Sciences in Russia. Sciences of the Moscow region: Which industries are developing scientists from the region. Examples of sciences in different countries of the world
Sciences of Russia - the urban district or the area of \u200b\u200ba large city, which has a significant potential for scientific and technical development. The main city-forming factor of which is a scientific and production complex.
Goals and objectives
The main goal of creating sciences is to obtain a reference point for the development of science spheres that are priorities. From the state, this territory is under special protection. These cities receive stable financial support. The creation of new products of scientific activity is interesting not only to them, but also the country as a whole.
In the specialty activity, two directions can be distinguished:
- Solving problems in the field of science at the level of the state.
- Creating new scientific orientation firms.
Mostly, the development of the scientific complex remains in the knowledge of the state. The government denotes the directions of the work of the Naukogradov, which become priority to a specific period of time, with the aim of economic and political Development countries.
History
The first similarities of the Sciences in Russia can be called the city of science created in the middle of the last century. Diffin place the feature of these settlements was a bandwidth. They were almost completely closed from the rest of the world. The term "Sciences" entered the use of only after the collapse Soviet UnionDespite the fact that some of them have existed for several decades.
The declassification of closed settlements was actively occurring in the 90s. Of course, among them were not only cities that have the goal of the development of the scientific field, but also belonging to the Ministry of Defense performing the functions of defense.
The definition of cities to obtain in the future the official status of "Naukograd" began from 1991. In the same period, the state consideration of areas in scientific activity for these subjects was carried out. Created an union of development of the sciences.
In 1999, B. Yeltsin signs the 70th federal law, which allows the official assignment of Russia. He allowed not only to consolidate the name, but also contained provisions for the conservation of the ownership of Naukogradov complexes.
NPK - Scientific and production complex - became one of the city-forming factors. After that, the question of the division of such settlements on the areas of the orientation began to be actively considered. Distribution to groups was performed on the leading regions scientific research.
Obninsk was the first to be the official title of Science of Russia in the 2000th year on May 6th.
Union of Development of the Naukogradov of Russia
It was a new movement, the "Union of Development of Naukogradov" received a start in 1991.
1996 year. Conversion of the Union. It is reformed in a non-commercial partnership. The name has undergone a change, now entered into the use of the "Union of Development of Naskogradov of Russia".
The goal of creating an organization is assistance in combining the efforts of management organizations of cities with high scientific potential (i.e. Russian sciences), enterprises and specialists in creating a platform for stable development. Formation of their role. Assistance to the growth of the Russian economy. Base in this case, the scientific and technical complex is considered.
Sciences of the Russian Federation
Consider what our main specializations exist on today and their main specializations.
- Space studies, aircraft, rocket education.
- Radio engineering, electronics.
- Mechanical engineering, instrument making, automation.
- Creating the latest types of materials.
- The development of the nuclear complex.
- Biotechnology, biology.
- The development of the energy sector.
In the honorary list of the sciences of Russia, 73 settlements consist of 73 settlements. They are located in a variety of territorial zones.
- It is noteworthy that 31 such a settlement is located in the suburbs. One of the placement points was the city of Zelenograd (Moscow administrative complex).
- 8 Naukogradov is located in the central part of Russia, in the following areas: Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod,
Tambov, Tverskaya, Vladimirskaya, Yaroslavskaya. - 9 are in the Urals. They are stationed in two regions: Sverdlovskaya, Chelyabinsk.
- Western Siberia also did not remain without scientific development points. It has become a place to accommodate 7
Naukogradov. The list includes four Akademgorodok, the largest scientific research centers of the Russian Academy of Sciences of Siberia and the Far East. Present areas of large cities (Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk).
In the total list of 55 settlements, these are cities, eight urban-type settlements and four rural.
Aircraft Building and Space Studies
The main part of cities with the focus in this area is located in the suburbs.
Zhukovsky is the largest center in Russia, engaged in design, testing aircraft. Within the framework of domestic aircraft enterprise is an absolute leader. Testing and research organizations located in this city are known all over the world:
- Central Institute of Research Aerohydrodynamics.
