Platelet aggregation is a concentration of certain blood cells (bizzoceco plaques) to eliminate damage to the vessel accompanied by blood loss. Disturbance of integrity with insignificant damage to small vessels against the background of normal hemostasis does not threaten massive blood loss. Little bleeding, according to many people, after a short time, the spontaneously stops. Not everyone knows that in this complex process of preventing significant blood loss, a lot depends on the aggregation of platelets.

Platelet aggregation or natural bleeding stop

The process of stopping bleeding in the vascular network (capillaries, venules, arterioles) passes through several stages:

After damage to the vessel, its spasm occurs, which allows partially to reduce the intensity of bleeding.

Blood plates are concentrated on the traumatization section of the vascular wall, which are partially covered by a defect of a damaged area - platelet adhesion occurs.

Plateletes are accumulated on the vessel defect site, forming conglomerates, this is a platelet aggregation, the first stage of blood formation.

As a result of an irreversible aggregation, a platelet cork is formed. It is loose, it rests indefinitely on the wound, with a slight mechanical effect on it, the bleeding is renewed.

Under the influence of thromboplastin fibrin filaments, the blood plug acquires the density, compressing, the retraction of the thrombin thrombus occurs, the blood loss stops.

The picture below shows the stages of the formation of thrombus:

The aggregation of platelets when stopping bleeding is not the final stage of an important process, but it does not become less from this. This phenomenon, extremely important when stopping bleeding, there is a reverse side. With an increased aggregation of platelets, blood records are bonded even in the absence of bleeding, forming blood clots. These bunches, moving along the blood vessels, provoke them blockage, disturbing the blood supply to organs.

Arterial hypertension;

Violation of cerebral circulation;

Hyperlipoproteinemia;

Thrombopathy of hereditary genesis;

Thrombocytopathy during hemoblastosis;

Reception of drugs, braking platelet activity.

Diseases provoking the decrease in platelet aggregation level:

Essential Atrombia is a violation of platelet functionality;

Viscott-Oldrich syndrome - a rare genetically determined disease, arises depending on the floor of the patient, is associated with changes in the size and shape of the cells;

Glanzmann thrombaster - a genetic disease expressed in the absence of receptors to fibrinogen and glycoproteins;

Thrombocytopathy at Uremia;

Aspirinodobodny syndrome - a violation of the second phase of platelet aggregation;

Secondary violations of platelet aggregation during hemoblastosis, hypothyroidism, therapy using antiagregants, NSAIDs, diuretics, antibacterial drugs and tools to reduce blood pressure.

Diseases provoking the level of platelet aggregation level:

Activation of the coagulation system in psycho-emotional loads, the formation of immune complexes, receiving certain drugs;

Resistance to aspirin;

Viscous platelet syndrome: elevated level aggregation, predisposition to adhesion.

Inductor Collagen

Output beyond the limits of normative indicators with the use of collagen is diagnosed with violations at the adhesion stage. Reducing the level of aggregation of blood plates has the same reason as when samples with ADP. Raising level accompanies, viscous platelet syndrome.

Inductor with adrenaline

The study of indicators of the aggregation capacity of platelets in a sample with adrenaline is considered the most informative diagnostic method. It fully shows the internal activation mechanisms, including the Reaction Reaction. The decrease in the normative indicator is characteristic of similar reasons found in reaction with ADP and with collagen. The increase in the intensity of platelet aggregation is associated with an increased viscosity of blood plates, with stress, with a reception of certain preparations.

Inductor with ristocetin

The study is carried out in the diagnosis of Willebrand syndrome. The study of the ristocetin-cofactor activity of platelets helps to detect the severity of this factor.

All types of diagnosis using aggregation inductors make it possible to objectively assess the functionality of blood plates. Another appointment of diagnostics is an assessment of the effectiveness of the use of antiagregants, assistance in the selection of drug dosages.

Additional Information

Blooding blood plates, the formation of hemostatic plug includes complex methods of platelet activation and the following reaction.

Blood cell functions in the implementation of vascular-platelet hemostasis:

Providing an angiotrophic function to maintain the normal structure and functionality of the vascular walls of small veins and arterioles.

Ensuring the adhesive-aggregation function, which consists in the concentration of platelets and gluing them to the damaged basal membrane of the vessel (adhesion), the formation of the hemostatic tube (aggregation), which makes it possible to stop bleeding in a short time.

Maintaining the spasm of damaged capillaries for preventing the enhancement of blood loss.

Participation in coagulation processes in fibrinolysis reactions.

The adhesive-aggregation function includes the adhesion and the aggregation of blood cells, discovered by the researchers in the 19th century. Platelet cork is formed before transporting it to the place of damage to the basal membrane.

The main stimulant attachment attachment of the platelet cork is collagen, although these functions can also perform other components of the connective tissue.

Changes in the appearance and functionality of platelets during bleeding

When traumating the vessel, platelet preparation for response begins long before the arrival at the place of emergency:

They change their shape with a flat disco on spherical, seized with pseudopods. These processes are designed to bind to each other and attaching a vessel to the basal membrane.

