemeroids having a very short period of vegetation and inhabitant in terms of arid climate.

Rhizome - underground plant escape, externally resembling the root or parts of the root system. In the direction of growth, it can be horizontal, oblique or vertical. Rhizome performs the functions of deposits of spares, renewal, sometimes vegetative reproduction perennial plantswho are in adulthood the main root. Rhizome does not have green leaves, but at least in the young part there is a well-pronounced metaireral structure. The nodes are highlighted over the sheet scar, the remnants of dry leaves or alive scaped leaves and the location of the sinus kidneys. According to these features, it differs from the root. Pressure roots are formed on the rhizer, side branches grow from the kidneys, overhead shoots.

The top of the root, constantly increasing, moves forward and transfers the kidney of resumption to new points, while the rhizome in the old part gradually devies. Depending on the intensity of the rise of rhizomes and the predominance of short and long intersals, long-to-annex and short-cornese plants differ.

Rhizomes, as well as overhead shoots, have a symphodial or monopodial branch.

During the branching of the rhizomes, subsidiaries are formed, which leads to the formation of above-ground shoots. If destruction occurs in the individual parts of the root, they are isolated and vegetative reproduction occurs. The combination of new individuals formed from one vegetative way is called a clone.

The formation of rhizomes is characteristic of perennial herbatous plantsBut sometimes there is a shrub (bearing) and some shrubs (lingonberries, blueberries).

Metamorphosis of the escape of plants also includes above-ground modifications - these are overhead collisions and mustache. Some plants have young shoots begin to grow horizontally over the surface of the soil as the screens. After some time, the top kidney of such a shoot is bend up and gives a rosette. At the same time, the screens are destroyed, and the subsidiaries exist independently, the function of these weaves is to seize the area and the resettlement of new individuals, i.e. they perform the function of vegetative reproduction. The screens are the aboveground collisions that have green leaves and participating in the process of photosynthesis. They are found in many plants (Kostyannik, Zelenchuk, Labor, etc.). Some plants (strawberries, partially bounds) do not have green leaves, stems are thin with long interstices. They got the name of the mustache. Usually, after rooting their top kidneys, they are destroyed.

Other metamorphoses of aboveground plants are spines of sheets (cactus, barbaris) and stem (wild apple tree, wild pear, barbaris, etc.) of origin. The formation of barbles is associated with the adaptation of plants to the lack of moisture. In addition, some plants of arid habitats are sealing a stem or escape, the so-called philloclands and quarters are formed (for example, a needle). On the shoots of the needle, in the sneakers of scratched leaves, flat sheet filoclades are formed, corresponding to a whole stubborn run and having limited growth. Quite, unlike philocladium, is flattened stems with long-term growth. Saving plants, and sometimes leaves can turn into the mustache, which in the process of long-term top growth are capable of spinning around the support.

And kidneys. This is the main part of the plant, consisting of knots and intercouss, which grows in length due to the top and inserting meristers (educational fabric). The stem performs a variety of functions: conducting aqueous solutions from the root in the leaves and back; an increase in the surface of the plant by branching; formation of leaves and flowers; accumulation of nutrients; vegetative; The support place for attaching leaves and kidneys to the stalk is called the node. The stalk plot located between the nodes is called interstitial. The kidney is a successful escape. It contains the cone of the rise of the stem and the incharpasses, as well as the renal scales covering educational tissue.

By location by escape The kidneys are distinguished by the kidneys, at the expense of which the stem, stool, apparent are extended. By kidney functions are:

a) Vegetative - consist of an apparent stem, scales, ridiculous leaves and an increases cone
b) Generative - consist of a stuffed stem, scales and flower and inflorescence.

Any the escape Developed from kidney due to the division of the meristem in the increasing cone. Most plants are distinguished by the top growth.

Inner: on the surface of the slice, the bark consisting of a tube and a len. Wood is deeper - the main fabric, in the center - loose core.

Between the bore and wood is Cambier - the educational fabric, from which the stem thickening depends.
Thanks to the division of Cambia cells, trees, shrubs and perennial herbs Grow in thickness. All layers of wood cells, formed in spring, summer and autumn, make up a one-year incidence ring. By calculating the number of annual rings, you can determine the age of the cutting tree or cut branch.

The cork protects deeper stem cells from excessive evaporation, from penetration of atmospheric dust with microorganisms that cause plant disease.