- The Research Institute. MM Gromov.
In the city of Korolev, the Space Corporation of Russia (RKK) "Energia" is located. The company is engaged in the development of various kinds of space programs. He is a leading aerospace firm in Russia. The control center of manned flights, abbreviated with the PC, is also here.
An anniversary is located near the queen. Posted by research institutes on its territory, which mainly specialize in rocket system systems.
Another nearby settlement is the "Star Town". In this village, astronauts are undergoing preparations for flights on the devices for cosmic studies of any orientation.
Krasnoznamensk is one of the cities of a closed type. Located near Moscow. It contains a central communication node. It is now referred to as the main center for testing and management of cosmic flights. It is from here that there is a connection with orbital systems of all types (scientific, military, etc.).
Znamensk and peaceful - these two sciences were created under the cosmodrome: Kapustin Yar (Astrakhan region) and Plesetsk (Arkhangelsk region). With their appearance, the Baikonur cosmodrome lost the status of the main platform to start the space of space.
Electronics and radio engineering
This focus is assigned to three cities of Russia: Khimki, Zelenograd, Pravdinsk.
Among them, Zelenograd is considered an explicit leader. There are 8 huge institutions with experienced plants with them. It has 11 reasons, and two of them have a federal value.
Nuclear complex
Those sciences that can be attributed to the nuclear sphere are engaged in research work and production activities in the fields. The list includes 10 settlements that have been created on the basis of the nuclear project of the Soviet Union. The main function that is entrusted to these sciences is the maintenance of nuclear power plants located nearby.
It is noteworthy that they are all located in the distance from major cities. Are mainly stationed in forests, taking into account the absence of nodes road roads and railway tracks.
The first in the list of automobiles became Sarov and Zarechny.
Sarov is not far from the border of the Nizhny Novgorod region with Mordovia.
Closer to the center of Russia, the science of Zarechny is located.
The remaining eight are in the Urals and in Siberia.
Eight Naukogradov from the general list of the nuclear complex have large research institutes that conduct research activities in the field of nuclear energy and nuclear physics.
Chemistry, chemical physics
A group of scientists engaged in this area includes 12 settlements. Four of them are deployed in the Urals and Siberia. These cities carry out the processing of fuel based on uranium (recycling is made by chemical way).
Automation, Mechanical Engineering and Instrument Engineering
Enterprises of this sphere in the overwhelming majority are located in the Moscow region.
Only 5 Naukogradov are located outside the Moscow region: three-thorny, Obninsk, Zarechny, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Raduzhny - 9.
Biology and biotechnology
The list of cities leading research and work in this area includes only five settlements:
- In the Yaroslavl region, G. Bork - has a scientific center involved in the biology of inland waters.
- Two are near Moscow.
- In the Novosibirsk region, the village of Koltsovo is deployed. This settlement is located NPO "Vector". The Center is engaged in issues of biotechnology and virology.
- Krasnobsk - Akademgorodok Siberia. Places 10 research institutes on its territory.
Features of the Sciences of Siberia.
Siberia and Urals posted 8 atomants on their territory. Among them, everyone is given its own specialization allocated in the Nuclear Destiner Research Program.
The development of nuclear species is engaged in settlements: Zheleznogorsk, Forest, Novouralsk, Zarechny, trigger. Among the developments, nuclear shells and development of the use of armory plutonium occupy a special place.
Another science of Siberia is Ozersk. This village house is located "Mayak". This manufacturing association is engaged in processing and disposal considerations with radioactive properties.
Among the northern sciences received federal value Snezhinsk and Sarov. In addition to performing production functions, they own the largest research centers in the nuclear field in Russia.
In the Russian Federation, 13 cities have the status of the Nazograd, eight of them are located in the Moscow region. In the law "On the status of the Naukograd of the Russian Federation", the Naukograd is defined as a municipality with the status of an urban district having a high scientific and technical potential in which scientific and technical products are more than 50% of the total volume of products of all economic entities of the municipality. What kind of sciences are located in the suburbs and what they are specializing, read the site in the material of the portal.
