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Introduction

In accordance with Article 71 of the Constitution Russian Federation Customs regulation is classified as federal state authorities, which means that the legislation in the customs sphere is limited to the federal level. This provision of the Constitution allows us to combine uniforms for all the rules of foreign economic activity, a single procedure and conditions for the movement of goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Russian Federation, the unity of customs procedures. The constitutional provisions of customs regulation are governed in the Customs Code of the Russian Federation.

According to the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, one of the components of the customs in the Russian Federation is the procedure and conditions of movement through the customs border of the Russian Federation of goods and vehicles, customs control.

In accordance with one of the basic principles of the movement of goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Russian Federation, which is enshrined in Article 14 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, all products and vehicles moved across the customs border are subject to customs clearance and customs control in the manner and on the conditions that Provided by the Customs Code of the Russian Federation. The requirements of this principle are mandatory and apply to all persons moving goods and vehicles.

This principle is associated with such a function of customs authorities as the production of customs examinations and the study of goods. This control function manifests itself constantly regardless of categories and the number of moved goods, as well as persons moving, and varieties of vehicles.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to consider the features of the customs examination food products.

In this regard, we highlight the following tasks:

1. Consideration of the concept and types of customs examinations.

2. Analysis of the evaluation of food products conducted by the customs authorities of the Vaninsky Maritime Trading Port.

1. The concept and essence of customs examinations

1.1 Types of Customs Expertise

Customs Examination is a set of measures carried out by the customs authorities in order to ensure compliance with the customs legislation of the Russian Federation.

On the basis of the conducted literary analysis, the following types of customs examinations conducted in Russia can be distinguished:

Identification expertise It is carried out with the aim of determining the affiliation of goods to a homogeneous group of goods or a controlled list of goods, establishing individual characteristics of goods, compliance of goods established by high-quality characteristics and technical description and should answer questions:

- Which class or group of homogeneous goods includes this product;

- identifying the names and accessories of goods (unknown object), including products (substances), the import / export of which is limited or they are prohibited:

- establishing the compliance of the goods with high-quality characteristics and technical description on it.

Chemical expertise It is carried out in order to establish a chemical composition, the quantitative relationship of various chemical compounds of the object submitted to the study and should answer questions: Zhiryaeva E.V. Examination in Customs and International Trade - SPb.: Peter, 2003 - from 45

- determination of the chemical composition of the object;

- whether it does not contain elements indicating belonging to certain groups of goods to be specialized (precious metals, narcotic drugs and dying, ozone-depleting substances, ethyl alcohol, etc.);

- determining the content of components in the object;

- Identification of goods (substances) for the chemical composition and the ratio of components in it.

Classification expertise It is carried out in order to assign specific goods to the positions specified in the commercial nomenclature of foreign economic activity of the CIS (TN WED CIS), and must answer questions:

- identification of the object presented for research:

- definitions of customs name and compliance with a specific product code on the TN WED CIS.

Technological expertise It is carried out in order to determine the possibility of premiting the goods under the customs regime of processing on / outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation and under customs control and should answer questions:

- determining the norms of recycling products during the processing of a certain type of raw materials;

- determining the consumption of raw materials when obtaining a certain product;

- identification of raw materials in the processing product;

- whether the processing process is a continuous technological process;

- determining the place of origin of the goods;

- establishment (refinement or confirmation) of the production technology presented for research;

- determining the completeness of the use of Cyrus in the production of a specific product.

Certification expertise It is tested to establish the qualitative characteristics of the goods and must answer the questions:

- definitions of brand, varieties, species, naturalness presented for product research;

- is it true for a specific regulatory document under study;

- whether the goods studied are compliant with existing standards;

- whether the quality of the product of the submitted technical documentation is true;

- Definitions of belonging a separate unit to one group.

Material science examination It is carried out in order to determine the affiliation of goods to a specific class of substances, products or materials and must answer questions:

- What material made presented for research

product;

- What are the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the material;

- definitions of technological criteria affecting the classification of the material under study.

Merchant value expertise It is carried out in order to determine the cost of goods based on its qualitative indicators, its main properties and factors and should answer questions: Dodonkin Yu.V. Customs Examination of Goods - M.: Academy, 2003 - from 13

- definitions of the customs name of the goods according to TN WED CIS;

- Definitions of high-quality indicators of goods affecting its value;

- What is the wholesale market value of the goods.

Estimated expertise It is carried out in order to determine the consumer value of goods facing federal property and should answer questions:

- Definitions of belonging and consumer qualities of the goods submitted to the study;

- definitions of commodity properties in accordance with regulatory documents;

- What is the wholesale market price of the goods represented on the study.

Environmental expertise It is carried out with the aim of determining the possibility of import / export of goods or the placement of goods for a specific customs regime and should answer questions:

- definitions of environmental or operational safety of goods;

- determining the compliance of the quality of goods by the requirements of GOST and medical and biological requirements;

- determining the presence of ozone-depleting substances;

- Definitions of goods (substances) to hazardous waste.

Mineralogical (hemological) expertise It is carried out in order to establish nature of precious) stones, the categories of their quality and cost and should answer questions:

- whether the goods are natural, artificial (synthetic), reconstructed faced or unroquired, precious, semi-precious or diverse stone;

- What is the market value of the stones presented on the study.

Criminalistic examination It is carried out in order to establish the authenticity of customs and other documents based on customs control, securities, as well as customer identification tools and should answer questions:

- which method made printed forms;

- Are there any submits, fixes in the document:

- whether the object under study matches (printing, stamp, form, signature on the letter) presented by the comparative pattern;

- whether an excise or special brand products of enterprises of the Crimean enterprises of the Russian Federation;

- whether the banknote (check) is made by the company carrying out the production of monetary signs and government securities of the relevant country;

- whether the custom seal fake;

- Is the stroke code on the product fake and whether the information contained in it is the claimed name of the goods and its manufacturer.

Art historical examination It is carried out in order to establish the historical, artistic and cultural, scientific significance of works of art and objects of antiques and should answer questions:

- is it referred to the subject of art or culture, whether it is the subject of antiques;

- What is the artistic and cultural, historical, scientific significance of this subject.

1.2 Meeting and Methodology for Customs Expertise

Appointment of expertise in the implementation of customs control:

Examination of goods, vehicles or documents containing information on goods and vehicles either on the commission of operations (actions) for them is appointed in cases where special knowledge is needed to clarify emerging issues. Dodonkin Yu.V. Customs Examination of Goods - M.: Academy, 2003 - from 34

Control of the correctness of the claimed customs value is made in certain categories of goods on which the highest adjustable rates of customs payments are established or on which there is a tendency to undertake customs value (Appendix 1).

Examination is carried out by experts of customs laboratories, as well as other relevant organizations or other experts appointed by the customs authorities. As an expert, any person who has the necessary special knowledge for giving conclusion can be appointed. For examination, an expert is attracted on a contractual basis. When appropriating an examination on the initiative of the declarant or other interested person, these persons have the right to submit to the customs authorities proposals for the candidacy of the expert.

On the appointment of the examination, the official of the customs authority with the consent of the head of this body or his deputy makes a decision on this, which indicates grounds for expertise, the name, name and patronymic of the expert, the name of the organization in which the expertise must be conducted, the issues posed before the expert , a list of materials and documents provided by the expert, and the period of examination and submission to the customs authority.

