Item, goals, tasks and history of product development. The role of goods in customs

27.09.2019 Where to begin

Products as a scientific and educational discipline emerged and formed in the process of developing trading production and exchange of some goods to others.
In the history of the development of goods, three main stages are distinguished:
- Mid XVI-beginning of the XVII century - merchant-descriptive - Guidelines are created with a description of the properties and methods of using various products;
- XVIII-beginning of the XX century - merchandising-technological -the influence of the properties of raw materials, materials and technologies for the quality of goods is studied;
- The beginning of the twentieth century - present - merchandising-forming - The scientific foundations of formation, assessment and management of consumer goods, quality, assortment of goods are being developed.
The founder of domestic merchant is considered to be Professor M.Ya. Kittara, which determined the subject and content of the discipline, has developed a classification and described the properties of goods. Professor P.P. Petrov and Ya.Ya. Nikitinsky clarified the content of the goods and showed its connection with production technology, agricultural and economic sciences. Professor F.V. Cerevitinov made a great contribution to the development of food products.

The origin of the term "commodity" Specialists also associate with two main words: "Product" and "Keeping".

Products - Science on the fundamental characteristics of goods that determine their consumer costs and factors to ensure these characteristics. The subject of commodities are the consumer cost of goods. purpose commodity - Studying the fundamental characteristics of the goods that make up its consumer value, as well as their changes at all stages of the range.

Tasks of commodity.

A clear definition of the fundamental characteristics that make up the consumer value;

The establishment of the principles and methods of the goods caused by its scientific basis;

Systematization of a set of products by rational use of classification and coding methods;

Study of the properties and indicators of the range of goods for analyzing the assortment policy of an industrial or trading organization;

Determination of the range of consumer properties and indicators of goods;

Assessment of the quality of goods, including imported;

Determining the quantitative characteristics of single copies of goods and commodity parties;

Ensuring the quality and number of goods at different stages of their technological cycle by taking into account the formative and regulation of preserving factors;

Identification of gradations of quality and defects of goods, the reasons for their occurrence and measures to prevent the implementation of low-quality goods;

Establishing types of commodity losses, the reasons for their occurrence and development of measures to prevent or decrease;

Informational support of the manufacturer to the consumer;

Merchantly characteristics of specific goods.

The role of merchanting B. customs business. The main principle of state regulation of foreign economic activity is to protect the state and legitimate interests of participants in foreign economic activity, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of Russian producers and consumers of goods and services.

Russia's accession to the WTO will lead to an even greater increase in international trade and expand the range of imported goods. In this regard, the tasks of protecting the consumer market from importation of dangerous and harmful products, identifying falsified and counterfeit goods. Under these conditions, the role of merchant products in the work of customs services is increasing.

The goods crossing the customs border of the Russian Federation is the object of customs clearance and customs control. During the customs control, a customs examination may be appointed in order to establish a country of origin, raw material composition, manufacturing method, cost, etc. Specialist with merchandising knowledge can contribute to ensuring effective counteraction of violations of customs rules and crimes in the customs sphere. Customs expertise, in addition, is one of the barriers to the protection of the country's consumer market from imports of poor-quality, harmful and dangerous goods.

2. The concept of products and goods. The concept of "goods" in the customs case.

Currently, there is no unambiguous definition of the above concepts. In the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" term "Products" means the result of the activities submitted in the material and real form and intended for further use in economic and other purposes. In accordance with this definition, only objects in material form can be attributed. International standard determines products As a result of the process, activities intended to meet real or potential needs. Moreover, the products can be material (raw materials processed materials, equipment, etc.) and intangible (services, information, intellectual labor products - software).

Merchase studies material products that have two main features: first, it must be made, and secondly, there must be someone's need (i.e. it should be needed) .___ products becomes a product when she It is the object of purchase and sale (commercial activities). In this way, product - Material products intended for sale. The concepts of "products" and "goods" differ in that the product becomes a commodity, being the proposed market. Product - Any thing, not limited to the turnover, freely alienated and turning from one person to another under the contract of sale.

There is a difference in determining term "product" - in commodity and customs practice .___In accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation (Art. 11) products - any movable property moved across the customs border, including currency, currency values, electric, thermal, other types of energy, as well as vehicles related to real estate vehicles, With the exception of vehicles used in international transport .__ That is, the goods by definition in the TK RF is the property. In accordance with Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the concept of property includes things (including money and securities) and do not include such objects of civil rights, as an action (work and services), information and intangible benefits. These recent objects cannot obviously be considered as goods.

3. Principles and methods of commodity, their use in customs practice.
Principles mericulture are: safety, efficiency, compatibility, interchangeability, systematization. Safety - the fundamental principle, which is in the inadmissibility of the risk of applying goods or the service of damage to life or health of people; property of individuals and legal entities, state or municipal property; environment; Life or health of animals and plants. Efficiency - The principle consisting in achieving the most optimal result in the production, packaging, storage, implementation and consumption of goods.

Compatibility - The principle determined by the suitability of goods, processes and services to joint use that does not cause unwanted interactions. Interchangeability - The principle determined by the suitability of one product to be used instead of another product in order to meet the same needs.

Systematization - The principle consisting in establishing a certain sequence of homogeneous, interrelated goods, processes and services. Systematization is the consideration of each object as a part of a more complex system. The principle of systematization is based on product methods - such as identification, classification, coding. Methods commodity are divided into empirical, or experimental and analytical ones.

Empirical Methods Depending on the used technical measuring instruments are divided into:

Measuring - physical, physicochemical, chemical, biological, are carried out using technical measuring instruments.

Organoleptic - methods for determining quality indicators using sense organs.

