Without inviting Putin on the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, Polish and other European politicians, thereby gave to understand that they did not recognize the monopoly law on the symbolic role of the historical successor of the USSR as the winner of fascism. But in real legal decoration Russia of the succession of the Soviet Union is also not easy.
For example, a certain part of Soviet real estate in foreign registries is still listed for the country called "USSR", which has long been no longer existed. And Russia, which considers himself the only successor of the USSR, still can not reorganize part of the Soviet real estate abroad. And this is why it happened.

Soviet shopping pavilion in Canada (Murial)

Moscow's position in this matter seems to be logical, and remains unchanged: she took on themselves and fully paid all the debts of the USSR, which means all the internationality of the USSR should belong to it and be fraught with it. But not so everything is simple in this worst from the worlds.
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Shortly before the official declaration of the collapse of the USSR and the creation of new independent states, a meeting took place in Moscow, which discussed issues of external debt of the USSR. Representatives of the Union republics took part in the meeting (except for the Baltic countries and Uzbekistan) and 7 creditors' countries. It was the result of the Memorandum of October 28, 1991. On mutual understanding regarding the debts of foreign lenders of the USSR and its successors and communiqué dated November 24, 1991, in which the republics entering the USSR were marked by his successors, which in different proportions passed the external debt of the USSR and its assets abroad.
In fulfillment of the decision taken, the agreement was concluded on the succession of the State External Debt and the Assets of the SSR Union dated December 4, 1991. and the agreement "On the ownership of the former SSR Union abroad dated December 30, 1991.

Commercial Representation of the USSR in Brazil (Basilia)

According to Russia's concluded agreements, 61.34% of foreign Soviet assets and liabilities, Ukraine - 16.37%, Belarus - 4.13%, and so on. However, Western lenders were more profitable to have one debtor than twelve, and Russia was not profitable not to share any Soviet foreign property, which she actually had already had, and to appear the full and only successor of the USSR. Moreover, the cost of foreign Soviet property could well exceed the sum of the Soviet external debt.
And Moscow invited all former union republics to sign an agreement on the so-called "zero version" of the division and assets of the division, that is, to give Russia their shares of both some and others. As a result, everyone agreed and recognized the exceptional law of Russia for foreign real estate and other foreign assets of the USSR, in exchange for the payment of Soviet external debt.
Everything except Ukraine is the Ukrainian Parliament twice, in 1997 and 2009, refused to ratify the agreement between Russia and Ukraine on the "zero version" of 1994, and it did not enter into force.

Embassy of the USSR in the USA (G.Vashington)

As Russia, it assumed, its difficult then position, the Slip West did not use, agreeing on preferential terms to stretch payments on Soviet debt for twenty years. And for the Paris, the Paris Club of creditors allowed to re-transfer ownership of the USSR to the Russian Federation only after the full repayment of Soviet debt.
And when oil prices went up, Russia was able to accomplish the Soviet external debt ahead of schedule, eliminating all the debts of the USSR to the Paris Club (creditors' states), and in 2009, the debts of the USSR in front of the London Club (private creditors). At the same time, in 2006, Russian Finance Minister Alexei Kudrin said that Moscow intends to immediately begin reissuing the entire real estate of the former USSR abroad.
But it was not there - in all countries of the world such design is possible only after settling all the controversial issues with other applicants for real estate. And since Ukraine claimed for some part of it, Russia led a real diplomatic and judicial struggle on issuing his property right. Currently, Russia cannot enter into the full rights of the owner of foreign Soviet property to enter at least in 35 countries around the world, where this process is blocked by Ukraine in court. According to the printed authority of the Russian Government Government: " In Russia, these incidents are told even more reluctant, but recognize: they are».
And Russia is recognized as a complete successor of the USSR property in 5 countries - Bulgaria, Hungary, Iceland, Finland and Sweden, where Russia managed to agree with Ukraine, giving it some of the Soviet real estate.

Consulate General of the USSR in Turku (Finland)

Of course, it would be logical to finally return to Russia Ukrainian 16.37 percent in the Soviet debt, which paid Russia (about $ 15 billion somewhere). But firstly for Ukraine, this case is a lot of things, and secondly, no one knows how to get back and how much is 16.37% of Soviet foreign ownership.
There is no accurate data on the state of Soviet foreign real estate and its value at the time of the collapse of the USSR, its market assessment is unknown and, in the opinion of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, in the register of federal property of Russia, only 3 percent of Soviet real estate abroad are taken into account. In different sources, the figures range from 2,700 properties at a price of $ 2.7 billion (Krasavina L.N. "External debt of Russia lessons and prospects." Scientific almanac of the foreign debt of Russia and the problem of its settlement. M. 2002 p. 18.) up to 30 thousand properties at a price of $ 500-525 billion (Makarevich L. N. "External debt settlement tools." Scientific Almanas of Russia's foreign debt and the problem of its settlement. M. 2002).
But this is not all the Soviet property abroad - foreign Soviet property relations were very confused, and there were a lot of other assets, except for real estate: bank deposits, vehicles (aircraft, courts), securities, deposits in authorized capital, etc. And how much it cost and costs, no one really knows.

Embassy of the USSR in Mauritania (Naakshot)

To close the question, Russia has repeatedly offered Ukraine objects of foreign real estate according to the principle "on Tobі in black, Scho Meni is not gag" - not in key countries of the world, but somewhere in Africa or Latin Americawhere Ukraine has nothing to do (as, however, and Russia). Foreign Soviet real estate disliked there, and has long been lost its market value, many objects are abandoned and nobody contains them.
Ukraine, of course, it is not necessary for Ukraine, and therefore Russia can neither sell nor use the liquid part of the Soviet real estate for commercial purposes (this is the so-called limited ownership - the Russian Federation can own and use this real estate itself, but it cannot manage it) . And this argument is already a quarter of a century, and will delay for many more decades. Or forever, if you never succeed to agree.

This week, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko signed a law on the moratorium on the payment of the country of external debts. This law allows Kiev at any time to freeze payments due to the difficult economic situation in the country. However, the demonstrative refusal of payments, as the story shows, brings any country more harm than benefits even with all the amendments to the circumstances. The classic example is the decision of Soviet Russia not to return imperial debts. The winnings turned out to be extremely dubious and extremely negatively affected the history of the country in the medium term.

In early 1918, the Bolsheviks were captured in St. Petersburg and Moscow before dilemma. On the one hand, the ideological position required both the "world without annecons and contributions" and non-recognition of debts to the capitalist system, and the financial and economic situation in the revolutionary country was severe. On the other hand, spoil relations with the Entente, without strengthening its position within the country, it was fraught. As a result, the Bolshevik government still decided to take a chance, and on February 3, decree was issued on the cancellation of the entire internal and external public debt. The latter was almost 18.5 billion rubles in gold, of which more than half had to scored during the First World War.

Photo: Mary Evans Picture Library / Global Look

The reaction of the Entente turned out to be predictable. Especially with the fact that a month later, the Bolsheviks signed a separate world with Germany and Austria-Hungary. With Soviet Russia interrupted all economic relations, and the allies made a bet on white. Help was limited, but serious problems at the Soviet government arose. The result was the hardest and destructive civil war for the country and mass hunger.

Good luck to everyone

Russia was in the blockade, from which it was necessary to somehow go out. Moreover, the former allies understood that the communist regime was installed for a long time and, it means to look for a point of contact with him. The greatest effort in this direction was given to the UK under the leadership of Premier David Lloyd George, who had already managed to conclude a trade agreement with Moscow. In the end, all the participants of the war first agreed to meet at the conference in Genoa, which should have arrived and Russian representatives.

The conference opened on April 10, 1922. The Soviet delegation in Genoye was headed by the People's Commissar on Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin, that is, the representative office was as serious as possible. But the conversation turned out to be tough. Immediately after the conversation came about the return of debts, the Soviet side exhibited counterparts: compensation in the amount of 39 billion rubles for the damage caused during the Civil War. In addition, Soviet representatives refused to return foreign ownership nationalized during the revolution.

The tactic of the Soviet side was to agree with different countries separately. For example, the United Kingdom and Italy, who lost themselves in Russia, were not so much ready for cooperation. But France and Belgium were also categorically dissatisfied with the Bolsheviks too soft. The uncompromising position of the French premiere of Raymon Poincare also played its role in the unpretentiousness of the participants to negotiate in real. The United Kingdom, the strongest player in Europe, was ready to give in France instead of her concessions in Germany, which at that time was a more priority goal of diplomacy for ex-entuance.

In addition, the goals of the Soviet side were rather ambiguous. The instructions of the Soviet party authorities prescribed Chicherin's delegations "In reality, the bourgeois states are possible to more embroil the bourgeois states ..., pursuing and real interests, that is, creating the possibility of individual agreements with individual states and after the breakdown of the Genoese Conference." With this setting should not be surprised that the normal dialogue did not work.

As a result, negotiations ended with nothing. The conversation was proposed to continue a few months later in the Hague, but also to work out some kind of overall position. Instead, Soviet diplomats went to Rapallo, where they were able to settle all controversial issues with Germany. Moscow has repeated the refusal to German reparations, but at the same time approved the property of Germany and its citizens confiscated during and after war. Thus, it was Berlin that became the main partner of the USSR for the next ten years.

Although it was significantly better than nothing, the successes of the young Soviet state on the basis of financial and economic diplomacy were modest. Weimar Germany with its deprecked hyperinflation was as bench, how many and Russia, and to wait for her help to restore the economy would be strange. And in 1933, the Nazis came to power, and Soviet Union It turned out to be insulated.

Over time, political relations with the former Entente until a certain extent were settled, the countries of the West were recognized as the USSR for the 20s. However, the question of refusing to repay loans hung a ladies sword over economic relations. The biggest problem was the impossibility to be removed, as well as to enter the Western, first of all, American financial markets, although the Soviet structures from time to time released bonds in English and American stock exchanges and even credited for export. However, all this were not the amounts for which it was possible to count on more favorable relationships of lenders.

For example, in 1933, the USSR raised the issue of credit in the United States in the amount of a billion dollars. This amount was approximately one fifth of all costs according to industrialization plans. Americans, having fallen, said "no". Unsuccessful attempts to credit in other countries were unsuccessful.

If the USSR initially had a good credit history, the probability of obtaining these and even large sums would be much greater. The ability to take funds abroad in conditions of such expensive pleasure as industrialization would be an exceptional help for Soviet power. With access to the global credit market, the state would act more confidently and probably did not try to use such a controversial way to seize goods from the population as collectivization. The latter, conducted in a hurry and extremely unprofessional, caused the hardest blow to Soviet agriculture (let's say, the livestock livestock could not be restored for several decades).

Image: RIA Novosti

If everything needs - it means no one should

But maybe another exit from Soviet Russia, except to refuse debts, and was not? Indeed, the amount of obligations at first glance looked alone, exceeding the entire GDP of the country. In Soviet historiography, this default was justified by the fact that the state was freed from a grave burden and could start with a clean sheet.

However, reality is much more complicated. First, in fact, not all debts (as it turned out) it was necessary to give. Most of them in the case of Russia belonged to the military, taken already during the First World War. And if you look at international experience, we see that almost none of the debtors paid not that the full amounts on these obligations, but even half of them.

After the war, the largest world lender was the United States who were driven into debt even the British Empire. In total, the Americans financed the countries of the Entente (excluding Russia) by $ 10.5 billion (more than 200 billion dollars at current prices). Already by the beginning of the 1920s, it became clear that the destroyed economies of European countries would not be able to pull such sums. In 1922, Congress created a commission that was supposed to deal with the settlement of this debt.

After negotiations with the allies approved a new payment program. Europeans agreed on the enormous scale restructuring. All debts were supposed to be paid for 62 years, while the final amount to the repayment was only $ 22 billion. That is, the yield did not exceed 1 percent per annum, which even in our time ultra-low rates is simply ridiculous. In fact, this meant writing off 51 percent of debt.

In fact, to recover even this amount failed. For a while, the debtors paid relatively regularly, although the negotiations on the relaxation were carried out in constant mode. But here I ranked the crisis of 1929 and The Great Depressionreiterated by the European economy. US President Herbert Gouver introduced a moratorium on all interethnic payments due to universal panic and capital flights. When the moratorium has expired, European countries, referring to various circumstances, the scope denied America in further payments. By 1934, Defalt before the United States declared all European states with the exception of Finland. The story of "exorbitant military debts" and ended.

The difference between the behavior of Soviet Russia and the countries of the Entente, however, is obvious. If the first showed demonstrative stubbornness and disrespect for adopted standards, which seriously complicated relations with foreign states, then the Europeans entered hectare. Until the last moment, agreeing with the need to pay, they knocked out various concessions and relaxation from creditors. At the same time, the lender objectively understood that everyone would not be able to get it anyway, so they were ready to meet. Ultimately, European debtors, performing a single front, were able to achieve complete abolition of debt burden.

The nationalization carried out by the Bolsheviks, touched on foreign capital in Russia in terms of the nationalization of its property and revocation by the Bolsheviks of all external and internal loans of the royal and temporary governments. The most painful for foreigners were questions of debts and nationalization of banks.

The American ambassador reacted to the decree on nationalization almost instantly: "In December 1917, the series of decrees of the Bolshevik began their strange financial policy. These decrees declared the banking of the Government Monopoly, ordered that all the owners of safes in bank storages immediately arrived with the keys, "to attend in the inspection of safes"; Otherwise, all their contents will be confiscated and becoming the property of the people. " "The diplomatic corps, excluding me, was unanimous in condemning all these decrees ... .."

External pre-war debt of Russia, when registering mutual claims, was determined in the amount of 4.2 billion gold rubles (not counting German, Ok. 1.1 billion) plus 970 million railway loans, 340 million borrowings of cities and 180 million loans Land banks. Total about 5.7 billion. In addition, 3 billion foreign investments were mentioned in joint-stock and inactive enterprises. Military (1914-1917) The foreign debt of Russia was determined by about 7.5 billion gold rubles. That is, in three years of war, Russia appeared abroad almost 1.5 times more than 20 previous years intensive, catching-up industrialization. Moreover, if the loans of peacetime walked mainly to investment purposes, the military - to cover military spending, i.e., "worked." Almost a third of all gold reserves of Russia was taken to ensure loans during the war in the Allied England.