Arriving to the place of emergency, blood plates are ready for activation of adhesion and aggregation, they are attached to the vessel walls faster than 5 seconds.

Platelets located in the space of the circulatory system are concentrated in conglomerates with 3-20 cells.

Conglomerates who arrived to the area of \u200b\u200bdamage are combined with platelets, primarily adhesive in the place of debris of the basal membrane.

All stages of this process are aimed at an intensive increase in hemostatic tube, in a short time closing damage to the vessel and stopping bleeding.

Cell concentration as a complex biochemical process

In the process of adhesion and aggregation of platelets, external and internal factors are involved:

Energy costs;

Reaction stimulants;

Perestroika cell structure.

For example, platelets cannot carry out their functions without glycoprotein - plasma cofactor to collagen (Willebrand factor). It is produced in vascular walls, and platelets, moving on the veins and arteries, postpone it in their granules to allocate if necessary.

Platelet aggregation stimulants included in activation mode:

Collagen is the most significant stimulant.

The ADP - in the initial stage of the aggregation is allocated from the damaged basal membrane of the vascular wall and from the erythrocytes in the area of \u200b\u200binjury, then the platelets passed through the primary adhesion and activation.

Adrenaline and serotonin are activated by platelet membrane enzymes, contribute to the formation of arachidonic acid and thromboxane, intensively activating the reaction.

Prostaglandins - during activation, the thromboxane is formed in the smooth muscles, at the last stage of the aggregation ensure the proceeds in the blood of the prostacyclin, the overwhelming activity of platelets.

Thrombin - promotes strengthening and increasing the strength of the hemostatic plug.

Focusing in the mechanism of reaction of platelets hemostasis, it is possible to understand the etiology of diseases associated with a blood coagulation disorder.

Vulnerability concentration of blood cells

Separate endogenous and exogenous factors provoke pathological processes in the mechanism of platelets hemostasis.

The most vulnerable place is the "Recycling Reaction", when the blood records are connected and gluing, a hemostatic plug is formed.

For the qualitative implementation of the blood coagulation process, proteins are necessary: \u200b\u200bfibrinogen, albumin, gamma fraction, as well as phospholipid factor, Ca 2+, Mg 2+. Proteins create a "plasma atmosphere" for the full functioning of platelets, but some of the protein splitting derivatives can slow down the aggregation of blood plates, especially those obtained during the decay of fibrinogen and fibrin.

If all participants in thrombocyte hemostasis perform their functions, the aggregation of these blood cells can stop bleeding, but in large vessels, where blood circulates under high pressure, the hemostatic cork is not able to do it.

Education: In 2013, the Kursk State Medical University was completed and a diploma degree was received. Two years later, the ordinite was completed in the specialty "Oncology". In 2016, graduate school was passed in the National Medical and Surgery Center named after N. I. Pirogov.

Content

Protection of the body from blood loss is carried out platelets - colorless blood cells. They always rush to the place of damage to block it by coagulation. It occurs when gluing platelets. As a result, a plug is formed that closes the wound. The process of gluing platelets and is called their aggregation. In a healthy body, she plays a protective role. Some people have too low or, on the contrary, high aggregation ability. Both cases perform deviations, so require treatment.

What is platelet aggregation

This concept reflects the process of combining platelets. In other words, the aggregation reflects blood ability to coat. Platmetes are blood tales (cells). Their main role in the body - protection against blood loss, which is carried out when aggregation:

• after injury, platelets are fixed on the walls of the damaged artery, bonding among themselves and forming platelet aggregates;
• the formed thrombus is growing;
• as a result, the vessel overlaps, and the bleeding stops.

Aggregation is one of the mechanisms of hemostasis. It is a biological system that maintains blood in liquid state and stopping bleeding. Hemostasis has two types:

1. Vascular-thrombocystary. Stops bleeding from small vessels. To this species and refers aggregation, or platelet agglutination.
2. Coagulative. This mechanism provides a stop of bleeding in large vessels when primary hemostasis is not enough. Here, the thrombocitantary thrombus becomes the final hemostatic plug. She closes a vessel defect.

The coagulation rate is important, because in some situations the life of a person depends on it. The aggregation process is considered useful only for damaged vessels. Increased platelet activity can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Enhanced gluing of such cells also prevents the necessary substances to the organs. it initial stage Clombing formation. If the level of colorless blood cells, on the contrary, is low, then a person can lose a lot of blood. With frequent bleeding, the body is depleted, which is why anemia (anemia) develops.

Views

The main classification shares the aggregation on species depending on the diseases or states that run it. Each type has its own characteristics and risks. So, allocate next species aggregation:

1. Induced. It is observed during the study of blood fluid on some pathologies. Inductors are injected into the plasma diagnosis. Here aggregation of platelets with adrenaline, collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is carried out.
2. Spontaneous. This species is determined without inductor. To detect aggregation activity, blood is transferred to the test tube, which is then placed in the device heating the biological fluid to 37 degrees.
3. Moderate. It is noted during pregnancy, develops as a result of placental blood circulation.
4. Low. Associated with violations of the blood system. Due to the low level of platelets, bleeding develops. This type of aggregation is celebrated in women during menstruation.
5. Elevated. Causes the formation of blood clots. They are characterized by numbness and swelling.

