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How to smell a hole in a concrete wall. What to close the hole in the concrete wall - than to smell deep holes in the wall

Tomatoes

If you consult a professional finish, he will surely tell me how to close the hole in the wall. But if you ask some, you will have to act independently. Having settled in the apartment, you will spend a lot of effort to set up space. On the walls it will be necessary to fasten the shelves and cabinets, household items, and so on. If you have plasma, it will be possible to secure it using a reliable bracket. For each attachment, it will be necessary to drill a hole that can later become a hole that requires sealing.

Preparation of instruments and materials

How to close a hole in the wall - this question is one of the most common during the repair. Holes usually remain and after current repairs. If you have conceived to transfer the lamp to another place, you will need to remove the bracket on the wall. Such a defect can be smeared with putty and to poll place. As soon as the composition hardens, stains the sandpaper and stuck with wallpaper. Some paint the surface of paint.

If the concrete fragment was deployed at the junction of the walls, then the hole cannot be eliminated by the method described above. You will need to use other materials and techniques. To work, you should prepare:

  • putty knife;
  • a vacuum cleaner;
  • tassels;
  • sandpaper;
  • mounting foam;
  • piece of foam rubber.

Note

This list is complemented by putty and finishing materials. If we are talking about a cross-cutting hole or a chip volume, then a solution can be used. In order to facilitate the work and speed up the process, it is necessary to purchase a ready solution that is sold in a dry or liquid form, because it will be convenient to work with it.

Work with concrete wall

If you are interested in how to close the hole in concrete Wall, To start, you must assess the amount of work. If the defect is small, it is possible to eliminate it without preparation. But if the hole is with a large area, then there will be different. It is not necessary to hurry to perform work on an ambulance hand, because your efforts may be vain - a piece of plaster will go away from the surface.

To seal a big hole, you will need to provide a reliable grip between the solution and the wall. The hole is cleaned from the dust inspected inside. This will help the vacuum cleaner. After the surface is moistened to ensure reliable clutch with a liquid solution. If this recommendation is neglected, the wall will pull out the moisture from the mixture, as a result of which it will not be possible to form a monolithic compound.

If the hole has a size of more than 5 cm in diameter, it should be filled with a fragment of brick or concrete. The remaining space is flawed with a solution. As soon as it freezes, the surface must be covered with putty. After each operation, you must wait for the solution well grabbed. At the final stage, it is necessary to clean the repaired portion by sandpaper. Next, you can enjoy sticking wallpapers or staining the wall.

If you still care about how to close a hole in a wall of concrete, then you should think what material to use. If the repair is conducted in the house old buildingswhere the old plaster crepts, and the finishing solution is rolled out of the corners, then the mounting foam can be used to seal the hole. The volume formed in the corner between the walls is filled with foam to 3/4.

After that, a special mixture is divorced for sealing deep chips in concrete walls. The remaining volume is filled with this mixture in several approaches, and after it is left until the hardening. Final finish You must perform with a putty. At this stage you can achieve a smooth surface.

Small hole in concrete wall

If you want to know how you can close the hole in the wall, then you must assess the scope of work. When the hole is small, it is embedded mounting foam. If we are talking about a defect with dimensions less than a matchbox, you can use putty. The surface before starting manipulations is determined from dust and wetted with water.

Putclone At the next step must be applied in several techniques. If the hole has a small area, but deep enough, it should also be cleaned and moistened inland walls. Next, start to rub the putty and smooth it from above. As soon as the mixture hardens, the place can be cleaned with sandpaper. At this stage, we can assume that the process is completed. Wallpapers are pasted on the renovated place or paint is applied.

What to do with cracks in a concrete wall

If you also turned out to be among those who are interested, how to close a hole in the wall of concrete, then you can use the same concrete solution that is great for seelings of cracks. Before starting work, it is important to check whether these cracks are not expanding. You can do this using paper beacons.

Before the start, the surface of the crack is determined and lubricated with PVA glue. Inside the next step, a cement-sandy solution must be applied. You can use and finished mixture.

Working with a hole from a dowel: Preparation of instruments and materials

To work to eliminate holes from under the dowel, it is necessary to prepare the following materials and tools:

  • sandpaper;
  • brush;
  • cement mortar based on sand;
  • putty or alabaster;
  • small spatula.

To begin with, you must take a dowel with a diameter equal to the hole.

