Spruce Siberian - view of coniferous evergreen plants of the family of pine.

As the northern inhabitant of his own kind, this large tree grows throughout Northern Europe (including in Scandinavia), Siberia, up to Magadan. It is also found in Northern Manchuria and the cold regions of Mongolia. This kind of ate is a forest forming for many Siberian regions. More often is a concomitant breed in a mixed forest. Spruce Siberian often forms a hybrid with an ordinary, this subspecies refer to the Finnish fir. Due to the similarity of the genetic code, ease in the formation of hybrids, sometimes spruce Siberian and ordinary are combined into one species.

Description

Spruce Siberian grows up to 30 meters in height, the thickness of the barrel is up to 70 cm in diameter. It goes well in growth in areas with high illumination. Croon of a narrow-pyramidal or pyramidal form. In comparison with the European fir, has a shortened cheva, which is characterized by stitching. Coupling lives on a branch from 8 to 10 years. Plants aged from 15-50 years and older than once every 3-5 years give crop of cones. This Christmas tree

the bumps are small, with wide round scales. Surfers in them are ripening by the end of September, sometimes early frosts lick them.

Chemical composition

The elusive needle contains an impressive amount of essential oil and phytoncides - volatile substances of bactericidal, prosticidal (killing the simplest pathogenic organisms) and antifungal (antifungal) action, it is also abounding with tanning compounds, vitamins E and K, carotene, ascorbic acid, polyprenola, resins, resins and microelements. In the kidneys and cones of essential oil, too, a lot - from 0.2%. Character vinegar is also present, bourneil acetate ester with a characteristic cammy smell, and more - soldiers of manganese, copper, aluminum, chromium, iron. Zhivitsa, in addition to acetic acid, contains terrentin, turpentine and rosin. In the seeds there are a lot of oily oil, and in the cortex - up to 14% of tannides (tankers).

Medical properties

From time immemorial, the majestic forest beauty gives people health, protects against ailments and saves from the Russian Academy of Sciences, being:

• antimicrobial;
• fungicidal;
• anti-cutting;
• against rheumatic;
• antimaluctural;
• anesthetic;
• warming;
• hemostatic;
• diuretic;
• fixing;
• choleretic (increasing bile influx to 46.6% of the initial, with an increase in the production of bilirubin);
• disinfectant.

Medical purposes

The use of any kind of spruce is equally. The needle is a high-rise product, and saved many people from zing. Young shoots, bumps and housing use for cooking infusions and decoctions. They are taken against the protracted cold, water, rash on the skin, Qatar of the upper respiratory tract, asthma of any type. They make inhalations from a cold and cough. In the form of a bath, adding salt, applied with rheumatism, radiculitis and supercooling. The decoction of the kidneys and the infusion of young rigs on vodka is useful for tuberculosis of lungs. From the resin, coated with bee wax and pork lard, receive an effective ointment from the furuncoolose.

Zhivitsa (resin) is used in a fresh form - for processing bleeding wounds, in a dry exhalation - like a powder for ulcers, ulves and mocking burns. It is distilled on turpentine to heating and relaxing muscles and ligaments. From the mixture of spruce resin and bee wax Make a filler for aroma lamps - smoke from the combustion of the mixture is treated from chronic bronchitis. Dry distillation from wood is obtained by activated carbon - an unsurpassed absorbent that helps with food poisoning and increased gas formation in the intestine.

For use B. therapeutic purposes Used immature female (containing seeds) cones. Men's cones are smaller, contain pollen. In order not to make a mistake, choose the largest and most beautiful. Collection is carried out at the beginning of autumn, until the bumps have revealed. For some recipes, young shishchers collected in June are used. The resin is harvested from June to September.

Recipes

Broth of young shishchets or shoots (ARVI, flu, pneumonia, asthma):

30 g of spruce raw materials to boil in 1 l of milk for 20 minutes, then strain. Reception - triple one per day.

Broth bark (diarrhea, food poisoning, internal inflammation):

1 tbsp. Firing fibers of the fiber bark cooking in the half-liter of water 10 - 15 minutes, let it stand up to cooling, drain the liquid. The decoction to drink as they repeat the uncomfortable sensations at half a glass for the reception.

Ointment (Naryvy, Absadin, Burns):

Take an equal proportions with spruce zhovoya zhvitsa, wax, honey and sunflower oil. Heat on a small fire with constant stirring to a homogeneous consistency. It is filled with hot, removing all major particles that can additionally injure the amazed plot.

Vitamin drink (avitaminosis, ration, cold):

Handful of fir needles pour a glass of boiling water. Wait when it becomes brew, remove the fatty film with a spoon, which is formed on the surface, add a whole lemon juice or an orange, a pinch of cinnamon and a tablespoon of honey.

Bath infusion:

Spruce boiled booze with adding sea salt 5-10 minutes. In a slightly cooled solution, add a burnt root grinded in Cashitz to create a soap medium. Use for washing and rinsing the body in the intervals between sweating sessions.

Syrup from the needles against cough, to reduce appetite and stimulation of cerebral activity:

Glass jar of 0.5 liters fill a housing from a forest tree (growing far from roads, industrial enterprises) to a quarter. Pour the remaining volume with liquid honey. Insistance room temperature 3 weeks. Filling the composition. From cough eat ½ tsp 5-6 times a day. Against appetite takes ½ tsp 5-10 minutes before meals. While preparing for exams, increased mental loads eaten 1 tsp. Such

syrope per day.

Broth of kidneys from pain in the muscles and compositions, bronchitis, tuberculosis:

1 tbsp. Fresh renal Christmas trees scream with boiling water, pour 200 ml of water, boil for 20 minutes. Filter through 3 layers of gauze. A little cooled decoction to sweeten with honey. Drink the volume received during the day in several techniques.