"Russia's military expenditures for war were (in February 1917) 29.6 billion rubles, orders abroad almost 8 billion rubles, but, as N. Yakovlev writes, - for the externally significant sum of the latter, very small returns. Russia led the war overwhelmingly at the expense of its own production of weapons and equipment. Compared to what was manufactured in Russia, imports of weapons from abroad amounted to: 30% rifles, the cartridges to them are less than 1%, the tools of different calibers - 23%, shells to them - about 20%, etc. .

The small allies' helpfulness is explained primarily by the fact that Russian military orders were considered in the countries of the Ententes and the United States as an annoying interference. They were performed somehow, the delivery times could not stand. " For example, Kerensky wrote on July 3, 1917: "Indicate the relevant ambassadors that heavy artillery sent by their governments (USA, England, France), apparently, in a large part of the marriage, since 35% of the guns did not withstand a two-day moderate shooting. (trunks broken) ... "F. Stepun also writes that he was in the main factory marriage. Or from France, for example, shells began to flow ... from cast iron!

Yakovlev continues: "Finally, Western industrialists considered Russian orders as a means of profit. The prices of weapons and equipment was inferred to 25-30% higher than for buyers in Western countries. Large advances, thoughtlessly issued during Sukhomlinov, were associated with Russian departments that could not do anything with the disruption of the deadlines, with the supply of poor-quality products. As for the loans of Russia, how he was in the usual practice of Western banks, various commissions were filmed from them, they were heated by the arms of exchanges. Ignatiev, France's financial cuisine, well-learning in the twenties, was a witness of the excitement raised in the West about the USSR refusal to pay loans until 1917. "When, I wrote A. A. Ignatiev, - ten years after the war, all the same Messimi, with whom his military minister, I experienced the first days of mobilization, tried to take the entire severity of the debts of Tsarist Russia to Soviet Russia, I gave him the following A simple answer: "Write me to the next morning only two of your gendarmes. By walking with them four Paris banks, I demand discharge from the Russian account and bring you tomorrow the good half of the money remaining in France from Russian loans. "

At the same time, the ease, with which tsarist government threw money abroad for military orders to the detriment of the development of its own industry, indicates such sizes of corruption that were really equivalent to straight treason. On the other hand, Russian industrialists fucked such prices that as a result, two English could be used for the price of one Russian cruiser.

Temporary government in order to get new loans, confirmed its commitments for royal debts. As a result, the Minister of Finance M. Tereshchenko, in April 1917, recognized: "It's not a secret for anyone, in what dependence and in a military sense, and in the matter of funds for further warning we are from our allies and mostly from America" . Western loans were provided to the temporary government not for "democratic achievements", but only subject to the continuation of the war by Russia. "There will be no war - there will be no loans," I. Ruth said. Russian "cannon meat" in exchange for Western money is not news, but, in addition, after the war, Russia had to return the same money, and even with percentages - a great business! General Jadson had every reason to declare that relatively small costs for Russia would have paid off in war. The United States has been put forward by the United States only at the end of May 1917, when Russia and the Russian army, exhausted their material and spiritual resources, were on the verge of the separation world with Germany. Right or not? In World War II, everything will happen again - the deliveries of Land Lisa will be achieved truly significant values, only from mid-1943, when the territory of the USSR is mainly released and the allies will pursue the panic fear of the new "separath world".

In 1917, the temporary government received loans. But the money must be worked out, and in June, the Russian army, torn, exhausted in three years of war, rose to its last in the First World War. The offensive ... loans to the temporary government reached only $ 125 million- are still far from the scale promised US allies. Meanwhile, Hauz noted, "If there is no money, he [Bakhmetev] is sure that the government will not extend." As the war continued, politicians in the Petrograd Council are more and more left. Howes seemed to understand the cost of the situation. He warned Wilson: "I don't think that the Russian situation pays attention to us can be excessive, because in case of failure, our difficulties will be huge and numerous."

As a result, the paradoxical and tragic position was consumed: Russia, saving anntana in 1914-1915, which made the greatest contribution to the coalition war, which went to the democratic slogans of the Allies, was thrown by them to the mercy of fate ...

The cumulative (military and pre-war) foreign debt of Russia was determined in the amount of 12-13 billion gold rubles; In addition, foreign investments accounted for about 4-3 billion. That is, the foreign debt of Russia was half of all its costs for the first world war.

On the eve of October 1917, the cumulative (external and domestic) public debt of Russia was 60 billion rubles, or seventeen pre-war annual budgets of Russia, including short-term debt on domestic debt - 17 billion rubles. External debt was equal to 16 billion rubles; Of these, short-term debt - 9 billion rubles. In the case of the "victorious" end of the First World War, Razarled Russia, as a winner, was supposed to pay only Western lenders at once more than four state gold reserves of 1913.

Meanwhile, by 1917, Russia was actually bankrupt, and Denikin, Kolchak, Wrangel, was an unconditional refund of the debts of the royal and temporary governments, was the main requirement of the interventory, which is invariably imposed on its white allies. The United States, the chief lender of the Allies, after the war almost did not go for concessions for rare exceptions related to special interests ... If white won, Russia would not have a single chance for rebirth ...

For comparison: only the short-term foreign obligations of Russia in 1917 in the equivalent on GDP (1913), the ratio of approximately 4 times was superior to all external debts of Russia in 2000. But at the beginning of the 20th century, no comparable oil and gas production volumes were not comparable since 2000, and by 1917 there was only a divided of the First World War Country ... And after the beginning of the intervention, the "Allies" was unlikely to give their White Baku, Northern, Black Sea And the Far Eastern ports ... The victory of the temporary government and whites was equivalent to state suicide ... P. Krasnov rightly wrote about Denikin and white movement: "What a horror and shame! Make Russia the arena of the world struggle, to expose her fate of Belgium and Serbia, bleeding it, burn her cities and villages, to escape her Niva and her, hungry, desecrated and glanced, her defeated in the dust with his own powerlessness, finally finish! "

But even if Russia agreed to donate internal debt and pay all the external, she simply had no currency in order to fulfill its obligations over the next century. External debt towards Russia's exports by more than 40% exceeded the limit reparations with Germany. Of course, Russia could give all his gold reserve, but it would also cover no more than 25% of its obligations to foreign creditors.

The reasons for the annulment of foreign debt and nationalization of foreign ownership are in these prerequisites, and not in ideology, which served only by an external form ...

First, the root cause lies in non-fulfillment by the countries of the Entente of their allied commitments to Russia.

Thus, the English industry by March 1917 produced only about 20-25% of Russian military orders, and not all weapons were delivered to Russia. The same can be said about Japanese and Swedish orders. The first-grade American plants "Remington" and "Westingauz" fulfilled their obligations by only 10%. These cases of non-compliance with the allies of their obligations were rather not the exception, but the rule.

N. Yakovlev continues: "Orders on the rifles were performed only by 5%, on cartridges - by 1%. Most orders are executed by 10-40%. When it comes to the assignment of weapons and equipment, often defective or outdated objects were sent. " "In 1922, the Soviet delegation at the International Economic Conference in Genoa assessed the damage incurred by Russia as a result of the allies of its obligations in the field of logistical assistance, 3 billion rubles." But this is only a relatively small visible part of the question.

"The underwater part of the iceberg" is hidden in the fact that it is non-fulfillment by the allies of their actual allied obligations led to the radical overvoltage of Russia's forces in the war. The average annual mobilization load of Russia exceeded the levels of England, France and the United States, combined. It was precisely an excessive mobilization load that was the cause of both Russian revolutions and the Brest world ... This issue was justified in detail in the first volume of "trends", even its financial assessment was made. The amount of the minimum actual debt of the allies before Russia for the first world war was 1.5 billion f. Art., Or about 14 billion gold rubles. Failure to comply with the countries of the Entente of their actual allied obligations to Russia played a decisive role, it became the key cause of the ruin of the country and the radicalization of the Russian society, which brought to the nationalization and cancellation of debts. It was not an act of seizing someone else's property - it was an act of self-defense, self-preservation ...

Secondly, all countries in one way or another revoked their external and domestic debts during revolutions. For example, Americans during their revolution refused to pay taxes, duties and use the currency of England (in fact, refused their credit obligations to England); During the Great French Revolution, the French government refused from 2/3 of its state debts, the British government during his bourgeois revolution refused to pay all of its foreign debts.

The refusal to pay debts was a prerequisite for the successful commitment of any revolution, it is they who help break the vicious circle in which the society came to the dead end. Refusal of revolutions At certain stages of the Company's development means only its degradation, self-destruction and conquest .... In this case, confiscation and cancellation of debts cannot be regarded, as part of traditional law, since it is in this case the laws above the conditions for the survival of the Company, which can only lead To its destruction. The Bolsheviks just like at one time the American, English and French revolutionaries had all the rights to cancel debts - this right is dictated by both the highest natural laws of the development of human society and the fundamental principles of democracy that preach the same West ...

Thirdly, during the war, the economic laws of peacetime cease to operate, otherwise the war turns into a clean business, where life and death, pain and suffering of millions of people, the future of dozens and hundreds of millions are bought for money. And is it all for the sake of profit of creditors? Before the Americans, this truth reached the second World War I, when they forgave the debts to all their allies. The United States went the same way, came to the same conclusions as the Bolsheviks, only almost 30 years later. And this once again confirms the validity of the position of the Bolsheviks, refused to pay debts. Critics will return: the rejection of debts is not at all that their forgiveness. From the point of view of the lender - yes. But from the point of view of "democratic, universal values", propagated by the civilized West, such a lender is no different from the aggressor, against which war is conducted.

Fourth, instead of helping the defeated ally, the Entente countries began against him the intervention, and here the Bolsheviks have appeared another good reason not to pay debts - counter claims. They included both direct damage from the export and destruction of the national heritage and indirect losses associated with common economic and human losses captured by territories. The total amount of claims submitted by the Soviet Party at the negotiations in Genoa for the Intervention countries of the Entente was determined in 50 billion. Golden rubles, or 1/3 of the total national wealth of Russia.

Extremely interesting in this case will be the memories of N. Lyubimov and A. Erlich on the negotiations of the Soviet and Antan delegations on April 14 and 15, 1922. Let us lead a greater extract from it:

Lloyd George. A sum of 50 billion gold rubles, the magnitude of "completely incomprehensible" is named Lvitvinum. For the application of such a sum, Lloyd George said, did not cost and go to Genoa. "The Allied credit countries would never recognize any claim that would not be based on justice and on the right of compensation for losses caused to Russia." In this kind of cases, the British have a considerable experience, then said Lloyd George. Allied governments helped only the facts of the parties hostile in Russia, which supported allies against Germany. Western powers, if they arouse the case before the court of justice, could submit to Russia a claim for violation of the contract. Brest Lithuanian world and appeared such a violation. All fought nations suffered huge losses, and what was accounted for by Britain, this is her duty in the amount of more than 8 billion f. Art.

You can take into account the military and other factors that weakened the Russian economy said Lloyd George, but it is impossible to make discounts on financial assistance provided to her by individuals, for example, English farmers. There is practically no sense to engage in other proposals of the Allied experts set forth in the London Memorandum (March 1922), "While the Russian delegation comes to an agreement on Russian debts ..." Lloyd George continued: the British government incompetently agree with any decrease in private, individual debt requirements. A other business is state claims to Russia, where it would be possible to reduce the amount of debt and to reduce the part overdue or delayed for the future of interest. "

G. Chicherin. Mininting of the British Premier about illegitiousness of Soviet counterpensions erroneously. The Russian delegation could prove that the counter-revolutionary movement to the moment of support from abroad was powerless, defeated and lost any meaning. He, Chicherin, remembers how on June 4, 1918, representatives of the Entente countries made a statement that Czechoslovak detachments that were in Russia should be considered as the "Army of the Anterta itself" under the auspices and responsibility of the Union Governments. At the disposal of the Soviet government there are a contract between Admiral Kolchak, Great Britain and France, the act of submission of General Wrangel Kolchak and other official documents. "During these counter-revolutionary events, huge damage was caused - up to 1/3 of the national wealth of Russia, - caused by the invasion and intervention, and for this damage the Union governments are fully responsible," Chicherin said a categorical tone. Currently, compensation for damage caused by government actions is the principle of international law, which has already been recognized in the case of Alabama ... [In 1872, England paid a refund for the damage caused by the English cruiser "Alabama", helped Southerners in the Civil War (1861- 1865) with the north. (Lyubimov N. N., Erlich. N. P. 54.)]

The question of military debts was touched here. "And what did Russia won from the war?!" - exclaimed Chicherin. If we got Constantinople, it would be handed over to this, from the point of view of Soviet Russia, the only legal government of Turkey. And the population of East Galicia itself would determine his will. Essentially, the military debts concerned exclusively alone alone who have learned profits from the war. Russia has suffered more significant losses from the war than any other state. 54% of the altance loss falls on Russia. The Russian government spent 20 billion gold rubles to war, profits from which they went exclusively to the other side ... Allied powers sought to crush the new Russia, which arose from the revolution, and failed. Thus, they freed the new Russia from all obligations by Antante ...

Then the word took M. M. Litvinov on the issue of complaints of individuals, former owners of nationalized enterprises and on other grounds. It is impossible to separate private debts from governmental. In France and England, Litvinov said, there were a lot of lawyers of intervention, who wanted to take away the "own property" by force. For example, Leslie Urcart, who helped Admiral Kolchak to overthrow the Soviet power. And now he, Urcart, says that "is not responsible, and his money wants to get back." If he did it five years ago, the situation would be different, and now too late. Although the Russian delegation mentioned the figure of 50 billion. Golden rubles, it does not insist on the payment of this amount, continued M. M. Litvinov ... L. B. Krasin raised the question of returning Russia in Nature of various vessels; For example, our country has already received twelve ice led from the government of England ...

