Chronology of the history of Greece, events.

bC

2.500 - Cycladic Culture

1.800 - Naval Crete - Mina Civilization

1.200 - Dorians come to Greece

Trojan War (1200-1180)

800 - Homer composed Iliad and Odysse

776 - First Olympics

621 - Draco laws

594 - Solon reforms

508 - Closfen reforms in Athens

499 - Ionian uprising (up to 493 BC)

492 - Persians begin a campaign against Greece - Mardonios warlord conquers Frace and Macedonia, and their fleet is destroyed in Athos

490 - Second Persian Hike - Battle for Marathon

480 - New campaign of Persians led by xerxes

Battle of Fermopils - Battle of Salamina

479 - Battle of Payments

431 - Peloponnescent War (up to 404 BC. E)

415 - Campaign in Sicily

412 - Spartans in Union with Persians

405 - Destruction of the Athenian Fleet in Eius Potamus

404 - Thirty Tiranhans in Athens

403 - Restoration of democracy in Athens

371 - Battle of Leftra

362 - Battle of Mantine

359 - Philip King Macedonia

338 - Athenians and Fivans - Allies

336 - Killing Philip. Inherited the throne of his son

Alexander the Great

335 - Alexander suppressed the uprising in the philas

and destroyed the whole city, except for the house of Pondara poet

334 - Alexander begins a campaign against the Persian state.

Victory Alexander. Conquers Egypt I.

bases Alexandria (331)

331 - Alexander-Pobeda continue

Battle in Gaugamela

327 - Alexander - Campaign against India

(Up to 325 BC)

323 - Alexander's death. His successors lead the war among themselves, which leads to the dismemberment of the state that has created. Over the next century, Alexandria, Antioch and Pergamm become spiritual center of Hellenism

296 - Piros becomes king in Ipiro

280 - the basis of the Ahasey League

228 - Cleaning reforms in Sparta

219 - War between the Ahasey and Etoli Union

215 - Macedonian War

200 - Second Macedonian War. The Romans defeated Philip V

171 - The Third Macedonian War - Romans defeated Macedonians in the battle of Pidne

148 - Macedonia becomes the Roman province

146 - Battle for Lefkopetra. Destruction of Corinth. Greece is conquered by the Romans AD

324 - Konstantin Great tolerates the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople.

337 - Death of Constantine Great

361 - Emperor Julian is trying to restore the old religion

394 - Emperor Feodosius cancels Olympic Games

425 - University (Pandidakterion Magnaffas) in Constantinople

475 - A big fire destroys the library in Constantinople

527 - Byzantium Emperor Justinian

537 - Solemn opening of the Church of St. Sophia

540 - Gunns invaded Byzantium - the beginning of the war with Persians

610 - Irakli - Emperor Byzantium

626 - Avars and Persians besieged Constantinople. In subsequent years, Arabs attack Byzantium

697 - Arabs occupied Carthage and Africa is finally lost for Byzantium

824 - Arabs occupied Crete

1054 - split churches

1096 - First Crusade

1099 - Crusaders won Jerusalem

1147 - the second crusade

1176 - Byzantines against Seljuk. Defeat in Miriochefalo

1189 - Third Crusade

1204 - Fourth Crusade - Crusaders occupied Constantinople - the Byzantine state begins to break down.

1261- Mikhail Paleologist crown by Emperor Constantinople

1453 - Turks occupy Constantinople - Death of Emperor Paleologist

1456 - Turks occupied Athens

1460 - Peloponnese conquered by the Turks

1669 - Crete moves from the domination of the Venetians to the Turks

1687 - Freezer bombarding and destroys Athens Parthenon

1768 - Russian-Turkish War

1769 - Orlov arrives in Peloponnese. Start of revolutionary movements

1797 - French occupy Ionian Islands

1799 - Russian-Turkish fleet occupies Ionian Islands

1807 - French returned to the Ionian Islands.

1809 - Ionian Islands under the British

1814 - based organization in Odessa Society of friends

1822 - First National Assembly in the epidavre. The destruction of chios. Battle Peta.

1823 - The Second National Assembly in Astros.

1824 - Civil wars in Greece.

1828 - Capodistria came to Greece.

1829 - London Protocol. Creating a Greek state. The battle of Peter. 4 National Assembly in Argos.

1830 - New Protocol in London. Independence of Greece.

1831 - Killing Capodistria.

1837 - University establishment in Athens.

1862 - Exile Otto. Creation of Technical University

1864 - Ionian Islands were combined with Greece.

1866 - Revolution in Crete. Holocaust Arkadi.

1881 - Greek state expands in Fessels and Epirus.

1896 - The first Olympic Games in Athens.

Governor I. Kapodistria

1909 - Military coup in Gouda. Eleftherios Venizelos comes to Athens.

1911 - Prime Minister Venizelos. New Constitution. Italians occupied Dodecanis (1911-1912).

1912 - the 1st Balkan War. The liberation of the city of Thessaloniki. Battle of "Ellie".

1913 - the liberation of Janin. Murder George I.

New King Constantine II.

1916 - Venizelos revolutionary movement in Thessaloniki.

1918 - Versailles.

1922 - Small Asian catastrophe

1924 - the proclamation of the republic.

1925 - University establishment in Thessaloniki.

1936 - Metaxas - dictatorship.

1940 - Greek-Italian War.

1941 - Battle on the island of Crete (until 1944).

1944 - Exemption from German occupation. December events.

1946 - Civil War begins (until 1949).

1961 - Association Association with UES.

1974 - the invasion of the Turks in Cyprus. Crash dictatorship. Restoration of democracy in Greece. Referendum - the abolition of the royal throne

1975 - adoption of a new constitution.

1978 - Signed an agreement on the accession of Greece in the UES.

1980 - Greek Institution in UES.

Civilization of ancient Greece played an important role in the development of mankind. His origin takes on ancient Greece, philosophy, art, politics and many languages. In the textbooks in mathematics from the century in century, almost the same definitions were rewritten, which at one time gave Euclide, and the artists and poets rewrite images of Hercules, Zeus, Apollo, Achille, Pericla, Homer and Alexander Macedonian. For all that, for which the modern people are now fighting, for freedom, truth and equality, fought and the Greeks of many millennia ago. And by the way, we can safely say that they achieved their goal, whatever it should be. If you want to better understand the modern world, the development of which was based on all eras, you need to get acquainted as close as possible with the history of ancient Greece.

Our story we will start with antiquity.So, the territory of Greece from ancient times was caught, and there is no place for surprise. After all, due to the successful geographical position, a favorable sea climate and generous nature, everything was possible. But, unfortunately, many Greeks emigrated to nearby and far lands in search of food, since there was no land suitable for the cultivation in these places. Antique culture, art and philosophy, took its beginning in 5-4 centuries BC. The era was called the Golden Age of Pericla.