Algorithm of work

In order for the spacing or the solution to be better penetrated inside, the hole is pre-extended. You can do it all the same dowel, moving forward-back. Next, it is recommended to remove dust from the inside. Do not blow it out, since pollution can get into the eyes. It is best to use a vacuum cleaner.

If you wondered how to close a hole in the wall from a dowel, then the instructions should follow. According to it, at the next stage, the extension is wetted with water with a brush. It is necessary to do this in particular when you plan to use plaster or putty. If you neglect by this step, then the composition after drying can be detached.

Now you can make a hole with a solution. The most convenient to use the spatula. The composition is well tumped into inside, and the surface should not have protrusions. After complete drying, the repaired place is cleaned with grinding. In the end, it will remain only to paint this place or stick out the wallpaper.

Elimination of the space between the bathroom and the wall

Even if there is a small slot between the wall and the bathroom, it can cause major troubles. For example, water falling there can be leaked to neighbors. You can avoid similar consequences at the repair stage. Excellent for these purposes, a cement solution is suitable, which is a universal means. But this decision cannot be called the most aesthetic. After completing all the works, you will have to give an extinguished gap aesthetic appearance.

At the first stage, it is necessary to clean the space from mucus and dirt, and if necessary, remove old finish. Only after can be proceeding with the preparation of the solution. It is important to achieve a consistency of thick sour cream. Before close the hole between the bathroom and the wall, you must estimate the size of the gap. If it is wide enough, the solution will spill on the floor. In this case, heal the mixture of the old rag and laid the gap. When the rags dried a little, moisture the gap and start pouring the solution there.

The external part of the seam should turn out as already as possible. Considering what material is based on the bathroom finish, you can choose a method of disguising a seam. If the walls are separated by tiles, then the border from its residues can be put on the side. If you used plastic panels, they are placed on top of the seam. You can use a border of plastic. But when the walls are painted, then the seam is covered with the same paint, but the surface must be pre-covered.

Sealing holes in the wallpaper

If an opening was formed in old wallpaper, but you do not plan to repair the repair, you can enjoy the hide, using some interesting ideas. For example, metal mirror panels are very suitable for monophonic wallpaper. They look quite attractive, and in the morning they are also happy with cheerful solar bunnies.

If you still can not solve for yourself, how to close the hole in the wallpaper on the wall, you can use a flexible stylist board. However, it will only suit those families in which there are children. To decorate the walls and sealing the resulting hole, you can also use vinyl stickers in the form of pictures. They not only do not damage the coating, but also do not leave glue on it.

If you decide how to close a hole in the wall, you can use pretty interesting solution - photos. They can be strengthened on small cork panels, which are easily singered by pins. Empty wall With a hole on the wallpaper can be decorated with a rather functional item - shelf. In the end, you can hang beautiful picture In the place where an unsightly hole on the wallpaper was formed. Or hours.

Sealing holes in a plasterboard wall

There are many methods for these works. You can choose the most you like. On the processed hole, for example, you can put a pay, putting it on the plaster. From above, all this is fixed with adhesive tape.

The base is covered with putty and paint under the color of the wall. If the hole is large enough, then the salary can be fixed with a screw, then plaster and putty are applied again. The final stage will be staining.

When the home masters are asked about, on the wall, they often use a segment of the same material that is existed inside. You can also apply Faneru, which is attached outside the screws. This piece will not allow falling the piping inside and perform additional means fixation.

Life sometimes happens unexpected and can throw unpleasant surprises. One of these surprises, which is sometimes present to us suddenly, can be considered the resulting hole in the wall. The reasons for its appearance can be a lot. This is the result of replacement of pipes, rearrangement of furniture, installation of various household appliances. The reason is not so important, it does not affect the progress of repair. More important in this situation is the problem of eliminating the hole in the wall. And this is preferably independently without complete financial costs. Do not be afraid to take for this job, even if you have lacking experience in repair. Even a beginner will be able to easily understand the entire essence of the technologies used to eliminate the defects of partitions associated with the formation of various sized holes.

The solution to the problem depends on two factors:

  • material used in the construction of the wall: concrete, brick or drywall;
  • hole size: Little hole, large deep or through hole.

So, we will analyze the methods and the materials used, depending on these factors.

Elimination of holes in a brick and concrete wall

Small hole in concrete wall

The work plan will fully depend on the size of the hole itself. But despite this, in each work there should be preparatory stage. It consists in cleansing the edge of the opening from the irregularities of plaster or other coating. If the sample appeared in a brick partition or a wall of concrete with wallpaper, around the damaged section of the wallpaper it is advisable to cut the corresponding size piece of the correct shape.