Blood test for platelet aggregation

For human health, both increased and reduced aggregation is equally dangerous. According to statistics, 1 person dies from thrombosis every year out of 250. For this reason, blood platelet levels must be constantly monitored. For this there is a special blood test. Indications for its conduct are:

• frequent bleeding - from the nose, uterine;
• bad wounds;
• education of bruises at the slightest bruises;
• fabric swelling.

With these indications, the functional activity of platelets is checked with an analysis with an induced aggregation. The result becomes an aggregatogram. It graphically reflects how much the platelets will slip. The study is carried out under a microscope or on an automatic aggregometer. The specialist takes a blood sample, introduces it into an inductor - a device that runs the natural reaction of coagulation. Its stimulants are special substances. They are also called inductors and happen:

• weak - adrenaline, ADP in small doses;
• strong - ADP in large quantities, thrombin, collagen.

Preparation for analysis

In order for the results of the study to be reliable, a number of rules must be adhered to the analysis. Before the procedure itself is impossible, there is nothing, because an empty stomach is carried out. It is allowed only to drink non-carbonated clean water. It is also important to exclude all substances that affect the aggregation activity of platelets:

• beta adrenoblocators;
• diuretics and beta lactams in high doses;
• calcium channel blockers;
• aspirinic drugs;
• anti-antimalarial means;
• cytostatics;
• vasodilators;
• antifungal drugs.

They need to refuse a week before the procedure. Some products affect aggregation activity. For this reason, within 1-3 days before the analysis, you must adhere to the diet, eliminating:

• garlic;
• alcohol;
• coffee;
• fish fat;
• turmeric;
• ginger.

Normal indicators

In different laboratories, the norms may vary. In the analysis, they are reflected in the form of interest. On average, it is considered to be a change in aggregation from 25 to 75% depending on the type of inductor used. For more information, the results describe the table:

The results of the analysis displays a few more indicators that are obtained on the basis of the studies conducted by the laboratory assistant. Their list and normal values:

• bleeding time - 2-3 minutes after puncture;
• adhesion - 20-50%;
• time coagulation in analysis - 5-10 minutes for venous blood;
• thrombinic time - 15-18 seconds;
• activated partial thromboplastin time - 30-40 seconds;
• fibrinogen - 2-4 g / l;
• protombian index - 93-107%.

Platelet aggregation during pregnancy

One of the reasons for the deviation of the aggregation indicators is pregnancy. During this period, a woman has insufficient platelet products, which reduces blood ability to coagulation. Additionally, the qualitative composition of these blood cells can be impaired. This condition indicates bruises and bleeding, bruises on the body. During and after childbirth, the hypo aggregation can cause massive bleeding. Reducing platelet levels during pregnancy due to:

• intake of antibiotics or diuretic agents;
• allergies;
• strong toxicosis;
• incorrect power;
• endocrine pathologies;
• lack of vitamins C and B12.

The increase in aggregation is associated with a large loss of fluid as a result of diarrhea or vomiting during toxicosis. As a result, the blood concentration increases, which is why the risk of thrombosis is growing. Such a condition is dangerous miscarriage in the early stages. Normal during pregnancy is a moderate aggregation. It develops as a result of the formation of placental blood circulation. The norm is a 30-60 percent aggregation of platelets with ADP or any other inductors. The analysis is carried out in the following cases:

• in the treatment of infertility;
• before planning pregnancy;
• before and during the reception of contraceptives;
• when disintegrating pregnancy.

Features in children

The number of blood platelets in children is either normal or increased. The speed of gluing colorless blood cells, they also have a little stronger compared to standard indicators. The duration of aggregation in adolescence is considered normal if it is not more than 1 minute. The rate of platelet indicators is calculated based on the age and weight of the child and the time of analysis. Standard indicators are reflected in the table:

In children under 1, hyperagregation is often associated with dehydration or anemia. For adolescents, such a state is characterized in stress. The physiological growth of the body affects the aggregation. Hypoacegregation in childhood manifests itself:

• nasal bleeding;
• abundant menstruation;
• bleeding gums;
• spot rash on the skin.

Hyperagregation

The state of hyperagregation is accompanied by too slow the mobile ability of blood, but the rapid folding. If during the analysis it was discovered, then the reason can be:

• diabetes mellitus 1 or 2 types;
• kidney cancer, stomach or blood;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• sepsis;
• constant increase in pressure - hypertension;
• atherosclerosis of vessels.

The danger of hyperagregation is high, if the patient is not going to control this process and follow the prescriptions of the doctor with regard to medication treatment. In this case, high risk of development:

• myocardial infarction - acute disease, developing due to insufficient blood supply to the heart;
• stroke - brain circulation disorders;
• thrombosis - blockage of the veins of the lower extremities.