Dubna
The status of the Naukograd was assigned to Dubna by decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2001 for a term until December 31, 2025. The main specialization of academic enterprises of the district is nuclear physics. Thus, the Joint Nuclear Research Institute is the world-famous international center, and now it is implemented in it a megaproject of world importance - the construction of the NICA scientific complex.
Also on the territory of Dubna there is a special economic zone "Dubna", the center of space communication, State University Dubna, Scientific and Production Complexes and Machine-Building Plants.
An interesting fact: Dubna is the only Russian city, immortalized in the Periodic Table of D. I. Mendeleev. Dubna, the 105th element, was opened by scientists here.
Zhukovsky
Zhukovsky status of the Naukograd was assigned by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation in 2007. Information and telecommunication systems, transport, aviation and space systems, promising weapons, military and military and cosmic systems defined priority directions for Zhukovsky special equipment, Energy and energy saving. Moreover, the air industry of the city received the greatest fame. It was in Zhukovsky that the United Aircraft Corporation was created and the airport of Zhukovsky was created.
More than a thousand scientists work at the most important enterprises of the district, among which the world's largest center of the Aviation Science of FSUE "TsAGI. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky, "Field Research Institute. M. M. Gromova, a number of enterprises of the defense industry.
Many Zhukovsky is known as a venue.
Queen
Queen the status of the Naukograd was assigned in 2001 by decree of the president. It is symbolic that the decree was signed on April 12, on the day of astronautics, and the queen is just the center of the rocket and space industry. It is located on its territory: OJSC "Rocket and Space Corporation" Energia "" them S. P. Korolev, "FSUE" Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering ", Design Bureau of Chemical Engineering. A. M. Isaev.
In the queen there are main enterprises of the Russian Space industry, among which - the Flight Management Center, it is from here that the Russian segment of international space station (ISS).
Protvino
The status of the science of the Urban District Protvino received the presidential decree in 2008 for a period of five years, in 2014 this status was preserved for the next five years. Main specialization - biotechnology and energy. The State Scientific Center, the Institute of High Energy Physics, CJSC "Protection", NGO "DNA Technology", NGO "Turbotechnology" and others are successfully operating in Protvina.
It is noteworthy that in Protvina, a complex of ion radiation therapy was developed for the treatment of cancerless without damage to those surrounding healthy tissues.
Pushchino
The status of the science of Pushchino has since 2005. Now Pushchino is the largest center of scientific research in the field of biology. The city employs nine academic institutions and the Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In the territory of the district there is a biotechnological innovation cluster, which produces products in the following areas: biotechnology for medicine, pharmacology, biotechnology in agriculture, Environmental Protection, Industrial Biotechnology.
Reutov
Reutov has the status of the science industry since 2003 for a term until December 31, 2027. Main specializations - aviation and space, mechanical engineering, instrument making. So, JSC MIC "NPO Engineering" is a city-forming enterprise of the city, it is here that newest species military equipment, as well as rocket and rocket-space complexes that have no analogues in the world.
Among other scientific enterprises of the district - the Scientific and Technical Association "Flame", the Scientific company Flameman (is engaged in pharmaceutical products), Nano Invest LLC (high-tech equipment).
Fryazino
Science Status Fryazino has since 2003. The main specialization of Fryazin's scientific and production enterprises is electronics. As part of NPK Naukograd, 25 enterprises and organizations, among which NPP "source" " Shokine, "Research Institute" Platan "" with a plant with a factory ", FSUE" Special Design Bureau Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences "and others.
On the basis of the "source" NPP named after Shokin in 2015, the investment projects in the field of microwave electronics are being implemented.
Chernogolovka
In 2008, the Chernogolovka was assigned the status of the Naukograd, mainly scientists in the field of chemistry, chemical physics and the creation of new materials work. The city-forming enterprises of the district are included in the complex of the Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka, where more than 5 thousand people work.
The main directions of research in Chernogolovka are chemical physics of combustion and explosion processes, formation and modifications of polymers, biological processes and systems.