The resin tincture was ate from impotence:

1 tsp. Zhivitsa pour 0.5 liters of vodka, insist a week. Take 30 ml before bedtime. Course treatment: 30 days of reception - 10 days break - 30 days of reception.

Contraindications

People suffering from ulcerative disease or gastritis with increased acidity of the stomach are deprived of the opportunity to take inside therapeutic drugs from ate. People with an individual reaction to camphor smell or other individual components as part of the plant should be avoided at all.

Darkness forest formations

These formations are widespread, they occupy about 20% of forest area. Consist of following species Trees: ereged European and Siberian, Fir Siberian and Cedar Siberian.

Erendan fir, or ordinary - Picea Excelsa, or P. ABLES. A tree with a height of up to 40 w and a diameter of up to 1 m. Crown is thick, biconic, with a pointed vertex, descends on the trunk relatively low. Branching is not strictly muttered, but larger branches are located almost mutual and grow out of the glands near the top. In addition to such branches, the ate always has smaller side, developing from kidneys located all over the main run. The side branches of the first order are horizontal and only sometimes, older, - diluting, with the bending up the top. Branches of the first order (branches) Even in large old trees are relatively thin, flexible and strong. The trunk has a lot of thoughts to 1/3 of the height of the tree alive, approaching the shape to the cylinder, then gradually drowshes, moving to the top into a thin whip. The bark is thin, reddish-dark brown, peeling to saucer scales. It contains up to 7% of high-quality tannides and is a good tubeer. The needles are relatively short, 2 - 3 cm long, rigid, at the end of a pointed, tetrahedral, rhombic or high-circuit in cross section, dark green, brilliant. Stitza in the form of whitish thin strips are located on all faces. The needles are located singly, but very thick, so that covers its stem. It is attached to a stalk of sheet pads, especially well noticeable after the appeal of needles. On the main vertical shoots of the needles, it is radially and relatively pressed against the stalk, and it even closes the top kidney, pressing it to it, sometimes spinning spiral. On the side shoots of the needles, it is located on both sides and on top of escape, the stem remains open from below. Therefore, the branches of ate, even large, have a darling symmetry. On shaded lateral shoots, the narcorbic needle is almost comb. The needles live from 6 to 12 years and falls gradually.

The kidneys are egg-conical, pointed, brown, outside the resin are not covered. The kidneys are blown relatively late. Young shoots with light green, matte soft cheese, grow quickly, the stems of them first. Soft and young shoots dry out the top, straightening as the stem.

Wood spruce white, sometimes with a yellowish tint, slightly brilliant, long retains its natural color. The swamp is wide, in color does not differ from the sound part of the trunk. Wood is relatively soft and lightweight, has a great use for construction purposes, and especially in cellulose-paper production. Her fibers - tracheids have a length of about 3 mm.

Flowering in the ate occurs at the age of 15 - 20 years in trees growing at freedom, Yves 25-30 years - in the growing in the forest. It begins shortly after the dissolution of the kidneys, 1 to 2 weeks earlier than that of pine.

Men's "Flowers" have the form of reddish-yellow cishets of an egg-shaped form up to 1.5 cm long, appearing from the side kidneys on the shoots of the previous year, mainly in the middle and top of the crown. Poloes are a lot, it forms a quick-melting yellow clouds over krons, then settles in a huge amount on herbal and moss cover or transferred to the wind on a large distance.

Women's "inflorescences", larger vertical standing lumps up to 5 cm long, appear single at the ends of last year's shoots, mainly at the top of the crown. Different trees have different colors; Light green, pinkish green, bright red, dark burgundy. The shishche consists of a rod, around which rather large seed scales are spiral, with two seeds on the upper side; At the base of seed scales on the bottom, there are narrow crumbling scales.

Regardless of whether pollination occurs or not, the bumps are developing, seed scales increase them strongly, become solid, and crumbling scales dry out, so they are invisible in a mature delight. After flowering, the bumps are fused down. Ripen cones and seeds in October. However, the autumn cones are usually not disclosed, scales are tightly pressed and the seeds do not fall out. Disclosure of cones, falling out of them and the spread of seeds occurs from January to April. Opening cones contributes dry frosty weather. The bumps of the erenel of European spindle-shaped-cylindrical, 10 - 15 length and a thickness of 3 - 4 cm, reddish-brown or light brown. Scales are rigid-leathery cones, rhombic, with a joined upper edge. The magnitude and color of the cones, as well as on the form of the scales, the individual trees of the european vary greatly. The location of women's "inflorescences" and cones at the top of the crown contributes to better pollination and spread of seeds in firs, forming a relatively dense canopy from dense crowns. A fir blooms not every year: years with medium blossoms alternate with years of abundant flowering and seed and over the years when flowering does not happen completely. Parthenospermia in the ate happens relatively rarely, and, as a rule, all seeds have embryos.

The seeds of ate egg-shaped, with a pointed tip, brown, evenly painted, matte, the length of them 3 is 5 - 5 mm, the weight of 1000 seeds - 5 - 8 g. The seed wing is inversely, light brown, the seed is attached weakly and easily separated from it. The place of attachment of the wing to the seed has a view of a spoon. When seeds are falling from the cones, they acquire a rotational movement, and the wind refers them from the maternal tree. The seeds falling on the snow in the snow, due to the fact that the wing lies on the surface of the snow is not tight and slightly raised, we are spread by the wind at considerable distances. Seeding seeds ate well persists for several years.

Spring seeds fir quickly. The stepper knee puts on the surface of the seed peel and the remnants of the endosperma, which, as the seeds grows, fall out. Seed 7 - 10, they are sickle-bent, triangular, with cloths on the inner edge and with allocations on internal faces, persist 2 - 3 years. In the first two years of the needles are flat. The overseas kidneys appearing in the first and second year are not dissolved and remain sleeping. Only for the 3rd - 4th year in young Christmas trees appear lateral shoots that begin to branch.