GiPoaggregation

In a state of hypo aggregation, the formation of blood clots is difficult. It is dangerous by the development of strong bleeding. Diseases that are accompanied by a reduced blood coagulation belong:

• uremia, renal failure;
• chronic leukemia;
• myeloma disease;
• reduced thyroid function;
• anemia.

Under these diseases, secondary thrombocytopathy are formed. Surgeons meet with them and during operational intervention. The hypo aggregation can provoke viral and infectious diseases. The level of platelets affects the reception of drugs during chemotherapy or treatment with antiagregative drugs, for example, aspirin row. Reducing the aggregation is not only acquired due to any pathological conditions, but also congenital. This is observed in patients with hereditary thrombophilia.

Bringing values \u200b\u200bto normal

The course of treatment is determined depending on the result of analyzes for aggregation. In terms of performance below, prolonged bleeding is possible. The vessels become brittle, which externally manifests the bruises that arise without shocks. For this reason, people with a low level of platelets are important to avoid injuries. Such a board concerns not only scratches. When hitting, even without damage to the skin, internal bleeding develops. It is avoided and the drugs that dilute blood and worsen its coagulation. These include:

• aspirin-based drugs;
• Dipyridamol;
• Indomethacin;
• Ibuprofen;
• Eufillin;
• Troksevazin.

Medical therapy

The purpose of medicines also depends on the results of the analysis. To increase the number of platelets, it is necessary to take drugs that increase blood coagulation. The following medicines are used:

• Ditinon, Emosint and transcamic acid for oral administration;
• 5% solution of aminocaproic acid for intravenous injections;
• Sodium adenosintrifhosphate for intramuscular injections.

If massive bleeding is developing with poor coatability, it is stopped by transfusion of the donor platelet mass. The scheme of treatment of hyperagregation is the opposite. With this condition, active thrombosis and high blood viscosity are observed. For this reason, the technique of anticoagulants - diluting drugs is necessary. The base is aspirin. It facilitates the process of blood flow along the vessels and does not give to form a new thrombam. Additionally, aspirin can assign:

• novocaine blockade - removes irritation in the pathological focus;
• painkillers - removed pain syndrome;
• preparations, extending vessels - facilitate blood flow process.

Diet

With any deviations of aggregation from the norm, it is important to carefully think through its diet. Against the background of reducing the number of platelets, it is necessary to eat food that improves blood formation. Useful in this case are products with lots of vitamins B and C:

• buckwheat;
• rosehip;
• bananas;
• greens;
• beef liver;
• eggs;
• a fish;
• red meat;
• beet;
• carrot;
• grenades;
• black currant;
• black-tree rowan.

Products that reduce blood clotting should be excluded from the diet: garlic, citrus, ginger, seafood, red and green vegetables. They, on the contrary, need to be added to the menu with hyperagregation. Such products will help reduce blood viscosity. Additionally, for this purpose it is recommended to use about 2-2.5 liters of water per day. Drinking mode with a disadvantage of fluid narrows the vessels, which is why the blood is even more thickened. With hyperagregation from the diet, it is necessary to eliminate products contributing to blood formation:

• buckwheat camp;
• mainfod rowan;
• garnet.

Additional methods of treatment may be an addition to the main treatment, but before applying herbs, it is worth consulted with a doctor. Some plants are prohibited during thrombocytosis. To increase the aggregation, you can use the following recipes:

1. Take 1 tbsp. l. Lifting grass of the Donon. Pour the raw material with a glass of boiling water, let it be for half an hour. Next, divide the means to 3-4 approximately equal parts. Drink all portions throughout the day. Repeat the procedure daily within a month.
2. Grind peony root, add 70% alcohol to it in the proportion of 250 ml per 1 tbsp. l. raw. Remove the tool in a dark place for 21 days. Periodically shake the bottle. After the specified period, you can start taking the tincture of 30 drops 3 times a day for 2 weeks. Next must be a week break, after which the course is repeated.
3. 50 ml of boiling water take 1 tsp. Crushed ginger root and green tea. At the tip of the knife add cinnamon. Give tea to stand for about 15 minutes. Optionally allowed to add lemon. Drink a tool during the day.
4. Daily use 100 ml of freshly squeezed orange juice. For a variety you can mix it with pumpkin in proportion 1: 1.

Lower the aggregation Other herbs and products: nettle, sesame oil, beet juice. They also need to be used in coordination with the doctor and only for auxiliary therapy. Funds are prepared according to the following recipes:

1. Pour 250 ml of boiling water 1 tbsp. l. Dry nettle. Heat the remedy on a small fire for about 10 minutes. You can take after cooling. Drink before taking food 1 time every day for a month.
2. Early after a meal to take 1 teaspoon of sesame oil.
3. Grind the average to the size of the beet on the grater, add some sugar. Leave vegetable overnight. In the morning Juice squeeze and drink an empty stomach. Repeat as every day for 2-3 weeks.
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Thrombocytes - The smallest blood cells responsible for coagulation of biological fluids. They take part:

• in the stop of bleeding (hemostasis);
• in the nutrition of the walls of the vessels.