Analytical (mental) methods - This is an analysis, prediction, programming, planning, systematization, identification (method of identification, establishing a coincidence of one object with another), classification. For example, identification (goods

3. Wides of falsification of goods.

Falsification - This is an activity aimed at the deception of the buyer by counterfeiting the sale of a sales purchase for mercenary purposes. Distinguish:

Qualitative falsification is a fake with the help of food additives while maintaining / loss of other properties, replacing the highest gradation product to the lower.

Quantitative - deception due to a significant deviation of product parameters (mass, volume)

Cost - deception, by implementing low-quality goods at a price of high quality.

Information - deception with some kind of information distortion

Technological trading in the process of technological production.

Predalization - in the preparation of goods for sale, vacation to consumer

Examination of consumer goods are held at the request of trading organizations, enterprises of industry, law enforcement agencies, government, state control and supervision, railway stations and seaports.

Types of expertise: commodity; ecological; judicial; customs; technological; Economic.

Causes of trade examination. In the event of disputes between the manufacturer (seller) and the buyer on issues: 1) the quality of the goods; 2) damage to the goods during transportation; 3) damage to goods in accidents and natural disasters; 4) damage to the goods during long-term storage; 5) return by the buyer of goods having disadvantages.

8. Standardization, goals, tasks.

Standardization- Activities for the establishment of rules and characteristics for their voluntary repeated use aimed at achieving orderliness in the areas of production and product circulation and improving the competitiveness of products, works or services.

The main objectives of standardization:

improving the level of safety of the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, environmental safety, the safety of the life or health of animals and plants and with the action of compliance with the requirements of technical regulations;

rational use of resources;

technical and information compatibility;

comparability of research results (tests) and measurements, technical and economics - statistical data;

interchangeability of products.

Key Standardization Principles: Voluntary Use of Standards; Maximum accounting when developing standards of legitimate interests of interested parties; Inadmissibility to establish such standards.

13.Poodle approval of guests and that

18. Products of product information used in customs examination.

22. Explanation of the expert, its content.

The expert gives conclusion in writing on its own behalf. In the conclusion of the expert outlines the research conducted by him, made as a result of their conclusions and reasonable answers to the questions. If an expert in the production of expertise will establish important circumstances for the case, about which he was not issued by questions, he is entitled to include conclusions about these circumstances at its conclusion. The expert's opinion is not mandatory for the official of the customs authority of the Russian Federation, in production or on the consideration of which is the case of a violation of customs regulations, but disagreement with the conclusion of an expert should be motivated and reflected in the decision submitted by the case. In case of insufficient clarity or completeness, additional expertise may be appointed, assigned to the same or other expert. In case of unreasonably the conclusion of an expert or doubt in its correctness, re-examination may be appointed, assigned to another expert or other experts.

23. Sampling and samples, the order of selection, design.

The official of the customs authority of the Russian Federation, in production or on the consideration of which is a matter of violation there. Rules, it is entitled to receive a person or an official attracted to a responsibility for violation there. rules, head or deputy head, other employees of the enterprise, institution or organization sample samples, handwriting, take samples and samples of goods and other items necessary for conducting examination. In the necessary cases, samples and samples for conducting examination can also be carried out in persons, not mentioned in the first part of this article. The official of the customs authority of the Russian Federation, in production or on the consideration of which is the case of a violation of customs rules, makes a resolution on the taking of samples and samples. In the necessary cases, sampling and samples are carried out with the participation of a specialist and (or) in the presence of understandable. Protocol is drawn up on the capture of samples and samples.

26. The structure of the GOST and that on the products.

27.Translated classification of products.

28 . Merry goods. Classification. Quality indicators.

A group of air equipment: grain, flour, cereals, bread and bakery products, cracked, beam and pasta.

Classification of bread: 1) depending on the type of flour: wheat, rye and rye-but-wheat; 2] from the formulation - simple and improved; 3] According to the method of baking - formal and subside.

Varieties of wheat bread: White bread from wheat flour of the highest, first and second varieties, Arnaut Kiev, Kalach Saratov, Krasnoselsky.

Rye bread is made of flour of wallpaper, sprinkled and seeded simple and improved (custard; Moscow).

Rust-wheat bread bakes from a mixture of various varieties of rye and wheat flour in various ratios.

The main range: rye-wheat bread, Ukrainian, Borodinsky, Russian.

Assortment of bakery products: Baton, bars, bakery products (buns of high calorieness, puff, amateur, finely piece, dietary, feet), etc.

Varieties of bakery products: buns are buns, buns are featured with lipstick, cheese cheesecakes with cottage cheese, Vyborg's bars, Novomoskovsky buns, vita bales, etc.

Barcast products produce from a steep dough, with the addition of sugar, fat, molasses, etc.; After the formation of the test of the rings, the products are wardrified in boiling eode and subjected to scum.

Varieties of drinkers: 1) in composition - wheat, rye and rye-wheat; 2) on the recipe - simple and feet.

Simple crucks are made of simple bread.

Feeded - with the addition of sugar, fat, eggs, milk, milk.

Humidity of products no more than 8-12%.

Assortment of superstars: from wheat flour of the highest grade includes 16 items (vanilla, nuts); From the flour of the first and second grade - 9 items (road, urban).

Pasta is a valuable food product for long-term storage.

Composition: 72-75% starch; 10-11% proteins; 0.9-1.3% fat; 11-13% water.

Classification of pasta; are divided into groups A, B, B, and classes 1 and 2. The products of the group A is made of solid wheat (fool) and the flour of the highest grade of increased dispersion of solid wheat; B groups - from the flour of soft vitreous wheat; Groups in - from bakery wheat flour, which in terms of quality and amount of gluten is not lower than flour of soft vitreous wheat. The 1st class of products is made of top grade flour; The 2nd class - from the flour of the first grade.