Developing during the germination of the seed, the main root of the first 2nd - 3 years is growing vertically, then branches up a few side, growing or horizontally, or obliquely down. The main root by 10 years is already impaired, strong side roots give surface root system. On deep soils, the side roots of the fir go to a significant depth. At the base of the trunk, near the root cervix, especially when covering its land or with a moss, the fir easily gives the apparent roots, which reach significant size and increase the root system.

The first 5 - 10 years of the fir grows relatively slowly, by 10 years it reaches a height of about 2m. After 10 years, its growth is significantly enhanced and under favorable conditions it is capable of giving in one year an increase of up to 70 cm. If fir's life lags behind in the growth of pine growth, then by 30 to 40 years it catch up with pine, and runs on fertile soils and distinguishes . Eugene fir is distinguished by durability, the age of its life is 300 years old.

The lower branches of the fir adjacent to the ground or to the moss cover, sometimes give the apparent roots, the vertices of them, bending the upward, take radial symmetry and begin to grow as independent tree. Such natural chains are rarely found, but in the Festrotre, on the Kola Peninsula, the ether Siberian has such a method of reproduction is often observed. In this case, the fir takes the shape, without forming the trunk, and is widely grown in the form of branches.

Spruce European is widespread in Western Europe and the USSR. Its northeast border is the south-west coast of the White Sea, Kirov, South Urals. In this part of the range, she meets with her fir Siberian and sometimes gives hybrid forms (Fig. 58). The south border of the erendan coincides with the northern border of the chernozem and takes place in the next direction: north of Lviv and Kiev, in Chernihiv, Bryansk, Tula, Ryazan, then descends to the south and again rises to the north to Gorky, crosses the Volga in Kazan, for the Kame rivers and White goes to the southern Urals in 53 ° C. sh.

The demand for soil and air humidity is the main reason that determines the southern border of the spread of ate. To the heat of fire, European is disposed of, but it is not completely cold-resistant. At a temperature - 40 ° it is damaged and even the kidneys. It is afraid of the late morning frosts, which sometimes completely bother young shoots. Such frosts are very dangerous for young trees, the crowns of which are located not above 4 m, as the frosts are only at the surface of the soil.

Spruce is one of the most shaded rocks, yielding only fir in this regard. Her needle is very plastic, it easily changes its position on escape and anatomical structure Depending on the amount of light. With shadowness associated: a thick crown, slow cleaning of the trunk from the busts, less quick to shrink the stand, long preservation of living needles on shoots, a thinner bark. The fir is renewed, giving reliable teen, both under the canopy of other more frequent rocks and under its canopy with a little closure crowns.

With regard to the fertility of the soil spruce does not differ highly demanding and refers to mesotrophs. It does not make significant soil dryness, as well as excess stagnant moisturizing and sphagnum swamps. On the soils with excessive, but firing firing firing is growing well, taking part along with black alder in the formation of forest herbal-marsh associations. She has a rather wide case, but it is much less than that of pine: in lichen and sphagnum types of location conditions, it does not grow.

Eugene spruce is distinguished by a very wide amplitude of variability, it is very close to the ate of Siberian. Although the latter has its own extensive range, but at a considerable distance of the area of \u200b\u200bthese two species, one on the other purpose. These species are quite closely related among themselves next to forms that have transitional signs.

The ate has climatic varieties that differ in speed of growth, the nature of the needles, the length of the growing season. But within a small area in one population with homogeneous soil-ground conditions, there can be a lot of morphological forms - Luzusov: in the form of branches - comb, flat, brush-shaped, compact; in the form of the crown - narrow and concrete; On coloring needles - dark green, bright green, yellowish green; on the color of women's shishchek ("flowers") - red and green; in size, shape and color of cones and their scales; According to the time of the dissolution of the kidneys - early and late expressing, these differences reach two weeks, and therefore the latter are less damaged by the later freezers. It also also has sharp morphological deviations - aberrations: low-spirited, unreasonable, weaving, with disrupting branches (Fig. 59).

Spruce Siberian- Picea Obovata. By morphological features There is little different from the erect European. They can be disclosed only in the size of the cones and the shape of the scales. The bumps of ate Siberian less, the length varies from 4 to 8 cm. Shaped egg-cylindrical cones, scales wide, rounded, all-strinny (Fig. 60). For all other morphological features, Siberian spruce is very similar to European fir.

Its distribution area is much bigger than the erect European. The western border of the range coincides with the eastern border of the erected European. In the north of Elo Siberian occupies the Kola Peninsula, and its northern border coincides with the southern border of the tundra. Through the throat of the White Sea, she goes to Naryan-Maru, Salekhard, envelopes a rude lip, to Dudinka and Norilsk, crosses the Khatanga River at 72 ° C. sh. (This is the most northern spread of spruce), then to the southeast, crosses the r. Lena has 67 ° C. sh. And goes to the Okhotsk Sea in 59 ° C. sh. Near Magadan. There are no Siberian on Kamchatka. In the Far East Yves Eastern Siberia. She is rare. In Western Siberia, in the Sayanov and in Altai, it is a conventional tree of a dark taiga. The southern border in Western Siberia passes from Lake Zaisan, along the Katun River, north of Omsk, to Zlatoust in the Urals.

According to environmental properties, Siberian spruce is close to the erect European, but more cold-resistant; Her area comes far to the north and in the mountains it grows in a more severe climate.

Having occupy a very wide range with a variety of climates and the ruptures of the range in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, Eh Siberian has a number of ecotypes and even subspecies. Spruce growing in the southern part of the Far East, stands out in independent view - Spruce Korean - Picea Koraiensis, but there is no significant morphological differences from the erats of Siberian.

Fir Siberian - Abies sibirica. A tree with a height of up to 30 m and a diameter of up to 50 cm. Crown is very thick, narrow-monotic, with a pointed vertex, descends from freestanding trees to the base of the tree. The branching is not strictly muttered, the side branches of the first order are short, thin, flat, depart from the trunk horizontally, and the lower bend, they are less strong than the fir. Siberian Fir Siberian Barrel is a minor, but not cylindrical, but a slightly rounded-coiled, then quickly drowshes, turning in the crown into a thin whip.