How does platelet aggregation process?

As soon as we get the slightest cut, the body flashes about the problem. Platelets are rushed to damaged vessels that begin to glue together. This action is called aggregation. It takes place in two stages:

1. First, the platelets glued together with each other - this is the initial stage of thrombosis.
2. Then they are attached to the walls of the vessels.

After that, other elements are sticking on the platelet clot, another platelets are sticking, and the thrombus grows up until it blocks the broken vessel walls so that the blood does not flow out. However, there is a danger that threatens with the increased formation of thrombus - these are heart attacks, strokes.

For any deviations from the norm, refer to the specialists.

Blood test for clotting

To study the aggregation of platelets, it is necessary to pass the blood test:

1. If bruises are formed from the slightest blows, the wounds are bad, often there is blood From the nose is the signal that blood clotting is reduced.
2. If edema is observed - on the contrary, the coagulation is increased.

The analysis is carried out by administering the inductor aggregation and observation of the reaction. As an inducer, close to natural chemical thrombam-forming substances are used.

Platelet aggregation is checked with such inductors:

• adrenalin;
• the components of the vascular wall: adenosine diphosphate (ADP);
• ristocetin (Ristomycin);
• collagen;
• serotonin.

Spontaneous platelet aggregation is determined without inductors.

Before passing the analysis, you need to carefully prepare so that the study of blood is accurate. To do this, it is necessary to comply with such rules:

1. Before passing an analysis, stop the reception of all the drugs of aspirin series (dipyridamol, indomethacin and others) and antidepressants.
2. An analysis is taken on an empty stomach, 12 hours after the last meal, especially undesirable to use oily food.
3. Do not overload physically, be calm.
4. During the day, do not drink coffee, alcoholic beverages, do not have garlic and do not smoke.
5. If an inflammatory process is in the body, the surrender of the analysis should be postponed.
6. It is important to know that during menstruation in women there is a decrease in blood coagulation, and this may affect the analysis result.

The norm of the aggregation of thrombocyte

The normal number of blood platelets means that a person has healthy bloodges, fabrics and organs are supplied with oxygen and iron in sufficient quantities.

Increased aggregation of thrombocyte

To understand what is for the condition when the platelet aggregation is raised, you need to pay attention to this: the blood is thick, moves along the vessels slowly, is stirred. This manifests itself in the form of feelings of numbness, edema. Such thrombocytosis occurs when:

• common atherosclerosis of vessels;
• hypertensive disease;
• diabetes;
• leukose;
• stomach or kidney cancer;
• after removing the spleen;
• sepsis.

Thick blood threatens such unfavorable states as:

Reducing the aggregation of thrombocyte

With a small number of platelets in the blood, the vessels become fragile, bleeding stops with difficulty.

If the aggregation of platelets is reduced, you need:

1. Avoid injuries.
2. With caution to use medicines and alcohol.
3. Pour it right, eliminate sharp and salty food.
4. There are products rich in iron (beets, apples, buckwheat, meat, fish, parsley, pepper, nuts, spinach).

Platelets are the bloodstand of a small size that is responsible for blood intake. They help stop blood loss if bleeding occurs.

When the wound appears, platelets move to the injured zone. Here they are fixed on the wall of the damaged vessel, as a result of which the bleeding stops. Such a process is called platelet aggregation.

The platelet aggregation is a process in which the blood cells are glueding with each other and fixing them on the wall of the injured vessel. Due to this, bleeding stops. However, such a process may be dangerous for the body. In this case, thrombus is formed, which in some circumstances can provoke the occurrence of a heart attack and stroke. This can occur if platelets are excessively active and aggregation is carried out too quickly.

In addition, the slow process also does not promise anything good for the body. In this case, due to slow gluing platelets, poor blood intake may occur. Such pathology is the cause of anemia. With poor blood intake, blood bleeding is problematic, which can lead to health problems and even to death. That this does not happen, it is necessary to monitor the level of platelets in the blood and behind their ability to glue.

The process of platelet aggregation process during pregnancy

It is extremely important that the aggregation of platelets during pregnancy prohibited normally. If the process occurs too slowly, then during childbirth or in the postpartum period, bleeding from a uterus can be opened, which can lead to a fatal outcome of a woman. In addition, if the aggregation of platelets during pregnancy is carried out quickly, thrombus may form, which during pregnancy can lead to its interruption on any time.

You can avoid such a situation if pregnancy is planned and take care of the state of your health in advance. It is necessary to find out even before conception, in what condition are platelets, and if necessary, take measures to correct the situation. If the pregnancy was not planned, then the pathologies of aggregation can be avoided, putting on an early term. Then the doctor will appoint the necessary research and will help get rid of the pathological state of platelets in case of detection of such.