Moscow Region Obninsk is the first science of Russia, which received its status as a technological and scientific center of the country. It is distinguished by such characteristicsnot inherent in other sciences as multiprobility: scientific institutions of chemical, physical, meteorological, medical, seismological and even agricultural profiles coexist. But the main thing is that this science of Russia is still proudly carrying the title "City of the Peace Atom", and the main prospects for their development sees in connection with nuclear technologies and nuclear power.
As science survived
The idea about to make from Obninsk Technopolis, as such a plan of the city was designated initially, or the science of Russia was born in 1991, when the previous state system was completely broken. An international conference was held regarding the problems of the recreation period of science and technology and the conditions for its transition to the market economy. Many reports sounded in which promising development paths were outlined. newest technologies, machinery and regional science in general. The problem of the existence of such cities as Obninsk, the first science of Russia, in the conditions of the market for the first time discussed at the highest level. It turned out that it was not possible to effectively use this scientific potential if the city does not have a corresponding special status fixed at the level of at least federal. After this conference began to receive specific conceptual ideas for building the strategic development of the city. So for the first time, the science of Russia - Obninsk appeared.
In 1992, the Obninsk-Technopolis Association was established, which formed the Sucogradic Movement. A concept was developed to which all technical and economic justifications were summed up, the analysis of the potential. The scientific and production complex of the city turned out to be quite wealthy to wear this status - the science of Russia. In 1993, the Board of Directors of Obninsk was held, where it was made this fateful decision. From now on, all enterprises and institutions enter the united front to fight for special status. Since 1994, the new mayor has been working in Obninsk, and the systematic development of the city is beginning to the perspective. For the mayor, an expert council is gathering directly participating in the development and implementation of the long-term program. In March 1995, a parliamentary hearings were held for the first time, dedicated to the problems of the sciences, which was discussed in the first edition of the law "On the status of the Naukograd RF." Subsequently, according to this law, many technopolis were formed, the sciences of Central Russia were especially numerous.
Law
The opportunities of the city were destined only in November 1997, after the release of the presidential decree, where measures were specifically indicated on the development of high-tech cities and science. However, it could not receive the status of this for another two years, since the law was adopted only in 1999, in which all the definitions were given, which should be subject to all the sciences of Russia. Their list is pretty long, the most wonderful will be discussed below, but for now the situation will be considered on the example of Obninsk. Almost everywhere there were the same problems, the same obstacles were overcome, the difficulties experienced by the whole country were defeated. Sciences of Central Russia were somewhat in best conditionsThan, say, Ural or Siberian. Only transport accessibility is expensive. However, this problem was at that moment at the head of the corner.
So, municipalities, where the city-forming is a scientific and production complex, that is, the combination of organizations that implement innovative, scientific, scientific and technical activities, as well as experimental tests and development, training, respectively, state priorities for the development of science and technology, are precisely such cities can claim the status of a technopolis. Many cities sought to the Sciences of Russia, the list today is quite long, but the first in 2000, Obninsk became the scienceout. Together with the law on status, the entire regulatory framework was created, through which the support of cities was planned at the federal level.
Living conditions in the science
The distinctive features of Obninsk are, first of all, proximity to the capital and the comfort of living. The latest and developed infrastructure, and favorable environmental conditions, and prosperity of socio-domestic plan are also. What is near Moscow, the largest industrial and technological megalopolis, especially valuable. But the main thing a distinctive feature Obninsk, as noted by the Union of Nazogradov of Russia, is an educational system that can really be envied. Here is Mass educational institutions and Research Institute, of which there is a constant influx and reproduction of engineering personnel, technical and scientific. That is, there are the most wide opportunities The development of high-tech industries, which is of fundamental importance. In addition, other sciences of Russia and their specialization are radically different from Obninsk. Here specialization is far from alone.