The bark is brownish-dark gray, smooth, if there are cracks at the bottom of the trunk, then rare and not deep. In the cortex there are resin moves and well-noticeable gaps in which the resin is located.

The needles are soft, flat, a length of 2 - 3 cm, on top of a stupid or with a notch, grayish-dark green, light green, matte, with two whitish strips of stitches located on the bottom side of the needles. To the base of the needles is somewhat narrowed and directly attached to the stalk, without leaf pads on the crust. It is located, as well as the ate, singly: radially - on the main escape, on the side shoots there are on top of each other. He lives a long, 8-10 years old. The kidneys are small, semi-like or inversely, bright, greenish-brown, tops are covered with resin. They bloom relatively late (Fig. 61).

White wood, the swamp does not differ from the sound part, relatively soft, without resin moves, continuing, the technical qualities is inferior to Elus. In addition, fir trunks are often damaged by the core rot, which significantly reduces the value of this tree.

Fishing Fish begins late: trees growing freely and on the edges - in 20 - 30 years, in the forest - in 40 - 50 years. Blossom occurs shortly after the blooming of the kidneys. Men's "flowers" have the appearance of egg-shaped lumps, they appear from the side kidneys on one-year shoots as well as the fir, are located only at the top of the crown. Female "inflorescences" green or brown, length 1 - 2 hedgehog; Covering scales of their significantly larger than seed scales. They are located in the upper part of the crown, at a distance of 1 - 2 m from the vertex, while aging retains its vertical position.

The bumps and seeds in them ripen in the fall of the same year, at the end of the growing season. Mature cones are light brown, cylindrical, with a dull vertex, 6 - 10 cm long and a thickness of 2 - 4 cm, resinous. Scales are bias cones, on top of rounded with small cloths and matte outer side, which is well noticeable with crumbling scales.

After aging in September - October, the bumps become friable, scales are separated from the rod carrier and fall along with the seeds, and the branched vertically standing rods remain on the branches.

Large seeds, a length of 0.5 - 0.8 cm, inversely-shaped-wedge-shaped with blunt edges, bright, brown-yellow, soft skin, resinous, wing wedge-shaped, with a beveled vertex, the base it covers the seed and grows tightly with it. Weight 1000 seed 10-12g. The germination of the seeds is lost quickly, only fresh is suitable for sowing, sometimes parthenospermia is observed. Shoots have 4 - 5 flat dark green cotyledons. In the young age of the fir grows very slowly. For durability, she is inferior to ate. The root system is relatively deep, side roots along with the main directions are directed to the depths of the soil.

The fir can multiply in vegetatively - with a mumps: the lower branches of it, ingest with moss or closing the bedding, easily form the apparent roots, rooted and give vertically growing shoots and trunks. In the formation of some packers, this method of reproduction along with seed is important. In some cases, such rooted branches remain dorziveral, grow up, forming a shrub type overgrown, thanks to which there is a peculiar shape of the undergrowth of fir. Siberian fir is relatively short-lived and lives about 200 years.

It has a large area of \u200b\u200bnatural distribution and takes part in the formation of forests: in the northeastern regions of the European part of the USSR, in Western Siberia. Its northern spreading border passes east of Vologda on average flow rivers. DVY, MENE, Pechoras to the lower leaf flow, is then sent to the upper flow of Aldan, east of chita; South border - the average flow of Sukhona, east of Kostroma, north of Kazan, Next Izhevsk, Chelyabinsk, north of Novosibirsk, by the average flow of the Bii Rivers and Katun (Fig. 62).

This tree is cold-resistant, but less than a spruce, therefore, and the northern border passes its south. Young fir shoots are badly damaged by later freezes. It is more demanding and to humidity. In relation to the light of the fir is one of the most shadowed breeds. The indicators of its shadowiness are: a large life expectancy of the needles, poor cleaning of the trunk from the branches, the thin bark, the ability to resume under the canopy and even give as a result of the vegetative reproduction of the stabel type undergrowth. To the soil facilities of the fir demanding, it grows on the rich in mineral composition and with the average humidity of the soils.

Siberian fir does not have a large formal variety within the species. By occupying an extensive range, it has environmental varieties, but the morphological forms of it are weakly expressed.

Similar views of the Siberian fir are: White fir - Abies Nephrolepis, growing in the Far East, and Semenov Fir - Abies Semenowii, growing in the mountains of the eastern part of Central Asia.

In the eastern regions of the USSR, the fir grows as an impurity in fir forests; In Western Siberia, in Altai Yves Sayanov, it prevails in the dark forests, and in some places it gives clean firings. Just like a fir, it has a strong effect on Wednesday.

Having soft, fragile wood, fir is not much appreciated as construction materialBut in areas where there is a lack of valuable breeds, its wood finds a variety of use. From resin, fir receives Canadian balsam - the material for the optical industry; From the needles - essential oil. In forest crops, the fir is almost no applied due to slow growth, low quality wood and the difficulty of collecting seeds.

Cedar Siberian, Pine Siberian Cedar - Pinus Sibirica. A large tree with a height of up to 35 m and a diameter of up to 1.5 m. Crown is thick, egg-shaped or cylindrical, top dull; Old trees often with 2 - 3 vertices. The freestanding and empty trees of Crown descends relatively low.

Branching strictly mutual, characteristic of all pines. The branches of the first order are departed from the trunk at a right angle, then bent arcuate and the ends climb them up.

Cylindrical trunks, minor to the crown, branched in thick branches.

The bark is at a young age of light gray, thin, then becomes a fractured, grayish-drone. The crust is peeled with plates.