(After a break) Lloyd George without much prefaces ... proclaimed that no obligations in connection with the claims declared by the Soviet government presented in Genoa the Allied Legislasts can not accept; No discounts to the Soviet government can be done either on debts, nor financial obligations .... The question of reducing military debt, delaying interest payments on financial requirements and the cancellation of part of overdue or deferred interests of the state-lenders "in view of the serious economic situation of Russia" Ready to consider and solve benevolently ... Further, the Allied Powers agreed to consider the issue of debts first, and then - about the restoration of Russia. The question of the return of the property "in nature" should not be confused with questions about debts ...

G. Chicherin answered: "It is necessary to resume the work of the first (political) commission and the subcommission. To pour on the Russians as on the "scapegoats", there is no reason for the break in the work. In the third part of the London Memorandum of Experts, it is not about debts, but about the future, which is what we must discuss. " Lloyd George: "British bankers will not discuss future issues, until the past be as settled. You should also establish a special subcommittee to discuss a number of legal issues "...

"Be frank, Mr. Lloyd George," Chicherin concluded with bitter smile. "The Entente wanted to crush the new Russia. She failed. We are Kwitov "... Lloyd George replied G. V. Chicherina:" If a neighbor is a discord between two parties, we support the one of them that goes with us, and refuse to reimburse the damages of another party. "

Ultimately, the issue of debts was in one way or another settled with all countries except the United States. But on this the history of royal debts has not ended. The Government of Yeltsin in the 1990s paid $ 400 million. Compensation for the French depositors for annoted by the Bolsheviks, the royal debts, and at the beginning of the 21st century, the recognition of the "debts of the royal government" demanded European countries from Russia when it was entry into the Council of Europe.

Laboratory work on the topic "Foreign policy of the USSR in the 1920s".

Questions and tasks:

• Based on the dock. № 1 I make the following conclusions about the export of revolution from Russia: 1 ..., 2 ... etc.
• Dock. No. 3 contradicts Doc. № 1, because ...
• Based on the dock. No. 2 and 4 I can highlight the following reasons for the failure of the negotiations of Russia and Western countries in Genoa: 1 ..., 2 ... etc. ...
• On the basis of Doc No. 5, I conclude that Russia has been beneficial to Russia (not profitable), because ...
• Having studied dock. No. 5 I was convinced of the right (incorrect) opinion when answering a question. № 4, because ...
• Based on the above and dock. No. 6, I can draw the following conclusions about the successes and failures of Russia's foreign policy in the 1920s: 1 ..., 2 ... etc. ...

Document number 1. From the report of N.I. Bukharin at the IV Congress Comintern. November 18, 1922

We want to clearly establish in the program that the proletarian state must be defended not only by the proletarians of this country, but also by the proletarians of all countries ... Then we must specify another tactical question: the right to red intervention. This question is a trial stone for all communist parties. Everywhere there are shouts about red militarism. We must establish in the program that each proletarian state has the right to red intervention. In the "Communist Manifest" it is said that the proletariat must conquer the whole world, but this is not done by the movement of the finger. Here you need bayonets and rifles. Yes, the spread of the Red Army is the spread of socialism, proletarian power, revolution. This establishes the right of red intervention under such special conditions when it only purely technically facilitates the implementation of socialism.

Document No. 2. From the instruction in V.I. Lenin of the Soviet delegation in Genoa.

... try to move the formula Krasina: "All countries recognize their public debts and commit to compensate damages and losses caused by the actions of their governments." If this is not possible, go to the gap, declaring with certainty that we are ready to recognize private debts, but not wanting to play hide and seek, we indicate that we consider them covered, like the full amount of our obligations at all, our counter-platinzes ...

Document No. 3. From the statement of the Soviet delegation at the first meeting of the Genoese Conference. April 10, 1922

The Russian delegation, which presents the government, always supporting the case of the world, welcomes with particular satisfaction of the statement of previous speakers that first of all the world is needed ... She considers it necessary first of all to declare that he was here in the interests of peace and universal restoration of the economic life of Europe, destroyed by a long-term War and post-war five-year plan. Staying at the point of view of the principles of communism, the Russian delegation recognizes that in the current historical era, making it possible to parallel existence of an old and emerging new social system, economic cooperation between states representing these two ownership systems is imperatively necessary for universal economic recovery ... The Russian delegation appeared It's not here to promote your own theoretical views, but for the sake of entry into business relations with governments and trade and industrial circles of all countries on the basis of reciprocity, equality and complete and unconditional recognition ... Going towards the needs of world economy and developing its productive forces, Russian The government is consciously and voluntarily ready to open its borders for international transit routes, to handle millions of tits of fertile land, richest forest, coal and ore concessions, especially in Siberia, as well as a number of other concessions, especially in Siberia, as well as a number of other concessions throughout the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic ... The Russian delegation intends to offer universal reduction in weapons during further work of the Conference and support all proposals that are able to facilitate the burden of militarism, The conditions for reducing the armies of all states and additions the rules of the war with a complete prohibition of its most barbaric forms, as poisonous gases, air war and others, especially the use of destruction funds against civilians.

Document No. 4. Resolution of the Allied Delegations at the Genoese Conference with the statement of the conditions for Russia. April 15, 1922

1. The Allied lenders presented in Genoa cannot accept any obligations regarding claims declared by the Soviet government. 2. In mind, however, the serious economic situation of Russia, the lenders states are inclined to reduce the military debt of Russia towards them as a percentage, the size of which must be determined subsequently. The nation presented in Genoa tend to take into account not only the question of delaying the payment of current interest, but also on the deferment of the payment of part of expired or overdue interest. 3. Nevertheless, it should be determined that the Soviet government cannot be made any exceptions regarding: a) debts and financial obligations adopted in relation to citizens of other nationalities; b) regarding the rights of these citizens to restore them in the rights of ownership or for remuneration for damages and damages.

Document No. 5. From the Treaty between the Russian Socialist Federal Socialist Republic and Germany. April 16, 1922

Article I. ... a) RSFSR and the German State mutually refuse to compensate for military expenses, as well as from compensation for military loss ... Equally, both parties refuse to compensate for non-military losses caused by citizens of one party through the so-called exclusive military laws and violent activities of state bodies The other side. C) Russia and Germany mutually refuse to reimburse their spending on prisoners of war ... Article II. Germany refuses claims arising from the fact of applying the laws and activities of the RSFSR to German citizens and their private rights, as well as the rights of the German state and land against Russia, as well as on claims arising from the activities of the RSFSR or its bodies. In relation to German citizens or their private rights, provided that the Government of the RSFSR will not satisfy similar claims of other states. Article III. Diplomatic and consular relations between the RSFSR and the German state are immediately renewed ... Article IV. Both governments further agree that for the general legal status of citizens of one side on the territory of the other and for the overall settlement of mutual trade and economic relations, the principle of the greatest document No. 5. From the article G. Zinoviev's "Propening of the Proletarian Revolution" should be operated. 1919

Civil War lit throughout Europe; The victory of communism in Germany is absolutely inevitable; A year later in Europe will forget about the struggle for communism, because all Europe will be communist; Then the struggle for communism in America will begin, possibly in Asia and on other continents.

Document number 6. From the annual report of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR by the VIII Congress of Soviets for 1919 - 1920. December 22-29, 1920

The term expired from the last congress was the year of the celebration of the so-called "peaceful offenzier" of Soviet Russia. Our policies of permanent systematic performances with peaceful offers and permanent attempts to conclude peace with all our opponents the latter died as a peaceful offensive. This policy of incessant and planned efforts in favor of the world brought their fruits ... Currently, civil contracts are concluded with all our neighbors, except Poland .... And besides Romania ... In January of this year, the Supreme Economic Council first, and then the Supreme Union Council, i.e., England. France, and Italy, officially announced the resumption of trade relations with Soviet Russia, but not with the Soviet government directly, but with cooperatives. Currently, however, the British government invites us a draft trade agreement that has already completely eliminating cooperatives from any participation in it ... Currently, even France, the most consistent of our opponents .... Recommended Poland to conclude a world with us ... Successful military protection of the Soviet Republic was facilitated by the ubiquitous military collapse, and the government prompted the growing economic collapse with her in trade relationships, forcing more sharpness to feel the absence of Russia in a peaceful, economic turnover ... an increasing fatigue and the need in the world Widely popular masses have provided strong pressure on the governments of the States directly with us, forcing them to succumb to our peaceful politics ... The military and economic decay of the bourgeois world is accompanied by a diplomatic decay. The winners of the winner ... turn out to be powerless to make even small states to submit to their will.

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Laboratory work "Correspondence of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky as a historical source."

Document No. 1. Tsarevo Sovereign Message to all of its Russian kingdom of treason on treason - Prince Andrei Kurbsky with comrades.

... that you, a dog, having committed such evils, write and complain! What is your advice, a deadly gentle feces ...

Why did you take to be a teacher of my soul and body? Who put you by the judge or the mastery of me? Do you really answer for my soul on the day of the terrible trial? .. And who made you a bishop and allowed the teacher's teacher?

Think what power was created in those countries where the kings were listening to spiritual and advisers, and how these countries died! Do we advise us to do so to come to death too? Is this a piety of not to suppress the villains, do not manage the kingdom and give it to the looting of innings? This, in your opinion, is the saint? Good and instructive!

It's one thing to save my soul, and another thing is to take care of the bodies and souls of other people; It's one thing - flippering, one thing is a monk, one thing is the priesthood, and another thing is the royal rule. Held life - to live like Lamb, who does not oppose anything, or a bird that does not sow, does not come true and does not collect in the residents; Monks, although they renounced the world, but have worries, rules, and even the commandments - if they won't be all this, the joint life will be upset; The priesthood requires many prohibitions, the penalties for the guilt: the priests exist higher and lower positions, they are allowed to decorate, fame and honors, and in the inquams it does not fit; The royal authorities are allowed to act fear and prohibiting, and curb, and against the worst and custody criminals - the last punishment. Understand the difference between hotterness, monasticism, priesthood and tsarist government. Is the king decently, for example, if it beat on the cheek, to substitute the other? Whether it is the most advanced commandment; How can the king can manage the kingdom if dishonor admits? And the priest is like to do so, - therefore the difference between the royal and the priesthood! Even with the world renounced, many severe punishments exist, although not the death penalty. How severe must punish the villains of the royal power!

Can not be implemented by your desire to rule the cities and regions where you are. You yourself saw our dishonest eyes, what a ruin was in Russia, when there were our own bosses and rulers in every city, and therefore you can understand what it is. The Prophet spoke about it; "Mountain house, which is managed by a woman, Mount the city, which is managed by many!" As you can see, the management of many, even if they are strong, brave, reasonable, but do not have a single power, will be like female madness. For the same way as a woman is not able to dwell on a single solution - then one will decide one, then another and many rulers of the kingdom: one wants one, another other. That is why the desires and plans of many people are similar to the female madness.

All this I pointed out to you so that you understand what benefit will come out of the fact that you will own cities and manage the kingdom instead of the kings - having a mind should understand this ...

... We also began to educate as foreigners or as beggars with the late Brother George. Which only we did not suffer in clothes and in food! There was no will in any way; I did not go with us how to deal with the children. I remember one thing: it happened, we play children's games, and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky sits on the shop, leaning his elbow about the bed of our father and putting his foot on the chair, but he doesn't look at us - neither like a parent, nor as lord, nor as servant on their gentlemen. Who can postpone such pride? How to calculate similar severe suffering moved by me in youth? How many times have me to eat on time!

What to say about the parent treasury I got? Everyone cleared insidiously, they said that Boyarsky children were on a salary, and they took themselves, and they did not complain about them, they were not suggested; The countless treasury of our grandfather and father took themselves and avoided their gold and silver vessels and inscribed on them the names of their parents, as if they were their hereditary heritage; But it is known to all people that with our Mother of our Prince Ivan Shui fur coat was a Mukhoyarovaya, green on the kunits, and even on a dilapidation, "so if it were their hereditary property, then the vessels to ride, it would be better to change the fur coat, and to joke, When there is extra money ...

... if you were a militant husband, you would not consider our former flexible feats, but would have sought new; Therefore, you think your shuffle feats that you turned out to be a fugitive, who did not bring the gloomy feats and wanted peace ...

You write that we will not see your face until the day of the terrible court, it can be seen, you dearly appreciate your face. But who needs such an Ethiopian face to see? ..

You wrote your letter, speaking as if judge or teacher, but you do not have rights to it, for you command yourself with threats. How all this resembles the deeline deeper! After all, he lures it and caresses, it is proud and scares; So you: That, falling into immense pride, you imagine yourself by the ruler and write accusations against us, then pretend to be the poorest and the most memorable slave. Like others who fled from us, you wrote your letter to a dog, in an inappropriate way - in the frenzy of the mind, in frenzy, software - changed and doggy, as it is like an obsessed demon ...

This is a strong instruction in Moscow, the reigning Orthodox town of all Russia in 7072, from the creation of peace in the 5th day of July.

Document No. 2. Second Message. 1577 year.

I wrote that I was raised by the mind worse than the pagan. I put you the judge myself between me and you: Are you raised by mind or I wanted to dominate you, and when you did not want to be under my power, angry at you? Or are you growing, who not only did not want to obey me and obey me, but I owned me, seized my power and ruled, as they wanted, and I was eliminated from power, I was a sovereign in words, but didn't you act in any way? How many misfortunes I experienced from you, how many insults, how much offensive and reproaches! And for what? What was my wines before you from the very beginning? What and who I insulted? .. And the better I was Kurlyate? His daughters buy all sorts of decorations and wish them health, and mine a curse and wish them death. There was a lot. How much did I have been from you - not to drink.

And with my wife, why did you give me me? I would not take me from my young wife, there would be no crown victims. And if you say that I did not squeeze after that and did not fulfill the cleanliness - so we are all people. And why did you take a shooting wife? And if you, with Pop (Sylvester), did not rebel to me, nothing would happen: all this happened because of your digestiveness. Why did you want Prince Vladimir to put on the throne, and I will destroy me with children? Did I kidnap the throne or captured him thanks to war and bloodshed? According to God's Decision from birth, I was intended for the kingdom; How my father blessed me to the state, I can't remember; On the state of the throne rose. And by the prince of Vladimir, why should the state should be a sovereign? He is the son of the fourth specific prince. What are his advantages, what are hereditary rights to be a sovereign, except for your treason and his nonsense? What is my wines in front of him? ..