The nuclear industry, of course, is dominated in this science, although it is impossible to name a purely "atomotic" Obninsk atom. It began with this, however, over time, the spectrum of scientific classes has expanded significantly. No wonder Obninsk - the first science of Russia. So far, the program of socio-economic development developed here is not equal among other cities-Naukogradov. All results are talking about this: the ranking of the best cities of Russia put a small Obninsk to the ninth place, the remaining sciences are not included in the first hundred. The ranking considered the following indicators: the average salary, the queue in need of housing, places in kindergartens, the number of educational institutions, sports infrastructure, the percentage of secondary and small private business. Health, by the way, did not turn out to be nowhere anywhere in the same city.
How to get the sciences
First of all, we need state-meaningful research institutes and production, which are most often from the city-forming, which is for Obninsk, the Physico-Energy Institute (FEI) appeared. This is the founder of the city, without it would not take anything. Why is that? Yes, because such institutions are radically influenced by the budget, which means that the entire standard of living in this area (they also affect the overall cultural level of the population too much). The entire social sector - schools, kindergartens, theaters, museums, cinemas, stadiums and so on - appeared from the inside of the FEI, since it was not such a city budget. But the institute has always allocated considerable amounts, it helped build houses and roads, cultural centers and trade. Many Naukograd city of Russia developed on the same principle.
Now the alignment is a little different, but for the fact that it is in general, it is necessary to thank the appearance in the city of scientific institutions and enterprises. Now no one hundred percent tax is going to the city with scientific institutions, as before. Only thirty two. Where does the rest be taken for amazing on a general background of the city's prosperity? As many as a forty percent of income, the city gives a small business, and the new economy, which has not yet risen well on his feet, gives about fifteen percent. Where does a small town have so much small business? The development of sciences in Russia shows that this figure is just fantastic. For every ten thousand people in the city of about eight hundred enterprises, and meger services and trade, mostly small enterprises of high technologies. In Kaluga, which, compared to other cities, the country occupies one of the first places for prosperity, of all four hundred enterprises for every ten thousand people. So, Obninsk developed more powerful than many megacities. Not all the sciences of the Central District of Russia were able to achieve such a level. Rather, none could.
Science in the country today
How many sciences in Russia would have appeared, the problem of them remains so far. After all, their successful functioning and maintenance of status depends not only on the number and quality of city-forming enterprises. Everything, literally everything rests on the state of science in the country. Not only the Obninsky science suffered in the last quarter of a century. The amounts of funds that were to be received were constantly declining, but did not receive scientific research, the number of employees of leading institutions was constantly reduced. People are world-class professionals - constantly left, it was huge waves of migration, and well, if in Moscow or St. Petersburg. Most of them were with great joy accepted abroad.
And now there is no proper attention to our dying science, the state is not up to it. It is still underfunding and there is no support for young professionals. Even in Obninsk. It cannot be said that the Sciences and Academgorodok regions of Russia are dying. No, you don't die, smart people live there and work. However, there is no than the fertile return at which the country blooms (here is our cosmic epic). It is unpleasant to realize that even Obninsky children do not associate their future with their own city, as showed survey. All one hundred (!) Percent of high school students are going to leave - who is in the capital who abroad. This is an indicator. So, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sciences works not to the end, she either lost its power, or ceased to be self-sufficient - after all, Obninsk Multi-Economic compared to how they live, for example, the Sciences of the European North of Russia. I would like to hope that the idea of \u200b\u200bmyself has not yet discredited. The potential of the sciences is huge, but in the lack of state attention he simply sleeps.
How not to lose positions
There must be confidence in tomorrow. From here, all problems arise, because science has little to finance, the inspiration must be constantly heated. The state, by the way, the science begins to finance everything better, hope for the best future should remain. However, during these dark years, the post-pre-stroke, scientific personnel have lost some major qualities, such as resilience. Almost disappeared the activity of the life position, since there was no positive for a long time, the ability to adapt in new circumstances, but is it so good? After all, for a scientist, the main thing is to always see the goal. Only then will he make everything around the mind and until the very end, without distracting.