The needles are located on the shortened shoots with beams of five pieces. Relatively long, 5 - 10 cm, fine, rigid, but not barbed, trigger in cross section; Straspets in the form of light strips are located only on internal faces. Both on the main escape and on the side bundles of the needle are radially. Two-5 years old lives and falls with shortened shoots (Fig.63).

Stems annual shoots were pubes with a dense velvety brown fluff. This omission of cedar is well different from other five-walled pines. The kidneys are large, up to 2 cm, ovoid-cylindrical, with a pointed vertex, are blown late, later than that of pine ordinary.

Cedar wood with a yellowish-white sabber and a reddish-yellow core, lightweight, uniform addition, quite durable, easily cuts and processed, gives good stuff For pencil shells.

Cedar blossoms begins late: free-standing trees - at 20 - 25 years old, in the forest - in 50 years. It blooms late, after the blooming of the kidneys, later the pine is ordinary. Years of abundant flowering and seminaries are rare, after 5 to 7 years.

Men's "flowers" are located in groups at the base of young shoots, and the women's "inflorescences" in the form of small purple cones - at the top of a young escape near the side kidneys. Both men's and women's "flowers" are located only at the top of the crown. The structure of male "flowers" and women's "inflorescences" is the same as other pines. Corses and seeds ripen autumn for another year after flowering. Ripe egg-shaped bumps, light brown, 6 - 10 long and 5 - 7 cm thick, with wood scales. After aging, the bumps are not disclosed, like pine and ate, and do not disintegrate on the tree, like fir, and become friable and inconsistent fall out from the tree.

Seeds - "Cedar nuts" - large, length 0.8 - 1.2 cm, softening-like, dark brown, with a fully reduced wing, one side matte, other glossy from the surprised wing residue. Parthenospermia from cedar seeds is rare. The germination of the seeds is lost quickly, shoot slowly and cheerlessly. Part of the seed germinates only for the second year after sowing. Cedar seeds are distributed only by animals. Birds and rodents that feed on the cedar seeds take care of the bumps and drop, bringing this well-known benefit.

In the first years, the cedar shoots have a stepper knee, 10 (sometimes 9 - 12) large surgery-curved seedlings and the kidney, a short escape appears in the second year, carrying a single flat housing and somewhat shortened shoots with triangled chevings. In natural conditions, shoots are very often arranged by groups of several pieces, since the seeds germinate in cones lying on the ground (Fig. 64).

The cedar grows the first 10 years slowly, in the future the increase in it increases to 50 cm per year. Vegetatively does not multiply, but gives the apparent roots, which under certain conditions significantly enhance the root system of the tree. Cedar Sibirsky - Durable tree, lives up to 400 years.

The area of \u200b\u200bKedar Siberian in a large part coincides with the AREAL FIRS Siberian. The northern border of its distribution is the upper and secondary course of the Pechora, the lower flow of Ob and Yenisei, the uppercase Aldan; At this distance, the border of the propagation of the cedar passes the north of the propagation of fir, in the southern part of the borders of the two these types of trees coincide (Fig. 65). Cedar Sibirsky is a cold-resistant tree, not damaged in no winter cold, nor late frosts. The air humidity is demanding. In relation to the light, cedar is significantly shadowing the pine, his thick crowns give a dark cave, the needles live long; Under the canopy, the renewal is successful and gives reliable teen, although slowly growing. To the wealth of the soil, he is not particularly demanding and put up with rocky soils in the mountains, transfers excessive moisturizing, both flowing and stagnant, grows even on sphagnous swamps and on sandy, not very dry soils. A large formal variety on the vegetative bodies cedar Siberian is no different, but the amplitude of varying on the shape of cones is large, even within one population.

European cedar - Pinus Cembra. Common in the mountainous forests of Western Europe is a close view of the Siberian cedar and can be considered as a subspecies that differs only ecologically and having a separate area. In the USSR grows in the mountain forests of Western Ukraine.

Siberian and European cedar form darkened forests together with fir and fir, less often with larch and pine. In Western Siberia, in Altai and in Sayan, they often form clean cedarrels or forests with a predominance of cedar. The natural resumption of it on the squares covered with the forest is well, but on cutting and gars as a result of the slow spread of seeds, the resumption is delayed.

In addition to valuable wood, cedar pines are of great practical interest like nution. Cedar "nuts" containing about 50% of oils are characterized by good taste. With 1 hectare, on average, the harvest of nuts is about 50 kg. These species deserve broad dilution both in forest cultures and when landscaping.

Fir bumps - Strobuli Piceae

Spruce spruce - Picea Abies (L.) Karst.

Pine Family - Pinaceae

Botanical characteristic.High wood (20-50 m) with a pointed crown. Bark red-brown or gray, peeling thin scales; Young branches are brown or reddish, bare or slightly pubescent with strongly protruding sheets, kidneys, egg-and-conical, pointed, brownish. Leaves (needles) Quantum, pointed, brilliant, bright or dark green, 20-25 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, thick branches. Doodle bumps elongated-cylindrical, 20-25 mm long, are surrounded by light green flakes. Seed cones hanging, first red, then green, mature - raging, 10-16 cm long, 3-4 cm wide. Seed scales are riveted, yellow, reversible, convex, on the edge of the lavety, gear; Curving scales are located at the base of seed, in mature cones - in the form of a barely noticeable leathery films. Seeds are dark brown, with a wing 3 times longer than them. Pollination takes place in May-June.

Spread.Spreading spruce over the entire forest zone of European Russia, forming clean and mixed forests. The pre-rally is gradually replaced by a close view of Siberian (Picea Obovata Ledeb.), The forest-forming rock of the Ural and Siberian taiga.

Habitat.Forms extensive clean and mixed forests, often with birch and pine. Spruce in urban and roadside plants is widely divorced, while along with domestic species cultivated some foreign forms, characterized by special decorativeness, for example blue ate North American origin.