The resolution also indicates the prevention of an expert on administrative responsibility for the gift of a deliberately false conclusion.

The term of the examination should not exceed: Customs Code of the Russian Federation of May 28, 2003 N 61-FZ // Information and Reference System "Garant"

· Time of temporary storage (Article 103), if the issue of goods is not carried out until the results of the examination are obtained;

· Six months, if the examination is carried out in relation to vehicles;

· One year in other cases.

The official of the customs authority is obliged to acquaint the Declarant or other person with powers in relation to the goods, if it is known, with a decree on the appointment of expertise and explain its rights about what the corresponding mark is made in the decree certified by the specified person or its representative.

Experts' costs that arose from customs authorities, customs laboratories and other experts and organizations who conducted experts are reimbursed at the expertise's expertise, except for the examination cases not at the initiative of the customs authorities.

Expert opinion

In the conclusion of the expert, the time and place of the study should be indicated, by whom the foundation conducted research, issues submitted to the expert, research facilities, materials and documents provided by the expert, the content and results of research indicating the methods applied, evaluation of research results, conclusions According to questions and their rationale.

Materials and documents illustrating the conclusion of an expert or several experts are attached to the conclusion and serve its component.

If the expert in conducting an examination establishes the existing circumstances for the case, about which he was not issued by questions, he is entitled to include conclusions about these circumstances in his opinion. Gabrichidze B.N. Customs law. 2nd ed., Corrected. and add. - L.: Law and Law, 2003 - from 79

If the examination was conducted with the participation of several experts, the conclusion is signed by all experts. When disagreements between experts, each of them makes his own conclusions separately.

The customs authority appointed an examination, presents the declarant to either other persons with the authority in relation to goods and (or) vehicles, if these persons are known, a copy of the expert's conclusion or its reports of impossibility to make a conclusion.

When making a decision, the customs authorities consider the conclusions of experts on the results of expertise, including those conducted on the initiative of the declarant or other interested person.

Additional and re-examination

1. In case of insufficient clarity or completeness, additional expertise may be appointed, assigned to the same or other expert or organization.

2. In case of unreasonable, an expert opinion or doubt in its correctness may be appointed re-examination, which is entrusted to another expert.

3. Additional and re-examinations are assigned and carried out in accordance with Articles 378 and 379 of this Code.

The rights and responsibility of the expert

1. The expert is entitled:

1) Get acquainted with materials related to the subject of expertise;

2) with the consent of the customs authority to attract an examination of other experts to the production;

3) request additional materials necessary for the examination;

4) refuse to conclusions, if the materials provided to him are insufficient or if it does not have the necessary knowledge for the examination. The message about the impossibility to give a conclusion is submitted to the customs authority appointed an examination in writing;

5) with the permission of the customs authority to participate in specific actions in the implementation of customs control.

2. The expert obtained during the examination or in preparation for its implementation, the information constituting commercial, banking or other secrets protected by law, as well as other confidential information should not be disclosed, to be used for other purposes to be transmitted to third parties, except in cases provided for federal laws.

Rights of the Declarant, other person who has powers in relation to goods and their representatives in the appointment and conduct of the examination

When appropriating and conducting an examination, a declarant, another person with powers in relation to goods and (or) vehicles, and their representatives are entitled:

1) Motivated to declare the removal of the expert;

2) to declare petitions on the appointment of a specific expert;

3) to declare petitions on the formulation of additional issues to the expert to receive conclusion on them;

4) to be present with the permission of the customs authority appointed examination when conducting an examination and give explanations to the expert;

5) take samples and samples of goods (Article 383);

6) Get acquainted with the conclusion of an expert or his message about the impossibility of making a conclusion and get a copy of such a conclusion or message;

7) Apply for additional or re-examination.

In the event of satisfaction of the application of the Declarant, another person who has powers with respect to goods and (or) vehicles, or their representative, the official of the customs authority, assigned to the expertise, makes an appropriate decision.

If refused to satisfy the petition, the official of the customs authority must be motivated to report this to the person who submitted a petition.

1.3 Samples and samples for examination

The official of the customs authority during customs control is entitled to take samples or samples of goods necessary for the study. About taking samples or samples is drawn up with an act in the form determined by the federal executive authority authorized in the field of customs. The second copy of the specified act shall be given to the person with the person with respect to the goods, if it is established, or its representative.

In the necessary cases, sampling or samples are made with the participation of an expert or a specialist.

Samples or samples of goods under customs control, the written permission of the customs authority can also take declarants, persons with authority in relation to goods, their representatives, persons and employees of other state bodies.

Samples or samples are taken in minimal quantities that ensure the possibility of their research.

Permission to take sampling and samples of goods is issued to persons in case such a taking: Zhiryaeva E.V. Examination in customs and international trade - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003 - from 77

· Does not make it difficult to conduct customs control;

· Does not change the characteristics of the goods;

· Do not entail evasion from paying customs duties, taxes or non-compliance with the prohibitions and restrictions established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on state regulation of foreign trade activities.

When taking samples or samples by a declarant, a separate customs declaration on samples and samples is not submitted, provided that they will be indicated in the customs declaration on goods.

The declarant is entitled to reduce the customs value of the declared goods on the customs cost of samples and samples, if such samples and samples were selected by the customs authority and not returned on time.

Declarations, persons with authority in relation to goods, and their representatives are entitled to attend trial or samples of goods by officials of customs authorities and employees of other state bodies.

Officials of customs authorities have the right to be present when taking samples or samples of goods by employees of other state bodies, as well as other persons.

Declarations and their representatives are obliged to assist the officials of the customs authorities in the assignment of samples or samples of goods, including carrying out freight and other necessary operations with goods at their own expense. Vishnevsky A. and .. Customs Examination of goods - M.: Case, 2002 - from 34

Customs officials are entitled to take samples or samples of goods in the absence of declarants and their representatives. Taking samples or samples of goods in these cases is carried out in the presence of at least two understandable.

Customs authorities should be informed of the results of a study of samples or samples of goods taken by other government agencies, and notify persons about them.

The procedure for taking samples or samples of goods, as well as the procedure for their research is established by the federal executive authority authorized in the field of customs, in accordance with this Code and other legal acts of the Russian Federation.

At the end of the study of the sample or samples of goods, their owner is returned, except when such samples or samples are subject to destruction or disposal in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as when the cost of returning samples or samples exceeds their cost.

2. Examination of food products

2.1 Food sample selection

As an example, consider the technological scheme for conducting expert control at the Vaninsky Sea Trade Port OJSC. Today, the Vaninsky Sea Trade Port OJSC is rightly called the main sea gates of the Khabarovsk Territory. This is a universal port of year-round action, which is part of the top ten ports of Russia in terms of cargo receptacle and the largest transport node of the region. The port is a modern technically equipped enterprise specializing in the processing of almost all types of goods. Its capacity allows you to process every year to 12 million tons of export-import, transit and coastal goods, 3.5 thousand ships and 250 thousand cars.

Subject of control measures:

Food products (sugar) supplied from India. http://www.logistic.ru.

An object Control events:

· OJSC "Roskrouporg";

Consider how Sugar sampling took place

The consignment- The number of goods homogeneous in quality and item produced during a certain time interval in the same conditions intended for import / exports issued by one document certifying quality and one cargo customs declaration.

