The first action of the rescuer should be the immediate disconnection of the current-carrying area, which the victim touches - with a knife switch, a switch, removing a fuse, a plug-in connector, artificially creating a short circuit in the overhead line. When working at height, before disconnecting the current-carrying section, the fall of the victim should be prevented.

At voltages up to 1000 V, to separate the victim from the current-carrying element, use a stick, board, rope or some other dry object that does not conduct electric current, it can also be pulled by clothing (if it is dry), avoiding contact with surrounding metal objects and body parts of the victim.

It is necessary to put on dielectric gloves, stand on a rubber carpet. When separating the victim from the current-carrying element, use one hand.

At voltages above 1000 V, protective equipment should be used to separate the victim from the current-carrying element: put on dielectric gloves, boots and use a rod or insulating tongs designed for the appropriate voltage.

On overhead power lines 6-20 kV, when it is impossible to quickly turn them off from the supply side, an artificial short circuit should be created to turn off the overhead line. To do this, a flexible bare conductor must be thrown onto the wires of the overhead line. The stranded conductor must have a sufficient cross section to avoid burnout when a short circuit current passes through it. Before throwing a conductor, one of its ends must be grounded (attached to the body of a metal support, grounding descent or a separate ground electrode, etc.), and it is desirable to attach a load to the other end for ease of throwing. When throwing the conductor, it is necessary to use dielectric gloves and boots.

The person providing assistance should be aware of the danger of step voltage if the current-carrying part (wire, etc.) lies on the ground. You need to move in this area with extreme caution, using protective equipment for isolation from the ground (dielectric galoshes, boots, dielectric carpets, insulating stands) or objects that conduct electricity poorly (dry boards, logs, etc.).

Without means of protection, one should move in the zone of spreading of the earth fault current by moving the feet on the ground and not tearing them one from the other.

After separating the victim from the current-carrying parts, he should be taken out of the danger zone at a distance of at least 8 m from the current-carrying part (wire).

First aid measures depend on the state in which the victim is after releasing him from the effects of electric current. To determine this condition, it is necessary to immediately take the following measures: - lay the victim on his back on a hard surface; - check for the presence of breathing in the victim (determined visually by lifting the chest; using a mirror); - check whether the victim has a pulse on the radial artery at the wrist or on the carotid artery on the anterior-lateral surface of the neck; - find out the state of the pupil (narrow or wide); a wide pupil indicates a sharp deterioration in the blood supply to the brain. In all cases of injury electric shock calling a doctor is mandatory regardless of the condition of the victim.

If the victim is conscious, but before that he was in a state of fainting, he should be placed in a comfortable position (lay under him and cover him with something from the top of his clothes) and ensure complete rest until the doctor arrives, continuously monitoring breathing and pulse. It is forbidden to allow the victim to move, and even more so to continue working, since the absence of symptoms after an electric shock does not exclude the possibility of a subsequent deterioration in the victim's condition. If it is not possible to quickly call a doctor, it is necessary to urgently deliver the victim to medical institution.

If the victim is unconscious, but with a stable breathing and pulse, he should be laid evenly and comfortably, unfasten his clothes, create an influx of fresh air, smell ammonia, spray his face with water and ensure complete rest. If the victim is breathing poorly - very rarely and convulsively (like a dying person), he should do artificial respiration and an indirect (external) heart massage.

If the victim has no signs of life (breathing and pulse), he cannot be considered dead, since death is often only apparent. In this state, the victim, if he is not given immediate first aid in the form of artificial respiration and external (indirect) heart massage, will really die. Artificial respiration should be performed continuously, both before and after the arrival of the doctor. The question of the advisability or aimlessness of further artificial respiration is decided by the doctor.

In all cases, only a doctor has the right to ascertain death.

Absolutely everyone should know and remember how to act in a situation where help is required for a person who has suffered from exposure to electric current. This is the only way to save a life and not get hurt yourself. Regardless of the causes of the incident, the rules should be strictly followed so that first aid in case of electric shock is effective.