Preparation of raw materials, primary processing, drying.The raw materials are harvested, breaking or cutting off the bumps by the sektor in the summer to the stage of ripening seeds, and dried on racks under sheds. Invalid collecting fallen cones (!).

Standardization.The quality of solid and crushed raw materials regulates the GF XI.

Exterior signs.Solid raw materials.Oval-cylindrical, elliptical or oblong in the outlines of the cones up to 14 (16) cm long (after disclosure) up to 5 cm, formed by spirally arranged small crumbling scales, in the sinuses of which are large seed scales up to 25 mm in length and 18 mm in Width (W. P.. obovata. - up to 15 mm long and 11 mm in width), in the outlines of rhombic ( P.. obovata. - inversely actual), on Verkhushka wavy and unprinted-gear (y P.. obovata. with a rounded solid edge). At the base of each seed scales there are two seeds, covered with a plenized wing. The taste of astringent, bitter.

Ground raw materials.Pieces of cones of various shapes, brown colorpassing through the sieve with the holes with a diameter of 10 mm.

Numeric indicators.Whole raw materials should contain essential oil at least 0.2% (according to the XI XI; time distillation 1.5 h); humidity no more than 13%; ash overall no more than 8%; cones who have half seeds poured, not more than 20%; other parts (needles, small twigs) not more than 5%; Organic impurities no more than 1% mineral - no more than 0.5%. IN ground raw materialsIn addition, the content of particles that do not pass through the sieve with a hole with a diameter of 7 mm should not exceed 3.5%, and the particles passing through the sieve with a hole with a size of 0.5 mm, 30%.

Chemical composition.Essential oils, vitamin C, tannilic substances, resins, mineral salts, phytoncides.

Pharmacological properties.The amount of biologically active substances of spruce cones and young shoots has antimicrobial, antispasmodic, diuretic, choleretic and anti-cutting effect.

Medicines.Decoction, ointment. "Pinabin".

Application.The decoction of young shoots on milk is prepared from the calculation of 30.0 shoots per 1 liter of milk. Cooking 10 minutes, filter and use during the day.

For wound healing, ulcers, gunnings use ointment from resin fir with molten pork lard.

In the form of decoctions and infusions of the cones are used to treat diseases of the respiratory tract and bronchial asthma in the form of inhalations.

From the "paws" distinguish between the essential oil and dissolve it in a fatty peach oil. Such a solution called "Pinabin" in the form of droplets is used as an antispasmodic and bacteriostatic agent for renal disease and renal colic.

In addition, it contains a significant amount of ascorbic acid. The people have long been used by the "paws" ate (as well as other conifers) to obtain a drink saturated with vitamin C. Such a drink was treated from zingi, drank it to prevent avitaminosnosis, especially at the end of winter and in early springWhen another vitamin-containing greenery is not yet.

Quoted1 \u003e\u003e\u003e Doddrology: Practical Aspect\u003e Part 1. Conifer breeds\u003e Dendrological characteristics of fir types

Part 1. Coniferous breeds

V. Dendrological characteristics of fir species (Picea Dietr.)

The trees of a pyramidal habit with a mutiot branch, reaching height 60 and even 90 m and diameter 1.5 - 2 m, live from 300 to 600 years. The fir is distinguished by high shades, in connection with which, the purification of bans is slow. The bark in young trees is smooth, old uneven, thin, despicable (see :).

The bumps are filtered, during maturation they do not scatter. Ripen in the year of flowering, fall or in winter is revealed, after which it is falling. Curving scales are small and hidden under seeds. Seeds leathery are easily freed from the wing covering only the top of the seed (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Shape of cones and seed scales of some kinds of ate: 1st. ordinary; 2nd. Eastern; 3rd barbed; 4th. Siberian; 5 - e. Canadian; 6th. Aiana.

Table 4. Comparative characteristics Some domestic species ate - Picea Mill.

Signs	Eugene spruce - Picea Abies Karst.	Spruce Siberian - Picea Obovata LDB.	Wheel East -Picea Orientalis (L.) LINK.	El Tianshhanskaya - Picea Schrenkiana F. ET M.	Ehland Ayanskaya -Picea Jezoensis Carr.
Height, M.	20-35	Up to 30.	35-40 (50)	30-40	40-50
Diameter, m.	1-1,5	0,8-1,0	1,5-2,0	1,0-2,0	1,5-2,0
Crown	Cone-shaped	Cone-shaped	Conical	Non-compounded, low-profound	Cone-shaped
Bark	Dark gray, smooth or scaly-lamellar	Dark gray, smooth or rounded plate	Brown, scaly, old - dark gray	Reddish gray, scaly	Gray-brown, rounded round
Epishers	Brown, redhead, naked	With rude short reddish hairs	Light brown, dense-cohesive	Serious yellow	Shiny, bare, brown-gray
Kidney	Ovate-conical, pointed, without resin	Ovate-conical	Non-massic, 3 mm long, egg-shaped, reddish	Dark gray, ovoid, resinous	Ophid conical, stupid. resinous
Needles	1.0-2.5 cm dL, 1-1.5 mm wide, tetrahedral, pointed, brilliant, bright or dark green, holds 6-7 (10-12) years	0.7-0.0 cm long, dark green tetrahedral, barbed	0.5-0.8 (10) cm dL, stupid, dark green, brilliant, tough, flattened-tetrahedral, is an astrone	1.8-4 cm dL, 1 mm wide, tetrahedral, sharp, pale-bluish	1.2- 2 cm dL., 1.2 mm wide, flat, on both sides of the cylinder, dull from the bottom with 6-7 rows of all sides, the floor
Shishki.	10-15 cm thick., Light brown with riveted seed scales around the edge, ripen in October, and are revealed in winter	Small 6-7 (8) cm dL, with convexish-sickened whole-extreme seed scales	Spine-shaped-cylindrical, 5-10 cm long, 2 cm thick., Light brown with a wide top edge	Cylindrical, 7-10 (12) cm dl, 2.5 cm thick., With convex, brilliant, brownish-purple, rounded or truncated	3- 8 cm for., And 1.5-3 cm thick., Light brown, oblong-elliptical, with a wavy-gear or laid edge
Seeds	Ophid, sharp, coffee-brown coffee. 4- 5 mm for 1000 pcs. Weigh 5.5-8 g	4 mm For 1000 pcs. Weigh 4.8 g	Small (up to 4 mm), black with threefold and longer wing, 1000 pcs. Weigh 7.3 g	4- 5 mm for, with three times and a longer wing	4 mm For 1000 pcs. Weigh 4.8 g
Motherland	Europe - Alps, Carpathians, Scandinavia, USSR		Caucasus, along with the fir, but somewhat shifted to the east, where it prevails in mixed plantations	Dzhungarian Alatau and the whole Tien Shan	Pre-rally and to Yenisei, in a mixture with the Fir Siberian, East Yenisei on river valleys in the center of Yakutia, Transbaikalia, rarely - on the Okhotsk coast