Blood platelet rate

To know what state is the level of platelets, it is necessary to have an idea of \u200b\u200btheir norm.

If we talk about the norm of aggregation, it is 25-75%. In this case, the process of gluing the gluing platelet occurs well and no hazard for health.

If deviations are observed from the norm, then appropriate treatment is assigned, which helps to correct the situation.

Blood test for platelet aggregation

Explore platelets helps blood test, which is called induced aggregation. In this case, blood is closed from the patient's veins, which is mixed with special substances. Such remedies have a composition that is similar to the composition of the cells of the body involved in the aggregation process. For inductors most often take the following substances:

• adenosinefosphate (ADP);
• collagen;
• serotonin;
• ristocetin;
• adrenalin;
• arachidone acid.

Most often, the aggregation of platelets with ADP is being performed. To perform the study, a special device is taken. It is called platelet aggregation analyzer. With its help, light waves are skipped through blood before starting it and after the completion of this process. Then the result is estimated.

Preparation for testing

In order for the result to be as accurate as possible, the following blood test rules must be followed:

• The study is performed on an empty stomach. In this case, refuse to eat food 12 hours before analysis. In this case, you can drink clean non-carbonated water.
• 7 days before the analysis, it is necessary to stop drug treatment with some drugs. If this is not possible, it is possible to report this to a doctor who conducts analysis.
• A few days before the analysis, stressful situations and physical exertion should be avoided.
• For 24 hours it is necessary to stop drinking coffee, smoking, drink alcohol and garlic.
• It is impossible to conduct a study if an inflammatory process occurs in the body.

Testimony

Analysis on the aggregation of platelets from time to time can be handed over to its own initiative.

Decoding the result of analyzing induced aggregation

Deciphering indicators depends on the means by which the study was carried out. For this, the data is compared with the norm.

If the results deviate from the norm in the direction of magnification, the increased aggregation of platelets is diagnosed. This state occurs when:

• increased arterial pressure;
• atherosclerosis;
• leukemia;
• diabetes;
• oncological diseases of the GTS or kidney;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• sepsis;
• removing spleen surgical way.

Increased platelet aggregation can lead to a heart attack, stroke, thrombosis and fatal outcome due to blockage of the vessel by Trombus.

If the results deviate from the norm towards the reduction, then the reduced aggregation of thrombosis is diagnosed. This is due to:

• blood diseases;
• thrombocytopathy;
• use antiagregants.

With a reduced aggregation, the vessels become fragile. In addition, the process of stopping bleeding is hampered, which can cause human death.

Means that reduce the aggregation process

Some means inhibit the aggregation process. These drugs include antiagregants. Tricocyal aggregation inhibitors include means such as acetylsalicylic acid, ibustrine, micrystine and others. Such drugs are prescribed for therapy of certain diseases. However, if the aggregation process deviates sharply from the norm, the inhibitors should be replaced by other means that do not lead to such consequences. If there is no such possibility, the doctor may assign special preparations that contribute to aggregation.

And increased and reduced aggregation can lead to sad consequences. Therefore, it is impossible to leave such situations without attention. In such cases, you need to refer to the doctor for the appointment of appropriate treatment.

The aggregation of platelets is called the process of their bonding, which is started with the threat of blood loss. If you damage the vessel, blood taurins will instantly go to the hearthole of bleeding and start slipping. As a result, a thrombus is formed, which will block the wound.

The low capacity of platelets to agglutination is fraught with pathological bleeding, and high - the development of thrombosis and blood flow impaired. The numeric value of this indicator is determined by the laboratory.

The aggregation is not the only stage of stopping hemorrhage. This is only one component of hemostasis - a complex of physiological mechanisms that support liquid state Blood and minimize its losses in damage to the vascular bed.

It is divided into 2 types:

• Vascular-thrombocyte - stops hemorrhages from small vessels. For this, a microcirculatory hemostatic mechanism is enough.
• Coagulative - provides a stop of hemorrhages from large vessels. This requires activation of the coagulation factor.

Hemostasis can be full only if both indicated mechanism function normally and interact with each other. Then, during damage to the vessel, a whole chain of reactions is activated, which will lead to the formation of a thrombus and blockage of the lesion of bleeding.

Heads her vascular spasm. It will provide a decrease in systolic pressure in the injured blood flow, which will slow down blood loss.

Then endothelial cells, the lining walls of the vessel from the inside are involved. They will begin to produce anticoagulants, which will prevent the termination of the thrombus, and progenitunts that activate platelets and increase their adhesive properties. From this point on, the formation of traffic jams.

The platelets will rush to the wound surface - their adhesion will begin (adhesion with the vessel wall) and agglutination (sticking).

At the same time, blood cells will work out:

• active substances that enhance the spasm of the vessel walls, which will lead to a decrease in blood flow rate;
• thrombocyte factors that will launch a coagulation mechanism;
• thromboxane A2 and adenosine diaphosphate nucleotide (ADP) - gluing stimulants.