The following actions are fully dependent on the size of the resulting hole.

Practically imperceptible hole

Often, these are traces from unsuccessful attempts to drive the nail, the result after a remote dowel or a game of darts, or just a neighbor had an unsuccessful attempt to hang a huge TV on his wall. To eliminate this trouble, you will need the following materials: sandpaper, vacuum cleaner, a small spatula, foam rubber, brush, alabaster or gypsum material.

Before starting repair, do not forget to hold preparatory work, that is, a damaged area is to free from the presented garbage and dust, as well as the residues of the finishing material.

Subsequent actions must be carried out according to plan:

Large deep hole

The causes of the occurrence of this defect may be different. This is a hole after removing the socket box or simply the result of passion from the geology of your child. But you should not fall into panic. The instruction below will help execute repair work easily.

Step-by-step action plan:

  • working vacuum cleaner to clear the processed place from plastering crumbs and dust;
  • moisten the breach from the inside, using the wet bruster or foam rubber;
  • depending on the depth of the opening, select the desired finishing material. With a depth of no more than 5 cm, it is sufficient to simply shock the defect with the repair solution. After drying, the resulting cracks reproduce. With deeper holes, it is better to use the brick or its replacement that you want to plant inside the hole and smear with plaster or putty;
  • with such a defect, it is better to use a large spatula, which apply the finish plaster, putty or a gypsum solution, while the surface should become perfect smooth. Intact sections around the sealed hole also need to be captured;
  • wait a while for which the wall will have time to dry. After that, the place of repair is cleaned with a sheet of sandpaper and separate paint or wallpaper.

Repair through holes and slots between the plates

Large hole

Such a hole, naturally, you need to close on both sides. However, if you do not have access to the opposite side, the problem can still be corrected independently without resorting to help professionals.

All actions are similar to actions with a big hole, but the work plan expanded a little. At the same time, the list of repair tools complements the drill.

Repair actions sequence:

  • with the help of the electrically elevated in the walls of the opening of four strong dowels with screws, and they need to be mounted as deep as possible. Dowels need to use those in the reliability of which you never doubt that they will serve as a support for brick or stone;
  • a piece of brick or stone should be faked, so that it is perfectly closed the resulting clearance;
  • prepare a cement solution that carefully strengthen the stone or brick inside the hole. After it starts to harden, continue to perform actions similar to those that are performed when the large defect is eliminated.

In the case of eliminating slots between the stoves with their own hands, it is worth refusing to use cement mortarSince it is starting to crumble over time and the problem appears again. In such situations, it is better and more reliable to use the mounting foam. After her solidification, the resulting irregularities need to be trimmed with a knife, and then carry out the shpocking in the usual way.

We restore the plasterboard wall

Holes in the walls of this material are the most common. Unlike the brick and concrete wall, the walls made of drywall are quite fragile and very often damaged precisely because of the inattention and negligence of the owners of the apartment.

Causes can be different. Often the appearance of a hole in such a wall is the result of the movement of furniture, as well as mobile and not very children's games. However, this problem is easily eliminated.

Take care of the presence of you at your time all the necessary tools and materials. You will need:

  • Self-tapping screws, you will go about 8 pieces.
  • The corresponding size of plasterboard.
  • Wooden board, or in the case of a large hole in plasterboard, two wooden bar.
  • Sandpaper.
  • A piece of reinforcing grid.
  • Hacksaw.
  • Putty.
  • Pencil and triangle line.
  • Electrock with nozzles (will be used as a mixer and to twist the screws).

When you prepared all necessary materials and tools, you can move directly to the elimination of the problem. To eliminate a hole in the wall from GLK, you need to act according to the algorithm:


Now you think quite clearly than to close the hole in the wall, in which sequence to carry out all the repair work depending on the size of the formed hole and the material from which the wall of the apartment is performed. Armed with all the necessary knowledge, you can safely start repairing without attracting professionals to the process, which will save you not only money, but also your precious time. Believe in your strength and everything will be sure!

The first thing to be done to make a new owner of the residential area in the amount of repair is to remove old decorative and finishing wall coatings. After this procedure is completed, an unsightly spectacle will open up - numerous holes in the wall remaining from the previous owners.