Procedure for assistance

1. It is important to isolate the victim from the effects of current. To do this, the wire that touches the victim and (or) the equipment with which he is in contact is de-energized.

If it is not possible to quickly turn off the electricity supply, then using a tool equipped with insulating handles, cut the supply wires, one at a time. An ax, shovel or wire cutters with a dry wooden, plastic or rubberized handle will do.

In extreme cases, using insulating material (dry stick or plastic), it is necessary to remove the conductive wire from the victim. Otherwise, you should move the victim away from the source of electrical current. At the same time, it is extremely important to observe the rules of personal safety. Rubber shoes and gloves, rubber lining or a dry wooden board are used. It is strictly forbidden at the same time to take on the exposed parts of the body of the victim under tension. Handle only clothes if they are dry.

If the person struck by the current is located at a height, all measures should be taken to prevent possible injury due to falling. It is advisable to remove in advance all objects about which a person can be seriously injured in a fall or provide insurance.

2. After that, the victim is transferred to a sufficient distance of at least 12-15 meters from the current source, an ambulance is called and first aid is provided in case of electric shock. It is important to determine the extent of the damage. For this, the presence of a pulse and respiration is determined, as well as the reaction of the pupils to light. If the pupils are dilated and motionless, then there is a lack of oxygen saturation of the cerebral cortex.

There are the following situations and methods of first aid:

• The victim is conscious with visually clearly visible breathing, the heartbeat is confirmed by the presence of a pulse. The victim is provided with complete rest. It must be placed on a flat surface and wait for the ambulance to arrive.
• The victim is unconscious, while a clear pulse is detected, breathing is visually confirmed. A normal supply of fresh air and rest should be ensured until the arrival of an ambulance. It is necessary to always be nearby in case of failure of the heart or cessation of breathing. Clothing that may interfere with normal breathing is removed. With the help of tissue wound around the finger, mucus, blood and foreign objects are removed from the oral cavity.
• There are signs of clinical death, namely the absence of breathing and heartbeat or their strong discontinuity. In this case, first aid in case of electric shock is carried out immediately in the form of resuscitation, for this artificial respiration and heart massage are carried out. It is necessary to continue actions until stable breathing appears, as well as a regular heartbeat without signs of fibrillation (convulsive, small, frequent contractions), the arrival of an ambulance, or until unconditional signs of death (cadaveric spots or rigor mortis). Assistance can be delayed even for hours and subsequently lead to the revival of the victim.

In addition to the described actions, wiping the skin should be carried out using wine alcohol or 6% vinegar to stimulate the skin and warm the victim. If it is impossible to call an ambulance, or it cannot arrive at the scene of the incident, then you should take care of self-delivery of the victim to a medical institution in the near future, subject to the presence of stable breathing and heartbeat.

Sincerely,

First aid for electric shock consists of two stages: release affected by the action of the current and rendering him first aid.

It is necessary to release the victim from the action of the current as soon as possible, since the severity of the electrical injury depends on the duration of this action. Touching live parts under voltage causes in most cases involuntary convulsive muscle contraction and general excitation, which can lead to disruption and even complete cessation of the activity of the respiratory and circulatory organs. The first action in the provision of assistance should be the immediate shutdown of the part of the electrical installation that the victim touches. Disconnection is carried out using switches, a knife switch or other disconnecting device, as well as by removing or unscrewing the fuses, plug connector. If the victim is at a height, then turning off the installation and thereby freeing him from the current can cause him to fall. In this case, it is necessary to take measures to prevent the fall of the victim or ensure his safety.

If it is impossible to turn off the installation quickly enough, other measures must be taken to free the victim from the action of the current. In all cases, when providing assistance, you should not touch the victim without proper precautions, as this is life threatening. To separate the victim from current-carrying parts or wires with voltage up to 1000 V, use a rope, stick, board or some other dry object that does not conduct electric current. You can also pull him by the clothes if they are dry and lag behind the body, while avoiding touching the surrounding metal objects and body parts of the victim. To isolate the hands, the assisting person, especially if he needs to touch the body of the victim, not covered by clothing, should put on dielectric gloves or wrap his hand with a scarf, put on a cloth cap, pull the sleeve of a jacket or coat over his arm, throw a rubber mat over the victim, rubberized raincoat. You can also insulate yourself by standing on a rubber mat, a dry board, or some non-conductive bedding or clothing. When separating the victim from current-carrying parts, it is recommended to act with the right hand, keeping the other in your pocket or behind your back. If an electric current passes into the ground through the victim, it is easier to slip a dry board under him. You can also cut the wire with an ax with a dry wooden handle or have a snack with wire cutters with insulated handles phase by phase, while standing on dry boards is recommended.