The ancient Greeks were not like modern colonialists. They merged with them and all thanks to their knowledge and their developed culture. Ancient elda bloomed and bloomed outside the borders of the Balkan Peninsula far from the island of the Aegean Sea. This kind of settlement developed by their own way, and in the end, thousands of people are recognized by these Greeks today on Earth, and even those who cannot even say any words in Greek. Descendants of the Greeks live in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, India, Africa and in Latin America.
It can be said that it is safe that this unusual country is a cradle of a series of great civilizations: Minoan civilization rolled on the island and destroyed by the Mina Civilization, Myna Civilization with the Center in Tirinfofa and the Troy Civilization, which was not the fruit of the imagination of the elder of Homer, also existed the city-state His own culture of the Macedonian kingdom.

For its existence, Greece managed to survive a large number of Conquerors: These were the Romans, Turks, and Crusaders, and Philip II Macedonian, Father Alexander the Great. The largest sediment in the creation of modern Greeks left a centuries-old Turkish yoke. Although, it was the crusaders that became an incentive for the top of the Turks on the land of Greece, which in their way to the liberation of the coffin of the Lord from the Muslim people, managed to conquer for an unknown reason the Orthodox Christian capital of Constantinople. Event This dates back to 1024. They won the Greek cities and weakened the Empire of Byzantium so much that they could not withstand the onset of the troops of Mahmeta II (1453 years old) and it was finally tuned under Turkish dominion. It can be added that in 2001 Greece visited Pope John Paul II and asked for forgiveness publicly from all Orthodox Christians for the events that occurred five hundred years ago.

Middle Ages and New Time. The Greeks call the period of the Ottoman rule "400 Turkish years." The national liberation revolution laid an end to this difficult period that began in 1812. Noteworthy is the fact that he developed the Plan of Revolution The secret organization of Greece "Film Eteriya", created in Odessa. There is another fact, in 1827, the first ruler of free Greece became the former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia and the approximate king Alexander I - the liberator - John the Capodistria. In 1831, he was treacherously killed for his pro-Russian morals. Free Country Greece during this period changed two capitals - the island of Eagina and Nafplion.

Greece returns again in 1833-1862 to the monarchy at the head, which the Otton becomes - the Bavarian Prince. Despite the fact that he enjoyed fame among the Greek people, the monk managed to introduce his contribution to the country's development. He suffered the capital to Athens and led the most ancient city, which at one time reminded the usual village, to the proper European state.

The post of King Ottone in 1863 to 1913 is held by the European Nobleman Danish Prince Wilhelm Glysburg. Georgy first reign on the throne of Greece with his wife Olga Konstantinovna, the great prince from the house of Romanov. For Greece, the nineteenth century ended with the defeat in the war with the Turks, which led to the payment of great contribution, bankruptcy of the country and the loan of huge funds from IEC (International Economic Commission).

The twentieth century.For Greece, the twentieth century is notable for bankruptcy and full rise in economic plan, a series of military victories and lesions. The country can be noted, in 1913 liberated Northern Greece from Turkish yoke. But, Greece could not fully enjoy the victory: in 1915, Kemal Atatürka's young currencies have cut off all Armenians, in 1919 three hundred Greeks-Pontians have cut out, in 1922 they were exterminated once again the Greeks of Turkish troops. And subsequently, almost millions of inhabitants left their homes and land to save their lives.

The Multious Catastrophe began to exchange the population: the Turks who lived in the lands of Greece, were evicted in Turkey, and the Greek population in Turkey to Greece. The country, almost until the middle of the 20th century, was under the oppression of dictators. One of the dictators, in response to an ultimatum exposed by the Italian fascist state in 1936, gave a concise, hard and daring answer in one word "Ohi", that is, "no". This word remembered the Greek people for a long time. And these days, the twenty-eighth of October is considered to have the Greeks a festive day and is one of the two main public holidays.

Some time later. Greece, like Europe, was drawn into the second world war, where he again looked at the claims of the Italian people on the land of Greece. But this time, not said not a single word, weapons were taken in the hands. Greece, unfortunately, could not confront the German Natik, and the enemy managed to occupy the country. The Greeks, as a courageous and bold people, held up to the last, and even being occupied by German troops, they did not give and share their territory of Bulgaria, the Allied in Germany, which encroached on their land.

After the liberation of the country in 1944, the trouble of the Greek people did not end. World War Replaced by a fratricidal, civil, continued until 1949 and ended with defeat of the democratic front and the next departure of the Greek people from its own country. More than one hundred and twenty thousand Greeks went to the borders to avoid new bloodshed and were adopted by socialist states, including the USSR (Uzbekistan).

At that time, Greece took the course a little in another direction, namely, with the arrival of the government of Georgios Papandreu - the country of the country intercepted the junta of black colonels, which set the dictatorial regime in the country for seven years (1967-1974). The abolition of the regime led the uprising of Athenian students, the tragedy that occurred in Cyprus (1974), the Turkish invasion and separation of the island on the southern part, where the Greeks and the North, which Turks occupied.

In mid-1974, Konstantinos Karamanlis returned from Paris to Athens, who became the permanent Prime Minister of Greece for many years, and then her president and founder of the Liberals of the New Democracy Party, which played an important role in the fact that Greece became part of European Union. In 1981, Greece became a full member of the EU.

Chronology of Greek history

And now we will tell briefly about the most important events in the history of Greece in chronological order.

• 40,000-6000 years BC e. - At that time, the Cycladic Islands and Crete Islands occurred. Also, during this period the first civilizations of the Mediterranean appeared.
• 2000-1400 BC. e. - There was a flourishing of the island of Crete and the Minoan culture. During this period, magnificent palaces were erected, art, science and writing began to flourish.
• 1900- yo BC e. - There was an invasion of the northern part of the country of the Ahetsev, then the aolians and Ionians. On the Pelponnes peninsula, a mycean civilization arose. Also, at this time the most powerful cities appear: tyaring and mica.
• 1450 BC e. - There was a strong eruption of the volcano on the Santorini's core, which subsequently caused a huge tsunami, because of which the Minoan civilization was killed on the island of Crete and on the neighboring nearby islands.
• 1250 BC e. - The beginning of the Trojan War.
• 1200-1100 BC. e. - From the north there was an invasion of Dorians, and the ousting of Ionians and Ahaseians. During this period, there is also a compound of nation in a single culture and a nation.
• 1100-800 BC. e. - There was a national writing, the formation of slave-owned cities-states-states.
• 850-750 BC. E - Date is the estimated time of the life of the great poet of Homer, who created "Iliad" and "Odyssey".
• 776 BC e. - They took their beginning the first Olympic Games, which were subsequently held every four years.
• 594 BC e. - The first in the history of mankind of the Athenian democracy (laws of Solomon) originated.
• 560 BC e. - Athens managed to become a powerful economic center with the Tirana of the Pissist. At this time, such famous temples as the Temple of Demetra and the Temple of Parfenon are laid.
• 550 BC e. - Sparta unites the states of Pelponnes peninsula.
• 6-5th century BC. e. - the Greco-Persian war began; 490 BC The battle occurred at the marathon.
• 443-429 BC. e. - began the golden age of Athens, at this time the rules of the pericles.
• Mid 4th century BC e. - The Macedonian Kingdom was strengthened.
• 336-323 BC. e. - Macedonian king, Alexander Great becomes the conqueror of Malaya Asia, Egypt, Persia and Part of India.
• 278-222 BC e. - Hares sculptures, Lisippa's student establishes a giant statue of the Colossus of Rhodes. Almost forty meter statue stood almost sixty years and was destroyed due to earthquake. Now she carries the title of the seventh miracle of the world.
• 146 BC e. - Greece obeys Rome. From the twenty-seventh year BC, Greece is part of the Roman Empire and becomes a province called Ahaya.
• 49-58 - the formation of early Christianity occurs.
• 324-337 - Emperor Konstantin Great takes Christianity as a state religion.
• 326, Byzantine turns into the capital of the Empire. In 330, it is renamed Konstantinople.
• 395-1453 - Roman Empire suffers a section on Eastern and Western Greece. Also, during this period the flourishing of the Byzantine Empire begins, the capture of Constantinople with crusaders and the Latin Empire is created.
• 1453-1821 - the worst and gloomy period in Greece - Turkish dominion.
• 1821-1829 - begins against Turkish yoke, against the background of the Russian-Turkish war, the national liberation revolution.
• 1827 - Greece proclaimed the presidential republic. The first president became John the Capodistria, who served in Russia in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under Alexander the first.
• 1830 - Greece receives the title of an independent state.
• 1832-1909 - the monarchy is restored in the country.
• 1912-1913 - Greece with participation in the Balkan wars returns its northern territories.
• 1917 - the country takes part, on the side of the Entente, in the First World War.
• 1919-1921 - Greece leads war with Turkey and Bulgaria for territory in Malaya Asia.
• 1941-1944 - Greece is occupied by Italian and German fascists. The movement of national resistance began.
• 1952 - the country enters the ranks of NATO.
• 1979 - the country enters the European Union.
• 2002 - a single European currency is introduced - euro.
• 2004 - holding the Olympic Games in Athens.