Sample- the number of vehicle units taken from the total number of transport units of the railway composition.

Sampling volume - The number of goods selected from each batch.

Point test - Sample, selected in one reception from the uncomfortable products. It characterizes the quality of the goods in the same place or at a certain level (during the bulk of bulk goods).

Joint test - The sample made up of thoroughly mixed point samples selected in the appropriate order and combined in the specified ratio with the average value of the product characteristics.

Analytical test - Part of the combined sample, which is used for laboratory research.

Control test - Part of the combined sample used for repeated or test research.

Arbitration sample - Part of the combined sample used for arbitration studies in case of disagreements or appeal against the decision.

1. Acceptance:

Sugar took parties.

The party is considered the amount of sugar of one name, which must be accompanied by the following documents: a cargo customs declaration, certificate of origin, hygienic certificate, imported quarantine resolution, weight certificate and quality, phytosanitary certificate.

Document on the quality of sugar kept: http://www.logistic.ru

· Name of the manufacturer and its trademark;

· Party number;

· Name of product;

· The name of the organization whose system includes an enterprise

· Manufacturer;

· Name and address of the recipient;

· Date of shipment of products;

· Type of container (and for bags and category);

· The number of units of transport packaging in the party;

· Mass of gross party;

· Net mass of the party;

· Test results (according to quality indicators provided for in product standards);

· Designation of the standard for products.

Control of the quality of packaging and transport marking is subject to each party. The quality of sugar in the damaged transport container is tested separately and test results spread only on products in this container.

2. Tools and materials:

The following tools and materials were used to select sampling:

Clean dry metal circles or other capacity with a capacity of at least 100 g. (Apply when unloading from railway cars).

Pure metal scoop.

Property made of stainless steel.

Pure dry metal or plastic capacity is sufficient for mixing the combined sample.

Pure dry metal, wooden, or a plastic pallet with an area sufficient for the quartering of the combined sample.

Clean dry packets made of polymeric material without smell or hermetically closed glass containers with a capacity of at least 2 kg of goods.

3. Sampling procedure:

Sampling sequence.

Sampling was conducted from the following steps:

· General inspection of the party and evaluating its homogeneity with visual inspection and verification of accompanying documents;

· Determination of sampling;

· Selection of transport units from the railway composition (Table 1), the tricks of the sea vessel;

sampling for research:

a) selection of point samples;

b) drawing up a combined sample;

c) Preparation of a test for laboratory research;

4. Sample packaging and marking:

Sampling Sampling Sand, received in bulk in vessel holds

For the formation of a representative combined sample characterizing a batch of goods, i.e. Uniform for the name of the goods located in the same ship's hodge, in the process of crossing the sugar-sand from the ship's trumulus in the railway in the wagons, 20 point samples were taken from each of the 1000 tons of the sand sugar hold. From point samples, after mixing them, the cooked combined sample was transferred to the customs laboratory for the study.

The selection of point sample sachara-sand is made by a metal mug as discharge at equal intervals. In the selection of point samples, it is necessary to exclude from the surface of random, extraneous impurities.

5. Formation of a combined sample:

To achieve representativeness of the sample, a composite (mixture) was formed, which makes it possible to extend research results to the entire batch of sand sugar transported in one railway part.

The combined sample will form through a thorough mixing of all point samples of sand sugar.

The combined sample was reduced by quartwing. To do this, thoroughly mixed sugar sands have been distributed with a flat layer in the form of a square on the pallet and was diagonally diagonally into 4 parts in the form of a triangle. Sugar of two opposite parts were removed, and the two remaining parts were combined, mixed and re-distributed in the form of a square and divided diagonally into 4 parts. Quarter is repeated until the combined sample is obtained weighing 2 kilograms.

For refined sugar-sand in bags of net weight from 0.005 to 0.02 kg, the mass of the combined sample is allowed 1.0 kg.

Samples are placed in a clean, dry glass or polyethylene container.

6. Packaging and sample design

The combined sample was placed in a double food polyethylene package to ensure the safety of the sample. Samples were seal and provided with a label with a clear record. On the label indicated:

· The name of the vessel, the flag (only for the sea vessel);

· Sample number on accounting magazine;

· The amount of cargo on the caviar (only for the marine vessel);

· Rooms of the units of transport packaging (wagons, trims);

· Name of product;

· Supplier name;

· Name of the recipient;

· Date, selection time;

· FULL NAME. and the position of persons who made up and sealing (separable) sample.

Samples of sand sugar, directed to expert research, must be accompanied by an application to the order of the State Code of the Russian Federation No. 264 of 25.06.93 the act of taking samples and the label to ensure the preservation of the packaging. The act of taking samples is in 3 copies, the first instance is sent to the customs laboratory.

Transportation of samples into the customs laboratory should be operatively in order to reduce the timing of the customs clearance, the samples were protected from damage, pollution, water effects, temperature.

During sampling, the following regulatory documentation is used, which defines the general requirements for the selection and preparation of sugar samples for laboratory studies:

· GOST 18242-72

· GOST 18321-73

· GOST 12569-85

· Instructions on the procedure for admission, transfer, storage and disposal of samples (samples) of goods incoming to expertise (research) in the CTL of 21.02.98

· Rules of the London Sugar Association

· Method GSI / 1/2 / 3-1 (1994) The Determination of the Polarization of Raw Sugar by Polarimetry-Official.

Thus, violations during sampling were not observed.

2.2 Conducting Examination of Food Products

Cases of refusal to provide information, documents and interference in the work was not available.

The customs clearance of food supplies was carried out in priority and in compliance with the principle of the minimum sufficiency of the submitted documents. The use of the GTC of Russia of a simplified procedure under customs clearance of a number of goods is provided for by Article 133 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation.

The received food was carried out on the customs procedure: issued to free treatment with the peculiarities of moving on the customs territory of the Russian Federation (code 400088).

Customs inspected was performed selectively, which is provided for by the approved GTC of Russia by the order of customs clearance.

State Agents of the State Unitary Enterprise "Prodentorg" and OJSC FCC Roskhleboprodukt during the Declaration of Goods, as a rule, did not provide certificates confirming the compliance of the goods to the requirements established in the Russian Federation with mandatory certification. In the absence of separate documents confirming the safety and quality of imported goods, customs, guided by the order of the State Customs Service of Russia of March 9, 1999 No. 153, made a decision on the conditional release of goods. Such an order provides for the prohibition of the use of goods and carrying out customs control to receiving certificates that must be submitted to customs up to 45 days. However, GUP "To Proditorg" Certificates (permission of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) did not imagine. For the late presentation of Customer certificates, the Protocols on the violation of the Customs Regulations of the State Unitary Enterprise "Prodinterg" were reported and imposed penalties for violating customs clearance. The remaining customs provided by him by administrative and economic sanctions during the control of imported food did not use.

The measures provided for in Articles 100 and 102 of the current Customs Code of the Russian Federation The measures of impact on the beneficiary of goods in the form of proposals for the transfer of imported goods that do not have the relevant certificates, under the customs regime of re-export or the destruction of customs also did not use.