You imagine that all the Russian land under your feet, but your wisdom is given in God's will. That's for the sake of this, I hurt my feather to write you. After all, you said: "There are no people in Russia, no one to defend", - and now you are not; Who now occupies the strongest German fortresses? .. Do not wait for the gentle fight German cities, but they decline their heads before force life-giving cross! And where is accidentally for sins, our phenomena of the life-giving cross was not, there was a fight. Many people are released: ask them, learn.

You wrote to us, remembering our offenses that we were in the distant cities, having seen, sent you - so now we have not prags our secility, and further than your distant cities than glory, we passed our horses of our horses - from Lithuania and in Lithuania, walking on foot, and water in all those places drank, "now Lithuania will not dare to say that there were no legs everywhere with our horses. And there, where you hoped to calm down from all our works, in Volmer, the place of peace of rest, brought us God: they overtake you, and you drove it further.

So, we wrote to you only a little of a lot. Judge himself, how and that you have done, for which God's Providence has paid our mercy, reason that you have done. Look inside yourself and myself will cut out to you. God sees that we wrote this to you are not from pride or arrogance, but to remind you of the need for correction so that you think about the salvation of your soul.

It is written in our Votchin, Livonskaya Earth, in the city of Volmera, in 7086, for the 43rd year of our rule, on the 31st year of our Russian kingdom, the 25th - Kazansky, 24th - Astrakhan.

Questions and tasks.

• List on accusations imposed by Ivan the Terrible Andrei Kurbsky.
• Comment on the expression: "Think what power was created in those countries where the kings were listening to spiritual and advisers, and how these countries died!". Bring specific examples from history.
• What is the difference, according to Ivan, between the authorities of the spiritual and royal? Your attitude to this issue?
• Whether you agree with the expression: "Mount the house, which is managed by a woman, the mountain of the city, which many are managed!"?
• What difficulties of the beginning of your rule lists Ivan Grozny.
• We are talking about: "So now we have not regrets our secility, and further than your distant cities, thank God, we passed our horses of our horses crossed all your roads - they went from Lithuania and in Lithuania, and the water was drunk in all those places - Now Lithuania will not dare to say that there were no legs everywhere with our horses. "?

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Laboratory work №1.5 Baptism of Russia.

2nd level on "4"

1. What do you think it is possible to consider the legend about the Varyagas-martyrs as one of the first evidence that the part of the Kiev population was taken before official baptism?
2. Pay attention to the text fragments underlined by the line. Think from where the chronicler could learn about what matters in these fragments? Is it possible in these cases to trust the chronicler?
3. How do you think are the Dialogues of Prince Vladimir with representatives different religions A reliable recording of conversations or is it fictional (artistic) texts that the chronicler put in his work to substantiate his own point of view?
4. Write the quotes from the document No. 3 unreliable (fictional author of the chronicle message) information.

1st level on "5"

1. Why does the chronicler believes not Slavs, and Varyagov? Is it possible to argue that the author of the chronicle for some reason he wanted to emphasize this fact. Why could this need a chronicler?
2. Is it possible to consider the above story as a certificate of the superiority of Orthodox religion over other veras, about the real advantages of Orthodox confession? Why do you think so?
3. Is this, in your opinion, this description (Doc. No. 3) is evidence of the eyewitness of the baptism of Kievan? Why do you think so?
4. Do you think all the Kievians were happy to take Christianity? Try to find confirmation of your point of view in the read text (you need to write out the necessary words).
5. Is it possible on the basis of this story to say that Kievans did not value their pagan beliefs and Christianity was accepted by them without any resistance?

Document No. 1. "Tale of Bygone Years" On Varyags-Martyrs

Vladimir went ... to Kiev, bringing victims to cumiram with his people. And they said elders and boyars: "Throw the lot on the details and maidens, which he will fall. Togo and sacrifice the gods. " There was one then Varyag alone, and his yard stood there, where now the Church of the Holy Mother of God, which Vladimir built. That Varyag came from the Greek land and confessed the Christian faith. And he had a son, a wonderful face and soul, on him and a lot of lot, along the envy of the devil. For he did not tolerate his devil, having power over everyone, and this was him as thoring in his heart, and tried to chanting him Okyanna, and was swaying.

And sent to him, came saying: "On your son de the lot, they chose his gods to themselves, so that we would bring the victim to the gods." And said Varyag: "It's not gods, and a simple tree: now there is, and tomorrow will shrink, they do not eat, do not drink, do not say, but made by human hands from the tree. God alone, the Greeks serve him and worship; He created the sky and land, and the stars, and the moon, and the sun, and man, and intended him to live on Earth. And these gods did what? They themselves are made. I will not give my son's sons. "

Messengers left and told about all people. The same grabbed weapons, went to him and spread his courtyard. Varyag was standing on the Seine with his son. They told him: "Let my son, let him bring him to the gods." He answered: "If the gods they, then let them send one of the gods and take my son. And why do you follow them? " And they clicked, and sat down under him, and so they were killed. And no one knows where they were put. After all, then there were people of ignorant and non-Christ. The devil was rejoiced without knowing that the past death was close.

Document No. 2. "Tale of Bygone Years" on the choice of faith of Prince Vladimir

Bulgarians came to the Moometan Faith, saying: "You, prince, wise and meaning, and you do not have the law, believe in the lawoUR AND BUY MAGOMETE "... and other lies said ... Vladimir listened to them ... Sleep. But what is obserted to him: circumcision, abstinence from pork meat and from beyia; And he said: "Rus has fun to drink. Can't without that kind.

Then there were foreign people from Rome and said: "We came, sent by dad" ... Vladimir Germans said: "Go where they came from, for our fathers did not accept this."

Having heard the Khazar Jews came about this and said: "We heard that Bulgarians and Christians came, everybody teach you. Christianity believes in the one we crucified, and we believe in a single God, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob "... said to this Vladimir:" How do you learn otherwise, and they themselves are rejected by God and scattered? ... Or and we Do you want?

Then they sent the Greeks to Vladimir the philosopher with the following words: "We heard that Bulgarians came and taught you to take your faith ... We heard that you came to you from Rome to preach your faith your ..." said Vladimir: "Came to me Jews were told that the Germans and the Greeks believe in the one they crucified. " The philosopher replied: "I really believe in Togo." Vladimir asked: "Why did God come down not to earth and accepted such suffering?" The philosopher replied: "If you want to listen, then I will tell you in order from the very beginning, why God went to the ground." Vladimir said: "I'm glad to listen." And the philosopher began to speak so ... / 3alee in the chronicle follows the so-called philosopher's speech.

And, saying this, the philosopher showed Vladimir Curtain, which was written by the conviction of the Lord, rightly pointed to him the righteous people looking for in the fun paradise, and to the left - sinners, going to the torment ... The philosopher said: "If you want to be a babby with the righteous " Vladimir smelled the thought of this thought, and he said: I'll wait a little bit, "wanting to find out about all the veras. And Vladimir gave him many gifts and let him go with her dear Great.

Document No. 3. "Tale of Bygone Years" about the baptism of Kiev

... the same / Prince Vladimir / in the Church of St. Vasily ... in Corsun-Grad.

... And when I came / in Kiev /, commanded the tilting of the idols - some grab, and others burn. Peruna ordered to tie a horse to the tail and drag it from the mountain on Borichev export to the creek and put twelve husbands to koloty him. It was not because the tree feels something, but for the pursuit of the demon, who was deceiving people in this image, - to accept retribution from people. "You are great, Lord, and wonderful your deeds!" Yesterday was still honored by people, and today we will fool. When Perun's fibers to the creek to the Dnieper, mourned it wrong, because they did not accept still saint baptism.

And dragged, threw it into the Dnieper. And Vladimir put people to him, said to them: "If you stick to the shore, unprick him. And when the thresholds passes, then only leave it. " They performed that they were ordered. And when it was let the Perun and he passed the thresholds, he threw him with the wind to the shallow, and there was no place to play the place of Perisha, as she was still.

Then Vladimir sent throughout the city to say: "If there is no one to come to the river tomorrow - whether it is rich, or poor, or beggar, or a slave - will be me an enemy." Hearing this, with joy, people went, leaky and speaking: "If it were not good, they would not accept this prince and boyars."

The next day, Vladimir came out with Popami Tsaritsyn and Korsuski to Dnieper, and there were no numbers there. They entered the water and stood there alone before the neck, others on the chest, the young on the shores of the chest, some kept babies, and already adults wandered, the priests made prayers, standing still.

... People, having barely swayed around the houses, Vladimir was glad to know God himself and Pego people.

... and began to put on other cities of the Church and determine the Popov in them and bring people to baptism in all cities and villages.

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Laboratory work on the topic " Tatar-Mongol invasion On Rus. "

2nd level on "4"

• Do you agree with the fact that it was the murder of Mongolian ambassadors that was the cause of the Mongolian invasion on Russia?
• What do you think you can agree with the opinion of Gumileva (Doc. No. 2)?
• Who called, according to Julian, Tatars? Have the Tatars have a single people?
• To what extent to the information of the Hungarian monk coincide with what tells about the attitude of the Mongols to the conquered peoples of the Carpini plan?
• Is there a reason to believe that the population of Russia Mongols was different than to the conquered peoples of other countries?
• Was the city from ruin his passing by Mongola?

1st level on "5"

• Which of the above points of view (Doc No. 1,2) seems to you most convincing and why?
• Find and list the contradictions in the historian's arguments (Doc. No. 4). To do this, remember which territories are included in the geographical concept of Northeast Russia: what ancient Russian city are located on this territory; Are there any of them those mentioned in the passage? Also work with the concept of Galico-Volyn Rus. Pay attention to how the fate of the cities of Northeast and South-West Russia is described at the beginning and in the end of the passage.
• What categories of the population have the greatest losses in collisions with Mongols? Slip in descending order of the room with the names of social groups: peasants, merchants, townspeople, artisans, princes, warriors. Explain why you think so?
• Compare the dock. №5 and №1. What coincides in these sources?
• What, in your opinion, can cause doubt about the resulting fragment of the Tale of Ryazan Batym?

Document No. 1. Carpini's plan. History of Mongols.

... when they / Mongols / ... are against strengthening, they are affectionately talking to his residents and promise them a lot with the order that they betray them in their hands; And if they give up to them / Mongolas /, they say: "Exit to count you according to our custom." And when those come to them, then the Tatars ask who of them artisans, and they are left, and others, excluding those whom they want to have slaves are killed by an ax; and if, as it is said, they gently some other, then the people of noble tie are never gentle, and if accidentally, by virtue of some circumstances, they retain any noble individuals, then they cannot more come out of captivity neither nor for redemption. During the same war, they are Mongola) kill everyone who is taken pronounced, unless they wish to keep someone to have them as slaves. They were divided into killing between the Sotniks, so that they were killed by their double-edged secretion: the same after that partitioned prisoners and give each slave to kill ten people, or more, or less, in accordance with however by the beginning.

Document number 2. Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe. M.: 1992

Although Russia had no reason for the war against Mongols and, moreover, those sent 0Games on Kullet / Embassy with peaceful suggestions, gathering at SNI / Council /, decided to defend Polovtsy and killed ambassadors ... This is a pious crime, state destroy, betrayal Coulder! And there is no reason to consider peaceful sentences by Mongols with a diplomatic trick. Russian lands covered with dense forest, as a settled people, could not threaten the indigenous Mongolian ulus, i.e. were safe for Mongols. Polovtsy were dangerous - allies of Meritov and other opponents of Chingis. Therefore, Mongols sincerely wanted the world with Russians, but after the treacherous murder and an unjustified attack, the world became impossible.

Document number 3. Hungarian monk Julian on conquering Mongols of the Virmage in 1236

In all the conquered kingdoms, they kill princes and nobles who inspire fear. They are suitable for the battle of warriors and spread, armed, send them against their will into battle ahead. Others ... leave for the processing of the Earth ... And obligate those people to be called themselves to Tatars ... They do not attack the fortified locks, and first they devastate the country and rob people and, gathering the people of that country to chase his castle on the battle.

Document number 4. Gumilyov L.N. Ancient Rus and the Great Steppe. M.: 1992

Mongols not to all Russians began to show hostility and vitality. Many Russian cities during the campaign of Batius were not injured. The "evil city" was announced only Kozelsk ... The Mongols believed that the subjects of an evil ruler are responsible for his crime ... Therefore, Kozelsk suffered ... Rich Volga cities, which were in the Vladimir Principality, - Yaroslavl, Rostov, Uglich, Tver and others - joined negotiations With Mongols and defeated the defeat ... The unfortunate Torzhok suffered only because its inhabitants ... did not have time to capitulate. But in the Mongolian law, after the first arrow was released, the negotiations stopped and the city was considered doomed. Apparently, in Russia there were intelligent aware people who have time to express the "Rules of Game" fellow citizens and the desired death from death. But then the cause of the defeat of Vladimir, Chernigov, Kiev and other major cities was not a feudal fragmentation, but the stupidity of the rulers and their advisers-boyars who did not die and try to organize defense ... Comparatives with Northeast Russia South-Western / Galico-Volyn Principality / suffered From the Tatar is much less. A number of cities of Tatars could not take, and the cities captured by them were little destroyed and their population had time to hide.

It is noteworthy that Mongolian troops were sprayed into small detachments, which in the case of active resistance would be easily destroyed. Baty went to such a risky step, obviously knowing that these detachments do not threaten serious danger. So it turned out. And indeed, why would Russian people, not only brave, but also rapidly, began to substitute the head of the enemy, who himself will go?