Mythology of Greece

It can be said with all the confidence that Greek mythology is the richest and ancient creativity in the world. The gods, who worshiped the Greek people, do not hide at the ruthless analogues of Egypt, whose human bodies decorated the heads of predatory birds and animals. On the contrary, the ancient deities of an ancient Ellala were people who had supernatural opportunities. But, nevertheless, mortals often won in tricks, mind and dexterity. Not in vain, the best book is considered the meeting of the myths and legends of ancient Greece, which describes a large number of interesting love dramas, agent and military battles.

Taken plots from Greek mythology became the basis for many works of art, the heroes of mythology came to life on the picturesque canvases, and they could also be seen on the marble, stone and on the fronts architectural structures. Venus Miloskaya, and to be more accurate, then Aphrodite from Milos island, can fully be considered an unsurpassed masterpiece of art. The goddess of love, Venus, called the Romans themselves, who built their mythology on the burning material of the ancient Greeks.
It is worth adding that the mythology of Greece, and if it is more accurate, then religion is not another invention of a talented author. The stories that have become the basis of many legends and myths are real, although a little embellished. And this is proof: a large number of archaeological finds of the 20th century, for example, the Troy, which was found by Heinrich Schliman, the excavation of Arthur Evans and the find of the Palace of Tsar Minosa, who was the Lord of the Cretan Maze. Undoubtedly, there are plots that are still considered myths and have neither a bit of common with the real world. However, it is possible that archaeologists in the very near future to court will appear evidence of the reality of the next myth or legend.

In mythology, in accordance with the development of ancient Greek society, such stages are allocated as the oldest chtonic, or the Dofesalian period; dooolympic period; The Fessenian period; Olympic period; Classic or heroic period.

Today we will talk about the most widely known period in the Mythology of Greece - the Olympic period. Twelve Ladies Olympus is the most powerful elite of Greek mythology, that is, seven gods and five goddesses. The Olympians had an influence over mortals, they could interfere with their lives, one could help, and the other on the contrary, they could fall in love with mortal men and women, and acquired children. As a result of such "unequal" marriages, children-heroes and demigods appeared. Zeus Stramatzitz was the father of all the gods, he hit the lightning and thunder of those who ignored him, and was also very loving immortal, who finished the whole of the Plaria of the demigods. His children were: Hercules and Elena beautiful. Zeus was married with his sister, a powerful goddess hero, which was a patronage of the "honest" women, Hera suffered all the time, and quietly revenge the mortal mistresses of his spouse and those who dared to challenge her beauty and strength.

Power over the universe of all twelve Olympic gods divided among themselves three God: the Supreme God Zeusis owned an endless power over the subwayed land, God Poseidon robbed by the seas and oceans, and Pluto, who did not find a place in Olympus, became the ruler of the underground kingdom and rules of the world of the dead. Among the goddesses no less power were: Hera, spouse Zeus, Demeter - Goddess of fertility, Athena - Goddess of Mudrosti, Artemis - Goddess of Hunting, and the goddess of beauty and love - Aphrodite. Among the gods it is worth allocating: Ares - God of war, Hephaesta - God of Fire, Apollo - God of Light and the Sun and Hermes - the God of Trade. All these gods did not miss the opportunity to show and show themselves before mortals.

The mythological world of the Greeks is densely populated by secondary gods and gods, monsters, dryadami, nymphs, cyclops, centaurs, giants, that is, all those who lived with people. Each corner of Greece, even the farthest, has its own mythological history. Many sciences are engaged in studying the different aspects of the mythology of this country.

The people who suggest that the Greek people left and forgot their Olympic gods, and appeals to them exclusively only through the oldest manuscripts, school tutorials and illustrated books. This is an incorrect assumption, since today there is faith in twelve gods. Sect, religion, heresy, it can be called as you like, but it exists. And today, those who confess the ethnic religion make rituals in the territory of the ancient Greek temples, and believe sincerely, which is exactly the number "12", denotes perfection. By the way, by the way, the number "12" was the symbol of the philosophical stone.

The modern world is obliged to many ancient Greece. This relatively small state had a huge impact on the development of all areas of human life. Take, for example, myths that are a reflection of a person's life, both in those days and today. The ideas about the world - about man, medicine, politics, art, literature - on a global scale were born in Greece. This state was located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and on the Aegean Islands. Accordingly, a small amount of the population was located on such a relatively small area, but, as Alexander Macedonian "One Greek is worth thousands of barbarians". Greece has allocated among other states - Babylonia, Egypt and Persia - and not without reason.

Map of ancient Greece

Ancient times of ancient Greece

Territory of ancient Greece It is customary to divide into three parts: southern, middle and north. In the southern part there was a laconic, better known as Sparta. Athens is the main city of Greece - was located in the middle part of the state, along with such areas as attic, Etolia and Fokhid. This part was separated from the Northern practically impassable mountains and divided Athens and Fessale, which today itself is a major historical center.

About the population of ancient Greece It can be judged by numerous examples of art that have been preserved almost in pristine form - these are sculptures, frescoes and elements of painting. In any museum of the world you will find an ancient Greek art hall, where you will see many images of high, slender people with perfect physique, with light skin and dark curly hair. Antique historians call them Pelasgami - the people who inhabid the island of the Aegean Sea in the III Millennium BC. Despite the fact that their classes did not differ from the occupations of other ancient peoples and included cattle breeding and agriculture, it should be noted that their land was difficult to handle and demanded the use of special skills.