List of issues asked as an expert in the appointment of examinations and research for customs purposes (according to priority groups of goods)

Questions solved in the study of food products: http://www.logistic.ru

- to determine the name of the goods and which code of the TN EDD it corresponds;

- Does the goods relate to child or diabetic nutrition;

- whether the goods are a food additive;

- whether the quality of the safety certificate presented for the product is compliant;

- is it contained in the product under study forbidden food additives;

- is the product with a natural product or falsified and for what indicators;

- determine the component (ingredient) composition of the product;

- whether this product contains milk fat and what is its content;

- contains this product cocoa and what is the content of oil-cocoa;

- Determine the content of caffeine in ready-made coffee products:

- Is this product with sugar white or sand sugar;

- Determine consumer qualities and wholesale market value (price) of goods.

conclusions Expert:

Organoleptic Indicators:

· The taste and smell is sweet, without an extraneous taste and smell, both in dry sugar and in its aqueous solution;

· Fruit - bulk (lumps come across lumps, inactive with light pressed);

· Color - white with a yellowish tint (this species is used only for prominence);

· The cleanliness of the solution - the sugar solution was not transparent, with an insoluble sediment.

Physical and chemical indicators:

· Mass fraction (in terms of dry matter):

o sucrose, not less than 99.55% (suitable only for prominence)

o reducing substances, not more than 0.050% (for promineracy 0.065%)

o ash, not more than 0.05% (suitable only for prominence)

o ferroprymes (particles size not higher than 0.5 mm), not more than 0.0003%

o moisture, not more than 0.14% (for promineracy 0.15%, for long-term storage at shipment 0.1%)

· Color, no more:

o Conditional units 1.5 (suitable only for prominence)

· Optical density units

o (Icumsa units) 104 (for industrial production 195 at refinery 234)

Thus, the samples do not correspond to receipt to the mass market, but for prominerability.

Conclusion: to ensure effective control over the correctness of the customs clearance of food imported into Russia.

Conclusions and conclusion

Customs examination largely determines the nature and content of the activities of customs authorities. The main purpose of customs control is to identify, by various verification of compliance of customs operations and actions to the provisions and norms of customs legislation.

In the course of work on the basis of a literary analysis, the following types of customs examinations conducted in Russia were allocated:

· Identification examination;

· Chemical examination;

· Classification examination;

· Technological examination;

· Certification examination;

· Material science examination;

· Merchant value examination;

· Evaluation examination;

· Environmental assessment;

· Mineralogical (hemologic) examination;

· Criminalistic examination;

· Art historical examination.

Next, the importance was considered and the methodology for conducting examinations. It should be noted that the examination is carried out by experts of customs laboratories, as well as other relevant organizations or other experts appointed by the customs authorities. As an expert, any person who has the necessary special knowledge for giving conclusion can be appointed.

Based on the studies conducted and, taking into account their results, the expert gives conclusion in writing on its own behalf.

During the analysis, food products (sugar) were investigated from India.

During the work, the Sugar Sampling Process was described in detail. There were no violations during sampling.

As for the expertise itself, the expert discovered a number of significant violations on the consumer properties of the goods described in the work. According to the results of the expert, it should be noted that the sugar supplied sugar is unsuitable for mass consumption, it is intended only for industrial processing

Thus, it is necessary to ensure effective control over the correctness of the customs clearance of food imported into Russia.

Bibliography

customs Expertise Food Sample

1. Customs Code of the Russian Federation of May 28, 2003 No. 61-FZ // Information and Reference System "Garant"

2. Avdokushin E.F. International economic relations. Tutorial. M.: Marketing, 2001.

3. Berekov E.A., Galani E.F. Tutorial to help listeners studying customs. - M.: Phoenix, 2002

4. Vishnevsky A.I. Customs Examination of Goods - M.: Case, 2002

5. Gabrichidze B.N. Customs law. 2nd ed., Corrected. and add. - L.: Law and Law, 2003.

6. Didenko N. Basics of foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation - SPb.: Logos, 2002.

7. Dodonkin Yu.V. Customs Examination of Goods - M.: Academy, 2003

8. Zhiryaeva E.V. Examination in Customs and International Trade - SPb.: Peter, 2003

9. Ivanhenko S.I., Fedoskin Yu.G. Customs: What you need to know a business person. In 3 volumes. M.: Russico, 2002.

10. http://www.logistic.ru.

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abstract, added 05/16/2014


Identification examination as a subsidiary during customs control of goods moved across the customs border of the Customs Union. Acquaintance with the legal basis in the field of identification examination of the Cocoa Oil Group.

Many questions related to the cash turnover often intertwined with trade relations both within the country and abroad. It follows from this that the predominant method of replenishment of the budget is trade. Therefore, if trade relations have a foreign policy, then customs services are engaged in this, directly to control and provide turnover. It follows from this that the tasks of the merchant is firmly linked to the main tasks of the customs service of Russia - the implementation of efficient control over the importation and export of goods from the country. A wide variety of goods and their quantity moved across the border of the Russian Federation, sets the tasks to customs authorities not only on the protection of the country's economic security, but also to protect the interests of consumers of goods. Recently, the role of customs authorities in solving such state, political and social programs as defense ambient, Consumer Protection - Ensuring Safety of Life and Health. The value of goods is very large and during customs examinations. The main goal of the customs examination is to check the compliance of the product information declared in the State Customs Declaration (GTD), the real characteristics of the goods imposed on customs clearance for a more accurate and reasonable collection of customs taxes and fees. In accordance with Article 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, customs regulation is classified as federal state authorities, which means that the legislation in the customs sphere is limited to the federal level. This provision of the Constitution allows us to combine uniforms for all the rules of foreign economic activity, a single procedure and conditions for the movement of goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Russian Federation, the unity of customs procedures. The constitutional provisions of customs regulation are governed by the Customs Code of the Customs Union. According to the Customs Code of the Customs Union, one of the components of the customs in the Russian Federation is the procedure and conditions of movement through the customs border of the Russian Federation of goods and vehicles, customs control. In accordance with one of the basic principles of the movement of goods and vehicles through the customs border of the Russian Federation, all goods and vehicles moved across the customs border are subject to customs clearance and customs control in the manner and under the conditions provided for by the Customs Code of the Customs Union. The requirements of this principle are mandatory and apply to all persons moving goods and vehicles.

This principle is associated with such a function of customs authorities as the production of customs examinations and the study of goods. This control function manifests itself constantly regardless of categories and the number of moved goods, as well as persons moving, and varieties of vehicles.

Through the customs border of the Russian Federation there are a variety of products, starting with goods in an easy industry, household appliances, cars, resources, ending with the heavy industry. According to the Customs Code of the Customs Union in the practical activity of the customs authorities, the following concept is provided "Goods - any movable property, including currency, currency values, electric, thermal, other types of energy and vehicles."

Customs authorities are carried out with goods placed under customs procedures, numerous operations. Common operations include, inspection, measurement, moving within customs warehouses. More complex operations include partition crushing, formation, sorting, packaging, repacking, labeling, improvement operations external view. To carry out such operations requires the permission of the customs authority. All actions with goods should not change the characteristics of the goods.

Products that can harm other goods subject to customs procedures, or requiring special storage conditions, are sent to customs warehouses. Warehouses are two species, open and closed. Open includes those customs warehouses to which there is access to persons with the authority in relation to goods. Closed warehouses include those access to which only the owner of the warehouse is allowed.