To separate the victim from current-carrying parts energized above 1000 V, you should wear dielectric gloves and boots and use a rod or insulating tongs designed for the appropriate voltage. In this case, one must remember about the danger of step voltage if the wire lies on the ground. On power lines, when it is impossible to quickly disconnect them from power points, in order to free the victim, if he touches the wires, the wires should be short-circuited by throwing a flexible bare wire over them. If the victim touches one wire, it is often sufficient to ground only that wire.

After release from the action of the current, the victim must be taken out of the danger zone and assess his condition by the presence of consciousness, the color of the skin and visible mucous membranes, breathing, pulse, pupils. If the victim has no consciousness, breathing, pulse, the skin is cyanotic, and the pupils are wide (0.5 cm in diameter), we can assume that he is in a state of clinical death. In this case, you should immediately begin to revive with the help of artificial respiration and chest compressions. If resuscitation measures are ineffective (the skin is bluish-violet, the pupils are wide, the pulse on the arteries during the massage is not determined), the revival is stopped after 30 minutes. If it is impossible to call a doctor to the scene, it is necessary to ensure the transportation of the victim to the nearest medical institution. It is possible to transport the victim only with satisfactory breathing and a steady pulse. If the condition of the victim does not allow him to be transported, it is necessary to continue to provide assistance.

The main condition for the success of first aid is the speed of action, since 5 minutes after paralysis of the heart, a person cannot be saved. If the victim is at a height, then before turning off the voltage, it is necessary to secure the fall of the victim.

After eliminating the action of the current, the condition of the victim should be determined. If the victim is conscious, he must be laid or seated in a comfortable position and until the doctor arrives, ensure complete rest, by all means observing breathing and pulse. If the victim is unconscious, but breathes normally and his pulse is felt, he should be comfortably laid down, unfastened the collar and belt, bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia, sprinkle it with water and ensure complete rest. For eye burns caused by exposure to an electric arc, lotions of a 2% solution are used. boric acid.

Respiratory and cardiac arrest - the most severe consequences of electric current. If there is no breathing, but the victim has a pulse, you need to start artificial respiration. If there is no heartbeat, then along with artificial respiration, an external (indirect) heart massage should be performed. When the victim comes to his senses, as well as with mild lesions, he must be given painkillers, drink plenty of fluids, apply a bandage to the burn area and urgently deliver to a medical facility.

A person can get an electrical injury when exposed to natural phenomena or household electricity. The consequences may be different depending on the discharge passing through the body. Often a person's life depends on how soon first aid is provided in case of electric shock. We must act quickly and correctly. For such situations, a first aid algorithm has been developed.

Our life without electrical appliances is no longer possible. If before the electrification of electrical injury, people and animals received only from the effects of natural electricity, then every year the number of victims of electricity in production and at home increases.

Severity of electrical injury

Depending on the severity of the injury, first aid for electric shock will differ. Briefly, damage by gravity is divided into:

• First degree of severity. Loss of consciousness does not occur, but convulsions are possible.
• The second is accompanied by loss of consciousness.
• The third - breathing and heart function are disturbed.
• The fourth is the clinical death of the patient.

The effect of current on the body

Electric current, by virtue of its nature, acts on a living organism in a specific way. It affects a person depending on the strength and direction.

The effect on the body is divided into:

• Thermal - causes burns of varying degrees.
• Mechanical - excites muscle and nerve fibers. It provokes delamination and tissue rupture.
• Electrochemical - polarizes and changes the movement of particles in living cells. Consequences - coagulation of tissue proteins and tissue necrosis.