In the global scientific field of key areas are now technological platforms. The Union of Development of Naskogradov of Russia is working to ensure that both Obninsk and other technopolis of the country have created such platforms or at least attended others. Unfortunately, only Siberia remained active. Novosibirsk Akademgorodok, as well as Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk became the centers of technological platforms. And the sciences, born under the wing of the capitals, are all waiting for mercies from governments. And if they were not allowed! After all, give. Just people became different, wondered and lost the desire for science. It is necessary to work primarily in this direction. The country is always quick, but to collect and restore - a huge work, and most of all - spiritual.
Money
In Obninsk, by the way, in the crisis years, absolutely all urban Research Institutes were raised. Of course, the staff cuts everywhere, let them dismissed not the best, but very worthy, capable of bringing considerable benefits. It was not anywhere in Obninsk mass non-payment wages. Now the institutions are increasing their work. At the level of schoolchildren, the moves are not so visible so far, but experts begin to return to their native teams. Perhaps after a few years everything will work.
But during the time when Leiputun and Kurchatov created their scientific authority, the state subsidized almost unlimited. However, would be shot by any if the funds were spent not in the direction. Was responsibility. Now such loud names do not sound, they are not. Perhaps just for the reason that the fear is lost. Not even fear of execution, but fear is not to do. And the money allocated to the development of the city, the region, the region is spent without a revelation of conscience to some toilet rams for twenty-three thousand rubles each, as it thundered to the whole country from the Vladimir region.
Classical Science and Commerce
Again, on the example of Obninsk (although the Novosibirsk and Novosibirsk will be perfect here), it is possible to consider the shares of traditional classic science and a small innovative business in which it is steadily transformed. Well, that this process is so great or bad (remember thirty-two percent income from the Research Institute of Obninsk and more than forty - from small business)? Previously there was a science donor - one hundred percent. In Obninsk, the situation has changed. In many other sciences - no. There is no transformation, nor the growth of the budget, the scientific potential is not blurred with momentary needs, but innovation on the basis of scientific research appear there. They just give them, or rather, we give up to other hands, and they themselves continue to develop clean science. Who is in winning?
Two methods work with business - Push and Pull. The first is a topsack, money under it, the trunk to the temple. And here it is impossible, ready. Earlier, all Obninsky institutions were focused on topsacking. But the second method for which work is now going with business is pulling out. No supercount. There is an order from the market. If you have received a request for development, they will be. Not accepted, and no one in science will not dig like that. For example, the market needs pharmaceutical developments. If now Obninsk does not grab this success for the tail - and he will not have money. Science in currency is converted. And this is how you can forever lose the scientific potential. It remains to hope that the state will soon need Obninsk to solve some superficial. But will he be ready?
Innovative resource
By 2004, seven sciences were already in Russia: Obninsk, Dubna, Korolev, Michurinsk, Koltsovo, Fryazino, Reutov. In addition, six more cities received "good", having passed coordination and examination at the federal level. This is Biysk, Peterhof, Zhukovsky, Seversk, Pushchino, Troitsk. By January 2015, they were thirteen. Koltsovo from the Novosibirsk Region, Michurinsk from Tambov, Protvino and Chernogolovka from Moscow were added. The main specializations of the sciences of Seven: Space Studies, Avia and Rocket Magnification; radiotechnics and electronics; Machine and instrument making, automation; Chemical physics, chemistry and creation of materials; nuclear complex; biology biotechnology; Energy.
In addition to official sciences, there are both unofficial in Russia. Their 65. Half of such rural and urban settlements is located in the Moscow region (29, including Zelenograd, which is a metropolitan area). Also, many unofficial sciences in the center of Russia are eight more. Yaroslavskaya, Tverskaya, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, Vladimir Region are torn them. The second in the thickness of the sciences of the Urals, most of them in the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk region. In the Western Siberia of Naukogradov Six - in Altai, in Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions. With them, Russia will have to conquer the global economic space through innovative development, and not exploiting the country's fuel and raw material. Intellectual and scientific and creative potential, which in our country has always been high, it is time to use for its intended purpose.