Peoples of Greece and their development

Greece inhabited almost five thousand years ago, were expelled from their lands exactly in the same millennium, in which they appeared. The reason for this was invited from the North Aheitsa, whose state was also located on the island of Peloponones with the capital in Myuch. This conquest was an epochal character, since it marked the beginning of the Ahasey civilization, which, the same sad fate was postgraded - at the end of the XIII century BC, just as the Ahetis invaded in the Greek lands, Dorians came to this territory. Unfortunately, the conquerors destroyed almost all cities and all the Achian population, although themselves, at the same time, were at a lower level of development of civilization. This fact could not not affect the culture of ancient Greece. An oldest writing was forgotten, created by the Pelasgami, not to mention the fact that the construction and development of labor instruments ceased. This period, which is accepted deservedly to call "Dark", there has been a lot of nor, nor with the XII in IX century AD. Among the cities, Athens and Sparta were also allocated, where there were two antagonistic societies.

So, in Laconika (Sparta) The governors were two kings who ruled, passing their power by inheritance. Nevertheless, despite this, the real power was in the hands of the elders who took laws and were engaged in judging. The love of luxury in Sparta was severely pursued, and the main task of the elders was to prevent the class bundle of society, for which each Greek family received from the state put on the land, which was supposed to handle without the right to receive additional territories. Soon the Spartans were forbidden to engage in trade, agriculture and crafts, the slogan was proclaimed that "the occupation of every Spartan is war," which was to fully ensure the population of Laconi with everything necessary for life. About the nrules of Spartans eloquently says the fact that warriors could drive out of the detachments only because he didn't take his portion of food on a common meal, which he said that he had on the side. Moreover, the wounded Spartan was supposed to die on the battlefield silently, without showing unbearable pain.

The main rival Sparta was the current capital of Greece - Athens. This city was the center of the arts, and people who inhabited him were the exact opposite of gross and hard spartans. Nevertheless, despite the ease and carelessness of life, it was here that the word "tyrant" appeared. Initially, it was the meaning of the "rulers", but when the authorities of the Athens began to engage in a frankly robbery of the population, this word acquired the shade that still has. The world in the ruined city introduced King Solon - a wise and kind ruler, which made a lot to improve the life of citizens.

The VI century brought new tests to the residents of Greece - the danger proceeded from the Persians who quickly conquered Egypt, mussel and Babylonia. In the face of the Persian power, the peoples of Greece united, forgetting about age-old straits. Of course, the center of the army was the Spartans who dedicated their lives of the military business. Athenians, in turn, took up the construction of flotilla. Darius underestimated the power of the Greeks and losing the first battle, which were immortalized in the story that the joyful messenger ran out of the marathon in Athens to inform the joyful news of the victory, and, overcoming 40 km, fell dead. It is memorial to the event that the athletes flee the Marathon Distance. Xerxes, the son of Darius, having enlisted with the support and help of the conquered states, however, lost a number of major battles, and refused any attempts to conquer Greece. Thus, Greece became the most influential state, which gave her a number of privileges, especially Athens, who became the capital of trading in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Sparta with Athens united the next time in the face of the Macedonian conqueror of Philip II, which, unlike Darius, quickly broke the resistance of the Greeks, establishing power over all regions of the state, except Sparta, which refused to obey. Thus, the classical period of the development of the Ellin states ended and Greece's flourishing began in Macedonia. Thanks to Alexander Macedon greeks and Macedonian By 400 BC He became the most frequent owners of the whole of anterior Asia. The Hellenistic Epoch ended in 168 BC, when the large-scale conquests of the Roman Empire began.

The role of Greek civilization in the history of world development

Historians converge in the opinion that cultural world development would be impossible without that heritage that i left us ancient Greece. It was here that the fundamental knowledge of the universe, which enjoys modern science. The first philosophical concepts were formulated here, by determining the basis for the development of the spiritual values \u200b\u200bof all mankind. The Greek philosopher Aristotle laid the foundations of ideas about the material and intangible world, Greek athletes became the first champions of the first Olympic Games. Any science or scope of art is somehow connected with this great ancient state - be it theater, literature, painting or sculpture. "Iliad" is the main work that has come down to this day is very bright and colorfully talks about the historical events of those times, about the text of the life of ancient Elecets, and, more importantly, is devoted to real events. Contribution to the development of history made a well-known Greek thinker Herodotus, whose works were devoted to the Greek-Persian wars. The contribution of Pythagora and Archimedes to the development of mathematics cannot be overestimated. Moreover, the ancient Greeks were the authors of numerous inventions that were used primarily during hostilities.

Separate attention deserves a Greek theater, which was an open platform with a round building for choir and scene for artists. Such an architecture assumed the creation of excellent acoustics, and the audience sitting even on distant rows could hear all the replicas. It is noteworthy that the actors hid their faces under masks, which were divided into comic and tragic. Prettyly honored his gods, the Greeks created their statues and sculptures, which are still surprised by their beauty and perfection.

Special place Ancient Greece In world antique history makes it one of the most mysterious and amazing states in ancient world. The ancestral of science and art Greece still attracts attention to everyone who is interested in the world history.

Periods of ancient Greece. History of development

Early period (1050-750 year BC. Er)

Following the final, who knew writing, the latter of the glorious civilizations of the Aegean Bronze Age, the mainland Greece and the island at its coast entered the era, referred to as some historians "Dark Age". However, strictly speaking, this term is rather characterized by a break in historical informationwho relate to the time interval started around 1050 BC. e., rather than the lack of knowledge or historical experience at the then population of Eldla, although writing and was lost. In fact, at this time, the time of transition to the Iron Age, political, aesthetic and literary features, and then classical elder, began to appear. Local leaders, called themselves with steams, managed small, closely among themselves associated communities - the forerunners of the ancient Greek states-states. The next stage is obvious in the development of painted ceramics, which has become easier in shape, but at the same time; her appearanceas evidenced shown to the right vessel, acquired a new grace, harmonicity N proportionality, which became distinctive features of the later Greek art.

Using vague memories , Troyans and others, the wandering singers are made of altitude about the gods and ordinary mortals, giving the poetic image of Greek mythology. By the end of this period, the Greek-speaking tribes borrowed from the alphabet and adapted him to their language, which made it possible to record many of the legends, long kept in the oral tradition: the best among them from those who came to us - the Homer Epos " 776 BC e.It is believed to be the beginning of the subsequent continuous rise of Greek culture.

Archaic (Archaic) period (750-500 year BC. Er)

In the VIII century, prompt population and welfare Emigrants from ancient Greece in search of new agricultural land and trading spreads were spread throughout the Mediterranean. Greek settlers in other people's countries, however, became not just subjects Cities founded colonies, and individual, autonomous political entities. The spirit of independence, which owned settlers, as well as the need for joint actions to maintain each community, spawned such a political unit as the policy. In the whole of the Greek world allegedly numbered up to 700 such cities-states. Foreign cultures with which in this period of ELLADA expansion came into contact, influenced by the Greeks in the most different way.