Trombus, consisting of mercated plates, will begin to increase. Platelets will continue to aggregate until the clock breaks the breach in the vessel.

The formed plug is characterized by a reduced permeability for blood plasma, but not reliable. Fibrin - insoluble protein will help to strengthen it. His threads will fall platelets, computing the glued mass - a full-fledged thrombus will be formed.

At the same time, blood records will be highlighted with a thrombostenin factor that fits the plug. She will block the clearance in the vessel and warp bloodwall.

The destruction of the formed thrombus will provide a fibrinolysis system, the main role of which is the dissolution of fibrin threads. It will prevent the excessive aggregation of platelets and the formation of pathological plugs in the whole vessels.

Laboratory diagnostics

To evaluate the aggregation activity of blood cells, a laboratory study is carried out - the aggregatogram.

Preparation for analysis

In order for the results of the analysis faithful, you need to begin to prepare for it in a few weeks. On the day that the procedure is assigned, it is impossible to eat. It is allowed to drink only water without gases.

For 3 days before the blood fence, you must comply with a diet. It implies an exception from the ration of garlic, coffee, turmeric, ginger, alcohol, onions and fish oil - products affecting the aggregation activity of blood cells.

For the same reason, 7 days before, a clinical analysis of blood should be handed over, it will be necessary to abandon the reception and use of the following drugs:

• beta adrenoblockers;
• calcium channel blockers;
• diuretics;
• beta lactam;
• Aspirin;
• anti-antimalarial drugs;
• antifungal agents;
• antidepressants;
• contraceptive;
• Dipyridamole;
• Sulphapyridazine;
• cytostatics;
• vasodilators.

During the preparation for the analysis, it is necessary to remain in a relaxed atmosphere, avoid physical exertion and inflammatory diseases.

How is the study?

For the study, an aggregometer is involved - automatic aggregation analyzer. He continuously records everything that happens with platelets. And then displays registered measurements graphically.

Allocate induced and spontaneous aggregation. The first is carried out with the connections of inductors, the second - without auxiliary activators.

The components similar to the universal inductors of aggregation (UIA) are chemical composition with compounds that are present in human vessels and activate the thrombosis process. These include ADP, collagen, epinephrine (adrenaline) and arachidone acid.

Some laboratories use compounds that are absent in the body, but stimulating aggregation. For example, ristomycin (ristocetin).

At the same time, research can be carried out with the involvement of several inductors. Such analysis is three and five-component.

The essence of the study is to pass the waves of light through the plasma-enriched plasma. The aggregation activity of blood plates is determined by the difference between the light density of the blood prior to the launch of the condensation process and after reaching the maximum aggregation.

Deciphering the results of the analysis

The norms of aggregation have two borders - the lowest possible and high:

In different laboratories, the results can be deciphered non-aligno. Therefore, you need to focus on the meanings that are marked in the form.

Typically, the results of the aggregatogram fit into the form in percent. But sometimes they are provided in the form of a graph, which shows the shield curve and denoted disaggregation.

The deviation from the norm in a smaller side indicates a hypo-aggregation, into a large - about hyperagregation.

Causes and consequences of the hypo aggregation

The thrombocyte hypo aggregation can develop due to long-term intagregantes, for example,. The substance suppresses the activity of cyclooxygenase. This enzyme is necessary for the synthesis of thromboxane A2 - platelet stimulator stimulator.

The suppression of the functions of the enzyme aspirin is maintained throughout the lifelong of the blood cell: about 10 days.

In addition to the reception of aspira-containing drugs, the inhibition of aggregation can lead:

• aspirin-like syndrome is a defective state against the background of a disease accompanied by a violation of the platelet release process for the second wave of aggregation;
• myeloproliferative disease is an abnormal growth of bone marrow stem cells, leading to an increase in platelet concentrations, leukocytes or blood erythrocytes;
• hereditary diseases of the circulatory system, leading to primary thrombocytopathy;
• secondary thrombocytopathy - increased bleeding, manifested with the oppressed function of platelets, which is a complication of background pathology.

The ability of platelets to sticking below the norm threatens a serious deterioration in health and even fatal. Insufficient agglutination worsens blood clotting and leads to thrombocytopenia.

Since the victims are not formed in the affected vessel, the inner and outer bleeding do not stop and can lead to death.

Causes and consequences of hyperagregation

Increased thrombocyte bonding develops on the background:

• thrombophilia - anomalous blood coagulation, which is characterized by an increased risk of thrombosis;
• diabetes, which can cause the oppression of platelet functions and increasing the level of coagulation factors;
• launched atherosclerosis provoking the disorder of the blood coagulation mechanism;
• sticky platelet syndrome - hereditary or acquired leaning blood records to increased aggregation;
• acute coronary syndrome - exacerbation of ischemic heart disease, which often leads to an increase in aggregation;
• gesotosis - complications of pregnancy concluded in a deep violation of the functioning of important systems in the body;
• severe dehydration.