Damage symptoms are as follows:

Damage by natural electricity

When a person is struck by lightning a charge of several thousand amperes passes through his body. The degree of damage depends on the path of the discharge. Depending on the condition of the injured person, assistance in case of an electric shock of such strength may be as follows:

To protect yourself from lightning strikes, it is enough to follow the rules of behavior during a thunderstorm:

• Do not hold in your hands things that have metal parts (umbrellas with metal spokes, a bicycle).
• Stay away from metal structures and power lines.
• Do not take cover under tall trees or stand on high ground.
• It is better to stay away from water (river, pond).
• Wet clothing is also a source of increased risk.

Electrical injuries often occur household appliances or bare wires. In both cases, the actions in case of electric shock are the same. Everyone needs to know them. At any unexpected moment, this knowledge can come in handy.

You should act in this order:

Remember the rules of PMPA (first aid, algorithm) to help those in trouble and not become a victim yourself. Following safe practices at work and at home will save you from many problems. Teach your kids and do it yourself all the steps to prevent electrical injury.

Preventive actions include:

By following these simple steps, you will save yourself and your loved ones from serious problems.

Electric shock occurs when it comes into contact with an electrical circuit in which there are voltage sources and / or current sources that can cause current to flow through the energized part of the body. Usually sensitive to a person is the passage of a current of more than 1 mA. In addition, in high voltage installations, it is possible

electric shock without touching current-carrying elements, as a result of current leakage or breakdown of the air gap. The power of defeat depends on the power of the discharge, on the time of exposure, on the nature of the current (constant or alternating), on the condition of the person - the moisture content of the hands, etc., as well as on the place of contact and the path of the current through the body.

Due to the high electrical resistance of human tissues, they heat up quite quickly, which can cause burns. Even relatively small voltages, with short-term contact with the chest, can cause a malfunction of the heart muscle. Electric shock may cause malfunction nervous system such as erratic muscle contractions. Repetitive shock can cause neuropathy. If the head is struck by an electric current, loss of consciousness is possible.

At sufficiently high voltage and current strength, so-called electric arcs can occur, causing severe thermal burns. The electric arc also creates a strong light emission.

Saving the life of a person struck by an electric current largely depends on the speed and correctness of the actions of the persons assisting him. First aid should begin to be provided immediately, if possible at the scene, while simultaneously calling for medical assistance.

The caregiver should know:

• the main signs of violation of the vital functions of the human body;
• general principles first aid and its techniques in relation to the nature of the injury received by the victim;
• the main methods of carrying and evacuating victims.

The caregiver must be able to:

• assess the condition of the victim and determine what assistance, first of all, he needs;
• ensure free patency of the upper respiratory tract;
• perform artificial respiration "mouth to mouth" ("mouth to nose") and closed heart massage and evaluate their effectiveness;
• determine the expediency of calling the victim by ambulance or passing transport.

First aid sequence:

1. Eliminate the impact on the body of damaging factors that threaten the health and life of the victim (free from the action of electric current, remove from the contaminated atmosphere, extinguish burning clothes, etc.), assess the condition of the victim;

2. Determine the nature and severity of the injury, the greatest threat to the life of the victim and the sequence of measures to save him;

3. Perform the necessary measures to rescue the victim in order of urgency (restore airway patency, perform artificial respiration, external heart massage);

4. Support the basic vital functions of the victim until the arrival of a medical worker;

5. Call an ambulance or take measures to transport the victim to the nearest medical facility.

With electric shock, death is often clinical (“imaginary”), so you should never refuse to help the victim and consider him dead due to lack of breathing, heartbeat, pulse.

Only a doctor has the right to decide on the appropriateness or safety of measures to revive the victim and to make a conclusion about his death.

Exemption from the action of electric current

In case of electric shock, it is necessary to release the victim from the shock as soon as possible, because. the severity of the electrical injury depends on the duration of this action.

Touching live parts that are energized in most cases causes involuntary convulsive muscle contraction and general excitation, which can even lead to a violation of even a complete cessation of the activity of the respiratory and circulatory organs.