To the number of goods that can move across the customs border of the Russian Federation, it is customary to attribute all products intended for commercial use in order to profit:

· Different types of energy;

· Vehicles of any destination;

· Any movable property, such as furniture, refrigerators, shoes, carpets, etc.;

· Securities, precious stones and metals;

· Objects of foreign trade activities of purchase and sale or exchange (barter supplies);

· intellectual property.

The concept of "goods" in customs practice does not include vehicles used for international transport of passengers and goods, including containers and transport equipment.

In the TC TC, all goods passing through the customs border of the Russian Federation were divided into:

· Russian Goods - Products originating from the Russian Federation or goods issued in free appeal in the Russian Federation, that is, goods that can be disposed of without the permission of customs authorities;

· Export goods - goods exported beyond the limits of the Customs Territory of the Russian Federation without commitment to their import to this territory. Leaving the limits of the state territory of Russia, these goods are taken into account by customs statistics of foreign trade as exported.

· Fully produced in the territories of the Member States of the Customs Union;

· Imported into the customs territory of the Customs Union and acquired the status of goods of the Customs Union in accordance with the TC TC and (or) international treaties of the Member States of the Customs Union;

· Made in the territories of Member States of the Customs Union from the goods mentioned above, and (or) foreign goods, and acquired the status of goods of the Customs Union in accordance with the TC TC and (or) international treaties of the Member States of the Customs Union.

2. Make a classification of goods using the hierarian classification method.

The role and importance of goods in the customs case.

In the context of globalization of the global economy, solving the task of Russia's accession to the WTO, the recognition of Russia as countries with a market economy increases the role and importance of customs regulation as an element of state regulation of foreign trade activities.Foreign trade activities - These are activities to carry out transactions in the field of foreign trade in goods, services, information and intellectual property. It is regulated by federal law."On the basics of state regulation of foreign trade activities." The main principle of state regulation of foreign economic activity is to protect the state and legitimate interests of participants in foreign economic activity, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of Russian producers and consumers of goods andservices.

Russia's accession to the WTO will lead to an even greater increase in international trade and expand the range of imported goods. In this regard, the tasks of protecting the consumer market from importation of dangerous and harmful products, identifying falsified and counterfeit goods. Under these conditions, the role of merchant products in the work of customs services is increasing.

The goods crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation is the object of customs clearance and customs control. During the customs control, a customs examination may be appointed in order to establish a country of origin, raw material composition, manufacturing method, cost, etc. Specialist with merchandising knowledge can contribute to ensuring effective counteraction of violations of customs rules and crimes in the customs sphere. Customs expertise, in addition, is one of the barriers to the protection of the country's consumer market from imports of poor-quality, harmful and dangerous goods.

Only a highly qualified specialist in the field of merchant can carry out expert activities. The practically working customs officer is also important to be able to distinguish the goods in completeness, degree of readiness to use, allocate their estimated indicators, to know the mandatory requirements for them and the criteria of the customs assessment.

The expert should know the requirements for the product under the contract of sale, transportation, insurance. At these stages of circulation, materials and products show themselves in different ways, and these properties for participants in the process are as important as those that will manifestconsumer. In addition, the Expert of the Customs Service controls the safety of imported goods.

There is a difference in determining the term "goods" - in commodity and customs practice.

In accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation (Art.11)products - Any movable property moved across the customs border, including currency, currency values, electric, thermal, other types of energy, as well as vehicles related to real-mounted vehicles, with the exception of vehicles used in international transportation.

That is, the goods by definition in the TK RF is the property. In accordance with Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the concept of property includes things (including money and securities) and do not include such objects of civil rights, as an action (work and services), information and intangible benefits. These recent objects cannot obviously be considered as goods.

Property can be driven and immovable.

Real Estate (real estate)- Land plots, sections of subsoil, separate water bodies and everything that is firmly connected with the Earth (for example, buildings, structures and perennial plantings).

The real estate (Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) also includes air and sea vessels, internal navigation vessels, cosmic objects that are subject to foreign economic activity. The law to immovable can also include other property.

Movable property- Things, including money and securities that are not related to real estate.

Currency (Money) - Monetary unit of the country.

Securities - a document certifying property rights, the implementation or transfer of which is possible only in its presentation (Article 143 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The securities include: state bond, bill, check, deposit and savings certificates, bearer banking book, billboards, action, privatization securities, etc.

Currency values - Values \u200b\u200bfor which currency legislation has a special limited treatment regime in the country: foreign currency, securities in foreign currency, precious metals in any form and condition, with the exception of jewelry and other household products, as well as the scrap of such products, natural precious stones (Diamond, Rubin, Emerald, Sapphire, Alexandrite in cheese and processed form, pearls), with the exception of jewelry and other household products from these stones and scrap of such products.

Intellectual property - Intellectual property in customs is considered as a product if it is on the material carrier, the code of which is determined by the Russian VED. Otherwise, the transfer of rights to the intellectual property object can be considered as an export service.

3. Wides of falsification of goods.

Falsification - This is an activity aimed at the deception of the buyer by counterfeiting the sale of a sales purchase for mercenary purposes. Distinguish:

Qualitative falsification is a fake with the help of food additives while maintaining / loss of other properties, replacing the highest gradation product to the lower.

Quantitative - deception due to a significant deviation of product parameters (mass, volume)

Cost - deception, by implementing low-quality goods at a price of high quality.

Information - deception with some kind of information distortion

Technological trading in the process of technological production.

Predalization - in the preparation of goods for sale, vacation to consumer

Examination of consumer goods are held at the request of trading organizations, enterprises of industry, law enforcement agencies, government, state control and supervision, railway stations and seaports.

Types of expertise: commodity; ecological; judicial; customs; technological; Economic.

Causes of trade examination. In the event of disputes between the manufacturer (seller) and the buyer on issues: 1) the quality of the goods; 2) damage to the goods during transportation; 3) damage to goods in accidents and natural disasters; 4) damage to the goods during long-term storage; 5) return by the buyer of goods having disadvantages.

8. Standardization, goals, tasks.

Standardization- Activities for the establishment of rules and characteristics for their voluntary repeated use aimed at achieving orderliness in the areas of production and product circulation and improving the competitiveness of products, works or services.

The main objectives of standardization:

improving the level of safety of the life or health of citizens, the property of physical or legal entities, state or municipal property, environmental safety, the safety of life or animal health and plants and with the action of compliance with the requirements of technical regulations;

rational use of resources;

technical and information compatibility;

comparability of research results (tests) and measurements, technical and economics - statistical data;

interchangeability of products.

Key Standardization Principles: Voluntary Use of Standards; Maximum accounting when developing standards of legitimate interests of interested parties; Inadmissibility to establish such standards.

13.Poodle approval of guests and that

18. Products of product information used in customs examination.

22. Explanation of the expert, its content.

The expert gives conclusion in writing on its own behalf. In the conclusion of the expert outlines the research conducted by him, made as a result of their conclusions and reasonable answers to the questions. If an expert in the production of expertise will establish important circumstances for the case, about which he was not issued by questions, he is entitled to include conclusions about these circumstances at its conclusion. The expert's conclusion is not mandatory for officer The customs authority of the Russian Federation, in production or on the consideration of which is the case of violation of customs regulations, but disagreement with the conclusion of an expert should be motivated and reflected in the decision made under the consideration of the case. In case of insufficient clarity or completeness, additional expertise may be appointed, assigned to the same or other expert. In case of unreasonably the conclusion of an expert or doubt in its correctness, re-examination may be appointed, assigned to another expert or other experts.