Types of pasta depending on the shape: tubular (pasta, horns, feathers), thifree-shaped (vermicelli), lintsoid (noodles), curly (shells, sprockets, alphabet, etc.).

33.Worky products. Features of marking canned food.

Canned fish and preserves - ready-to-use and stable fish products in hermetic containers.

IN depending on the raw materials used and production technologycanned fish are classified on groups:natural canned fish; Canned fish B. tomato sauce; Canned fish in oil; Canned fish - vegetable; Canned fish in marinade; Fish pies and pasta. Presserves- Do not sterilize and produce fish from ripening at ambassador. Types of preserves: 1) from unrequited fish spicy post or special. any joam; 2) from the broken fish. Marking:metal banks label by sending downconditional designations in three rows: first- day month Year; second- assortment sign (up to three digits or letters, factory number); the third- Shift number and Industry Index (P).

Fish semi-finished products- chilled or ice cream products, fully sub-. Prepared for thermal processing.

Assortment of fish semi-finished products:fish fillet ice cream; Fish minced ice cream; Fish special cutting; soup kits; fish dumplings; Fish cutlets, etc.

Terms of implementation- from 7 to 72 hours depending on the type and conditions of storage.

Caviar- Product of reproduction "Formated in the organ of females of fish - jastek. It has a high biological, energy and taste value.

Calf color:w. sturgeonfish color from light gray to black, salmon- orange-red, u others- mostly grayish yellow.

Sizes of caviar:most large- salmon caviar (4-7 mm), smallersturgeon caviar (2-5 mm), the most small- in particle fish (1-1.5 mm).

Classification according to the processing method: 1) grainy caviar- the most valuable and common. 2) caviar Paths- made of fresh caviar with a weak shell; Its salted, pressed and tightly pack. 3) Sunny caviar- from fresh or ice cream jasts; Its salted, knit, dried, smoky. 4) Purple Icres- obtained from other fish (grades, villagers, particle).

Storage conditions:at temperatures +2 ... -8 "from 2 to 12 months.

39. Therapist, composition, types of ceramics, their expertise.

Classification, characteristics of the range of ceramic dishes.

Ceramics - These are artificial silicates of the amorphous-crystal structure, obtained by the firing of mass from plastic materials, extensive substances and smooth. By appointment, they are divided into household, architectural and construction and technical.

Basic molding methods: plastic molding, molding and semi-dry molding.

Signs of classification : Type of ceramics, molding method, appointment, shape, size, decoration type, completeness.

Products are decorated with underpowed and supervised paints, gold, solutions of salts, coloring oxides and decorative glaze with subsequent firing. Depending on the nature of the surface, decoration can be relief and smooth.

PORCELAIN (tour. Farfur, Fagfur, from Persian. Farfur), thin ceramic products obtained by sintering porcelain mass (from plastic refractory clay - kaolina, field spat, quartz); They have an ideble, water and gas-tight, usually white, ringing, translucent in a thin layer of a shard drain.

Porcelain is distinguished by the composition of the mass (solid, soft, bone) and by the nature of the painting (under-cordical, supervised). Dear collection grades of porcelain are called at the place of production or by the name of the owners of factories or inventors.

White shiny with bluish tint color.

Soft bone porcelain contains 53% smooth, 32% of clay substances and 15% quartz. High white and transluacity, but the strength and heat resistance is higher than that of a solid porcelain.

Soft fieldwall porcelain is intended mainly for artistic ornamental products, in particular, sculptures.

Thin-chamber products have painted in grayish, beige tones showing, an imperfect trekking with water absorption 0.5-3%. It is used for household dishes and articles.

Half-brain - Tone-ceramic products with a non-free white college, porosity 0.5-5%. Covered with colorless or colored icing. Made dining and tea dishes, dishes for food storage, some artistic and decorative products.

Fayans - fine-ceramic products with porous white college with a yellowish tint. Less mechanical strength is inclined to swelling. When you hit, I will make a deaf sound. Used in the production of dining rooms.

Maitolika is fine-ceramic products with a white or colored non-swivel sharp of various density. Covered with colorless or colored, transparent or deaf glazes. Apply for articles and household dishes.

Pottery ceramics - coarse-organic products with a coarser-grained porous creek, partially or completely covered with light-wave glaze

43.Shwear products, classification, assortment.

ClassificationUnder the range of sewing products understand the list of their goods united in the Group on certain features. The range of sewing products is great and complicated, includes different kinds and varieties of clothes, hats, as well as bedding, table underwear, etc. Sewing products are classified into classes, subclasses, groups, subgroups, types, etc. Sewing goods classes: household, sports, special, national, departmental clothing. Each class is divided into subclasses. Household clothing subclasses: outerwear, lightweight, underwear, bedding, corset products, hats. Products included in subclasses are divided into groups, for example, a group of outerwear: coats, raincoats, jackets, costumes, etc. Groups in the age of age are divided into subgroups, for example, a coat group - men's, female, for boys and girls of senior school School, pre-school ages. Sewing products are distinguished by types that differ in the following signs: species name, consumer floor, its age, seasonality and the use of the material used, the appointment of the product. Types of sewing products are divided into varieties that are characterized by three signs: the name of the product, the style, the complexity of the style. The last stage of the classification is the article (product number).

The role and importance of goods in the customs case.

In the context of globalization of the global economy, solving the task of Russia's accession to the WTO, the recognition of Russia as countries with a market economy increases the role and importance of customs regulation as an element of state regulation of foreign trade activities.Foreign trade activities - These are activities to carry out transactions in the field of foreign trade in goods, services, information and intellectual property. It is regulated by federal law."On the basics of state regulation of foreign trade activities." The main principle of state regulation of foreign economic activity is to protect the state and legitimate interests of participants in foreign economic activity, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of Russian producers and consumers of goods andservices.