Concrete walls stronger than brickwork Or wooden partitions, but in order to hang a picture, shelf or secure TV, the holes obtained by drilling with a perforator or simply a hole in the wall are necessary. The layout of furniture and household items for each person is individual and, as a result, each living decides that the existing attachments are not enough and need another hole in the wall. So, as a result of drilling and for natural reasons, holes for various diameters and depths are formed, requiring an individual response to the question: "How to close holes in a concrete wall yourself?"

How to close holes for small diameter?

In order to close holes from drilling, you need to remove a dowel, for this you need:

  • screw the screws for 10-15 mm so that it is fixed, but not a dowel;
  • casting the cap of the fastening element with passages, swaying a plastic or wooden chop from side to side, pull it out of the wall.

In order to close holes after removing the dowels, you must perform the following actions algorithm:

1. Remove with a vacuum cleaner a concrete garbage in the form of dust and crumbs.

2. Abundantly moisten the inner cavity with water, applying a brush, foam tampon or spray.

3. Shoot a hole in the wall with a spatula, for which a putty or repair mix can be used.

4. The mask is performed in series in several layers with intermediate surface treatment with sandpaper to obtain a flat plane without recess.

5. If defects, the repair mixture is used, the surface must be melted with a layer of putty for alignment.

The method specified above can be eliminated with their own hands in the wall of a small diameter (up to 50 mm) and the same depth formed during drilling. If the depth of the hole in the concrete wall exceeds 50 mm, it must first be chipped by mounting foam, after which the technology described above is applied.

Wide opportunities Mounting foam

The mounting foam can be used to repair the hole in the wall of any diameter and depth, the following instruction must be followed:

1. Before closeing the hole in the concrete, it is required to remove from the inner surface with a vacuum cleaner or brush concrete garbage (dust, crumb).

2. The thickness of the mounting foam layer should not exceed half the depth of the repaired cavity, when drying it, it will swell.

4. After swelling and drying, the excess mounting foam is removed by a knife, with a slight blow away from the edges to the center.

5. In order for the wall to gain a smooth plane, it is necessary to shock it with the repair solution, on top of which put a putty.

6. After drying the finishing layer, you need to eliminate the irregularities of sandpaper.

The holes in the wall on the balcony can be sealed using a frost-resistant mounting foam, while the outer support surface should be provided, because it will be problematic from the outside of the balcony after drying the filler.

  • prepare a piece of foam with a thickness of less than the thickness of the wall, by 5-10 mm;
  • to fit the transverse size of the insert, which should be slightly less than the hole in the wall (the gap to the side is about 10 mm);
  • insert the foam, filling out the main space, and the gaps are applied.

For the wall to have a flat surface, the foam insert should be shuffled for what:

  • fasten the alkali polymer mesh with a cell of 10-15 mm on the plane of the foam with the help of metallized tape;
  • to smell the difference in height, imposing a sequential layer of cement and sand mixture, and then putty;
  • after drying, the surface is treated with emery paper.

Through holes

Honey holes after replacing pipes can be removed with their own hands in the following ways:

1. Scheme with mounting foam: fill the cavity, after drying, perform trimming, lining the height drop, mixing cement and sand, plastering the surface, after drying, eliminate irregularities.

2. Scheme with concrete filling:

  • to fill the hole in the wall, it is necessary to pick up a cotton rag, which in the crumpled state is almost entirely fills in the cross section;
  • prepare concrete mortar;
  • carefully moisten the rag in the mixture, cram it into the emptiness, tamping so that there are no protruding parts;
  • after drying, the hole will be almost completely filled, it will remain to lift the difference in height with liquid concrete and perform a finishing finish.

The latter scheme allows you to close the through hole not only in the horizontal wall, but also in the stove inter-storey overlap, as well as holes in the bathroom, using a waterproofing mixture if necessary.

Replacing a concrete solution on a liquid glass, which should be impregnated, can be eliminated with mice holes in a similar way.

In order to remove holes from rats with more sharp teeth and strong stomachs, as a filler, along with a rag impregnated with liquid glass, you need to apply the crushed glass, on top of the layer of which the outer finish is performed.

How to close the bastard cavities?

With a large cross section, close the resulting hole can be small pieces of concrete or brick and a sandy-cement mortar, for this it is necessary:

  • Remove the concrete garbage in the form of dust and small pebbles from the cavity.
  • Understanding the surface with a brush, foam rubber or spray.
  • Lubricate pieces of concrete or brick with a solution and perform laying into the cavity so that there are no protruding parts.
  • After drying, it makes the holes with cement, wait for drying.
  • Sharpen cement patch.
  • After drying, remove irregularities by applying sandpaper.