"Closed" cities
The distribution of scientific and technical potential in the country has always been uneven: Approximately 70 percent of scientific research fell on scientific centers, universities, laboratories that were in Moscow and the region, in Leningrad, Novosibirsk and in the Urals. Most of the Naukogradov was created in the thirties of the last century. Then, in the fiftieth and seventies, the government again published special decisions on the creation of new strategic facilities, the tasks of which were the development of the military-industrial complex and support by its scientific and technical forces. The largest projects concerned aviation, then atomic, missile, cosmic, a little later - biological complexes, as well as respective settlements to them. Many of these cities were absent even on maps, never mentioned in any directory. Some did not even have names, designating special code license plates. For example, Snezhinsk, Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Seversk, Ozersk and many others. And today they are open only relatively, although they write about them in the press and speak on television (but not shown!). These are the so-called closed administrative and territorial entities (but) with a special status and many restrictions.
The closeness of other sciences was relative: foreign guests were prohibited, the city-forming enterprises and organizations were not mentioned in pressing. It is just Obninsk, Protvino, Troitsk, Zhukovsky, Korolev, Khimki, Sosnovy Bor, Dzerzhinsky and many, many others. Now it is much easier to determine the nature of the science. They are monopropyl, complex and mono-oriented. Monoprofyls: Obninsk, Krasnoznamensk, Whiteozersky, Koltsovo, Mendeleevo, Snezhinsk, Protvino and others. Mono-oriented technopolis of city-forming enterprises may have several, but all of them are one field of activity. For example, Zhukovsky - aviation profile complexes, where airplanes are developing, testing and produced. In Chernogolovka, seven Research Institute and two NPPs, are all engaged in chemical physics. Also mono-oriented Sciences - Jubilee, Trechgorod, Pushchino, Krasnobsk, Zelenograd. The complex includes Dubna, where, in addition to nuclear, aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding studies are underway and the international university, as well as carpets, Klimovsk, Korolev, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Reutov, and again Obninsk. Akademgorodoki belongs to the Russian Academy of Sciences, where scientific teams of different profiles also cooperate.
To date, it is quite obvious that only in the development of innovative technologies, Russia will be able to take the place-like place on the global economic market. It will allow our state to restore and maintain the status of the Great Power.
Yes, Russia is rich in exported natural resources (including gas and oil). However, their primary processing products are not the foundation of economic power, putting the country into dependence on more developed states. That is why it takes a speedy transition from the economy focusing on fuel and energy resources, to the innovative development of all areas of the national economy. And this is possible only when stimulating intellectual and research activities in the field of energy and transport, machine and instrument making, aviation and space industry.
An innovative breakthrough in medicine and education, bio- and information technologies. How to achieve this? Activation and stimulating powerful intellectual and scientific and technical capacity through the development of Russian sciences.
History of appearance
Such a notion as "Sciences" appeared in Russia only in the early 90s of the last century. And at the initial stage, it was collective. In the list in which the sciences of Russia were located, the citys and villages that had similar problems of development were combined. This includes a special type of settlement. In them, the city-forming were scientific and production and other organizations directly related to the development of the scientific and technical sphere of the national economy of the country. What were the prerequisites for creating such settlements?
The Sciences of Russia were a product of a global trend. Their emergence has become possible at that time when the level of development of the state began to have a significant impact of innovative developments.
Russia's sciences differed as a powerful concentration of intelligence, which allowed to create, and then to keep such a necessary strategic parity in the most important military regions. In addition, with the help of creating such settlements, the state managed to achieve the highest level of research on a variety of directions.
Geography of the Naukogradov
Currently, on the territory of our country there are seventy settlements, the main appointment of which is the development of innovative directions. Cities-Naukograda Russia are located in the settlement strip.
Almost half of this list can be found on the map of the Moscow region. They include Zelenograd, which is part of the capital in their administrative affiliation.
Abroad, the Moscow region, there are still eight scientific entities on the territory. They are located in Kaluga, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Tver and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
The Ural is the second region, where the scientists of Russia are located with a fairly large concentration. The list with the largest list of them has Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk region. In third place on the concentration of such formations is Western Siberia. It is located six Naukogradov on its territory. You can find them on the map of the Altai Territory, as well as the Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions.