Languages \u200b\u200bare developing in traffic - small tubercles with holes, through them gas exchange is carried out. The composition of the Luba includes synovoid tubes, according to which solutions of organic substances, and thick-walled lubyany are moved. Wood is the main part of the tree trunk. It is formed by cells of different shapes and magnitude. The shells of many cells are thickened and saturated with a substance that makes the density. The wood includes long tube vessels. Cambier plays a big role in the life of the stem. Its cells are divided, as a result of which new layers arise on both sides of Cambia. Those cells that are deposited towards the crust become new cells of the Luba, and the cells deferred by Cambier towards the wood are new wood cells. The core consists of large cells with thin shells. Nutrients are laid in stock.

Water with mineral substances dissolved in it rises by vessels of wood, great importance To raise water has root pressure and evaporation of water with leaves. In Lube, there are sieve tubes for which they are moving organic substances Of the leaves to other organs of the plant.

Modified shoots They are rhizomes (nettle, powder, iris), tubers (potatoes, hooker, Topinamburba), bulb (onions, lily, tulip, daffodil).

The organs of flowering plants, the most evolutionarily developed representatives of this kingdom of wildlife, have a rather diverse structure and functions. The underground part of the plant is called the root, overhead - escape. It is the escape of plants that makes the most important functions: gas exchange, photosynthesis, transpiration, vegetative reproduction and its optimal location in relation to the Sun.

The origin of escape

In the process of evolution, this body appears in the first immigrants to land - rhinofitis. Its stems were fluttered and Wilshato branched, because they were still poorly developed. But with such a primitive structure, the photosynthetic surface increased, which means that the plant organism was better provided with carbohydrates.

in plants

Escape is called an overhead part of a plant consisting of a stem and leaves. All these organs are vegetative, providing growth, nutrition and intact reproduction.

Plant escape also contains the engagement organs - the kidneys. There are two varieties of kidneys: vegetative and generative. The first species consists of a stuffed stem and a sheet, on top of which is represented by the increment cone. If, in addition to the stem and the kidney leaves, there is a routine of flowers or inflorescences, it is called the generative. By appearance Such kidneys are distinguished by larger size and rounded form.

The place to which the sheet is attached on the stem is called the node, and the distance between the nodes is interstitial. The angle between the stem and sheet call the sinus.

In the development process, the bodies responsible for the generative (sex) reproduction are also appear on the shoot: flower, fruit and seed.

Development of kidney escape

With the onset of favorable conditions in the spring cell, the meristems begin to actively share. The shortened interstices increase in size, as a result of which a young plant escape appears. At the very top of the stem are the top kidneys. They provide the growth of plants in length. The stuffed and apparent kidneys are located in the sinus of the sheet or in the interstice, respectively. Due to them, the stem forms side shoots, i.e. branching.

Methods of branching plants

Depending on the structure there are several ways to branch shoots:

1. Dichotomous. The most primitive type of branching, in which two points of growth develop two, from each of them are also two, etc. So grow some algae and higher dispute plants: plain and ferns.
2. Priminal. Such branching can be seen both in the vote (pine, spruce), and (oak, maple). For a long time of plants grew in length with the subsequent formation of lateral branching.
3. Sympodial.With this method, the top growth, on the contrary, is suspended. And the side kidneys are actively growing, forming new and new side shoots. Pear, cherry and others flower plants are a typical example of this type of growth.

Victims of escapes

What is the escape from the plants and, as he looks, is definitely everyone knows. But conditions ambient Often require additional functions. It is easily provided by the organs of flowering plants. Escape is modified by purchasing new features of the structure, while consisting of parts of the standard escape.

The main modifications of escape include:

• Rhizome - is underground, where it grows horizontally most often. It has elongated interstices and kidneys, of which leaves appear on the surface of the Earth in the favorable period. Therefore, from plants having rhizomes (Lily of Lily, Swress, Valerian) is very difficult to get rid. After leaving the leaves, the escape itself remains in the ground, growing more and more.

• The tuber is a thickened interstice having a kidney - eyes. The brightest representative of plants forming tubers is potatoes. Since it grows in the ground, it is often confused with a modified root. However, there are also overhead tubers, for example, Kohlrabi.
• The bulb is a modified plant escape with well-developed leaves located on a flat stem - don. Characteristic for garlic, bow, tulip, lilies. In the inner juicy leaves, nutrients accumulate, and the outer dry protect them from damage.
• Spines - protective adaptation of pear, sea buckthorn, hawthorn and other plants. Being in the top of the sheet, they reliably protect the plant from animals that they want to enjoy it.
• Warm - modified curly shoots fixing plants in a certain position. Cucumber, grapes, pumpkin - the most common plants using this fixture.

• Mustache - Thin shoots with long interstices. Strawberry and strawberries are growing vegetatively precisely with the help of a mustache.

As you can see, the escape of the plants consists of parts that are functionally interrelated, can be modified depending on the environmental conditions and give each plant their unique appearance.