Platelet hyperagregation increases the risk of thrombosis, which threatens the development of surface velocity or deep veins. The broken thrombus wanders on the circulatory system and can lead to an embolism of a pulmonary artery, a heart attack or stroke.

Thrombosis is accompanied by cutting pain, severe weakness, swelling and pallorium or the sinusiness of the sore limb.

What to do with deviations in the analysis?

If the non-standard aggregation activity of platelets should be contacted the therapist or immediately to the hematologist. The doctor will appoint a list of additional studies of hemostasis.

What is the name of the study?		What is the purpose?
General blood analysis		To determine its composition and concentration of platelets.
Coagulogram	Tombin Time Test	To determine the rate of formation of fibrin bunch. Normal indicator - 10-17 seconds. Higher testifies to hepatitis, Uremia or myeloma. Lower - on the risk of thrombosis.
	Test for prothrombin time	To determine the rate of flasma folding.
	Analysis on the APTTV - the rate of formation of a bunch when adding a reagent plasma	It is carried out for the diagnosis of pathologies, accompanied by failures in the coagulation mechanism, which is activated without the participation of substances produced by tramming the outer tissues.
	Hemotest to Fibrinogen	Shows the risk of risk of cardiovascular diseases.
	Level of Antrombin III	To identify the risk of thrombosis.

Treatment of hyperagregation

The basis for the treatment of an excessively pronounced aggregation makes up the reception of antithrombotic drugs and funds that dilute blood. The latter refers aspirin. Hematologists recommend taking it in a protective shell immediately after eating to eliminate the risk of bleeding.

After complete diagnostics can be assigned:

• anticoagulants that brake blood coagulation - heparin, crack;
• antiagregants who oppress the aggregation - Aspicard, Plaviks;
• inhibitors that reduce the aggregation - Plestazole;
• preparations, extending vessels;
• novocaine blockade;
• anesthetic drugs;
• antianginal tools (with ischemic disease).

The diagram of drug treatment is developed taking into account many individual factors, so it can not be called universal. Preparations for inhibiting aggregation should be prescribed by the doctor, self-treatment is fraught with aggravation of the deviation and development of heavy complications, up to death.

In the process of treating hyperagregation should be followed proper nutrition. Skin food is replaced with vegetable. The diet should be abounded by greens, garlic, oranges, grapefruits, seafood, fresh vegetables. It is possible to exclude buckwheat, grenades and other products that promote blood thickening.

It is necessary to fulfill the drinking mode. The rate is 2.5 liters of water per day. Dehydration leads to a narrowing of blood vessels, as a result, the blood is thickened even stronger.

In combination with conservative therapy, you can use national Medicine. But only after the coordination of this method of treatment with the doctor, as many medicinal herbs Do not inhibit, but provoke blood coagulation.

Recipes of safe folk remedies:

• Fill 1 s. l. The ground donon is 200 ml of boiling water and retain it for half an hour to insist. Then divide the composition into 4 parts and proceed during the day. Therapeutic course - 3 months.
• Grind and immerse in 250 ml of alcohol 1 tbsp. l. Pion's ground root and retain for insistence for 20 days. Take the composition of 30 drops 2-3 times a day.
• Mix fresh orange juice with pumpkin in equal proportions. Drink it daily in 100 ml.

Treatment of hypo-aggregation

The drug treatment diagram (HP) with hypo aggregation necessarily includes the reception of hemostatic drugs. Assign specific means and determine their dosage should a doctor.

There are coagulants with a direct and indirect mechanism of action. The first contain components that help the blood roll. The second is produced on the basis of vitamin K and can affect the hormonal background.

In addition to coagulants, inhibitors of fibrinolysis and stimulants of platelets aggregation are promoted. To reduce the permeability of the vessels, you can take ascorbic acid or anconson.

The receptions of drugs that have antiagregative properties should be interrupted:

• Aspirin.
• Ibuprofen.
• Nimesil.
• Paracetamol.
• Troksevazina.
• Analgin.

An important element of therapy with hypo-aggregation is a diet. You need to include in the menu products that have a beneficial effect on the hematopoietic system. Such are all kinds of red meat, offal, fish, cheeses, eggs, grenades, bananas, carrots, buckwheat cereals, bell pepper, beet. It is necessary to exclude ginger, garlic and citrus.

You can take piracetam - nootropic medicinepositively affecting the exchange processes in the brain and blood circulation.

After agreeing with the hematologist, you can use folk Methods Therapy. Recipes:

• Stodita fresh beets, pass from 1 tbsp. l. Sugar and leave the resulting mixture at night. In the morning, press the liquid from it and drink an empty stomach.
• Grind nets, fill 200 ml of boiling water and warm on the stove for 10 minutes. Cool and strain the liquid. Drink it before eating.

Moderate gipo or thrombocyte hyperagregation can be treated with an outpatient basis, hospitalization is severe.

If you proceed with therapy in a timely manner, the indicator will quickly come back to normal. Otherwise, the deviation can lead to the development of hazardous complications. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly determine the level of aggregation.