Document number 5. Fragments "Tale of Ryazan Batym"

And began to fight Ryazan Earth / Bati /, Vel to kill and burn without grace. And Grad Prisch, and Grad Bel, and Izeslavets ruined to the ground and all people broke without mercy. And the blood of Christian, as the river is abundant, sins for our ... The king Baty Okayan began to fight Ryazan land, and went to the Grada Ryazan. Masked hail, and fought five days relentless. Batievo army changed, and the townspeople knew himself. And many citizens were killed, and other wounded, and they were too different from the great works. And on the sixth day, the spots went to the city - one with lights, others with vices Siege tools /, and the third with countless stairs - and took the city Ryazan for the month of December to twenty-first. And came to the Church of the Cathedral blessed Virgin Mary, and the Great Princess Agrippin, the mother of the Grand Duke, with sneahs and other princessed the swords, and the bishop and the priests of fire were betrayed - in the Holy Church, and many many of the weapons fell. And in the city of many people, and wives, and children were in swords. And others in the river were soles, and the priests and the inkoms were seen without a residue, and the whole city was joyed, and the beauty of Ryazan, and the affinations of them - the princes of Kiev and Chernigov - captured. And the temples of God were ruined in the holy altars a lot of blood shed. And not left in the city not a single living, nor crying - no father and mother about children, no children about the father and mother, nor brother about brother, no affinities of the affinations, but everyone together lay dead ... and saw a godless king Bati terrible shedding blood Christian, and even more hacked, and the faith of Christian eradicated, and the Church of God to the ground to ruin ...

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Laboratory work №1.6 "Russian truth" as a historical source.

2nd level on "4"

1. What is the name of the community in the source.
2. List articles protecting life rights.
3. List articles guarding property rights.

1st level on "5"

1. List the categories of the population referred to in the document by specifying all articles in which they are mentioned.
2. What article says that members of the community ceased to be equal in their rights?
3. Based on what article can we conclude about the preservation of blood-related relations?
4. What do different penalties for killing talk about?

Document number 1. Russian truth in a brief editor

1. The husband will kill her husband, then the brother takes place for his brother, or the son for his father, or the son of Brother, or the Son Sestra; If no one will revenge, then 40 hryvnia for the dead.

If killed - Rusin, or Gridin, or a merchant, or a yabed, or a sword, or a rude, or Slovenia, then 40 hryvnia to pay for it.

2. If anyone be beaten to blood or to bruises, then he does not need to look for a witness, if there is no trace (beatings) on it, then let him lead a witness, and if he cannot (bring a witness), then the end. If (victim) can not take revenge for itself, then let it take with the guilty of the hryvnia perpetrators, and the drug board.

3. If anyone hit any stick, jerry, palm, bowl, horn or weapon rear, pay 12 hryvnia. If the victim does not overtake that (offender), then pay, and the case ends.

4. If you hit the sword without rejecting it from the sheath, or a sword handle, then 12 hryvnia for the insult.

5. If it hits the hand, and the hand will disappear, or it will freeze, then 40 hryvnia, and if (hitting the leg), and the foot will remain a mustache, but it will begin to chrome, then the children will be merged (victim). 6. If anyone takes off any finger, then pays 3 hryvnia for the insult.

7. And for the mustache 12 hryvnia, for the beard of 12 hryvnia.

8. If anyone reveals the sword, and will not hit, then the hryvnia pays.

9. If a husband's husband beats from himself or to himself - 3 hryvnias, - if two witnesses will lead to court. And if it is the Varyag or Sollage, will go to the oath.

10. If the Holop is running and hits from Varyaga or at the column, and they will not bring it for three days, and they will detect on the third day, then the Mr. To take off his hull, and 3 hryvnia for insult.

11. If anyone comes in someone else's horse without demand, then pay 3 hryvnias.

12. If someone else's horse, weapons or clothing, and the owner identifies the missing in his community, then he take his own, and 3 hryvnia for the insult.

13. If anyone identifies someone (his missing thing), it does not take it, do not tell him - this is mine, but tell him so: go to the arch where you took it. If he does not go, then let (will present) the guarantor within 5 days.

14. If anyone will recover from another money, and he will give up 12 people to go to court. And if he, deceiving, did not give up, then the plaintiff can (take) his money, and for the insult of 3 hryvnia.

15. If someone, identifying the Holop, wants to take it, then Mr. Holop will lead to the one who has been bought, and that alone leads to another seller, and when it comes to the third, then tell me the third: give me your hull, and you Look for your money with a witnessed.

16. If the Khop will hit the free husband and runs in the choir of his master and he will start not to issue him, then the Hall to take and Mr. Whale pays 12 hryvnia for him, and then where the Holop will find that shock man, let him hurt him.

17. And if anyone breaks a spear, shield or spoil clothes, and spoiled wants to keep it, then take money from him; And if the one who spoiled, will begin to insist (on the return of a spoiled thing), pay money, how much thing is.

True, styled for Russian land, when the princes of Izyaslav, Vsevolod, Svyatoslav and her husbands were gathered, moved, Nikifor Kievlyanin, Chudin, Mikula.

18. If you kill the firemanly intentionally, then the killer pay 80 hryvnia for him, and people do not pay; And for the princely driveway 80 hryvnia.

19. And if they kill the foolishness of a robbery, and people are not looking for a killer, then the virus pays the Verver, where the murdered was found.

20. If they kill the plug in the tilt, at the horse, or at the herd, or during the collapse of the cow, then kill it like PSA; The same law and Tiuna.

21. And for the princely Tiuna 80 hryvnia, and for the older groom at the stage also 80 hryvnia, as Rasiaslav ruled, when the road was killed by his groom.

22. For the princely rural elder or for a field headman pay 12 hryvnia, and for the princely row 5 hryvnia.

23. And for the killed scenery or Holop 5 hryvnia.

24. If a slave-feeder or feeder is killed, then 12 hryvnia.

25. And for the princely horse, if that with a stain, 3 hryvnia, and for the horse of death 2 hryvnia.

26. For the mare 60 Rezan, for the will of the hryvnia, for the cow 40 rezan, for a three-year cow of 15 kun, for the year old, for the calf 5 risen, for the lamb of the lamb, for the hut ram.

27. And if you lead someone else's slave or slave, he pays for offense 12 hryvnia.

28. If a husband comes in blood or in bruises, he does not need to look for a witness. 46.

29. And who steals a horse or ox, or turns a crate if he was alone, he pays hryvnia and 30 rezan; If there were 10 them, each of them pays 3 hryvnia and 30 risen.

30. And for the princely bore 3 hryvnia, if burn out or broke out.

31. For the ignition of a sideway, without the princely command, for resentment 3 hryvnia.

32. And behind the fireman, Tiuna or swordsman 12 hryvnia.

33. And who will dismiss the field between or spoil the landmark, then for offense 12 hryvnia.

34. And who steals the Ladew, then in the palm of paying 30 rezan (owner) and 60 rezan sales.

35. And for dove and chicken 9 kun.

36. And for Duck, Goose, Crane and for the Swan to pay 30 Rezan, and 60 Rezan Sales.

37. And if someone else's PSA, or haasting, or falcon, then for offense 3 hryvnias.

38. If you kill the thief on your courtyard, or in a tilt, or from Chleva, then he is killed, if the thief will finish before dawn, then bring it to the princely courtyard, and if it is killed, and people saw the thief related, then pay him .

39. If you steal the hay, then pay 9 kun, and for firewood 9 kun.

40. If a sheep is stolen, or a goat, or a pig, and 10 thiefs one sheep was stolen, let each pay 60 rezan sales.

41. And the one who grabbed the thief receives 10 rezan, from 3 hryvnia to the Mistarier 15 kun, over a tenth of 15 kun, and prince 3 hryvnia. And from 12 hryvnia caught the thief of 70 kun, and in tithing 2 hryvnia, and the prince of 10 hryvnia.

42. And here is the Virgin Charter: Virney take for a week 7 buckets of the malt, also Bapa or a meat closer, or 2 holsters, and on Wednesday, for three cheeses, on Friday so. same; And bread and millet, how many will be able to eat, and chickens are two for the day. And 4 horses put and give them food how much you can eat. And Virney take 60 hryvnias and 10 risen and 12 veversers, and at first hryvnia. And if the post happens - to give the Virnik fish, and take it for fish 7 rezan. All the money is 15 kun per week, and the flour to give how many people can eat, while the Virnery gather the viruses. Here is the charter of Yaroslav.

43. But the charter of Mostrichnikov: if the bridge is blind, then to take a nogat for work, and from each wealth of the bridge on your harness; If the Old Bridge is fixed with several daughters, 3, 4 or 5th, then.

Document number 2. Russian truth

About murder

3. If anyone kill the princely husband, like a robber, and (members of the North), the killer is not looking for, then the virus for him in the amount of 80 hryvnia to pay the Vervi, on the land of which will be detected killed; In the event of a murder of people to pay a virus (prince) in 40 hryvnia

4. If Verver begins to pay a wildlife (when the killer is not detected), she is granted to install for several years, because they (Nerwim members) have to pay without a killer. But if the killer is in Vervi, then she should help him, as he invests his share in the wild. But pay them (members of the NPV) common forces Only 40 hryvnia, and the head of the killer himself, making its part and in the 40 hryvnia paid by Verves. But so pay back, if it is embedded in the (common) virgin, in cases where the guilty killed (a person) in a quarrel (fight) or openly in Piru.

5. If someone becomes robbed without reason. Who became on the robbery without the SwAD, killed a person intentionally, in a robbery, then people do not pay for him, but they must give it with his wife and children to flow and looting.

If anyone (from the members of the Verweri) does not make its share in the wilderness, this people should not help, but he pays himself.

7. This is the charter of Virnich Prince Yaroslav: Virnery (located on the territory of the community) has the right to take 7 buckets of the malt for a week, a ram or a carcass of beef, or (instead of them) 2 holstered money, and on Wednesdays and Fridays Kuhun money and cheese; chickens to take two on two days, breads 7 for a week, and the millet and pea of \u200b\u200b7 cleaning, and Salt 7 is nolvezen - all this is with him with the tarts; Put him 4 horses, and feed their oats (fellow); (with a vira of 40 hryvnia) Virnery takes himself 8 hryvnia and 10 kun of the cooler (duties), and Malenik 12 Vets, when leaving the hryvnia, and if the Vire of 80 hryvnia is charged, then the Virnery receives 16 hryvnia 10 kun and 12 Vets, and When leaving the hryvnia, for each killed 3 hryvnia.

9. For killing of princely excuses, a groom or cook pay 40 hryvnia.

10. For the murder of Tiun a fierce or string pay 80 hryvnia.

11. And in the agricultural tiven, the princess or to Ratainene, then 12 hryvnia. And for the rank of 5 hryvnia. So for boyares.

12. And for the belt and for a crash, then 12 hryvnia.

13. And for the death of the Hop 5 hryvnia, and for Rob 6 hryvnia.

14. And for the breadwinner and the crumline to pay 12 hryvnia, although the Hop and Ta Rob.

17. If the defendant is accused of murder, and the witnesses do not find the witnesses, then to undergo their tests (hot) hardware. So to do in all charges, in theft (or other) accusation; If (the prosecutor) does not prevent police officer, and the amount of the claim is up to half a gold, then to undergo it with iron tests in un. If the amount of the claim is less than two hryvnias (silver), then to expose it with water test; If the claim is even less, then let him bring an oath to get his money. Slavs (Rusins) also knew such a form of "God's court" as a competition with swords: who wakes up over his opponent, in favor of the dispute.

"Tired Volodymeer Vsychodich"

48. (Prince) Vladimir Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), after death (prince), Svyatopolka, convened his squad in Berestov: Rating Kiev commander, the processes of Belgorod thousand, Stanislav Pereyaslavsky Musha, Nazi, Miroslav, Ivan Chyudinovich Boyharina (her husband) Olegova (Prince Chernigov Oleg Svyatoslavich), and decided - to take interest only before the third payment, if the lender takes the money "th one third"; If anyone takes two (tremble) cut from the debtor, then it can recover the principal amount of debt; And who will take three cuts, he should not demand the return of the principal amount of debt.

49. If (Rostovist) charges (from the debtor) 10 kun per year with hryvnia, then this is not prohibited. Considering 50 kun in the hryvnia \u003d 20% per annum.

52. If the purchase escapes from Mr. (without paying from him for a loan), it becomes a full hatch; If he goes to look for money with the permission of Mr. or run to the prince and his judges with a complaint with his insult on the part of his Mr., then he cannot be done for it, but the court should give him.

57. More procurement to bring out that, then Mr. in him; But the Auger KDE and to use, then the way to pay the Mr. His horse or what to make it, Ioo, I took, Him Havop Obelnyi; And the Paki Li Mr don't want to buy pay for Hy, but sell and, give up the first or for the horse, or for the free or for the product, what to make Chizu itemed, and the prodes himself take himself. (...)

59. On the certificate (in court). The slave can not be a witness in court, but if there is no free (witness), then in the extreme case you can rely on the testimony of Boyarsky Tiuna, but not other (horses). And in small charges for the need (in the absence of free witnesses), the witness may be procure.

65. If anyone spoil the boors, Plove will rewrite arable, or overwhelms the tits of the courtyard in between, must pay 12 hryvnia sales (princess).

69. If someone pulls out (abduct) bees (from the hive), must pay 3 hryvnia sales (prince), and for honey (owner of the hive), if (in theft) all honeycombs were intact, - 10 kun, and if only Olek is taken , then 5 kun.

71. If Sidda subjected to death to death without a princely trial, then pay 3 hryvnia sales (prince) and the victim of the hryvnia of money.

72. For the ignition of the same fireman, pay 12 hryvnia sales and hryvnia (victim) for flour.

79. If they burn aimno, then the house is the guilty to give a stream and on the robbery, preventing the losses first, and for the residue (not refined) to sharpen it; So come with those who will place the yard.

80. And who deliberately cut a horse or (another) cattle, pay 12 hryvnia sales and compensate for losses to Mr. (Owner) Email.

85. If Smerd dies (without leaving sons), then the ass will be put by prince; If there is no unmarried daughter after him, then allocate (part of the property) to them; If the daughter is married, then they do not give part of the inheritance.

86. If you desire a boyar or vigor, then their property will not put the prince, but if they have no sons, then the inheritance will receive their daughters

102. Half of a rolling Trojkaya type: if anyone can buy (entering the chores) to half a presence in the presence of witnesses (transactions) and nogatu (princely judge) will pay in front of the Halop itself.

103. And the Second Walre: who marries a slave without a contract (with its owner), and if with a contract (nearby), then as agreed and will be.