Table 5. Comparative characteristics of some North American fir species introduced in the USSR

Signs	Spruce spruce -Picea Pungens Englm.	Spruce Sithinskaya -Picea Sitchensis Carr.	Canadian spruce, or white - Picea Canadensis Britt.
Height, M.	20-45	45-60	20-35
Diameter, m.	0,7-1,2	1,2-2,4(4,8)	0,6-1,2
Crown	Cone-shaped, symmetric	Widescreen, thick	Correct-cone-shaped, thick
Bark	Fractured, scaly, grayish brown	Fractured, scaly, thin, red-boiled gray	Smooth or scaly, ash brown
Epishers	Orange-red	Light brown, naked	Naked, whitish
Kidney	Large, cone-shaped, with bent back scales	Cone-shaped, resinous	Ovally pointed, 0.6 cm dl, light brown
Needles	2-3 cm long, tetrahedral, dense, strongly connected, with 3-6 stomach lines on each side, green to silver-white, sticks out in all directions, keeps 4-6 (9) years	1.5-1.8 (2.8) cm dL., About 1 mm wide, straight, flat, top and bottom unclear, super-zeal, bottom of silver-bell-bonds steel with steel bluette	0.8-1.8 cm long, and 1.5- 2 mm wide, four-granular, sisido-green, slightly twisted, keeps 5-7 years
Shishki.	5-10 cm for, 2-3 cm thick., Cylindrical, light brown, with thin flexible longitudinally rhombic on the edge of wavy-gear scales	Cylindrical, 5-10 cm long., 2.5-3 cm wide., Light brown, with tops on the edge of the edge-toothed scales, ripen in October - November and fall in winter	Cylindrical, 3.5- 5 cm long., 1.5- 2 cm. Shir., Light brown, with whole-extreme, racing scales, ripen in October and fall in winter
Seeds	3 mm Dl., Brown with 12 mm wing, 1000 pcs. Weigh 4- 5 g	2-3mmdl, light brown, with a wing of 12 mm, 1000 pcs. Weigh 4-5 g	2-3 mm long, light brown, with a wing of 6- 9 mm for., 1000 pcs. Weigh 2.5 - 3.0 g

The helical needle, a four-sided or flat, at the end of the pointed, sits on oblong pads (crust folds), remaining after their fallout, keeps on the tree to 7 - 9 years old, in urban conditions - 3 to 4 years.

The root system is superficial, especially in excessly moistened soils, on well-drained soils, individual Kosos roots deepen into the soil up to 0.5 - 0.7 m. Wood whitish-yellowish. For wood, ate is characterized by the presence of vertical and horizontal resin moves (they are seduced with 5-15 thick-walled epithelial cells) and radial tracheid with small teeth or spirals on the interior walls. Woodfood Wood is the best raw material for the manufacture of paper and the best resonant material for making musical instruments. Her finely and flat-layer forms are especially valuable.

The genus Picea contains about 45 (35-50) species common in Northern Europe, North, East and Central Asia and North America. The greatest number of species in Central and West Mountain China. Out of 10 species growing in the USSR the greatest value It has a fir european, spruce Sibirskaya, spruce Eastern, El Tianghanskaya, Spruce Ayanskaya (Table 4). From the species introduced in the USSR, spruce was greatly distributed, spruce, spiny and spruce Siberian (Table 5).

Task 6. Characteristic features of species of the genus Picea

The purpose of the task is to study the similarities and differences of domestic and introduced species of ate.

Materials for the task: 1) Photos, slides and herbariums. Elutes of European, Siberian, East, Anyan, Serbian, Tianshhanskaya, Kolyac and Canadian; 2) shoots, collections of cones, seeds, wood and bark listed species ate; 3) Female and men's strobils were fixed during the flowering period of European; 4) Preparations of pollen spruce European, wood microsresses and bark in three projections: transverse, radial and tangential.

Equipment for lesson: Svityaz Diapricor, Preparation Magnifier, Microscope, Preparation Needles, Napkin, Pencil and Workbook for drawing.

The procedure for performing the task:
1. Write out the signs of the main species of the PICEA-erected European, or ordinary. Draw these signs in the following sequence: 1) Total habit of wood (crown character); 2) Escape with cheese and female gates during flowering; 3) seed and crooked flakes during flowering (repaire and look under the magnifying glass); 4) Mature bump on escape; 5) seed and crumbling scales of a mature cones; 6) Escape with male gates and cheese; 7) Stamp (sweeping off and examine under the magnifying glass), draw and record the items; 8) seed with a cruise, seed separately and a ward without seed; 9) CHIVE and its cross section; 10) Macro and microstruption of wood and bark.

2. Using these information, make a brief dendrological description of the erect ordinary according to the following sample. Spirit Ordinary, or European, - Picea Abies Karst. (P. Excelsa Link.) Refers to the EUPICEA section (real spruce). Spruce is represented by slender trees from 20 to 50 m of height, with a conical crown. The needle is single, dark green, monochrome, in cross section of rhombic, on top of stupid, from 10 to 25 mm long.