The geometric painting of ceramics gave way to images of animals and vegetation patterns in oriental style, as well as detailed mythological scenes of the new BlackFigry style of Vasopysi (see below in the photo gallery below). Artists who worked with stone, clay, wood and bronze, began to create monumental sculptures of a man typical for archaici statue of Kuros (photo on the left) carries obvious traces of Egyptian influence, but at the same time demonstrates the emerging desire for symmetry, lightness and realism. In the seventh century The first truly Greek temples decorated with extended friezes and columns of the Doric Order (see the photo gallery) appear. Lyrical and elegic poetry, deeply and emotionally saturated, comes to replace the high-art verses of the past. Trade development contributes to the widespread invented coins invented by the leaders. On the mainland at the same time Sparta Introduces such a political system in which hard management and discipline attaches particular importance, and it becomes as a result of the largest and most powerful city-state of that period. Athens, on the contrary, change and codify the laws, taking care of justice and equality, open access to the ruling authorities an increasing number of citizens and laid the foundations of democracy.

Classic period (500-323 years BC. E.)

The classic period in antique Greece, when it is incredibly fast bloom Arts, literature, philosophy and politics are limited to the time of wars with two foreign powers - Persia and Macedonia. Ellinov's victory Over the Persians, the new spirit of cooperation between different cities-states and Athens, whose fleet played a decisive role, ensuring a favorable fracture during the fight against the so-called barbarians. The tribute to the Allies in the Athenian treasury in exchange for military protection, provided the Athenians the opportunity to multiply their already significant wealth and guaranteed the political, cultural and economic supremacy throughout the Mediterranean. Almost all citizens of Athens, regardless of the financial situation, was provided with access to elective posts, and for the execution of the relevant duties, they received a reward. For the state account, sculptors, architects and playwright worked on works, which still remain the highest creative achievement of humanity. Shown, for example, on the right bronze statue of Zeus 213 centimeters height gives a concentrated idea of \u200b\u200bthe skill of artists of classical eldlats (ancient Greece), which reproduced in their works a human body with extraordinary dynamism. Greek philosophers, historians and specialists in the field of natural sciences left samples of rational theoretical analysis.

In 431, the solar enmity between Athens and Sparta resulted in a war, which lasted almost 30 years and ending with the defeat of the Athenian. Decades of continuous battles led to the weakening of political influence in many cities-states, where the cruel decays did not stop. Calculating and ambitious macedonian King Philip II He managed to benefit from such chaos and soon became the owner of the whole territory of ancient Greece. Philip did not manage to complete the construction of the empire, he was killed, and his son climbed on the throne Alexander. Only 12 years later, Alexander Great (Macedonian) died, but left behind the power spread from the Adriatic to the Mussels (see below in the photo gallery).

Hellenistic period (323-31 years BC. Er)

On the ruins of the Empire Alexander after an almost 50-year-old fierce struggle for his legacy, there were three major powers: Macedonia, Egypt Ptolemyev and the State of SeleucidovStoring from modern Turkey to Afghanistan. AffectsThat from the Macedonian capital of Pella in the west and to Ay-Khanuma in the east, the literature, political institutions, visual arts, architecture and philosophy in cities and settlements arising from Alexander's campaigns, after his death remained unconditionally Greek. The subsequent kings emphasized their relationship with Ellosa, especially with Alexander: in the figure on the left shown thracian silver coinon which he is depicted with Bajsey Horns Zeus-Amon - God having a root and in the east, and in the West. Possessing the language, find, under the influence of permanent trading contacts, while maintaining written texts and attracting numerous travelers to themselves, the Hellenistic world was all more and more cosmopolitan.

The education and enlightenment flourished, libraries were created - among them was Great Alexandria Librarywhere there were about half a million volumes. But the Greek ruling classes refused to allow ordinary citizens in their ranks, and extensive new kingdoms were shocked everywhere from the inner stem. Steadily weakening and begging Macedonia in 168 BC. e. He fell under the domination. One after another declared themselves independent provincial governors in the Power of Selevkids, which formed many small states with a dynastic form of government. From the kingdoms to which the Empire of Alexander was broken, Bastion was still still Egypt Ptolemyev. Cleopatra VII, the latter in this genus (and the only one who learned the language of the subject population), committed suicide when the Romans won with the action. However, although it was possible to subjugate all the Mediterranean, Latinan's domination still did not mean the cessation of Greek influence: the Romans absorbed the culture of ancient Greece and perpetuated by the Ellen heritage as the Greeks themselves could not.

Ancient Greece, located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula, was divided into three parts: north, middle, southern. Northern Greece from Central Greece separated the Fermsopil Mountain Pass. South Greece was called Peloponnese. Ancient state In Europe, formed in the III-II millennia BC. South of the current Greece on Crete Island. Ancient Greece possessed their own writing, Crads:
engaged in agriculture and craft;
had trade relations with Egypt, Fianch and Babylonia;
A strong cultural impact on the city of Mycenae and Athens.

In the II millennium BC. At the neighboring Crete Island began a volcanic eruption that destroyed the Cretan culture. In ancient Greece, 1450 BC. Ahaeis, who lived in southern Greece (in Mynai), captured the island of Crete. Ahaeitsa built acropolis in Michenes ("Upper City"). At the end of the II millennium BC. In ancient Greece, the tribes of the Dorians who defeated the Mycean culture of the Ahaseians were invaded from the north.
In the XI-IX centuries BC The primitive-free relations in ancient Greece changed the slave-owned construction. In the VIII-VI centuries BC Greece has occurred city-states. The city of Athens (Atina) was founded in Central Greece, in the field of attic, in the II millennium BC.
In the VIII-VI centuries BC In Athens, the slave-owned construction was established and a slave-owned state arose. Ancient Greece by the state of Athens managed the Council of Elders and elected to them nine rulers. There was no need to convene a nationary meeting, and the Council of Elders himself solved all the questions. Noble Greeks called "Aristocracy" ("The Power of the Best"). The rest of the free population of Attica - artisans, feeders, sailors - were called "Demos".
In Athens:
"Agrof - Market Square was located with an Achropole;
- thongs made two-handed clay jugs - amphoras;
- the settlement diluted with olive trees and vineyards, artisans were engaged in metalworking and weaving;
in the VII century BC. minted silver coins;
marine trade expanded.
Ancient Greece The development of the economy was closely related to the increasing number of slaves in it. Aristocrat, giving a farmer in debt, put on his land "Debt Stone." In case of non-payment of debt and percentage: the peasant was selected by the land, and his slavery sold together with his family.
In the VII century BC. In Athens, all the questions solved the Council of Elders. Existing laws Ancient Greece guarded the life and property of aristocrats. The Council was guided by the fierce "Dragon laws by the author of which was the ruler of the Dragon. According to these laws, even the insignificant misconduct was prescribed cruel punishment. They said that these laws "are not written in ink, but blood."
In the VI century BC. The struggle between aristocrats and demos is sharply aggravated. Demos demanded the distribution of land to the peasants and the abolition of debts. Fear of folk uprisings made the aristocrats to make concessions. In 594 BC The ruler of Solon, based on the support of the National Assembly, carried out reforms, in accordance with which:

1. the debts of the peasants were canceled;
2. the Athenians who fallen into slavery for debts were released;
3. it was forbidden and in the future, Athenian debts into slavery;
4. all men - natives of Attica received civil rights (a citizen called a person who uses the rights established by laws, and with obligations to the state). A citizen was supposed to serve 2 years in troops or a fleet. From the peasants, heavy infantry was formed. Host to buy riding horse served in Connection. The basis of the army was infantry:
5. the population was divided into four discharge on the size of the property. All citizens had the right to participate in the Athenian People's Assembly.