If the victim holds the wire with his hands, his fingers are compressed so tightly that it becomes impossible to release the wire from his hands.

Therefore, the first action that provides assistance should be the immediate shutdown of the part of the electrical installation that the victim touches.

Shutdown is carried out using a switch, a knife switch, as well as by removing or unscrewing the fuses.

If it is impossible to turn off the installation quickly enough, other measures must be taken to free the victim from the action of the current.

In all cases, the caregiver should not touch the victim without proper precautions, because. it is life threatening. He must also ensure that he himself does not come into contact with the current-carrying part and under the voltage of the step.

Voltage up to 1000V

To separate the victim from current-carrying parts or wires with voltage up to 1000V, use a rope, stick, board or a dry object that does not conduct electric current.

You can also pull it by the clothes (if it is dry and lags behind the body), for example, by the floor of a jacket or coat, by the collar, while avoiding touching the surrounding metal objects and parts of the victim’s body that are not covered by clothes. When pulling the victim by the legs, the assisting person should not touch his shoes or clothes, because. shoes and clothes may be damp and conduct electricity.

To isolate the hands, the assisting person should wear dielectric gloves or wrap a hand with a scarf, put a cloth cap on it, throw a rubber mat or just a dry cloth over the victim. You can also insulate yourself by standing on a rubber mat, dry board, or non-conductive soles. When separating the victim from current-carrying parts, it is recommended to act with one hand, holding the other in your pocket or behind your back.

If an electric current passes into the ground through the victim and he convulsively squeezes one current-carrying element in his hand (for example, a wire, it is easier to interrupt the current by separating the victim from the ground), slip a dry board under him, or drag him by his clothes. You can also cut the wires with an ax with a dry wooden handle or bite them with a tool with insulated handles (cutters, pliers). It is necessary to cut the wires phase by phase, i.e. each wire separately, while it is necessary to stand on dry boards, a wooden ladder.

Voltage over 1000V

To separate the victim from current-carrying parts energized above 1000V, put on dielectric gloves and boots, use a rod or insulating ends rated for the appropriate voltage. At the same time, one must remember about the danger of step voltage if the current-carrying part lies on the ground and after releasing the victim from the action of the current, it is necessary to remove him from the danger zone.

On power lines, to release the victim, if he touches the wires, short circuit the wires by throwing a flexible bare wire over them.

The wire must have a sufficient cross section so that it does not burn out when a short-circuit current passes through it. Before making a jump, one end of the wire must be grounded (attached to the body of a metal support, grounding descent, etc.). It is necessary to throw the conductor so that it does not touch people, including those providing assistance and the victim. If the victim touches one wire, it is often sufficient to ground only that wire.

First aid for an electric shock victim

After the release of the victim from the action of electric current, it is necessary to determine his condition:

• consciousness: clear, absent, disturbed, agitated;
• color of the skin and visible mucous membranes (lips, eyes): pink, cyanotic, pale;
• breathing: normal, absent, disturbed (irregular, superficial, wheezing);
• pulse on the carotid arteries;
• pupils are narrow, wide.

The color of the skin, the presence of breathing, loss of consciousness is assessed visually. If the victim has no consciousness, breathing, pulse, the skin is cyanotic, and the pupils are wide, it can be considered that he is in a state of clinical death and it is necessary to immediately begin to revive the body using artificial respiration using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-mouth methods. nose” and external heart massage.

If the victim breathes very rarely and convulsively, but his pulse is felt, it is necessary to immediately start artificial respiration. Starting to revive, you need to call a doctor or an ambulance. If the victim is conscious, but before that he was in a faint or in an unconscious state, but with a stable breathing and pulse, he should be laid on a bed, unfasten his clothes, create an influx of fresh air, create complete rest, continuously monitoring the pulse and breathing.

In no case should the victim be allowed to move, and even more so continue to work, since the absence of visible severe damage from email. current does not exclude the possible subsequent deterioration of its condition. The victim should only be transferred to another location if he or the person providing assistance continues to be in danger or when assistance is not possible on the spot (for example, on a support). In no case should you bury the victim in the ground, as this will only bring harm and lead to a loss of time.