104. But the third servant: who will go into Tiuna or to the Keychikists (Mr.) without a treaty with him, but if with a contract, to stand.

105. And for a loan bread with any appendage, a person does not become a hat, but if he does not work out debt (during the considered period), then it is obliged to return the resulting; If it works, it is no longer obliged.

Genoese conference.

Opening the conference in Genoa.On April 6, the Soviet delegation arrived in Genoa. The Italians met her as if very kindly. However, under the pretext of the protection, they are so isolated Soviet representatives, which one had to protest against such an excessive zeal. On Sunday, April 9, the first date of Soviet delegates with the Prime Minister of Italy Fact and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Shanzerom was held. The Soviet delegation issued a question about inviting Turkey and Montenegro conference. Regarding the last Italians stated that Montenegro has already participated in the elections to Yugoslavsky Skupshchina; Thus, the delegates of Yugoslavia represent Montenegro. On Turkey, it was said that the conference is European, and Turkey is a low-moniary country.

Italian Foreign Minister said that the conference suggests allocate four commissions: political, financial, economic and transport. The Soviet delegation will be allowed only in the first; In the rest of the Commissions, it will participate only after the conclusion of the main agreements in the first commission. The Soviet delegation declared a decisive protest against such its isolation.

On Sunday, during the preliminary meeting of the representatives of the Entente, the Soviet delegation was visited by the Italian ambassador to London Janini. He said that the French threaten to leave if they would not have satisfaction on the issue of cannan resolutions. However, the French, perhaps, will agree to the assumption of Soviet delegates to all commissions. But for this, the Bolsheviks in welcoming speech must declare recognition in the principle of canno resolution. The Soviet delegation agreed to accept this condition.

April 10, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the Plenum of the conference was opened in San Georgio Palace. In total, 29 countries were presented, as the Mandate Commission reported; If you consider the Dominions of England, - 34. That was the most wide assembly of representatives of the European powers ever had a place in Europe.

After the chairman of the conference of the Prime Minister of Italy, he pronounced the economic destruction that had engulfed the whole world, where at least 300 million people are no longer engaged in productive work. Delegates of countries, which gathered in Geno, should begin to cure Europe without further deals. Among those present, the fact spoke, there are no friends nor enemies, no winners, nor defeated; Only nations gathered here, who wish to give their strength to achieve a targeted goal.

In conclusion, his speech of the fact read the following declaration:

"This Conference is convened on the basis of cannan resolutions; Resolutions these were communicated to all the invitation to Power. The very fact of acceptance of invitations already proves that everyone who accepted it, thereby adopted the principles contained in Cannes resolutions. "

This declaration is clearly French origin - testified to the presence of a conspiracy between capitalist powers: she literally repeated one of the requirements of the famous Memorandum of Poincaré of February 6, 1922

She finished his speech Lloyd George with the following words: "The world will follow our meetings with hope, then with fear, and if we failed, the feeling of despair will become all the world."

The French Foreign Minister Barta supported other speakers in the question of Cannes resolutions. At the same time, he categorically stated that France would not allow discussions of any of the Versailles agreements. "The Genoese Conference is not," said Barta, "cannot appear and will not appear by the cassation instance that exists existing contracts."

The German Delegate Wirth tried to convince deputies in the fact that the position of Germany was particularly heavy. Therefore, the German delegation and found it possible to postpone the settlement of the internal difficulties and arrived at Geno in the hope of international assistance. Speech Wirth was very long. On this occasion, one of the journalists agreed that the German delegate decided to postpone the gravity of German reparations on his listeners.

After Germany, the representative of the Soviet republics spoke. Chicherin said that the Soviet government, always supported the case of the world, with special satisfaction joins the statements about the need to establish peace. The head of the Soviet delegation continued:

"Staying at the point of view of the principles of communism, the Russian delegation recognizes that in the current historical era, which makes it possible to parallel existence of an old and emerging new social system, economic cooperation between states representing these two ownership systems is imperative necessary for universal economic recovery."

Chicherin further emphasized that the economic recovery of Russia as the largest power, which has innumerable reserves of natural wealth, is an indispensable condition for universal economic recovery. Going towards the needs of the World Economy, Soviet Russia is ready to provide the richest concessions - forest, coal and ore; It has the opportunity to pass in concession and large areas of agricultural land. By making these proposals, the Soviet delegation takes note and recognizes in principle the provisions of the Cannes Resolution, while maintaining, however, the right to make as amendments and additional points to it.

At the same time, Chicherin noted that all the attempts of the restoration of the farm will be vain, while the threat of war will hang over the world and over the world.

"The Russian delegation," said the Soviet representative, - intends to offer a general reduction in weapons during further work and support all sorts of proposals that are able to facilitate the burden of militarism, subject to the reduction in the armies of all states and supplement the rules of war with the full prohibition of its most barbaric forms as poisonous Gas, air armed struggle and others, especially the use of destruction funds against civilians. "

The establishment of such a universal world can be carried out, according to the Soviet delegation, the World Congress, convened on the basis of the full equality of all peoples and recognition for all their rights to dispose of their own destiny. The World Congress will have to appoint several commissions that will notice and develop a program of economic recovery of the whole world. The work of this Congress will be fruitful only with the participation of workers' organizations. The Russian government in accordance with even take the previous agreements to the previous agreement, only making the necessary changes in them, as well as revise the charter

The League of Nations in order to turn it into the real Union of Peoples, where there is no domination of those over the others and where the existing division on winners and defeated ones will be destroyed.

"I think necessary," said Chicherin, - emphasize once again that as the Communists, we naturally do not feed on special illusions about the possibility of actual elimination of the causes that generate war and economic crises with the current general procedure of things, but, nevertheless, we are ready to their part to take part in common work In the interests of both Russia and all of Europe and in the interests of tens of millions of people susceptible to unbearable deprivation and suffering arising from the economic disembodies, and to support all attempts sent to at least a palliative improvement in world economy to eliminate the threat of new wars. "

The entire conference with tense attention listened to the Soviet representative. The silence was interrupted only by the rusty of sheets of paper, on which the delegates were transferred to this speech. The speech of the Soviet delegate immediately violated the monotony of the Declaration of the Unified Front of the Power, which had concerned about behavior at the conference.

After Chicherina spoke "with a brief, but the most firm statement," he himself expressed himself. He again repeated the declaration of cannan resolutions, published already in the speech of the fact. The Russian delegation, further declared Barta, raised the question of the World Congress and touched upon other problems that are not in the Cannes Resolution. Especially sharply spoke to Bart against the proposal of the Soviet delegation about disarmament. "This question," spoke Barta, "eliminated; He does not stand in order of the Commission. That's why I speak simply, but it is very strong that at that time, when, for example, the Russian delegation will offer the first commission to consider this question, she will meet from the French delegation not only restraint, not only protest, but accurate and categorical, final and decisive renouncement".

Responding to Bart, Chicherin said that everyone knows about the French point of view from the speech of Briana in Washington. There he recognized that the reason for which France refuses disarmament is wearing Russia. The Soviet delegation assumed that since Russia would agree to disarmament, thereby resolved the issue raised by Brian.

There is no doubt that most delegates would prefer to bypass the broad pacifist program of the Soviet delegation. But Barta, with his passionative performance, only stressed the most important points of the Soviet proposal. Thus, he involuntarily promoted their popularization. Lloyd George in his speech tried to dispel this impression; Taking a joke, he stated that in old age years, it is unlikely to live to the World Congress; Therefore, he asks Chicherina to abandon his proposal.

Chicherina's speech caused the first, while a small crack in the uniform front of the allies. In any case, France could not not feel some of his insolation.

This incident ended the first plenary meeting of the conference. It was decided to create four commissions and a meeting of the Political Commission to open the next day, at 10 am to 30 minutes in the morning, in the royal palace.

Insolation of France intensified at a meeting of the financial commission, where another French offer failed. At the Genoese Conference, this principle of representation was adopted, according to which the delegates of each of the five powers were included in all commissions - the initiators of the Genoese Conference, as well as Soviet Russia and Germany. As for the remaining 21 powers, then several delegates were elected from them together in each commission. At the first meeting of the Financial Commission, the French offered to reduce Russia and Germany to the position of the remaining powers. The offer it was rejected unanimously. Thus, Russia was unanimously recognized by the Great Power. France remained alone.

On April 11, a meeting of the Political Commission opened in the morning. This time, trying to smooth out the awkwardness of his yesterday's speech, Barta led himself very kindly towards the Soviet delegation. He especially emphasized his complete agreement with England and Italy. At the meeting, it was decided to create a political subcommittee to solve some specific issues. Subcompautions were elected, except for the holding of the Entente, Soviet Russia and Germany, representatives of Romania, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland. The Soviet delegation stated the categorical removal of Romania, which continues to occupy Bessarabia. At the same time, the Soviet delegate said that he was written in writing to the Chairman of the Conference against participation in the Japan Subcommission, as it continues to take part of the Far Eastern, territory.

The requirements of imperialists.On April 11, the political subcommission was gathered. Lloyd George recommended that the discussion of those specific proposals that were nominated by a meeting of experts in London at the end of March. Transfering this material, Lloyd George, and after him and Bart emphasized that the report of experts is not an official document, but can serve as a basis for discussion.

The report of experts was devoted to two main issues: the restoration of Russia and the restoration of Europe. Experts put forward such practical proposals that mean a complete challenge of the labor population of the Soviet country. In seven articles in the first chapter of the report, the following requirements were held:

The Soviet government should take on all financial obligations of its predecessors, that is, the royal government and the bourgeois temporary government.

The Soviet government recognizes the financial obligations of all former Dynamians in Russia of the authorities both regional and local.

The Soviet government assumes responsibility for all losses if these losses occurred from the actions or omission of the Soviet or preceding the governments or local authorities.

To consider all these issues, a special commission of Russian debt and mixed arbitration courts will be created.

All international debts concluded with Russia after August 1, 1914 will be considered payable for the payment of certain amounts that have established with the consent of the parties.

When calculating gross amounts, according to the fifth article, will be taken into account, but without prejudice to the relevant decrees of the Versailles Agreement, all claims of Russian citizens for damages and damage incurred by them due to military actions.

All the remains of the amounts recorded on a loan of one of the previous Russian governments in a bank located in a country whose government gave loans to Russia is credited to the account of this government.

In addition to the recognition of all debts and returns (restitution) of nationalized enterprises, the report of experts in additional articles required the abolition of the foreign trade monopoly and establishment for foreign subjects in the Soviet republics of the regime similar to the capitulation regime in the countries of the East.

The imperialists demanded $ 18 billion rubles from Soviet Russia. Meanwhile, the actual amount of the debts of the royal and temporary governments did not exceed 12 with a quarter of billion.

How predicted these requirements were, it would be possible to judge at least because the royal government paid almost 13% of the state budget on its debts, or 3.3% of annual national income; If the Soviet government had agreed to pay for these debts completely, he would have to pay the fifth of the annual national income and about 80% of the entire state budget of Russia of the time.

The Soviet delegation demanded a break break for at least two days. She substantiated his demand to familiarize himself with the report of experts, for the first time awarded to the Soviet delegation. The meeting was decided to postpone until Thursday, April 13th.

Meeting at Villa Albertis.The Soviet delegation was deposited from all sides journalists. There were so many that Ville conversations with them had to be transferred to the university. During the break of the meeting of the Political Subcommission, the Soviet delegation was also attended by representatives of other powers.

On April 13, one of the visitors handed out that Lloyd George and Bart would like to meet with the Soviet delegation to a meeting of the Subcommittee. Having calculated on the possibility of splitting the united front of the imperialists, the Soviet delegation agreed to take part in the proposed meeting. April 14, at 10 am, at Villa Albertis, a meeting of representatives of the delegations of Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium and Soviet Russia took place.

Opening the meeting, Lloyd George asked if the presence of experts is needed. Chicherin replied that the Soviet delegates appeared without experts. Further session continued without experts, but with secretaries.

Lloyd George said that, together with Barta, Chaser and the Minister of Belgium, Jaspar, they decided to organize an unofficial conversation with the Soviet delegation in order to navigate and come to some conclusion. What does Chicherin think about the program of London experts?

The head of the Soviet delegation replied that the project of experts is absolutely unacceptable; proposal to introduce a debt commission and arbitration courts in the Soviet Republic is an attempt on its sovereign power; The amount of interest that the Soviet power would have to pay is equal to the entire amount of the pre-war exports of Russia - without a small one and a half billion rubles in gold; Categorical objections cause and restitution of nationalized property.

After the offer Bart, discussed the reports of experts on points spoke with the speech of Lloyd George. He stated that the public opinion of the West today is now the internal structure of Russia the business of Russians themselves. During the French revolution, twenty-two years required for such recognition; Now - only three. Public opinion requires restoring trade with Russia. If it fails, England will have to turn to India and to the countries of the Middle East. "As for military debts, they require only," the prime minister said, "so that Russia takes the same position as those states that were previously its allies." Subsequently, the question of all these debts can be discussed in general. The United Kingdom should 1 billion pounds of Sterling America. France and Italy are both debtors and creditors, as well as the United Kingdom. " Lloyd George hopes that the time will come, when all nations gather to eliminate their debts.

Regarding the restitution, Lloyd George noticed that, "frankly, the reimbursement in no way is the same as the return." You can satisfy the requirements of the victims by providing them with the lease of their former enterprises. As for the Soviet counterpension, Lloyd George categorically stated:

"At one time, the British government assisted Denikin and to a certain extent of Wrangel. However, it was clean internal struggleIn which the help turned out to be one side. Require on this basis of payment is equivalent to putting Western states to the position of the paying conference. It looks like they say they are that they are a defeated people who have to pay the Contribution. "

Lloyd George cannot become a point of view. If they insisted on this, the UK should have said: "We are not on the way with you."

But Lloyd George and here suggested a way out: when discussing military debts, determine the round sum payable for the losses caused by Russia. In other words, the proposal Lloyd George reduced to ensure that the claims of individuals do not oppose state counter-platinzes. For Soviet counterretency write off military debts; Agree to the delivery of industrial enterprises to the former owners in the long-term lease instead of restitution.