Ancient Greece from the end of the VI century BC. The People's Assembly began to elect strategists who were commanding the Athenian army and fleet.

At the end of the II millennium BC. In the southeastern part of the Laconik region, Dorians founded the city of Sparta. They called themselves the Spartans, and most of the conquered local population turned into slaves called "Ilota". In the VII century BC. Spartans conquered the South-Western Field of Messia.
In the VIII-VI centuries BC There was a slave-owned state of Sparta. The laws here took the people's assembly. It also elected the Council of Elders, who solved the most important issues, punished the perpetrators. The law forbade Spartans to engage in other cases, except for the military. The army commanded two kings. In battle, Spartans were built by Falanga.
In search of trading partners and the mining of the Greeks, they founded a permanent colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In the VII-VI centuries BC. The colonists who lived on the coast from the Caucasus and to Spain called themselves by Ellini, and their homeland - Ellowa. The culture arising in these territories was called Hellenism. The peasants who lost the land, artisans and merchants, people forced to leave their homeland, settled in the colonies. Each colony was an independent city-state. They had their own rulers, treasury, their own money and troops.
The city of Millet possessed the greatest number of colonies. On the shores of the Black Sea, Pantikapey, Olbia, Chersonesos are located.
At the end of the VI - the beginning of the V centuries BC. The power of ancient Greece and the state of Ahamenid increased. Having captured Malny Asia, Iran began to go to the Greek colonies. In 500 BC Persian king Darius I, defeating the Greeks on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and on the Islands of the Aegean Sea, invaded the Balkans. The Darius I army consisted of heavy ships, cavalry and infantry. The most dangerous were archers. In 490 BC. Athenians under the command of the Milticad's strategist at the Marathon Plain in Central Greece defeated the Army of Persians. One of the Greek warriors, in a hurry to bring the fellow citizens of the joyful news of the victory, ran 42 kilometers from the marathon to Athens and with the cry "We won" fell and died of heartbroken.
Son Darius I Xerxes in 480 BC. Gathered a huge army from Egyptians, Babylonian and Mauganyan Greeks, reached the Fermopyl Passage and sent Leonid to the Spartan king, guarding the passage, ambassadors with demand to fold the weapons.
For a boastful statement Ambassador: "Our arrows and darts will close the sun from you," Leonid replied: "Well, we will fight in the shade." With the help of one traitor-Greek, Persians found a workaround, killed Spartans and occupied average Greece. In the same year, the Salaminian maritime battle took place, in which high-speed and maneuverable Greek tries defeated the Persian fleet. Persians lost 300 ships. Greek trira commanded the Athenian Communion Feminock.
Success accompanied the Greeks and in the battle of payment in 479 BC. But the sea battles continued for another 30 years. Greek cities - States united in the Athenian Sea Union under the representation of the Athenian strategist.
Greco-Persian War (500-449 BC) ended with the victory of the Greeks, fought for its independence. Under the conditions of the peace treaty concluded in 449 BC, Persia recognized the independence of the Milestone, the islands of the Aegean Sea and the Greek cities in Malaya Asia. The Persian fleet was forbidden to enter the Aegean Sea. Greeks got huge prey, most of which were the prisoners of war, which became slaves. Sea trade, piracy, prisoners of war contributed to an increase in the number of slaves. The largest market of slaves was on the island of Chios. The work of slaves is most used in the ceremony of mines. Compared to craft in agriculture, slave labor was used relatively smaller, and only on heavy work. The slaves were called "manlike".
In the V century BC Ancient Greece was the most powerful country. The contemporaries began to call the Athenians "Names of the Sea". In six kilometers from Athens, a port of Piraeus was built. In Athens, it was a struggle for the celebration of one of the two forms of government. The upper layers of society wanted to establish the oligarchy (minority power), and the lower layers advocated democracy (power of the people). During the period of the right-length strategist of Pericla (443-428 BC), the slave-owned democracy in Athens reached its highest point of development. At this time, even a poor citizen could take any position. For the performance of responsibilities, they were charged. The senior authority of the state was the national assembly, which was collected 2-4 times a month. The laws were argued here, issues of war and peace, to ensure the city of food, was heard reports of officials and relevant decisions were made. In the People's Assembly, all citizens of Athens were participating over 20 years old. The highest government authority was the Council of 500 people.
The two most powerful states ancient Greece - Athens and Sparta were among themselves the struggle for the supremacy in maritime trade, for the subordination of neighboring states for prey. This rivalry led to war between Athens and Sparta for domination in Greece. The war was called Peloponnesian (431-404. BC). Some Greek states in this war were supported by Sparta, others performed on the side of Athens. The war ended with the victory of Sparta, and the Athenian Sea Union broke up.
Wars and conflicts contributed to the impoverishment of peasants and artisans, and eventually led in the first half of the 4th century BC. To the decline of the Greek cities-states. Later, due to the betrayal of the slave owners, all Greece fell under the power of Macedonia.
Macedonia, located in the north-east of the Balkan, with Philip II (359-336 BC) turned into a powerful state. The strong regular Army of Philip II in battle was built by Falanga. The infantry was formed from the peasants, and the cavalry - from the nobility. Philip II deftly enjoyed his military power and treacherous politics of Greek slave owners. Attached to them, people opened a city gate before him. This gave Philip II right to say: "Donkey, loaded with gold, will take any city." Despite the active activities of the Demosthene, which headed the struggle of Athenians for independence, Athens also did not stand the competition. In 338 BC In the battle of Heronee, the Army of Greeks was defeated. Thus, the end of the independence of Greek cities-states was put.
The son of Philipp II - Alexander in Battle with Heronee for the first time demonstrated the talent of the commander. On the eve of the campaign to Persia Philip II was poisoned, and Alexander proclaimed the king (336-323 BC). His teacher was the great scientist Aristotle. In 334 BC Alexander invaded Maly Asia. Fianch and Egypt were conquered, and the Phoenician city of Tir had a serious resistance.
Egyptian priests declared Alexander Pharaon and God. In three battles - the River Brank (334 BC), during Isse (333 BC) and at Gavgamelah (331 years BC) Alexander defeated the Darius III army. In the battle of Gavgamela on the side of the Persians, the troops of the Caucasian Albania also participated, and this is the first historical information about them.
In 330 BC Darius III was killed. Thus, the empire of Ahamenid has ceased to exist. To strengthen its power at the conquered territories, Alexander Macedonsky built the city here, leaving the garrisons from the Greeks and Macedonians. Conquering Asia
Alexander reached India, where he met strong resistance and was forced to turn back.
As a result of the campaigns of Alexander on a huge territory from the Balkan Peninsula and Egypt to the Indire's River, the Macedonian Empire spread. As the capital of this empire, the Great Communion elected the city of Babylon. Alexander died in 323 BC. And he was buried in the city of Alexandria in Egypt.
After the death of Alexander, his empire split into kingdoms: Macedonian, Egyptian and Syrian. On the thrones of these kingdoms, his former commander was rushed. New kings were not selected from land, property and slaves from the temples. For this, the priests called their gods and defended the people. Military and officials for the service were given land plots.
Culture ancient Greece and Ancient Rome called antique (ancient). Two poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey", created in the VIII century BC The blind poet Homer is narrated by the campaign of the Greeks (Ahetsev) in 1200 BC. On the city of Troy in Malaya Asia. These poems were recorded in the VI century BC. And are pearls of world culture.
The poem "Iliad" is named so because ancient Greece was called Troy -Ilion. Expressions "Trojan horse" (in the meaning of the "gift, bringing misfortune") and "Achilles heel" (" weakness") They came to our language from the poem" Iliad ".
The poem "Odyssey" describes the adventures of the hero of the Trojan War - Odyssey, trying to return to her island Ithaca.
According to beliefs, ancient Greece sacred Mount Olympus inhabited gods: Zeus - God of the sky, Poseidon - the god of the sea, Aid - God of the underground subsoil, Helios - God of the Sun, Apollo - God of Light and Arts, Dionysis - God of winemaking, Demetra - Goddess Agriculture, Hephaest - The god of blacksmith, Hermes - the God of commerce and others. The Supreme God was Zeus. Legend of Promethea tells about the transfer of fire to people. In this tragedy, Zeus and Titan Prometheus are opposed, which is fighting for the independence of people. And Zeus, who wants to gradually destroy the human race, punishes Prometheus, chaining it with chains to a rock in the Caucasus.
Ancient Greece has been created by many myths and legends about the adventures of the gods, including Hephaeste, Patronizing Kuznetsov, O Hermes, Helping Trade Development.
At the end of the V - early IV centuries BC. In ancient Greece, the cities arose theaters ("Place for Spectacle"). The first authors of the tragedy, which literally means "Song Kozlov", were Aeshill ("Prometheus chained" and others) and Sofokl ("Antigona", etc.). They put monuments in the Athenian theater.
In the V-IV centuries BC. Architecture in Greece has reached the highest level of development. In the Athenian Acropolis (Upper City), Parfenion, a miracle of Greek architecture, rinsed in honor of the goddess Athens.
The architecture uses doric and ionic columns, portico (canopies). To this day, the statue of Athena from ivory and gold work Fididia, which is in Parfenone, and "Discobol" of the work of Miron.
In the VII-VI centuries BC. The city of Millet and other cities of Ionia were considered the centers of Greek science. Great philosopher Democritis expressed a brilliant idea of \u200b\u200bthe existence of the smallest particles - atoms. At the same time, the doctor Hippocrates became famous. The author of the book "History", who lived in the V century BC. Herodotus, called "father of history." Lived in the 4th century BC.
Aristotle gave names to the sciences, put forward the theory of geocentrism. Aristotle believed that the Earth is a ball that is located in the center of the Universe, and the sun and the stars rotate around it.
Ancient Greece best schools were in Athens.
Pupils from 7 years old visited the school, wrote on wax powders with a metal wand - style. In schools reigned an exemplary discipline. For laziness and disobedience, students were strictly punished.
Olympic games were organized every four years, all free Hellenes could take part in them. Women were forbidden not only to participate, but even attend games.
The Olympic Games were arranged in the Olympic Valley sacred for the Greeks. Competitions lasted 5 days. At this time, all wars stopped. The winner was awarded a wreath of the branches of the olive tree, and in his homeland put his statue. Calendar of Greeks led the countdown from the first Olympic Games, i.e. From 776 to AD.
In the territories conquered by Alexander, spread greek language and culture. Alexandria became the third capital of Egypt. There was a lighthouse in 140 meters high height. In the famous Musaya ("Sanctuary of Muz") 700 thousand manuscripts were kept. Observatory and a huge library were created. In the city of Pergam in Malaya Asia, a parchment made of carefully treated calf skin. Wrote on parchment and papyrus. In Alexandria lived and made their scientific discoveries Archimedes and Euclide. In the III and II centuries BC Architecture in Alexandria was at the highest level. In construction, beautiful Corinthian columns were used. A huge monument with relief was erected in Pergamam, the length of which about 140 meters, the height of the figures of more than two meters, the relief was winning the victory of the Olympic gigants over the giants.
The ancient Greek historian of Plutarchs amounted to Alexander Macedonian life.