Ways to revive the body in clinical death

Artificial respiration

Artificial respiration is performed in cases where the victim does not breathe or breathes very badly, and also if his breathing is constantly deteriorating. Most effective way artificial respiration is the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method. To perform artificial respiration, the victim should be laid on his back, unfasten tight clothing, ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract and remove foreign contents from the oral cavity with a finger wrapped in a handkerchief or bandage (slipped prostheses, vomit, etc.)

After that, the assisting person is located on the side of the victim’s head, slips one hand under the victim’s neck, and with the palm of the other hand presses on his forehead, throwing his head back as much as possible. In this case, the root of the tongue rises and frees the entrance to the larynx, and the victim's mouth opens. The person assisting leans towards the victim’s face, takes a deep breath with his mouth open, completely tightly covers the victim’s open mouth with his lips and exhales vigorously, blowing air into his mouth with some effort; at the same time, he covers the nose of the victim with his cheek or fingers of the hand located on the forehead. In this case, it is necessary to observe the victim's chest, which rises. As soon as the chest wall has risen, the air injection stops, the assisting person turns his face to the side, and the victim passively exhales. If the victim has a well-determined pulse and only artificial respiration is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 seconds (12 respiratory cycles per minute).

When performing artificial respiration, the one who refuses to help must ensure that air does not enter the victim's stomach.

When air enters the stomach, bloating occurs under the "spoon". In this case, gently press the palm of your hand on the stomach between the sternum and the navel. This may cause vomiting, then you need to turn your head and shoulders to the side to clear his mouth and throat. If the jaws of the victim are tightly clenched and it is not possible to open the mouth, artificial respiration "from mouth to nose" should be carried out. Small children are blown into the mouth and nose at the same time, covering the child's nose with their mouth. Blowing is done to the child (15-18 times per minute).

Cease artificial respiration after the victim recovers sufficiently deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing. In the absence of not only breathing, but also a pulse on the carotid artery, 2 artificial breaths are taken in a row and proceed to an external heart massage.

External cardiac massage

With the defeat of e. current can occur not only respiratory arrest, but also stop blood circulation when the heart does not provide blood circulation through the vessels. To resume blood circulation artificially and make an external heart massage. The human heart is located in the chest between the sternum and the spine. If you press on the sternum, then the heart will be compressed between the sternum and the spine and blood will be squeezed out of its cavities into the vessels. If you press on the sternum with jerky sliders, then the blood will be pushed out of the cavities of the heart in almost the same way as it happens during its natural contraction. It is called external (indirect, closed) heart massage.

Indications for the use of resuscitation measures are cardiac arrest, loss of consciousness, pallor or cyanosis of the skin, loss of consciousness, absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries, cessation of breathing or incorrect breaths. In case of cardiac arrest, without wasting a second, the victim must be laid on a flat, rigid base, his head thrown back.

If assistance is provided by one person, he is located on the side of the victim and, bending over, makes 2 quick blows (according to the mouth-to-mouth method), then rises, remaining on the same side of the victim. The palm of one hand is placed on the lower half of the sternum (2 fingers higher from the solar plexus), the fingers are raised. He puts the palm of the second hand on top of the first across or along and presses, helping by tilting his body. Press with a quick push so as to displace the sternum by 4-5 cm. If the revival is carried out by one person, then he produces 2 blows - 15 pressures in 1 minute. It is necessary to make 12 blows - 60 pressures. If revival is carried out by 2 people, then they produce: 1 blow - 5 pressures.

If resuscitation is carried out correctly: the skin begins to turn pink, the pupils constrict, spontaneous breathing is restored. After the cardiac activity is restored and the pulse is well determined, the heart massage immediately stops, continuing artificial respiration with weak breathing of the victim. When full spontaneous breathing is restored, artificial respiration also stops. If cardiac activity or spontaneous breathing has not yet recovered, then resuscitation can be stopped only when the victim is transferred to the hands of a medical worker.