Only a highly qualified specialist in the field of merchant can carry out expert activities. The practically working customs officer is also important to be able to distinguish the goods in completeness, degree of readiness to use, allocate their estimated indicators, to know the mandatory requirements for them and the criteria of the customs assessment.

The expert should know the requirements for the product under the contract of sale, transportation, insurance. At these stages of circulation, materials and products show themselves in different ways, and these properties for participants in the process are as important as those that will manifestconsumer. In addition, the Expert of the Customs Service controls the safety of imported goods.

There is a difference in determining the term "goods" - in commodity and customs practice.

In accordance with the Customs Code of the Russian Federation (Art.11)products - Any movable property moved across the customs border, including currency, currency values, electric, thermal, other types of energy, as well as vehicles related to real-mounted vehicles, with the exception of vehicles used in international transportation.

That is, the goods by definition in the TK RF is the property. In accordance with Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the concept of property includes things (including money and securities) and do not include such objects of civil rights, as an action (work and services), information and intangible benefits. These recent objects cannot obviously be considered as goods.

Property can be driven and immovable.

Real Estate (real estate) land, plots of subsoil, separate water bodies and all that is firmly connected with the Earth (for example, buildings, structures and perennial plantings).

The real estate (Art. 130 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) also includes air and sea vessels, internal navigation vessels, cosmic objects that are subject to foreign economic activity. The law to immovable can also include other property.

Movable property- Things, including money and securities that are not related to real estate.

Currency (Money) - Monetary unit of the country.

Securities - a document certifying property rights, the implementation or transfer of which is possible only in its presentation (Article 143 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). The securities include: state bond, bill, check, deposit and savings certificates, bearer banking book, billboards, action, privatization securities, etc.

Currency values - Values \u200b\u200bfor which currency legislation established a special limited treatment regime in the country: foreign currency, securities in foreign currency, precious metals in any form and condition, with the exception of jewelry and other household products, as well as scrap of such products, natural precious products Stones (Almaz, Rubin, Emerald, Sapphire, Alexandrite in cheese and processed form, pearls), with the exception of jewelry and other household products from these stones and scrap of such products.

Intellectual property - Intellectual property in customs is considered as a product if it is on the material carrier, the code of which is determined by the Russian VED. Otherwise, the transfer of rights to the intellectual property object can be considered as an export service.

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Federal Agency for Education

State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Chelyabinsk State University

Institute of Economics Business and Administration

Specialty: Customs

Course work

Commodity and examination in customs

Completed: Student of the 21T-306 group Savchenko A.K.

Checked: Gorchakova T.I.

Chelyabinsk

1. Objectives and objectives of customs examinations

2. Certification of goods in export-import delivery

3. Features of the examination of sugar

Bibliography

Introduction

Mercharged examination is a special competent study of the exact formulated question, origin, composition, security of the subject of expertise, its compliance with certain standards and standards requires special knowledge and presenting a motivated conclusion.

The purpose of the work is to study the goods and examination of goods.

Achieving the goal implies a decision of a number of research tasks:

1. Objectives and objectives of customs examinations;

2. To explore the certification of goods in export-import deliveries;

3. Features of the examination of sugar.

1. Objectives and objectives of customs examinations

The merchandise expertise of goods is, first of all, "study of the quality of the object, the correspondence of its parameters and properties of the relevant standards and gta stations." In many ways, the results of the examination depend on the experience and qualifications of the expert exercising. Often the evidence of certain defects of products does not give an objective response to the cause and mechanism of their occurrence.

The expertise of goods is carried out, as a rule, in order to identify deficiencies and marriage, (determining their materiality), identifying the mechanisms of their education, the establishment of consumer properties and characteristics of the object.

Customs examinations are interested in many suppliers, but they consider them only from a practical point of view. For a simple Russian, it is more important to learn the goals and objectives that are set before this type of verification. Thus, the goals and objectives of customs examinations can be called a relevant issue that interests many people.

The goals and objectives of customs examinations are not so simple, as it seems at first glance. In fact, you can see some of the most interesting moments that may seem too deep and incomprehensible. Nevertheless, you need to try to consider them. Start standing with goals, because they will be able to quickly and explicitly allocate all the tasks, because they flow out of them.

First, the main task of customs examination is the fencing of the domestic market from poor quality goods. This is the most complex goal, because the products should be checked from different points of view. Accordingly, you can immediately call several tasks that appear before customs officers. They must carefully check all the documentation. Moreover, details and certificates are used to determine the quality of goods. They are accompanying documentation, therefore are the most important part of the inspection. At the same time, you should always remember the speed of work. Often, the customs point comes cargoes with food goods, most of them are perishable products. It turns out that in some cases, experts should work as quickly as possible. True, most often the verification of the documentation is only the first stage, because not always the certificates fully meet real quality. Because of this, some types of products undergo epidemiological control. It helps to identify potentially dangerous goods so as not to miss them into the country. No need to think that this concerns exclusively food, such as some other goods, have high toxicity rates, which is also not skipped.

Secondly, customs examination should ensure the payment of all duties. Customs duties are always additional expenses for suppliers. Accordingly, often small "shutters" try not to pay duties. For this, careful inventory is carried out, which allows you to clarify the compliance of all products of the documentation submitted. Then, given the cost of goods in the Russian market, customs duties are counting. This task has become simple only after the appearance of new equipment at the checkpoints. It checks the weight of the cargo to immediately show the presence of a certain number of unaccounted goods.