Speaking after Lloyd George Bart began with the assurances that he was misunderstood at the plenum. He recalled that he was the first statesman of France, which in 1920 proposed to start negotiations with Soviet Russia. Barta convinced the Soviet delegation to recognize debts. "It is impossible to deal with the future affairs until they do not figure it out in the matters of the past, he stated. - How can we expect anyone to put new capital in Russia, not being confident in the fate of capital, invested earlier ... It is very important that the Soviet government recognize the obligations of its predecessors as a guarantee that the next government recognizes his obligations. "

Lloyd George offered to arrange a small break, in order to consult colleagues. A few minutes later the delegates met again. It was decided to take a break from 12 hours 50 minutes to 3 hours, and during this time experts to prepare any conciliation formula.

Since the Russian delegation had to do several tens of kilometers to get to their hotel, Lloyd George invited the delegation to stay for breakfast. After the break, the number of participants in the meeting was replenished with the Prime Minister of Belgium Tönis and some experts of England and France.

At 3 pm, the meeting could not open. Expected experts with the agreement formula. As long as they were not, Lloyd George offered the Soviet delegation to announce what Soviet Russia needs. The delegation outlined its economic requirements. She was covered with questions: who publishes laws in the Soviet country, how the elections occur, who owns the executive.

Experts returned. They still have not come to the agreement. Then Barta asked what was the Counterpessment of Soviet Russia. The representative of the Soviet delegation calmly replied that the Russian delegation was just two days studied experts; Nevertheless, she will soon prevent their counterposses.

Bart began to show impatience. You can not play hide and seek, he stated annoyed. Italian Minister Shanzer explained that this means: I would like to know whether the Russian delegation takes the responsibility of the Soviet government for pre-war debts; Is this government responsible for the loss of foreign citizens arising from his actions; What counterpread it intends to present.

Lloyd George offered to work as experts. "If this question is not allowed, he warned," the conference decreases. " The break was again announced to 6 hours. A new meeting opened at 7 o'clock. Experts presented a meaningless formula. The main meaning was reduced to the fact that the next day another small commission of experts should be convened. Lloyd George stressed that he is extremely interested in continuing the conference. Therefore, he and his friends agree to the convening of the Commission of Experts to find out if they cannot agree with the Russian delegation. It was decided on the 15th, at 11 am, to collect two experts from each country, and then continue the private meeting. Before you break, Barta offered not to disclose information about the negotiations. It was decided to publish the following communiqué:

"Representatives of the British, French, Italian and Belgian delegations gathered chaired by Lloyd George to a semi-official meeting to discuss together with Russian delegates to the conclusions of the report of London experts.

Two meetings were devoted to this technical discussion, which will continue tomorrow with the participation of experts appointed by each delegation. "

The next morning the expert meeting was held. There, representatives of the Soviet republics announced the counter-protected of the Soviet government: they were estimated at 30 billion gold rubles. On the same day, at 4:30, 30 minutes, a meeting with the participation of experts reopened at Villa Albertis. Lloyd George said that the Soviet delegation called the amazing amount of his claims. If Russia really presents them, he asks if it was worth going to the genome. Next, Lloyd George stressed that the Allies will take into account the difficult situation of Russia when it comes to ITI on military debt. However, they will not make concessions on the matter of debts to individuals. It makes no sense to talk about something else, until the issue of debts has been resolved. If the agreement does not succeed, the Allies "will report conference that they could not agree and that it makes no sense to further engage in the Russian question." In conclusion, Lloyd George made the following sentence prepared by allies:

"one. The Allied lenders presented in Genoa cannot accept any obligations regarding claims declared by the Soviet government.

In view, however, the difficult economic situation of Russia lenders are inclined to reduce Russia's military debt towards them as a percentage - the dimensions of which must be determined subsequently. The nation presented in Genoa tend to take into account not only the question of delaying the payment of current interest, but also further extension of the period of payment of the part of expired or delayed interest.

Nevertheless, it should be definitively established that no exceptions cannot be made for the Soviet government:

a) debts and financial obligations adopted in relation to citizens of other nationalities;

b) the rights of these citizens to restore them in the rights of ownership or for remuneration for damages and damages. "

The discussion began. The Soviet delegation refused to accept the offer of allies. Then Lloyd George stated that I would like to consult with my colleagues.

The meeting resumed at 6 o'clock 45 minutes. Already the first speech of the allies showed that they, apparently, agreed and intend to withstand a single line. Barta, before that, silent, made a statement: "It is necessary first of all that the Soviet government will recognize debts. If Chicherin responds to this question in the affirmative, work will continue to go. If the answer is negative, you will have to finish work. If he cannot say any "yes", nor "no", work will wait. "

Lloyd George supported an ultimative requirement Bart. The Soviet delegation defended its position. In conclusion, she stated that she needed to contact Moscow. It was decided that the Italian government will take measures to organize relations with Moscow through London; Before receiving the answer, it was decided to continue the work of the Political Commission or Subcommission.

By the end of the meeting, Barta again tried to produce pressure on Soviet delegates. He asked to say whether they wish the agreement that they were separated with the allies, why would telegraph in Moscow? They speak only of the principles, and meanwhile, the Russian delegation has already adopted the conditions of the Cannes Conference, which include recognition of debts. Why don't they repeat what they did, accepting cannan resolutions? If they go for it, it will be won 48 hours.

The meeting was over. The press was decided to report that the discussion continues.

Rapalle Agreement (April 16, 1922).All days, while negotiations were going on Villa Albertis, Genoa was worried about the alarm, journalists were lost in guess, which is happening behind the villas of the villa. The nerves of all were tense. The delegates were continuously turned away from one hotel to another, spreading the most controversial rumors. Most inclined to the conclusion that the Soviet delegation apparently achieved an agreement with the Entente against Germany. The German delegation was suppressed. She already regretted the cold reception provided by Chicherina in Berlin. On the confusion of Germans knew in the circle of the Soviet delegation. Late at night on April 15, from the Soviet delegation, they called the hotel where German representatives were located. Further events are very visible depicts the former English ambassador to Berlin Lord D Abernon in his book "Ambassador of the World". He told Malzan about them:

"The German delegation in the genome began to receive unofficial information from various sources - from the Dutch, Italians and from others - that Russia came to an agreement with England and France, and Germany was left aside. Ratenau was desperate. All his plans collapsed. The German delegation comprehensively discussed the situation and ultimately decided that at the moment nothing could be taken. Went to bed. At 2 o'clock in the morning, Laki woke Malzana: "Some gentleman with a very strange last name wishes to talk to you by phone," he said. It was Chicherin. Malzan went down to the hotel's hall in a black coat and led a conversation on the phone, a fourth of an hour. The conversation was reduced to the fact that Chicherin asked Germans to come to him on Sunday and discuss the possibility of agreement between Germany and Russia. He did not say that negotiations with Western powers failed, but Malzan immediately realized that reports of the agreement between Russia and the Western powers were false. Malzan imagined that the Russians will start to care for the Germans; Therefore, he refrained from a direct response and said that on Sunday it would be difficult to meet, since the German delegation organized a picnic, and he should go to church himself. But after Chicherin gave a promise to grant Germany the right of greatest favored, Malzan agreed to sacrifice his religious duties and come on a date.

At 2 hours and 30 minutes, Malzan came to Ratienau. The latter went back and forward on the room in Pajamas, with an exhausted face and with inflamed eyes. When Malzan entered, Ratienau said: "You probably brought me a death sentence?" "No, the news of a completely opposite character," Malzan replied and handed the whole story to Ratienau. The latter said: "Now, when I know the true state of things, I will go to Lloyd George, I will explain everything and come with him to the agreement." Malzan objected: "It will be dishonest. If you do this, I immediately feed the resignation and leave from public affairs. " In the end, Ratenau joined the opinion of the boy and agreed - the truth is not quite willing to meet on Sunday with the Russian delegation. On Sunday morning, a meeting of Russians with the Germans took place.

Both sides were stubborn, and the case was moved forward slowly. Since the Germans were invited for breakfast, then in an hour of day they interrupted negotiations and left. At this time, Lloyd George called on the phone and said: "I would very much wanted to see Ratiena may rather soon; Would it be convenient for him to come today on Chan or tomorrow to breakfast? This invitation in some way immediately became known to Russian. As a result, they became more conspirassed, and in the evening of the same day the Rapalle agreement was signed without further delay. "

There is no doubt that Malzan I distorted something, trying to present the position of the German delegation in the most advantageous for her light and shook her two-day behavior. He hid that Ratienau, leading negotiations with Chicherin, not only supported contact with the British, but secretly reported to the English delegation about everything, which was said to Russian. Malzan did not tell how the Germans wriggled down, then stop negotiations, then with despair again rushing to Chicherin, who calmly urged them to quit oscillations. He also did not told about how after the call Chicherina he raised the entire German delegation. The famous "Pijaman Meeting" began, which preceded the conclusion of the Rapalle Treaty. It lasted until 3 o'clock in the morning. Ratenau was still opposed to a separate agreement with the Russians, although his opposition was becoming weaker. Malzan with enthusiasm spoke for negotiations. Wirth agreed with him. There was only one doubt: what will say Berlin? The Germans in Genoa knew that President Ebert and Social Democrats held Western orientation and would protest against the agreement with Bolsheviks (later, on the same day, the issue of Ebert's objections was settled in a long interview by phone).

The Germans, with observance of all the precautions, tried to inform the British about their decision to negotiate with the Bolsheviks.

According to Rapalle Treaty, signed on April 16, 1922, both governments mutually refused to compensate for military spending and military, as well as non-military, losses caused to them and their citizens during the war. Germany and Soviet Russia mutually stopped payments for the content of prisoners of war.

The German government refused the requirement to return the nationalized industry to the former German owners, provided that Soviet Russia will not satisfy similar claims of other states.

Diplomatic and consular relations between Germany and Soviet Russia were immediately resumed. Both governments agreed to apply the principle of the greatest faults in the settlement of mutual trade and economic relations and to considerable to Torti towards mutual economic needs. It was determined that the contract does not affect the relations of Contracting Parties with other states.

Rapalle Agreement was a bomb that broke perfectly unexpectedly at the Genoese Conference. "It shock the world! This is the strongest shot at the conference, "the American ambassador to Italy exclaimed, having learned about the Soviet-German Agreement.

Treaty in Rapallo Tedpid an attempt to create a single capitalist front against Soviet Russia. European recovery plans at the expense of defeated countries and Soviet Russia collapsed. Soviet diplomacy won because he followed the direct instructions of Lenin. "We must be able to use contradictions and the opposites between the imperialists," he said. "If we didn't keep this rule, we have long been, to the pleasure of capitalists, everyone would hang on different aspen."

The diplomacy of the Entente, who hoped to put on his knees to the Soviet Russia, who energized the problem of German reparations from the discussion as a solised question, suffered a complete defeat. On the contrary, both of its participants Rapalle treaty brought serious political benefits. The contract put an end to the controversial issues of the past. Instead of the Brest-Lithuanian Agreement, based on violence, he created new relationships that ensured both states of complete equality and the possibility of peaceful economic cooperation. Three main points in the Rapalle Agreement identified its political importance. It was, first, mutual cancellation of all claims; Secondly, the restoration of diplomatic relations between Germany and Russia (after the Limitrophs and Eastern states, Germany was the first Western European power, which joined the Soviet Russia to normal diplomatic relations); Finally, thirdly, the economic convergence of Russia and Germany, which came out of isolation thanks to the Rapalle Treaty. Thus, the ring of economic blockade around Soviet Russia was broken. On the other hand, Germany has received the opportunity to expand their trade.

Evaluating the Rapalle Agreement, the Central Bank noted in a special decree of May 18, 1922, that he "welcomes the Russian-German Agreement concluded in Rapallo, as the only right way out of difficulties, chaos and dangers of war, recognizes normal for relations between the RSFSR with capitalist states only Such contracts entrusts the Council of People's Commissars and NKID to keep policies in the above spirit and prescribes NKID and SNK to allow retreat from the type of Rapalle Treaty only in those exceptional cases when these retreats will be compensated for by very special benefits for the working people of the MASS RSFSR and the Union with her republics " .

Entente and Germany.Two days after the conclusion of the Rapalle Treaty, on April 18, 1922, the governments of the countries of the Entente, the Malaya Entente, as well as Poland and Portugal addressed Germany the caller. In it, they accused Germany in neutrality in relation to the allies, in violation of cannan resolutions, in the fact that German representatives "were secretly behind their colleagues, an agreement with Russia." The Power Supported Note stressed that after the conclusion of a special agreement with Russia, Germany cannot participate in the discussion of the general agreement between other countries and Russia. Thus, the Entente actually excluded Germany from the Political Commission of the Genoese Conference. The press raised an unimaginable noise around the Rapalle Treaty, the Reparation Commission demanded the immediate sending of the official copy of this document in order to judge whether the Soviet-German harm does not cause the governments that created the Reparation Commission. The diplomats of the Entente argued that Rapalle Agreement violates a number of paragraphs of the Versailles Agreement.

Frightened with rising noise, Wirth and Ratenau visited on April 19, the Soviet delegation. The Germans begged to return to them in view of the protests from the allies. The Germans were in a perfect panic. They confessed every minute with Berlin, then tried to rush to the British, then returned to the Soviet delegation with a persistent proposal to abandon the contract. Having met the categorical refusal to the Soviet delegation, the Germans requested it to support their protest against the exclusion of representatives of Germany from the Political Commission. On April 21, the Germans responded to the notch of the Entente. The German note emphasized that the Rapalle agreement did not invade the relations of third powers with Russia. On April 23, the Allies sent a new note by Chancellor Bartu. In her, on the proposal Bart, the following phrase was inserted: "The following themselves left for their governments the full right to consider invalid and failed all those decrees of the Russian-German Treaty, which will be recognized by other existing treaties."