23. Sampling and samples, the order of selection, design.

The official of the customs authority of the Russian Federation, in production or on the consideration of which is a matter of violation there. Rules, it is entitled to receive a person or an official attracted to a responsibility for violation there. rules, head or deputy head, other employees of the enterprise, institution or organization sample samples, handwriting, take samples and samples of goods and other items necessary for conducting examination. In the necessary cases, samples and samples for conducting examination can also be carried out in persons, not mentioned in the first part of this article. The official of the customs authority of the Russian Federation, in production or on the consideration of which is the case of a violation of customs rules, makes a resolution on the taking of samples and samples. In the necessary cases, sampling and samples are carried out with the participation of a specialist and (or) in the presence of understandable. Protocol is drawn up on the capture of samples and samples.

26. The structure of the GOST and that on the products.

27.Translated classification of products.

28 . Merry goods. Classification. Quality indicators.

A group of air equipment: grain, flour, cereals, bread and bakery products, cracked, beam and pasta.

Classification of bread: 1) depending on the type of flour: wheat, rye and rye-but-wheat; 2] from the formulation - simple and improved; 3] According to the method of baking - formal and subside.

Wheat Bread Varieties: White Bread wheat flour Higher, first and second varieties, Arnaut Kiev, Kalach Saratov, Krasnoselsky.

Rye bread is made of flour of wallpaper, sprinkled and seeded simple and improved (custard; Moscow).

Rust-wheat bread bakes from a mixture of various varieties of rye and wheat flour in various ratios.

The main range: rye-wheat bread, Ukrainian, Borodinsky, Russian.

Assortment of bakery products: Baton, bars, bakery products (buns of high calorieness, puff, amateur, finely piece, dietary, feet), etc.

Varieties of bakery products: buns are buns, buns are featured with lipstick, cheese cheesecakes with cottage cheese, Vyborg's bars, Novomoskovsky buns, vita bales, etc.

Barcast products produce from a steep dough, with the addition of sugar, fat, molasses, etc.; After the formation of the test of the rings, the products are wardrified in boiling eode and subjected to scum.

Varieties of drinkers: 1) in composition - wheat, rye and rye-wheat; 2) on the recipe - simple and feet.

Simple crucks are made of simple bread.

Feeded - with the addition of sugar, fat, eggs, milk, milk.

Humidity of products no more than 8-12%.

Assortment of superstars: from wheat flour of the highest grade includes 16 items (vanilla, nuts); From the flour of the first and second grade - 9 items (road, urban).

Pasta is a valuable food product for long-term storage.

Composition: 72-75% starch; 10-11% proteins; 0.9-1.3% fat; 11-13% water.

Classification of pasta; are divided into groups A, B, B, and classes 1 and 2. The products of the group A is made of solid wheat (fool) and the flour of the highest grade of increased dispersion of solid wheat; B groups - from the flour of soft vitreous wheat; Groups in - from bakery wheat flour, which in terms of quality and amount of gluten is not lower than flour of soft vitreous wheat. The 1st class of products is made of top grade flour; The 2nd class - from the flour of the first grade.

Types of pasta depending on the shape: tubular (pasta, horns, feathers), thifree-shaped (vermicelli), lintsoid (noodles), curly (shells, sprockets, alphabet, etc.).

33.Worky products. Features of marking canned food.

Canned fish and preserves - ready-to-use and stable fish products in hermetic containers.

IN depending on the raw materials used and production technologycanned fish are classified on groups:natural canned fish; Canned fish B. tomato sauce; Canned fish in oil; Canned fish - vegetable; Canned fish in marinade; Fish pies and pasta. Presserves- Do not sterilize and produce fish from ripening at ambassador. Types of preserves: 1) from unrequited fish spicy post or special. any joam; 2) from the broken fish. Marking:metal banks label by sending downconditional designations in three rows: first- day month Year; second- assortment sign (up to three digits or letters, factory number); the third- Shift number and Industry Index (P).

Fish semi-finished products- chilled or ice cream products, fully sub-. Prepared for thermal processing.

Assortment of fish semi-finished products:fish fillet ice cream; Fish minced ice cream; Fish special cutting; soup kits; fish dumplings; Fish cutlets, etc.

Terms of implementation- from 7 to 72 hours depending on the type and conditions of storage.

Caviar- Product of reproduction "Formated in the organ of females of fish - jastek. It has a high biological, energy and taste value.

Calf color:w. sturgeonfish color from light gray to black, salmon- orange-red, y others- mostly grayish yellow.

Sizes of caviar:most large- salmon caviar (4-7 mm), smallersturgeon caviar (2-5 mm), the most small- in particle fish (1-1.5 mm).

Classification according to the processing method: 1) grainy caviar- the most valuable and common. 2) caviar Paths- made of fresh caviar with a weak shell; Its salted, pressed and tightly pack. 3) Sunny caviar- from fresh or ice cream jasts; Its salted, knit, dried, smoky. 4) Purple Icres- obtained from other fish (grades, villagers, particle).

Storage conditions:at temperatures +2 ... -8 "from 2 to 12 months.

39. Therapist, composition, types of ceramics, their expertise.

Classification, characteristics of the range of ceramic dishes.

Ceramics - These are artificial silicates of the amorphous-crystal structure, obtained by the firing of mass from plastic materials, extensive substances and smooth. By appointment, they are divided into household, architectural and construction and technical.

Basic molding methods: plastic molding, molding and semi-dry molding.

Signs of classification : Type of ceramics, molding method, appointment, shape, size, decoration type, completeness.

Products are decorated with underpowed and supervised paints, gold, solutions of salts, coloring oxides and decorative glaze with subsequent firing. Depending on the nature of the surface, decoration can be relief and smooth.

PORCELAIN (tour. Farfur, Fagfur, from Persian. Farfur), thin ceramic products obtained by sintering porcelain mass (from plastic refractory clay - kaolina, field spat, quartz); They have an ideble, water and gas-tight, usually white, ringing, translucent in a thin layer of a shard drain.

Porcelain is distinguished by the composition of the mass (solid, soft, bone) and by the nature of the painting (under-cordical, supervised). Dear collection grades of porcelain are called at the place of production or by the name of the owners of factories or inventors.

White shiny with bluish tint color.

Soft bone porcelain contains 53% smooth, 32% of clay substances and 15% quartz. High white and transluacity, but the strength and heat resistance is higher than that of a solid porcelain.

Soft fieldwall porcelain is intended mainly for artistic ornamental products, in particular, sculptures.

Thin-chamber products have painted in grayish, beige tones showing, an imperfect trekking with water absorption 0.5-3%. It is used for household dishes and articles.

Half-brain - Tone-ceramic products with a non-free white college, porosity 0.5-5%. Covered with colorless or colored icing. Made dining and tea dishes, dishes for food storage, some artistic and decorative products.

Fayans - fine-ceramic products with porous shard white color With a yellowish tint. Less mechanical strength is inclined to swelling. When you hit, I will make a deaf sound. Used in the production of dining rooms.