The objectives and objectives of customs examinations should be called extremely complex. After all, the bandwidth becomes the first obstacle to smugglers who deliver fake to the Russian market. At the same time, the population is suffering, as well as the economy of the whole country, so there is a huge responsibility on the shoulders of customsists. At the same time, the volumes entering Russia are so great that sometimes it is only possible to wonder how experts can cope with such a dense flow. So, the goals and objectives of customs examinations should be found to know each person to understand the causes of periodic delays. This is to blame the suppliers themselves, trying to give up the payment of duty or to carry a poor-quality cargo through the border, which requires a thorough check.

Among the main tasks permitted by customs experts, the following can be distinguished:

- aimed at identifying objects, identifying an object according to its mappings, in a particular case of traces. This can also be attributed to the establishment of the samples and samples of the product of its name in accordance with TN VED, quality, places where goods were produced, etc.;

- diagnostic - identification of the mechanism of events, phenomena, method and sequence of actions caused by relations, etc. This includes technological examinations, determination of the exit rule, sources of raw materials, etc.;

- Expert prevention - activities to identify circumstances that contribute to the commission of offenses and crimes in customs legislation and develop measures to eliminate them. This include accumulation activities in collections and research of falsifications and predicting the emergence of criminal-hazardous commodity positions in the customs tariff.

2. Certification of goodsand export-imported supplies

Certification is a confirmation of product compliance with established requirements. This certificates in writing an organization that does not depend on the manufacturer (or the seller, or the contractor) and the consumer (or the buyer). Written confirmation of the established requirements is the certificate that you receive in this organization. In the Russian Federation, the role of such an organization is played by Rosstandard (Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology). Fedagenia is guided by the requirements of technical regulations, standards provisions, crops and terms of contracts.

Product certification is confirmed by an accredited authority to certify its compliance with certain standards and standards. In the case of compliance with the products, the certification authority issues a certificate of compliance with the established sample to the applicant. If the product inconsistency is revealed by the established requirements of at least one of the indicators, the certificate is not issued. In this case, if the products are included in the list of products subject to mandatory certification, it cannot be imported into customs territory or implemented in this area.

The order of importation into the customs territory of goods, which in accordance with the acts of the legislation of the Russian Federation is subject to mandatory certification, was developed in pursuance of the laws of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights", "On Certification of Products and Services" and determines the conditions for the customs territory of the Russian Federation of such goods.

Certification should ensure the import of goods in the Russian Federation that meet standards and other national documents establishing mandatory consignment requirements based on Russian legislation. It should be provided:

- safety and environmental cleanliness of goods;

- functional properties of goods;

- confidence in the objectivity and competence of the assessment of goods in their certification;

- the efficiency of certification and convenience for the applicant;

- mutual recognition of foreign certificates and test protocols.

When certified, characteristics (indicators) of products are checked and test methods that allow are:

- to conduct product identification, including checking the facilities for classification, compliance of technical documentation, origin, belonging to this party, etc.;

- fully and reliably confirm the compliance of products with the requirements aimed at ensuring its safety for the life, health and property of citizens, ambientInstalled in all regulatory documents for this product, as well as other requirements that, on the basis of legislation, should be checked for mandatory certification, under normal conditions for its use, storage and transportation.

The composition of other test indicators is determined on the basis of the purposes of certification of specific products.

Product certification includes:

- apply for certification;

- making decisions on the application, including the choice of certification scheme;

- selection, identification of samples and their tests;

- production assessment (if it is provided for by the certification scheme);

- analysis of the results obtained and making a decision on issuing (about refusal to issue) certificate of conformity;

- issuance of a certificate and license to apply the conformity mark;

- implementation of inspection control for certified products (if it is provided for by the certification scheme);

- corrective activities in violation of the compliance of products to the established requirements and improper use of the conformity mark;

- information on the results of certification.

Certificate of compliance of goods:

- hygienic certificate.

- Veterinary certificate.

- Phytosanitary certificate.

- Certificate of origin of the goods.

Certificate of compliance of goods. The document confirming the compliance of the goods established by the established requirements is certificates issued according to the rules of the certification system GOST RV of the Russian Federation, such a document is a certificate of conformity.

The specified certificate may also be evidence of recognizing a foreign certificate and replaces it in the territory of the Russian Federation.

In terms of contracts (contracts), concluded for the supply of goods in the Russian Federation, the availability of a certificate and a compliance mark should be provided, which must be issued or recognized as an authorized body of the Russian Federation.

For the purposes of customs clearance and customs control, a certified copy of the certificate is used, which must be manufactured by the method reproducing its form and content.

A copy can be certified by one of the following organs:

- notary;

- body issued certificate;

- Consular Institution of the Russian Federation.

Notary certificates certificate by committing a certificate inscription.

The authority issued a certificate assures it by staging the genuine signature of the head of this body (or the person replacing it) with its decoding and genuine printing.

A copy of the certificate remains in the cases of the customs authority and the return of the declarant is not subject to.

Use when customs clearance copies of certificates of conformity certified by notaries of other states are allowed. Currently, those states are the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Republic of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, as well as the country, the list of which is given in Appendix No. 2 to the letter of the SCC of the Russian Federation of 17.05.95 No. 01-13 / 6885.

Hygienic certificate. In order to prevent the adverse effect on the human health of the factors related to the production and application in the national economy and life of products, potentially dangerous to human health, pursuant to the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", the State Sanitary Epidemadzor of the Russian Federation introduced as a form of coordination of production, The introduction and use of products, potentially dangerous to human health, hygienic certificate for products.

The hygiene certificate is a resolution by the authorities and agencies of the State SeaPidem Service (importation) of products that meet the established requirements, and serves as an official confirmation of the safety of human health, subject to certain conditions.

Hygienic certificates are required for products that can have an adverse effect on human health in the conditions of production, storage, transportation and disposal.

The issuance of hygienic certificates is carried out by the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation at the stage of registration of contracts (contracts) when purchasing new products abroad.