The considered method allows not only to extract the hole in the concrete formed after drilling and painting concrete, but also to repair holes after the foam, if such a content did not justify itself.

Repair of cracks

Initially, you need to carry out the cutting of the crack using a spatula or a chisel, after which, depending on the width and depth, it is recommended to apply:

  • with great depth and width, it is necessary to join the cross section with the subsequent finishing with a repair solution and putty;
  • for a narrow crack, it is permissible to use putty in several layers for leveling irregularities.

It's time cosmetic repair? Do not reach your hands to close the annoying hole in the prominent place? For a similar category of users in the article, consider the problem regarding the issue of eliminating holes in the walls of residential and household premises.

Elimination of holes in the walls with their own hands

The holes in the walls are one of the common problems that are susceptible to walls and other surfaces in residential and other premises.

What to close a hole in the wall of the apartment

A similar question arises often not only when repaired, but even in everyday household situations.

Taking into account the variations of modern building materialsSome wall surfaces can be damaged requiring urgent local repair activities.

Methods for eliminating holes and cracks are distinguished depending on the material of the wall, as well as on the size of damage.

From concrete

Purified from wallpaper or other wall coating may have in naked form all kinds of defects, including holes.

As a rule, cement tends to crumble together with the residues of the coverage of the coverage. The greatest and deep out of the holes should be close before covering the wall with a new layer.


In some situations, the holes have fragile edges, which are also recommended to separate from the wall, because the benefits from the shaky cement will not be.

One of fast options Close up of holes in the concrete wall is the use of mounting foam.

You can choose any remedy from the market offered on the market, and the fudding is produced from the bottom up all length of the wall damage.

How to close the gap cement

With the help of cement solutions, minor slots and cracks can be eliminated. As a rule, it concerns the concrete surfaces of the most susceptible to the formation of such defects.

A preliminary step is to examine the place of damage in order to analyze the edges of the crack. If they are fragile, they will have to dismantle before applying the repair layer.
Next, the procedure will be as follows:

  1. Expansion is performed. With the help of the hammer and the chisel, all the length of the crack is processed, the spatula also applies, while the depth should not exceed five millimeters.
  2. Dust removal. With the help of vacuum cleaner and washing with water.
  3. Drying. Complete drying and cleaning of the surface, for the subsequent application of the cement mortar (sand with cement 3: 1, respectively) with full filling of the deepening space.
  4. Wetting. A flooded cement must be moistened with water.

How to close a big hole

Large and deep holes, as a rule, are formed when installing and dismantling home appliances or installation of furniture. Eliminate even a large hole to be solved on their own, it will be necessary to do the following for this:

  • with the help of a vacuum cleaner, clean the place from dust and other small garbage;
  • with the help of brushes, moisten the inner surfaces;
  • including up to five centimeters is permissible to close up with the help of a repair solution. With more in-depth defects, a new brick is used;
  • after filling the hole, the surface will be needed to sharpen and align.

How to close through hole

In the event of a pass-through hole, it will be necessary to close it from both sides. However, when it is impossible, and it is also possible to attract professionals, it will be necessary to produce work independently:

  • With the help of the electric drill, it will be necessary to mow in the wall of the opening of 4 dowels with screws to the maximum possible depth. It must be reliable dowels, as they will serve as a support for repair bricks or stone.
  • Depending on the type of wall, the corresponding stone is selected or brick. Its sizes and surface must match the emergency hole in the wall.
  • With the help of a cement solution, the repair fragment is securely fixed inside the hole.
  • After hardening, shtlocking and alignment should be.

From drywall

It is known that holes in the plasterboard walls are easily formed. However, they can also be easily eliminated, without having specific knowledge and skills.

The procedure for execution of work is shown in the image below.

  1. One of the fundamental moments is that when embeding holes in the walls of plasterboard, it is very important to give it the right geometric shape, as a rule, this is a square or a rectangle.
  2. After that, the planned area is removed.
  3. Next, it will be necessary to very carefully make measurements and cut a new fragment so that the gaps are minimal. In the case when the cut fragment is well suited to the obverse of the corresponding shape in the wall, then you can proceed directly to the seal. It will also be necessary to take mounting bar or wooden bar.which will be used as a binder element between the wall and the repair kit. The bar must be more than the opening in the wall and implicit for its edges. The bar is inserted into the opening and fastened with self-drawers, through the drywall, while the caps are slightly taken. Depending on the size of the proof, the use of two slats is permissible.
  4. Now a new fragment is attributed to the fixed base, which with minimal gaps should enter the previously carved disc.
  5. The existing gaps between the repair kit and the main design will be thoroughly filled with putty.
  6. Then the seams are superimposed.
  7. The new layer of putty is superimposed.
  8. The surface is perfectly aligned.