Maitolika is fine-ceramic products with a white or colored non-swivel sharp of various density. Covered with colorless or colored, transparent or deaf glazes. Apply for articles and household dishes.

Pottery ceramics - coarse-organic products with a coarser-grained porous creek, partially or completely covered with light-wave glaze

43.Shwear products, classification, assortment.

ClassificationUnder the range of sewing products understand the list of their goods united in the Group on certain features. The range of sewing products is large and complicated, includes various types and varieties of clothing, headwear, as well as bedding, table underwear, etc. Sewing products are classified into classes, subclasses, groups, subgroups, types, etc. Sewing goods classes: household, sports, special, national, departmental clothing. Each class is divided into subclasses. Household clothing subclasses: outerwear, lightweight, underwear, bedding, corset products, hats. Products included in subclasses are divided into groups, for example, a group of outerwear: coats, raincoats, jackets, costumes, etc. Groups in the age of age are divided into subgroups, for example, a coat group - men's, female, for boys and girls of senior school School, pre-school ages. Sewing products are distinguished by types that differ in the following signs: species name, consumer floor, its age, seasonality and the use of the material used, the appointment of the product. Types of sewing products are divided into varieties that are characterized by three signs: the name of the product, the style, the complexity of the style. The last stage of the classification is the article (product number).

Topic 1. The basic concepts of commodities. The role of merchant goods in customs is 4 h.

1. 
   Purpose of practical lesson:examine the basic concepts of commodity.

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   Plan:

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3. Used teaching technologies:

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  Information and communication technologies (1- 7 topics).
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  Problem learning (1 - 18 topics).
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  Contextual training (2 - 18 topics).

4. Test text:

Any products are made as a result of any activity and is intended to meet certain needs.

Products can be created as a result of material and intangible activities. Intangible products are services, securities, etc. Material products, which is intended for sale, is a product.

In a customs case under the goods, the movable property moved across the customs border, as well as transport means transported through the customs border, "(Article 11 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation).

This product is a product of material activity created for sale and satisfying any needs. The goods have certain consumer properties that create consumer value in the product.

Merchase as science and educational discipline studies consumer properties of goods. The term "commodity" consists of two words: "Product" and "Keeping", which means "knowledge of products".

The goods as products manufactured for exchange or sale, due to the dual nature of labor spent on its production, is characterized by two parties: exchange cost and consumer cost.

Exchange valueit characterizes the goods from the point of view of its exchange to other things in the corresponding certain proportions.

Consumer cost of goods - This is the usefulness of the goods, its ability to satisfy certain human needs. Consumer cost is characteristic of all products of labor, but it is manifested only when consuming or used, since only when operating, their utility can be estimated.

The subject of commodities is the study of the consumer value of labor products.

There are many product definitions. For example, K. Marx believed that " consumer value of goods make up the subject of special discipline - commodity».

At the International Theoretical Conference on Common Tools in Leipzig (September 1962), the highest school teachers were given such a definition: " Merchant products is a natural science discipline, the subject of which is the consumer value of goods».

For another definition " merchant products are science of fundamental characteristics of goods that determine their consumer costs, and factors for ensuring these characteristics.».

Products originated in the 16th century. In connection with the development of foreign trade relations. The first department of merchant (vegetable and animal pharmaceutical materials) was established in 1549 at the University of Paduan (Italy). In Russia, one of the first benefits for merchantly was the "trading book" (1575). As an independent academic discipline of commodity item began to be introduced into commercial medium and higher educational institutions At the end of the 18th century In some countries (Great Britain, USA), mercy is studied in advanced courses of technology of various groups of goods. The founders of scientific goods in Russia were M. Ya. Kittara (1825-80), P. P. Petrov (1850-1928), Ya. Nikitinsky (1854-1924). Edited by the latter in 1906-08, a trade tutorial was published "Merchandise Guide with the necessary information from technology", which examined the structure, composition, properties and technology of raw materials and materials used in industrial production.

In the 20th century The content of goods in different countries was differentiated. In the USSR, the most widespread development received the mercy of consumer goods. It continuously expanded due to the study of new groups of goods (sewing products, knitwear, goods of cultural and domestic and economic consideration). The study of the structure and properties of materials was separated into independent scientific disciplines - Materials Science (by industry). The central task of the merchant was the quality of goods and all questions related to it.

Products are divided into a number of academic disciplines, depending on the profile of specialties: product product, machinery, equipment; Products of industrial consumer goods, food, etc. To determine the quality indicators of goods in commodity, instrumental, organoleptic, calculated, etc. Methods are used. When studying the nature of goods, their buildings, properties, processes occurring in them, commodity products uses the achievements of many sciences: physics, chemistry, biology, etc. When studying the processes of formation of the product range, commodity products takes into account the patterns of development of social production and distribution.

The goal of the merchant - Studying the consumer properties of goods, as well as all the changes that occur in the product at all stages of ship.

Merchase as science and academic discipline should solve the following main tasks:

Systematization of the set of products by applying classification, coding;

A clear definition of the basic characteristics that make up the consumer value of the goods;

Study of the range of goods and factors affecting its formation;

Assessment of the quality of goods, identification of defects, the reasons for their occurrence;

Compilation of merchantly characteristics of specific goods.

Merchant products include a common part and private commodity market.

In general, the theoretical foundations are considered, very important for understanding private merchant. In private merchantly, the mercy of non-food products, the state and prospects for the development of certain groups of goods, classification, merchantly characteristics of groups, species and varieties of goods are being studied.

All products must comply with certain requirements under which the features of the goods caused its use on purpose under certain conditions during the specified time.

Requirements for goods divided into current and promising, general and specific.

Current - Requirements for mass production products, determined by production capabilities and the nature of demand. Current requirements are regulated by state standards and that.

Perspective - Requirements developed on the basis of forecasts for the use of new types of raw materials and materials, technologies and production methods. Over time, promising requirements are transferred to the current, higher level requirements appear.

General - Requirements for the prevailing majority of goods. These include such requirements as the most complete compliance of the goods for the purpose and degree of performance of the main function, as well as ease of use, harmlessness, strength and reliability, aesthetic requirements, the possibility of repair.

Specific - Requirements for goods are determined mainly by the conditions for their operation (for example, water repellent properties of cloak tissues).

In accordance with the requirements, the goods have properties that, depending on the role of goods in the life cycle, can be divided into properties :

- functional - consumer properties of goods that determine its compliance as an object of consumption or exploitation to the target purpose;

- ergonomic - consumer properties of goods, ensuring convenience and comfort of its consumption or operation at different stages of the functional process of the "Man-Wednesday" process (ease of use of the goods, which defines its ability to function, taking into account the characteristics of the structure and properties of the body of each consumer),

Hygienic properties - part of the ergonomic properties characterizing the conditions of the life and working capacity of a person when interacting with the goods and the environment;

- security - ensure the harmlessness of consumption and the use of goods by man. Safety is considered as a consumer property providing human life and human health and protection of its habitat from harmful and dangerous impacts of goods in its consumption or operation;

- reliability - Properties of goods characterized by maintaining the basic parameters of their operation in time and within the limits corresponding to certain conditions of consumption or operation. Reliability indicators:

Undetyability - the ability of goods to continuously maintain performance for some time, is estimated by average work time for one failure and duration of work without failure,

Durability - the ability of the goods to maintain performance before the marginal state (destruction or wear) installed system maintenance and repair,

Maintainability - the characteristic of the product, which determines its ability to eliminate the causes of failure, detecting and preventing failures in the work,

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  saving - the ability of the goods to constantly maintain their consumer properties during storage, transportation, implementation, consumption or operation in conditions established by the regulatory and technical documentation. The criterion of persistence is the service life (shelf life) of the goods - the term during which the product is suitable for effective use for its intended purpose;

Otherwise, the properties of the goods can be divided into aesthetic and natural.