When issuing a hygienic certificate to imported products, the requirements of sanitary legislation acting on the territory of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise determined by the International Treaty (Agreement) are presented.

Hygienic certificates are issued on the basis of an assessment of the security certificate of the supplier country issued by an authorized body, and (or) the results of products conducted in the Russian Federation.

The hygienic certificate is executed according to the established form.

The issuance of hygienic certificates for products is carried out:

- State Committee on Children's Food, Pesticides, Nutritional Supplements, New (Nontraditional) Products, as well as products purchased within international treaties;

- Republican (republics as part of the Russian Federation), regional, regional, urban, Moscow and St. Petersburg, the centers of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance - on all other types of products (for the production of engineering and instrument making, for other types of products - at the location of the organization-developer) .

The hygienic certificate is valid throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, unless otherwise specified.

The hygienic certificate may be issued with the limitation of the validity of the operation and import volume (export) of products.

In the event of disagreement of the applicant with the decision of the territorial center of the StateSanepidnadzor on the refusal of issuing a hygienic certificate, this decision may be appealed to the State Committee for Economic Eatery.

When importing goods subject to simultaneously mandatory certification for compliance with the RF standards and the controls of the states of state-poidenadzor of the Russian Federation, customs clearance is made subject to the Customs authorities of certificates of compliance of the State Standard of the Russian Federation, in the graphs 11, 12 and 13 of which should be indicated, including information about hygiene issued certificates.

Veterinary control is an integral part of sanitary and epidemiological control, which is carried out at the points of passage of goods across the border of the Russian Federation in order to protect the territory of the Russian Federation from the importation and distribution of particularly dangerous infectious diseases of people, animals and plants, as well as toxic substances. The goal of veterinary control is to prevent the use of particularly dangerous diseases of animals into the territory of the Russian Federation, common to humans for humans and animals, as well as goods, dysfunctional in veterinary terms.

The functions of the state veterinary oversight of the protection of the territory of the Russian Federation and control in the checkpoints are assigned to:

- Main Department of State Veterinary Supervision at the State Border and Transport;

- zonal management of state veterinary supervision at the state border and transport;

- Border control veterinaries in sea and river ports, at train stations, at airports, by road and post offices.

Employees of the State Border Veterinary Supervision are carried out in the prescribed manner of conducting a veterinary inspection of all types of transportation vehicles and controlled goods, following the border as foreign trade, including in hand baggage, luggage and postal sections, and decide on the possibility and conditions of their further transportation .

The import into the territory of the Russian Federation of animals and goods subject to veterinary control is carried out only in the presence of an international veterinary certificate.

The veterinary certificate is an international veterinary document of the established sample, issued for live animals, livestock and other goods to be veterinary control by the state veterinary doctor of the country exporter.

The international veterinary certificate remains in the division of the State Department and is laid together with other documents, instead of his living animals, a veterinary certificate of form No. 1 is issued, and under the products, raw materials and drigure controlled goods - veterinary certificate in form No. 2.

The basis for the export of controlled goods from the customs territory of the Russian Federation is the export veterinary certificate.

Export veterinary certificate is an international veterinary document of the established sample, issued to specific parties of living animals and supervised cargo vehicles and next to them to the country of destination. The veterinary certificate is discharged in Russian by the branch of the division of the Zone Department of the State Department.

For the purposes of customs clearance, a copy (photocopy) of a veterinary certificate is adopted, which, together with the first instance of the CTA, is kept in the customs authority. When the goods are released, the customs inspector launched in column 44 GTD at number 6 of the certificate number, the date of its issuance and the name of the authority issued it. The original of the veterinary certificate is returned to the exporter.

Phytosanitary certificate. The list of imported and exported goods to be monitored by statecrafttin, is given in the letter of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation of 11.04.97. No. 01-15 / 6721.

Fresh-frozen fruits, vegetables, berries, as well as salts, various canned vegetable origin and vegetable oil of all types of quarantine control of state-law bodies are not subject to.

The import of the above goods is allowed with the required primary (at border checkpoints) and secondary (at the destination) by quarantine phytosanitary control if available:

- phytosanitary control;

- Import quarantine permission.

A phytosanitary certificate is an international document issued by quarantine and / or protection of plants of exporting countries, certifying the phytosanitary state of goods, which should be attached to transport documents accompanying goods.

Imported quarantine resolution is a Russian document issued by the State Carantine of the Russian Federation (or, for small batches of goods - up to 500 tons - zonal administration of state-law), which determines the requirements and conditions for the importance and use of goods.

The basis for the adoption by the official of the customs authority Decision on the possibility of issuing goods to free appeal at the Customs Territory of the Russian Federation is the impression of the service stamp of the Zonal Goskarantina zerosarantina "Verified, quarantine objects was not detected, the implementation is permitted", which is affixed by the shipping documents (CMR, commodity and transport and etc.). The specified stamp is assigned by the signature of the State Inspectors of Karantine Plants.

The export of goods from the Russian Federation is carried out accompanied by phytosanitary certificates (Fitosanitary Sertificate) in the form provided by the FAO International Convention, certified by the original print of the triangular stamp and signature of the State Inspector on Carantine Plants.

Phytosanitary certificates are issued by state inspections on plant quarantine on the basis of a phytosanitary examination of timber in the area of \u200b\u200bthe workpiece and shipment of timber or by the results of quarantine inspection of timber before shipment.

To obtain a certificate, the applicant is obliged no later than 15 days before sending timber, contact the inspection with a request in which it should be indicated:

- the name of the timber and the amount intended for export;

- breed of wood;

- the name of the country in which timber is sent;

- recipient and its address;

- deadlines for the shipment of timber;

- border points (ports, pier, railway stations, airports, etc.), through which export of timber;

- Importer additional phytosanitary requirements for timber (copy of the contract, agreement or extract from it).