Women's gates during dark red blossoms with a purple tint, cylindrical shape, are located on the top of last year's escape vertically. The ends of the seed scales during flowering are bent out to facilitate the penetration of pollen to the seeds lying at the base of the seed scales. Crowing flakes have less seed and during flowering, and in a mature shishke. After pollination, seed flakes are closed, and the bump falls from the escape. European cylindrical erenel ripe bumps, 10-15 cm long, rhombic seed scales, bubble on the end. Seeds with yellowish cruise. The seed lies in a spoonful deepening of the winner.

Men's gates of oval shape (1 - 1.5 cm long) dark red, are located in the sinuses of the needles, at the top of last year's shoots. By the time of flowering, the coloring of them becomes reddish-yellow, because between the crests of the stamens are visible filled with yellow pollens. The stitch has two anthers, crest and short stitching thread.

Spruce European is distributed in Western Europe, the European part of the USSR, where it comes to the north to the northern border of the forest, and in the south - to the northern border of the forest-steppe.

3. Determination of some species of Picea. With the help of keys placed in the second section of this workshop, identify Spruce Siberian, Spruce Spruce, Eastern Fir, El Tianshhanskaya Spruce and Canadian Spruce Spruce Wheems with Cheese, in cones and seeds. Make up comparative tablesMake drawings of the most characteristic features of these types of fir. Make a fire map of the erenels of European, spruce Siberian and spruce.

Task at home
Taking advantage of classes and workshops, make up a description of some kinds of ate: Spruce Siberian, Spruce Ayanskaya, Spiny and El Tianghanskaya. As a basis, take the order of the description given above for the erected European.

Subspecies along with (P. Fennica) One of two geographic races or ecotypes . Very similar on spruce european More or more decorative, it is smaller with smaller sizes (30 m), shorter bluish cheese, coarse horizontal shoots and smaller cones (3.5-8 cm), with all-round seed scales.

Blooming bumps Picea Obovata

Description of the form.Medium-sized wood with a height of about 35 m, (highest from known - 42 m height with a barrel of 1.5 m, on the peninsula Holy nose, Lake Baikal). Unlike spruce european , It has a more sysfully bluish-durable, a more dense narrow-pyramidal crown. The shoots of reddish-brown to yellow-gray or almost white, often dense-sowed short, rare, reddish hairs, less often naked.

The branches of the furred, densely dodged with the hemp of sheet scars, which are located on elongated leaf pillows, briefly pointed from above and elongated down. Moreover, the lower end of the cushion of the edge falls between two underlying pillows. The kidneys from ovoid to oval, red-brown, non-massic, renal scales are tightly adjacent, of which the lower often have a semi-shaped edge.

Picaa Obovata

The covered linear-shovel, green, rigid, barbed, on the branches is located alternately, is the more thick and short, than that of the erect of 10-15 (30) mm long and width up to 1 mm. The four-grooved chevings, on each side they have 2-3 poorly pronounced allocratic strips, which makes it in general the fucking swelling.

Old Riding Picaa Obovata Conce

Flowers in May-June from 8 years old, seeds ripen in September. Male spikelets yellow-orange or purple-red, oval, 12 mm length, 6-7 mm thick, are sitting several at the ends of the branches. Women's cones after pollination are reddish, reprehension, when ripening green or purple, later glossy, dark brown, hanging, egg-oval, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-4 cm in diameter. Ripen for 4-6 months after pollination.

Appearance of Picea Obovata Leaves

Seed scales are thin, convex, fanoid, on the upper end are rounded, less often cut off, slightly dull, one-eyed, sometimes weakly laid. The scaly is brown-yellow, shiny, slightly covered with a matte short fluff. The kind is easiest to distinguish from spruce ordinary on seed scales. Curving scales are 5 times shorter than seeds, on the top of the coarse, as if unplated. Seeds 4 mm long, small, blacknate, egg-shaped to pale yellowish, with a wing 3 times longer than seed, ripen by the end of September per year of pollination.

Environmental property of type. It grows in the Taiga of Western and Eastern Siberia, south to Altai Mountains in the north-west to Mongolia. Under the conditions of the continental climate, it forms clean and mixed plants on river valleys, as a concomitant breed is found in the forests of various composition, together with fir, pine, larch and birch . Biological properties are close to those . Blue variety Included in the Red Books of Buryatia, Irkutsk and Chita regions.

Forest Picea Obovata on the background of Zigalga - one of the ridges of the Southern Urals

In Belarus, it is grown in the arboretum and parks, where the biochemicals differ from the erect European. More winter hardy. Suitable for growing in zone 1-8 (frost resistance more than -45.6 ° C). This is one of the most cold-resistant famous trees. In the CBS there are about 10 fruiting trees with a height of 7-10 m, self-seed is not observed, as they only entered the phase of fruiting.

Reproduction and cultivation.Similarly, erected European. Spring sowing on a loose mineral substrate with subsequent mulching and shading in the first years of life.

General view of the adult tree Picea Obovata

Purpose and application.Wood is used for construction and paper production. Essential oil is obtained from the needles, which is part of the Pinabin Medical Preparation, as well as ascorbic acid. In the people, young shoots are used in food as a vitamin supplement, the water of the needle is treated with cing. Infusions of spring shoots, cones and needles are prescribed with colds, cough, bathrooms - with rheumatic pains, radiculitis.

Landscape construction.In culture throughout middle lane Russia to the Far North. On decorativeness and economic use is close to erects. Decorative spruce ordinary A more dense, correct shape of the crown and a pleasant sizernoye humbling. In green construction used inside its range. In urban landings, use both ordinary spruce and variety with blue color Coffee (P. Obovata Var. Coerulea) . Very promising for RB plant.

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