Aesthetic properties The goods determine its ability to express its social value and socio-cultural significance in sensually perceived signs.

Indicators of aesthetic properties:

Trade (external) species;

The rationality of the form (reflection in the form of goods performed by them, constructive solutions, features of technology and materials used, as well as features of work with goods);

The integrity of the composition (the organization of the volume and spatial structure of goods, plasticity, graphic drawing of elements and forms in general, color color);

Quality (perfection) of production execution;

Matching style and fashion;

Design, color and pattern;

Other features related to the satisfaction of human spiritual needs.

Consumer properties of goods are based on a number natural properties:

- chemical - characterize the stability of materials to aggressive media (acid, alkalis, organic solvents), water and climatic factors. Are depending on the nature of the material, its chemical and physical structure, etc.

- physical - Play the main role in the design and production of goods, determine the conditions and regimes of their operation, the duration of the work resource and reliability. May be divided into:

Strength and deformation;

Mass;

Density;

Electrical, optical, acoustic, thermal and thermophysical;

- physical and chemical - include sorption indicators and characteristics that determine the steam, water, dockingness of materials and the goods manufactured on the basis (are important from the point of view of ensuring the comfort, functional properties of goods (adsorption - as the basis of the detergent action of soap and synthetic detergents));

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  biological - Properties that characterize the stability of materials and produced from these products to the damage to insects and rodents, microorganisms.

Among the factors that form the consumer properties of goods, three main groups can be distinguished:

Directly affecting the formation of consumer properties - the properties of the initial raw materials and materials, the design of the product, the quality of technological processes;

Stimulating consumer properties - the feasibility and efficiency of production, the material interest of workers, the sanctions imposed on the production of low-quality products;

Providing the preservation of consumer properties when the goods from production to the consumer are the conditions for the storage and transportation, sales and operation of goods.

Merchantly classification The goods have developed historically and is based on trade needs.

There are nationwide, trading and foreign trade classifications. Under the All-Russian Classifier of Industrial Products (OKP), goods are divided into classes, subclasses, groups, species,

Trade classification is applied in the trade. In accordance with the appointment, the initial material and method of production, the goods are divided into groups, subgroups and a lower stage of classification.

In the trade classification applies the concept of article. vendor code - The conventional designation assigned to the product in order to reflect its features and differences from another similar type of goods on insignificant features. Article allows you to replace detailed description Goods with a special designation that facilitates the maintenance of trading documentation, accounting, the preparation of orders for the supply of goods.

The classification is the process of distributing the set (concepts, properties, objects) in a category or steps depending on the general features.

Exists two basic classification methods:

- hierarchical The method where the classification of goods is the highest level is the class.

The class of goods is a variety of products that satisfy generalized groups of needs.

The subclass is a variety of products that meet groups of needs that have certain differences.

A group of goods is a subset of goods that satisfy specific groups of needs, which is due to the peculiarities of raw materials, materials, structures.

The subgroup is a subset of goods with a group of main purpose, but differing from the goods of other subgroups only by them inherent in signs.

The type of product is a set of goods that differ in individual purpose and identification features.

The variety of goods is a set of goods of one species, differing in a number of private signs.

- faceted The method where the separation of goods into separate independent parallel groups (faces) is performed on the basis of any feature in each of the groups (a more flexible method, which allows in each individual case to limit the unit of sets of goods only by several groups of interest in each specific case).

Trading classification divides all products for food and non-food.

Assortment of goods - A set of goods formed by certain features and satisfying a variety of needs.

Industrial (production) range - a set of goods manufactured by the manufacturer based on its production capabilities.

The trade assortment is a set of goods formed by the organization of trade, taking into account its specialization, consumer demand and material and technical base.

A simple range is a set of goods submitted by a small number of groups, species and items.

A complex range is a set of goods submitted by a significant number of groups, species and items.

Group assortment - Set of homogeneous goods, combined general features and satisfying similar needs.

Deployed range - a set of goods that includes a significant number of subgroups, species, species, items.

The marching range is a set of goods of one type of vintage names. Such goods can satisfy both physiological needs and social, psychological. These are prestigious brands of cars, clothes, shoes, perfume.

The optimal range is a set of products that satisfy real needs with the most useful effect for the consumer.

The rational range is a set of goods that satisfy the real needs, which depend on the standard of living of the population, the achievements of science and technology and other features of the external environment.

The development of the product range involves the formation of the optimal structure of the range, removal from the production of obsolete products, the production of new products. Control using the scientific analysis of the established structure of the range, by forming a preferred range.

The main factors affecting the formation of the range are the demand and profitability !!!

Specific factors - the raw material and material base of production, the achievements of NTP and the use of modern achievements of science in the production of goods, socio-demographic and socio-psychological factors.

One of the fundamental characteristics of the product, which has a decisive impact on the creation of consumer preferences and the formation of competitiveness is quality of goods.

The choice of the range of consumer properties and quality indicators depends on the purpose of the goods and is prerequisite Establish quality of goods.

In a customs case, the time to preserve the quality of goods is taken into account in order to limit the timing of storage of goods in the FSA and Customs warehouse, the quantity and quality are taken into account for identification purposes, the establishment of the production conditions and the use of non-tariff control measures. In the cases established by the Government of the Russian Federation regarding goods of a certain type and quality, as well as bans, as well as quantitative and cost limits for importation, as well as restrictions on their use, premises for specific customs regimes can be installed.

Commodity diversity, which appeared during a market economy, created certain difficulties. The consumer has become difficult to choose the goods without reliable and accessible information.

Marking goods It is one of the means available to understand the buyer. The goods are labeled with text, brief annotation, conditional designation, drawing, etc. The marking must be a clear, visual, reliable and comply with the requirements of standards.
5. Questions submitted for discussion:

1. 
   The content of the goods is like science.
2. 
   Requirements for goods. Properties of goods.
3. 
   Merchantly classification of goods.
4. 
   The role of merchant goods in customs.

6. Recommended literature:

1. 
   Customs Code of the Customs Union (annex to the Treaty of the Customs Code of the Customs Union, adopted by the decision of the EurAsEC Interstate Council at the level of the heads of states from 11/27/2009, N17) // http://www.consultant.ru;
2. 
   Hamidullaev S.N., Simonova V.N. and others. Basics of customs examination: Tutorial. - SPb.: SPb branch of the mouth, 2001. - 250 s.
3. 
   Gamidullaev S.N., Ivanova E.V., Nikolaev S.L., Simonova V.N. Products and Examination of Food Products: Tutorial. - SPb "Alpha", St. Petersburg branch of the mouth, 2000. - 187 p.

Practical lesson 2.