The phytosanitary certificate is issued to the cargo, separately for each transport unit (car, vehicle, vessel, etc.) no earlier than 15 days before shipment.

For the purposes of customs clearance, a copy (photocopy) of a phytosanitary certificate is certified for the purposes of customs clearance and signature.

When re-exporting goods, all quarantine requirements specified above are distributed. A certificate for re-export is issued to re-exported goods of plant origin.

Certificate of origin of goods. In support of the origin of the goods from this country, the customs authority of the Russian Federation has the right to submit a certificate of the origin of the goods.

When exporting goods from the Customs territory of the Russian Federation, the certificate of origin of goods is required in cases where it is necessary, and this is recorded in the relevant contracts, in the national regulations of the country of importation or provided for by international obligations of the Russian Federation.

When importing goods to the customs territory of the Russian Federation, the presentation of the certificate about the origin of the goods is required in the following cases:

- on goods originating from countries to which the Russian Federation provides preferences (benefits) on customs payments;

- on goods, the import of which from a given country is governed by quantitative restrictions (quotas) or other measures for regulating foreign economic activity;

- If this is provided for by international agreements, the participant of which is the Russian Federation, as well as the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, public health, the protection of the rights of Russian consumers, public order, state security and other vital interests of the Russian Federation.

In the certificate of origin of small lots of goods (cost to $ 5,000), the certificate presentation is not required if other accounting, commercial documents that have a reference to the manufacturer are submitted.

The certificate of origin of the goods must definitely indicate that the specified product comes from the relevant country and must contain:

- a written statement of the sender that the goods satisfies the relevant criterion of origin;

- a written certificate of the competent authority of the country of the export that issued a certificate that the information presented in the certificate corresponds to reality.

The certificate of origin of the goods seems to be together with customs Declaration and other documents necessary for customs clearance. When the certificate is loss, its officially certified duplicate is accepted.

Unless otherwise provided by agreements between the Russian Federation and the export country, the certificate must contain the following necessary information about the product to which it is issued:

- the name and address of the exporter;

- the name and address of the importer;

- the name (description) of the goods;

- means of transportation and route;

- the number of places, the nature of packaging, labeling and numbering;

- gross weight and net;

- invoice number (invoice).

In the event of a doubt about the impeccability of the certificate or information contained in it, including information about the country of origin of the goods, the customs authorities of the Russian Federation guide these certificates to the Customs and Tariff GTC of the Russian Federation for subsequent verification.

The certificate of origin in the form "A" serves as the basis for reducing the rates of import customs duties by 25% in respect of goods originating from developing countries, and exemption from the payment of import customs duties against goods originating from the least developed among developing countries.

In order to provide tariff preferences by customs authorities, only the certificate of the origin of goods in the form "A", made on a blanket with a protective grid and having 12 graphs, is accepted for consideration.

Certificates performed on other blanks (including a different number of graph), despite similar name, are not considered as a basis for providing preferences.

The certificate is submitted by the customs authorities of the Russian Federation in printed form, without corrections, in Russian, English, French or Spanish. If necessary, customs authorities may require the transfer of a certificate into Russian.

The certificate must be certified (graph 11) by the competent national authority of the exporting country (usually by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry) or the Ombuding Organization.

In accordance with the bilateral agreements on free trade concluded between the Russian Federation and other CIS countries (their list is provided in the order of the SCC of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1996 No. 258), the goods that occur from the territory of these states and imported into the territory of the Russian Federation are not subject to import customs duties and value added tax.

The procedure for determining the country of origin of goods imported into the customs territory of the CIS member states from third countries and exported to third countries from these states is governed by the national legislation of the CIS member states.

In confirmation of the origin of the goods from the CIS countries, a certificate of origin of goods in the form "ST-1" is approved, approved by the decision of the Council of Heads of Government of the CIS of 24.09.93

The named certificate is submitted to customs authorities in Russian, in printed form, without corrections.

The certificate must contain:

- the written declaration of exporter that this product comes from the relevant country;

- a written certificate of the competent authority that the information presented in the certificate corresponds to reality.

The certificate must be certified by the register of the authorized body or the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the country of origin, and the parties are exchanged by the seals and signatures of persons authorized to certify certificates of origin.

3. Features of the examination of sugar

The history of the development of the production of sand sugar. The Word itself - sugar comes from Sarkara Sanskrit (Gravel, Sand or Sugar); Starting the century, this term entered Arabic as Sukkar, in the medieval Latin as succarum.

The first mention of Sahara in antique times refers to the time of the hike to India Alexander Macedon. In 327 BC One of his commander. It is said that the reed is growing in India, giving honey without the help of bees; As if it is also possible to prepare intoxicating drinks, although there are no fruits on this plant. After five hundred years, Galen, the main medical authority Ancient MiraRecommended Sakcharon from India and Arabia as a remedy for the diseases of the stomach, intestines and kidneys. Persians, too, although much later, heavened the habit of sugar from the Hindu, and at the same time they did a lot to improve the methods of its purification. Already in the 700s, Nestorian monks in the Valley of Euphrates successfully made white sugar, using ash to clean it.

Arabs, distributed from 7 to 9 centuries. His holds in the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, brought a sugar cane culture in the Mediterranean. After a few centuries, the crusaders returned from the Holy Land introduced the entire Western Europe with sugar. As a result of the collision of the two of these great expansions, Venice, which turned out to the crossroads of Muslim trading pathways and christian MiraIt ultimately became the center of European trade in sugar and remained for more than 500 years.