For children from one to 12 years old, heart massage is performed from 70-100 pressures per minute.

Children up to a year do 100-120 pressures per minute with two fingers.

First aid for injury

Microbes that are on the wounding object, on the skin of the victim, as well as in the dust in the ground, etc. can be brought into any wound.

To avoid contracting tetanus (a serious disease with a high mortality rate) Special attention should be given to wounds contaminated with earth. An urgent visit to the doctor for the introduction of tetanus toxoid prevents this disease.

When providing first aid, the following rules must be strictly observed:

• it is impossible to wash the wound with water or even any medicinal substance, cover it with powders and cover with ointments, as this prevents the healing of the wound, contributes to the entry of dirt from the surface of the skin into it, which causes subsequent suppuration.
• it is impossible to wash sand, earth, etc. from the wound, since it is impossible to remove everything that pollutes the wound in this way, but at the same time, dirt can be rubbed deeper and it is easier to cause infection of the wound, only a doctor can clean the wound properly.
• do not remove blood clots from the wound, because. this can cause severe bleeding.
• do not wrap the wound with insulating tape.

To provide first aid in case of injury, you should open the individual package in the first aid kit (bag), apply the sterile dressing material contained in it to the wound and bandage it with a bandage.

First aid for bleeding

External bleeding can be arterial and venous. With arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet in color and flows out in a pulsating jet (jerks); with venous bleeding, the blood is dark in color and flows out continuously. The most dangerous is arterial bleeding.

To stop bleeding:

• raise an injured limb
• close the bleeding wound with a dressing (from a bag) folded into a lump and press down from above, without touching the wound itself with your fingers: in this position, without lowering your finger, hold for 4-5 minutes, if the bleeding stops, then without removing the applied material, over apply another pad from another bag or a piece of cotton wool and bandage the wounded area.
• in case of severe arterial bleeding, if it does not stop with a bandage, apply squeezing of the blood vessels, by bending the limb and joints, also with fingers, tourniquet or twist, in all cases of large bleeding, it is necessary to urgently call a doctor.

First aid for burns

Burns come in three degrees, ranging from mild redness to severe necrosis of large areas of the skin. In case of severe burns, it is necessary to carefully remove the dress and shoes from the victim - it is better to cut them. A burn wound, being contaminated, begins to fester and does not heal for a long time. Therefore, you should not touch the burnt area of ​​​​skin with your hands or lubricate it with any ointments, oils, petroleum jelly or solution. The burnt surface should be bandaged in the same way as any wound, covered with sterilized material from the bag or a clean, ironed linen rag, and a layer of cotton wool should be placed on top and everything should be covered with a bandage. This method of first aid should be used for all burns, whatever they are: steam, voltaic arc, hot mastic, rosin, etc.

For eye burns electric arc you should make cold lotions from a solution of boric acid and immediately refer the victim to a doctor.

In case of burns caused by strong acids (sulphuric, nitric, hydrochloric), the affected area should be immediately thoroughly washed with a fast-flowing stream of water from a tap or bucket for 10-15 minutes. After that, the affected area is washed with a 5% solution of potassium permanganate or a 10% solution of baking soda. After washing, the affected areas of the body should be covered with gauze with an impregnated mixture. vegetable oil and lime water in equal proportions.

In case of burns with caustic alkalis (caustic soda, quicklime), the affected area should be thoroughly washed with a fast-flowing stream of water for 10-15 minutes. After that, the affected area should be washed with a weak solution of acetic acid (3-6% by volume) or a solution of boric acid (one teaspoon per glass of water). After washing, the affected areas should be covered with gauze soaked in a 5% solution of acetic acid.

First aid for fractures, dislocations, bruises and sprains

With fractures and dislocations, the main task of first aid is to provide a calm and most comfortable position for the injured limb, which is achieved by its complete immobility. Fractures are either closed or open.

In case of an open fracture, a sterile dressing should be applied to the wound; in case of large bleeding, a tourniquet should be applied. Immobilize the injured limb by any available means (sticks, skis, boards). After providing first aid, the victim should be taken to a doctor.