How to smell the hole from the dowels when repairing


Holes from dowels can be eliminated different ways: They are smeared by plaster, embedded with sealant, with shallow holes filled with putty.

In case of the need to reuse the same holes for new dowels, they will need to strengthen with wooden chop, a metal anchor or a repair mixture.

How best to sharpen

Proper putty follows only after full filling of the crack or hole with high strength material. Only minor damage with a depth of several millimeters are processed with putty. After applying a layer of putty, it is aligned according to the rest of the wall. After that, the final processing is performed, for example, grinding with sandpaper.

From wood

Shallow holes B. wooden wall Exposed shtlock. You can also add wood sawdust and glue for greater reliability in the mixture. In some situations, it is worth applying cracker of woody.

How to launch holes during repair

The process of plaster occurs in the usual manner, but the surface of the wall is pretty and aligned. Places requiring repair will be revealed using one of the Soviets given above.

How to decorate before sticking wallpaper


In the event that this is an open part of a wall that is not closed with furniture or other objects, the location of the hole should be aligned to one level with the rest of the wall surface so that the wallpaper does not stretch and do not rush.

This will help tools for alignment and finishing finishing stripping.

What to re-establish a hole in the wall in the bathroom: examples of finishing when it is impossible to cement

In the bathroom, small chips, cracks, holes, and scratches are eliminated with the help of transparent or color mastic and masts made on a polymer basis.

Grinding holes in the wall: how can you close a hole in a few minutes


Simple option, especially in case of small damage, is putty.

In case there is a small cavity, it can be filled with a solid material.

For hidden furniture or other objects of surfaces, it is possible to quickly and easily close the hole by mounting foam.

How long the close-up hole holds

Regardless of the materials and methods of embezzlement of holes, the latch, as a rule, holds for a long time, along with the rest of the wall.

Important! If you do not disturb the latch, do not apply loads to it and observe the conditions of operation of the room, then you can not worry about repeated formation of the defect.

Obviously, even the most serious damage can be completely eliminated by residents of the room own forces without attracting professionals.

Useful video

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Stone lived: where natural stone is mined in Italy

Road haulage from Italy or maritime shipment for natural stone fit perfectly, read more about transportation, and the delivery type is determined by the manufacturer's region. The location of the mine, by the way, does not so categorically affect the cost of the goods, as its quality, because enriched the mined material mainly in the prey region, and the prepared raw materials can sell anywhere in the world. The choice of the manufacturer is rational to base precisely on the quality characteristics of the extracted raw materials.

  • Akros, Petra Antiqua, Lithos Mosaico - Natural Stone in Cutting on Tiles.
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Due to the heterogeneity of materials and rather relative indicators physical properties Material is difficult to recommend a specific manufacturer. It is enough to choose an experienced cargo intermediary who works in the direction of more than one year, knows convenient ways to deliver and will be able to quickly form an attractive commercial offer or provide a similar document from the collaborating manufacturer.

Heavy load: how easy it is easy to arrange the import of stone raw materials

The prefabricated transportation from Italy is carried out mainly by sea, especially, such a heavy cargo as a natural stone is not profitable to move the air transport. The cost of fuel and resources to move only in the case of purchasing in bulk that technical parameters The stone involves moving a massive breed in a rather limited volume. When moving the stone in the form of one-piece deforestation, there are no such problems, but the essential dimensions of the billets impose other limitations - such a stone is transported on open platforms, they are tentable in the form of the workpiece and fasten with rigging cables.

The layout of the cargo becomes problematic also in mind preferably open transportation of raw materials, without primary packaging, when bulk material is loaded into the container. It limits the carrier and becomes impossible to collect cargo for different customers in one shipment. Most customers prefer to embarks, because molded chocks or crushed stone are more expensive in purchasing. Loading and requirements for transportation conditions are also more loyal at open bulk cargo.

Delivery will have to do in any case, taking into account the mass of the material, since the classification of natural stone in the customs catalogs is categorical and determined the bid per unit volume is not rational. The tax deduction is also formed according to the cost of a unit of material depending on the category of the stone, which is in principle logical and justified, because such products require a specific approach to the assessment of commercial value.