New proposals of the Soviet delegation.Until now, the Soviet delegation mainly defended the following suggestions. She refused to discuss the conditions of allies incompatible with the dignity of the Soviet country. She stated a protest against attempt to consider the Soviet republic as a defeated country. The Soviet delegation nominated its counter-protected to compensate for huge losses and losses caused by Soviet Russia by foreign intervention. "Intervention and blockade on the part of the Allied Power," said the Memorandum of the Soviet delegation of April 20, and supported by them for three years the civil war caused Russia losses, far exceeding possible claims to it from foreigners who have undergone from the Russian revolution. "

The Soviet government offered to completely cancel the military debts. "The Russian people brought to sacrifice the union military interests more lives than all the other allies together - reminded the memorandum; - He brought a huge property damage and as a result of the war lost major and important for its state development of the territory. And after the remaining allies received in civil increasing increments of territories, major contributions, from the Russian people, they want to recover costs on the operation, which brought such rich fruit to other powers ».

The Soviet delegation was the most categorically opposed to any interference of foreign governments into legal proceedings or to the organization of foreign trade in the republic and against any restitution of nationalized enterprises. Wishing, however, to find the soil for the agreement and restoring business relations with foreign capital, the Soviet government agreed to recognize the right to compensation for damages by foreign citizens. However, in an indispensable condition, it puts compliance with reciprocity. Thus, losses of foreign citizens from actions and orders of Soviet authorities were opposed to the damage caused by Russia by the ruin of its allied and white-country troops. The Soviet government did not accept not only restitution, but also the mandatory surrender of nationalized enterprises for rent for the same owners. It acknowledged that this would violate the sovereignty of the Russian republic.

Agreeing on the recognition of pre-war debts, the Soviet delegation emphasized at the same time that the Soviet government in principle rejects its responsibility for the obligations of the royal government and requires a deferment of payments for thirty years, and then subject to the provision of loans to the Soviet country.

Such is mainly the initial position of Soviet Russia in Genoa. But after the conclusion of the Rapalle Treaty, it was possible to retreat from this position, because he changed the ratio of forces. Rapalle treaty deepened contradictions in the camp of imperialists. The situation was complicated by the fact that on May 31, the period of payment by Germany on reparations was occurring. England hesitated. She had to choose between the surrender before the militia of France by the Agreement with Germany and Soviet Russia. But the agreement with Russia rested in the problem of private claims. In this matter, the banking circles of City showed a daughty caution.

Before the Soviet government, the task was to use the oscillations of England and try to further split the front of the capitalist powers.

On April 20, Chicherin again joined negotiations with English representatives. Lloyd George stated that without making restitution, further negotiations are excessive. In response, the Soviet delegation proposed the following formula for the main controversial issue. "The Russian government would be ready to enter into negotiations with the former owners of nationalized industrial enterprises on the provision of the preemptive right to concession in the form of a lease on the above property or the satisfaction of their fair claims in any way by mutual agreement."

The formula was represented by the British. But those stated that she was unacceptable. They insisted on the inclusion of the following general statement on it: "Russia agrees to return the property where it is possible ..." The above formula was followed. But the Soviet delegation categorically refused to give the required statement. Then the representative of the British Minister Even was offered instead of the words "return property" insert "return the use of property", which is also unlikely to be acceptable for Lloyd George.

Lloyd George, having familiarized himself with the new formula, promised to persuade the French and Belgians, although he recognized it doubtful.

To prevent accusations in the breakdown of the conference, the Soviet delegation went to further concession. On the same day, the Soviet delegation sent Lloyd George letter, which was the answer to allies, nominated at Villa Albertis. The Russian delegation reported that the current economic situation of Russia and the circumstances that led to him give Russia the right to fully exemplate it from all obligations by making her oncoming claims. But the Soviet delegation is ready to take another step towards the resolution of the dispute: it would agree to adopt articles 1, 2 and 3a of the mentioned proposal, provided that, firstly, military debts and all interest on them will be canceled and, secondly, Russia Sufficient financial assistance will be provided. Next, the letter reads:

"With regard to Article 3b, then, with the reservation of the above conditions, the Russian government would be located to return the use of nationalized property to previous owners, or, if it were impossible, to satisfy the legitimate requirements of previous owners either by mutual agreement concluded directly with them or by virtue of the agreements, the details of which will be discussed and adopted in the continuation of this Conference.

Financial assistance from other countries is absolutely necessary for the economic recovery of Russia; Until the same, there will be no possibility to take the severity of debts, which it is not able to pay.

The Russian delegation wants to clearly indicate, although this is also obvious that the Russian government will not be able to take on any obligations regarding the debts of its predecessors until it is officially recognized de jure interested powers. "

On the 21st in the morning, upon receipt of the letter of the Soviet delegation, a commemorative meeting was held. It was attended by all members of the political subcommission, with the exception of Russia and Germany. The present expressed doubts about some points of the letter. Nevertheless, the Chairman of the Subcommittee, the Shanter was instructed to transfer the Soviet delegation that her answer could generally serve as the basis for further negotiations.

On April 21, the official meeting of the Subcommittee took place. By reporting the Morning Meeting about the letter of the Soviet delegation, Shanzer proposed to establish a committee of experts as part of one representative from each of the five powers - the initiators of the Genoese Conference, one - from the neutral state, from all other countries adjacent to the Antante, and the representative of Russia for A deeper study of the letter of the Soviet delegation.

The Committee of Experts was collected four times. The Russian delegation was asked mainly on the organization of Soviet proceedings. From April 24, all sessions stopped.

Hundreds of officials who arrived with their delegations at the Genoese Conference, distributed the most controversial information about what is happening for its scenes. In anticipation of the recognition of Soviet Russia and the restoration of economic relations with it, representatives of various financial and industrial companies were delayed. Special excitement reigned in the circles of oil firms that have already built plans for the capture and use of Baku oil. Both world trusts are English "Royal Baby" and the American "Oil Standard" - in vain: bribed the press, political figures and diplomats, catching information about the progress of the conference and weighing the chances of receiving Baku concessions.

To counteract the English plan for the mastery of Caucasian oil, the American-Franco-Belgian oil Union has been created, feverishly developed its projects for the economic challenge of Soviet Russia to help diplomacy. During the Genoese Conference, there was a congress of the oil kings of the whole world. He exerted a huge impact on the delegates of the conference. Representatives of the hostric groups bought the shares of the former Russian oil industry societies. In order to strike to their competitor, Royal Childe announced in the press, as if the "Oil Standard" acquired control in the Nobel brothers partnership, one of the largest oil industry enterprises in Russia. Society "Standard Oil" forced Emmanuel Nobel to speak with refutation. At the same time, the Standard Oil agents were placed in the American newspaper a message about obtaining the chairman of the Communication Society from the State Secretary of the Uza that "the United States will not suffer any agreement that would exclude American capital from participating in Russian oil concessions."

In Genoa, the real battle of the oil kings was deployed.

On April 28, the Soviet delegation requested why meetings of the conference and its commissions are not convened. If the break of the meetings and the lack of an answer to the letter of April 20 means that the power takes back their consent to accept this letter for the negotiation base, the Russian delegation no longer considers himself a linked letter and returns to its original point of view.

Memorandum of allies.Finally, on May 2, 1922, the Allies presented their Memorandum. During this time, Poincara turned sharply to the right. He was visited by deputiations from Committee de Fore and other reaction groups, protesting against any concessions of Russia. In Paris was called Bart. He was offered to take a more solid position in Genoa. The French prepared their version of the Memorandum, the British - their own; After a long backstage struggle, both options were finally agreed. Transferring the Allian Memorandum of the Soviet delegation, Shanzer added that French delegates had yet abstained from signing this document. They expect instructions from their government.

In the introduction to the Memorandum it was stated that the Governments of the Entente could create an international consortium with a capital of 20 million pounds for the financial assistance of Russia. The British government could guarantee Russia's trade loan to 26 million pounds sterling and encourage private loans. However, the Allies demanded a categorical refusal of propaganda from the Soviet government, allegedly directed towards the overthrow of the order and the political system in other states, not promising for their part to refrain from anti-Soviet propaganda. Next, the Memorandum read: "The Russian Soviet Government will use all its influence on the restoration of the world (in Malaya Asia) and will retain a strict neutrality in relation to the warring parties." Allies demanded recognition of all debts, except for the military, and refused to take Russian counter-platinzes. In the event that Russia itself decides, the allies are ready to reduce their debts.

According to the main controversial issue of nationalized property, the Memorandum demanded: "Return, restore or, in case of impossibility, to compensate the victims of all losses and damage incurred by confiscation or property requisition." If the previous owners cannot be restored as rights, the Soviet government is obliged to give them compensation.

It was quite obvious that the Memorandum retreats far back from proposals nominated by the Allies at Villa Albertis. However, the France did not sign this document.

In view of the refusal of France, to sign the memorandum spoke about the decay of the Entente.

On May 6, on returning from Paris, Barta spoke with a speech on a banquet, this French seal in honor of the English press. Bart said that the Genoese Conference comes to an end.

Many understood Bart's performance as a signal about France's departure from the conference. Such a finale was undesirable for the United States, which recently developed reinforced work in Genoa, acting through France. America decided to influence England, especially since the American Ambassador Childe reported that the English oil company ROYYAL DECHECH was already enlisted by the concession in Soviet Russia.

It is possible that by chance in the same restaurant where the French banquet occurred, on the same day the American Ambassador Choleld had breakfast with Lloyd George. The American told the British Premiere that the course taken at the conference was dangerous for the Anglo-French good relationship. Meanwhile, they must be saved. The question of German reparations is much more important than further negotiations with the Russian delegation. This question, not discussed at the conference, will lead to a crisis, as soon as the period of payment comes to Germany. In the end, Childl said that America will support the line of France. The ambassador advised to postpone the conference, elect a commission for surveying Russia and not to conclude separate agreements with the Soviet government. In the circles of delegates, they were transferred that Childe directly spoke Lloyd George about the participation of America in the conference in the case of France's departure.

Immediately after that and Barta received representatives of the press and made a conciliation speech. It was felt that he was afraid, as if responsibility for the disruption of the conference did not fall to France. Barta said that on arrival from Paris had a conversation with Lloyd George. Both had a sad mood. They remembered the joint struggle in the war of 1914-1918. He stated deep change since that time, however, they decided that the antiton was still able to talk about the decay. Bart said: "When I return to Paris, millions of Russian owners will ask me what I did for them." In conclusion, the French minister stressed that with a satisfactory response of the Russian delegation, France will not leave the conference.

On May 11, the Soviet delegation reported his response to the Memorandum of Allies. First of all, the delegation protested against the fact that from Cannes conditions regarding the abstinence of all countries from revolutionary propaganda, the Memorandum of Antanka makes one-sided obligation for Russia. Special amazement, the Russian delegation expressed about the point of peace in Asia; It was Soviet Russia who demanded to invite Turkey to the Genoese Conference, for the presence of the Turks would contribute to the early restoration of peace in Malaya Asia.

As for the strict neutrality, which insists the Memorandum of Allies in relation to war in Turkey, this neutrality should be as required by international treaties and international law from all powers.

In all other issues, in particular, debt and restitution, Russia remained at the position that was set out in her letter to Lloyd George. In conclusion, the Soviet memorandum added that in order to resolve controversial issues, a mixed commission could be established, the work of which would begin at the prescribed time and in the place defined by the General Agreement.

Final meeting of the conference in Genoa.The Genoese conference clearly visited a dead end. But, as one journalist put it, Lloyd George forced and the Corpse of the Conference would do Saltomortal to bring it out of hopeless position. Picking up the last offers of the Soviet delegation, Lloyd George offered to appoint a commission to consider unresolved disagreements between the Soviet government and other governments. This commission should meet with the Russian Commission, which has the same powers. Thus, instead of the Soviet proposal for the Mixed Commission, Lloyd George insisted on the creation of two commissions: Russian and non-Russian. The subject of discussion of these commissions should have been issuing questions regarding debts, private property and loans. The members of both commissions were suggested to arrive in Hague to June 26, 1922. In addition, to weaken the impression of the projects of the Soviet delegation on the general reduction of weapons, Lloyd George made a proposal for the time of the Hague conference to abandon aggressive acts.

This last offer caused a storm protest. France did not want to suspend their struggle against Soviet Russia and Germany. She put forward such a number of reservations that the rejection of aggression turned out to be devoid of any real meaning.

Japan also demanded that the obligations to refuse aggression not belong to the territory of the Far Eastern Republic, where the Japanese army stood.

The Soviet delegation stated that the refusal of aggression could have a serious meaning only in the case of the adoption of the Soviet project disarmament or reduction of weapons. English proposal The Soviet delegation complemented a number of specific requirements against the White Guard gangs, which were formed in France, Poland and Romania. The Soviet delegation also insisted that the refusal of aggression was distributed to Japan, still holding the Far Eastern Republic under strike.

After long discussions, an agreement was adopted, according to which the agreement on the abstinence from the acts of the attack involved the observance of Status Quo and was to remain in force for a four-month period after the completion of the work of the Commissions.

May 19, the last plenary meeting of the Genoese Conference took place. The resolution was approved on the continuation of its work already in the Hague. Closing the conference, Lloyd George pronounced in which he tried to prove that the conference still achieved some success; In any case, she confirmed the value of such international meetings. Lloyd George was especially stopped in the position of Russia. "I'm talking about a memorandum of May 11," said Lloyd George, "Russia needs help. Europe and the world need products that Russia can give. Russia needs accumulated wealth and knowledge that the world can provide at its disposal for its recovery. Russia for a whole generation will not be able to revive without this help. "

Representatives of other countries also tried to assure that the Genoese conference gave some results. Barta noted not without humor, that everyone expected "speeches about the break"; Fortunately, it turned out to be possible to pronounce "final speeches".

The Soviet representative frankly spoke about the failure of the conference. He stressed that the so-called Russian problem can be permitted only with the condition if all government concerned will consider the Soviet country from the point of view of equality, regardless of the difference in property systems. Chicherin expressed his wish that this principle was recognized by all those who intend to continue the discussion in the Hague. Make the Russian people to take the opposite theory as little will succeed in diplomats, as did not manage to do the White Guards.

The representative of the Soviet delegation finished his speech with the following words: "The Russian people deeply craves the world and cooperation with other nations, but - I hardly have to add - based on full equality."

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