The story of Great Eldlands originates in the depths of distant centuries: she is about four thousand years old. Undoubtedly, Greek civilization is of great importance for everything modern Mira. World art, science, politics, philosophy and languages \u200b\u200bare closely related to the culture and history of Greece.

Conditionally, the history of Greece can be divided into several stages, starting with the Minoan era, when, according to ancient testimony, and the Greek civilization on the island of Crete originated.

Mina Era

Crete Island (2800 - 1500 BC)

The history of Greece and Greek civilization begins on the island of Crete approximately in VI thousand BC, in the era of Neolith.
Favorable geographical position Greece (at the intersection of commercial and seaway), undoubtedly served as one of the determining factors of its cultural and historical Development, as well as the creation of civilization, to this day amazing with its greatness and grace.

It is noteworthy that it was the feminine start that provided such a rapid growth and prosperity of Cretan culture in the Mina Epoch. In those days, more than 4 thousand years ago, in Crete, the woman occupied a particularly high position that in the subsequent patriarchal century it was lost.
Crete tirelessly developed trade and cultural ties with its neighbors: Cyclades of Islands, Mainland Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Syria. During this period, the level of development of life on the mainland has slowed down significantly from CRT. The cultural centers were then the city of Mycenae and Tirinf, located on the southern Peloponnese Peninsula, in many respects, and duplicate achievements of the Minoan Crete.
From the first stage of its existence, Greek civilization experienced the influence of elements, and the history of Greece was forever replete with the sea strength, with the sea.
Approximately 1500 BC, not far from the island of Crete (in close proximity to Santorini Island), there was a strongest earthquake, which caused an irreversible process of decaying Cretan civilization.

Ahasey period (1400-1100 BC)

Approximately 1400 BC. The northern Ahasey tribes (AHEYETS) came to the Peloponnese Peloponnese Peninsula. There are still disputes about their origin. According to one version, this is the Greek people of Northern Greece, and on the other - the tribes that came from Central Europe. In any case, there are evidence that it was the Ahetis who brought with them the pagan cult of the Olympic gods and new elements of culture.
As a result, the mixes significantly strengthened their influence and became the most powerful power on the whole Mediterranean. It was a truly legendary period, much about which became known thanks to Homer's poems and numerous myths about the heroes and the gods of ancient Greece.