The composition of the Naukogradov
Most settlements concentrating intellectual potential are cities. Relatively recently, two villages received the status of the "City-Naukograd of Russia". The list of such entities replenished:
Pos. Chernogolovka, located in the Moscow region;
- pos. New building, which has changed the name on Peresvet.
In the list of sciences - seven there are among such formations and four rural settlements. But this is not all the sciences of Russia. The list of them is replenished with academgorodoks of major scientific centers of the Far East and Siberia. According to its administrative affiliation, they are areas of cities.
A variety is different and the population of the population living in the sciences. In the largest of them, more than two hundred thousand inhabitants are spelled. In this list, such sciences of Russia as Biysk. Large scientific formations with the same number include Dzerzhinsk and Zelenograd.
How many sciences of Russia are in second place in the number of people living in them? Similar formations eight. Moreover, most of this list are located in the Moscow region.
Most often, the science of Russia is a settlement in which from 20 to 100 thousand inhabitants. Such a number of population is almost half of all scientific entities.
The smallest city-Naukograd of Russia is Primorsk, located in the Leningrad Region. The number of its population is a little more than six thousand people.
Different number of people living in the sciences that are in the status, population of the village. Orevo - 1.5 thousand people, and pos. Krasnobsk - 17.5 thousand.
As for Academgorodkov, the number of their inhabitants is not exactly known. This is due to the entry of such entities in large cities. Specific data is only about Novosibirsk Academgorodok, because this scientific education is located in the Soviet region of the administrative center. At the beginning of 2001, 130.9 thousand people were spelled here.
Expansion of the list of Naukogradov
Currently it is difficult to calculate the total number of scientific centers that are engaged in implementing activities. modern technologies to the national economy of the country. The fact is that there are closed administrative and territorial entities called "mailboxes". Their active declassification began in the first half of the nineties of the last century, but today not all of these centers are known to the general public.
Expand the list in which the city-Naukograd of Russia includes, there may also be some settlements with powerful scientific and technical potential. For example, relatively recently, the like happened with Gatchina located in the Leningrad region. This settlement, the number of residents of which is 82.3 thousand people, began to be considered a science of the St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics located on its territory.
The list of such formations may be made:
Specialization of which science of Russia is Nuclear Physics? In addition to the ten atoms listed above, eight cities are included in the list of such entities, in whose territory there are large research institutes of this area. Among them, Dimitrovgrad and Gatchina, Obninsk and Dubna, Protvino, Troitsk and others.
One of the cities of this list would like to highlight especially. This Obninsk is the first science of Russia, which received such a high status. It is located south-west of Moscow, a hundred and twenty kilometers from the capital, and today its population is 107.8 thousand people.
Construction of Obninsk began in 1946, when it was decided to build on the basis of the boarding school and orphanage secret object "IN". Research in the field of nuclear physics was conducted not only by Soviet, but also by German specialists invited to the laboratory under the contract. Later, the Physico-Energy Institute was created in Obninsk, and in 1954 the first largest nuclear power plant began its work here.
Decision of agricultural problems
The science of agrarian specialization in Russia is the city of Michurinsk. This status of this settlement located in the Tambov region was assigned relatively recently - 4. 11. 2003, on the basis of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation. The same document was approved by the main directions in which the unique in Russia in Russia should be carried out by the School of Agrarian Specialization. Among them are the following:
Research in the field of selection and genetics, biochemistry and biotechnology, ecology of vegetable, berry and fruit crops, as well as identification of mechanisms of productivity, sustainability and stabilization of agroecosystems;
- development of environmentally friendly experimental technologies not only production, but also transportation, processing and long storage diverse fruits and vegetables;
- Scientific and technical innovation work, testing and experimental development in the field of technical means, as well as obtaining new, environmentally friendly foods;
- Preparation of personnel composition for work in all spheres of the agro-industrial complex.