The climax in the history of the Ahase period, undoubtedly was the Trojan war, which served the first step towards her oblivion.
The history of Elena, described in detail by Homer, led to the breakdown of the entire Greek world and to the beginning of a long period.
The forces of the powerful Mycenaean civilization were so exhausted that she could not even confront the attacks of the semi-tribal northern tribes of the Dorians or, as they were then called "round-heads". The epoch fell into a decline of approximately 1100.

Homeric period

The origin of the Dorians still remains a mystery. But according to legend, they were descendants of Hercules.
This troubled period was one of the most difficult in the history of Greece. At first, after the invasion of the Dorian tribes, the country rose on the path of degradation, but soon gradually began to "gain momentum", synthesizing the remnants of the Mycena, Cretan, Ahasey, Asian and Dorian cultures, completely new civilization.
During this period, Greek is formed. It is at this time that the Great Homer creates his immortal poems, filling them with all the colors of their era.

Archaic period

For this time, the intensive development of the country's economy is characterized, as well as its culture and art. In the entire territory of Greece, the city-polisy grow, and so on the whole Mediterranean - Greek colonies. In addition, this era is associated with significant changes in the political system.
A bright event of that time was the Peloponess Union, which was headed by Sparta, famous for its strict laws of Spartan life, which, in fact, has contributed to the strengthening of its position among other policies.
The struggle for leadership between Athens and Sparta was further developed in the classical period.

Classical Epoch

The classical period in the history of Greece begins war with Persians in 500 BC, which lasted more than 20 years. Only due to the Athens, which created the Naval Union and taking the command in the fight against Persians, Greece was able to defeat the final victory in this fierce war.

Gradually, Athens strengthens their power, which allowed the residents of the city to use substantial resources to create their great masterpieces. The best masters-artists, architects and sculptors are invited to Athens to implement the pericles plan to turn the city in the "Work of Art". In addition, science, art and philosophy develop rapidly. This time can rightly be considered the "golden age" in the history of Athens.
Naturally, this provision did not suit the Sparta, which was the reason for the beginning in 431 BC. Peloponess War, which ended after 27 years full of defeat of Athens.
According to the results of the war, Sparta has become the most powerful policy of Greece, forcing other cities to comply with their military orders. And only with the Association of Greece under the hegemony of Macedonia began to subsides internecine wars. So in 337 BC. Greece was combined into the Macedonian Empire.

After the murder of Philip II, the ruler's place was taken by his son - Alexander, who created the most powerful empire for only 9 years. Its main goal was forever committed to the centuries-old war between Greece and Persia. Hoping for peace agreements, he married Persian princesses - daughters of the enemies of Greece. The successes of the numerous victories of Alexander, about whom the legends were made, turned his head. He proclaimed himself by Zevs-Amonn, and did not want to stop at what was achieved. But for many years of battles exhausted his army and caused a wave of misunderstanding, both among the soldiers and among his surroundings. Alexander died at the 33rd year of life, and without leaving the heir.

Hellenistic period

Undoubtedly, Alexander's death significantly accelerated the collapse of the Great State, which already began.
The commanders of the Alexander Army shared the empire among themselves: Greece and Macedonia went to Antipra, Frace - Lisimakh, Asia Minor - Antigonus, Babylonia - Seleyevka, Egypt - Ptolemy.
From the new threat - the Roman aggressor - the first in 148 BC. Macedonia and Greece fell, and the invader of the Kingdom of Ptolemy in Egypt resisted the invader longer than all of all.

Roman period

It is noteworthy that in a few decades before the arrival of Roman conquerors, the Greek rulers themselves invited Roman liberators.
Similar to the Russian princes, which "used" the Gold Horde in internecine wars as military strength, the Greeks turned to the Roman legionmers. For what, in fact, they paid when Roman troops occupied Greece and Macedonia, announcing the province on their territory, which should obey the Roman governor.
It was the Romans that became receivers of Greek culture, her came to the present day. The elements of the Roman architecture, undoubtedly, are the character of the masters of ancient Greece. Like most of the great civilizations, the Roman civilization has been self-developed due to the idle lifestyle, corruption and pegs.

Byzantine period It is possible to be described as a period of formation of traditions of Christianity, with the construction of numerous churches and monasteries throughout the country. The influence of the church on social life and the political system increases.
Under Justinian I, the Byzantine Empire reaches the apogee of its development, becoming the most powerful power of the Mediterranean. Exiting until 1453, the Great Civilization fell under the onslaught of Turkish invaders, going to the power of the Ottoman Empire.

The Ottoman period of Greece is considered one of its most difficult in its history. Despite the fact that the Turks left the Greeks freedom of religion, the Greek people never ceased to fight for their independence.

The revolution

The date of the beginning of the revolution is considered March 25, 1821. The Orthodox Church played a leading role when the revolutionary flag raised the patriarch. A year later, the independence of Greece was proclaimed by a difficult and fierce struggle by the National Assembly. However, internal disagreements in the country led to the beginning Civil War 1823 - 1825
Two years later, in 1827, the first president of Greece was elected the National Assembly, and Russia, England and France became the guarantors of the autonomous status of Greece.
In 1830, in accordance with the enclosed Adrianopol peace treaty, Turkey recognized the independence of the Greek state.

New time

The period from 1830 to 1922 in Greece is considered time of excitement and political riots.
Influenced by the world's leading powers that contributed to the acquisition of long-awaited freedom, Greece was obliged to listen to their opinion. So, in 1862, Georg I, Prince of Greece, becomes President of Greece, thanks to which the country was returned by Ionian O-Wa, Fessiona, part of Epirus.
At the beginning of the 20th century, during the Balkan War of 1912-13, Greece again expected the expansion of the historical territory, when the islands of the Aegean Sea, Crete, Epir and Macedonia were attached, and at the end of World War II, Greece received Izmir and Thrace.
The year 1922 was marked by the so-called "Major Catastrophe", when Greece had to forget about their imperial plans about the release of part of the Malaya Asia (along the coast) from Turkish rule and about returning to themselves.

Modernity

One of the main problems of this period was the arrival of a huge number of refugees from Asia Minor, which has achieved truly incredible sizes.
In October 1940, the Italian fascists invaded Epirus, but were defeated. The victory over German-fascist invaders occupied by Greece in 1941. Thanks to the People's Liberation Army, headed by the Communists in 1944 it was possible to free the mainland part of Greece.
1946-1949 - The time of the Civil War.

Since 1952, in Greece begins new stage development. Entry into NATO.
In 1967, a military coup, which led to the junta rule (military dictatorship). After 7 years, the time of "black colonels" ended: the civil government came to power again.
1922-1974 Characterized by exacerbation of contradictions in society. During this period, 14 courses and public coups occurred. As a result, Greece was divided into several political camps: communists, military, monarchists and supporters of American politics.
And only by 1974 the country realized: only united, Greece will be able to develop further as a full-fledged European state.

On December 8, the first truly democratic referendum took place, during which citizens voted against the monarchy. In Greece, there was a consolidation of democratic forces under the sensitive leadership of Kostasa Karamanlis, who spent the president of the Greek Republic from 1980 to 1995.
In 1981, Greece enters the European Economic Union, and in local elections the Socialist Party won. Her famous leader, Andreas Papandreu, becomes the prime minister of the country, remaining in power over the next 7 years.