In West Indies, when processing sugar cane, at the beginning of the press for pressing the cane was driven by oxen or horses. Later, in places blowable by the trade winds, they changed more efficient windy engines. However, the production as a whole was still quite primitive. After pressing the raw cane, the resulting juice was purified using lime, clay or ash, and then evaporated in copper or iron vaults, under which the bonfire was bred. Refining was reduced to dissolving crystals, boiling mixtures and subsequent re-crystallization. Also, in our time, the remains of stone millstone and abandoned copper cans are reminded in West Indies of the past owners of the islands that made the state on this profitable fishery. By the middle of the 17th century, Santo Domingo and Brazil became the main manufacturers of sugar in the world.

In the future, the main events in the history of the cane sugar are reduced to important improvements in the technology of its cultivation, mechanical processing and final cleaning of the product.

In 1747, the German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (Marggraf) (1709-1782) received crystalline sucrose from sugar beet. The most important event in the history of beet sugar occurred in 1799, when Franz Carl Ahard's laboratory experiments confirmed that the production of this product is justified from an economic point of view. As a result, in 1802, beets of beetroot plants in Silesia (Germany) arose.

In the early 19th century, during the Napoleonic wars, the British fleet blocked the coast of France, and the import of sugar from West Indies temporarily ceased. This forced Napoleon to turn to the German model and build a number of experienced beet enterprises. In 1811, it was already quite well established: Sugar beets occupied over 32 thousand hectares, refinery worked throughout the country.

After the defeat of Napoleon, the European market was literally littered with caribbean sugar, and the newly emerging beet production began to christmas. Interest in Him, however, again increased during the reign of Louis Philipp and Napoleon III, and since then it is one of the important industries of the France economy.

In America, the beet sugar was spoken in the 1830s. The Association that arose in Philadelphia delegated its representatives to Europe to study its production. From 1838 to 1879, about 14 unsuccessful attempts were undertaken in the United States to improve the production of beet sugar. The real catastrophe has befeated Mormons in the 1850s, when they purchased equipment in France by $ 12,500, delivered it to the sea to New Orleans, then up the Mississippi to the state of Kansas, finally, from there on the will in the Utah, but to launch him and failed. Success made E. Dyer, who applied new production methods in California. Thanks to him in America there has been his own beetroot production. Since then, it has been continuously developed, and now the proportion of beet sugar is about 25% of the total raffinade produced in the United States.

By the end of the twentieth century in the global production of white sugar, a stable relationship in the use of sugar-containing vegetable raw materials was developed: 30% sugar is made from sugar beets, and respectively 70% of sugar cane. Each country chooses for itself the most cost-effective raw materials. As a rule, it is associated with climatic conditions.

The creator and organizer of industrial beetroot production in Russia is Ya.S. Esipov. He, as one of the great patriots of Russia combined the qualities of the inventor, a designer, a scientist, etc. Blankennagel carried out the role of an investor in the construction of the plant in Alyabyev. In his memoirs, Esipov wrote: "The inconsistency of our morals made us disperse and put a new condition with witnesses."

In 1803, the Esipov built a new beetroot and saharaphorous factories in his estate in the Nikolsky Moscow province, where he, taking care of the construction of new enterprises in Russia, organized training of sugar specialists. Here Yakov Stepanovich also made the first economic calculation of beetroot production. It is known that Esipova did not become in 1805, and its plant, apparently, ceased existence.

Decisive in the emergence and successful development of beetroot production, as one of the technical industries engaged in the processing of agricultural products, there were factors of economic order.

Currently, in the sugar industry of the Russian Federation, there are 95 sugar factories with a total capacity of 276.1 thousand tons of recycling of beets per day located in 28 pectoral regions, which for the production season are able to develop over 3 million tons of sand sugar from beet. In addition, in the off-day period (January - August), as much sugar from imported sugar-raw sugar can be developed on sugar factories. Thus, the enterprises of the industry can provide the country with sugar without procurement of white sugar abroad.

Nutritional Sand Sugar

Factors forming the quality of sugar-sand. Factors forming the quality of the Sand Sugar include raw materials and production process. The raw materials used for the production of sand sugar must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents and the current technical documentation approved in the prescribed manner, according to safety criteria for the life and health of the population according to Sanpine 2.3.2.1078-01 "Hygienic requirements of safety and food value of food products".

For the manufacture of sugar-sand use the following raw materials:

- Sugar beets for industrial processing - GOST 17421 - 82.

- Cornefolds of sugar beets in quality must comply with the requirements specified in the table.

Corneflands of sugar beets - living organisms in which respiratory processes flow, and during improper storage can occur and rewarding the root of sugar beets.

Wastewater in the production of sand sugar should be cleaned and corresponded to SanPine 4630.

Safety requirements for the production of sugar-sand must comply with the requirements set out in the "safety regulations on safety and production sanitation in the sugar industry", approved in 1972, with additions No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9, 10, GOST 12.2.124.

Sugar beet is a bulk and perishable product, so plants for its processing are most often located not far from plantations. To obtain 45 kg of sugar from about 290 kg of beets, about 27 kg of coal and 16 kg of lime and coke are required. The process is composed of the following stages: extraction, cleaning, evaporation and crystallization.

First, the beets are wash, and then cut into the chips, which is loaded into the diffuser, where sugar is extracted from the vegetable mass of hot water. As a result, "diffusion juice", containing from 10 to 15% sucrose. The remaining beet believes serves as an excellent feed for livestock. Diffusion juice is mixed in a saturator with limescale. There are severe impurities here. Then, carbon dioxide is passed through the heated solution so that the lime tied does not sugar. Filtering them, get t. N "Purified juice." Whitening includes sulfur gas through it, and then filtering through activated carbon. Excess water remove evaporation. The liquid obtained in the final result contains from 50 to 65% sugar.

Crystallization is carried out in huge vacuum tanks with a height of sometimes with a two-storey house. Its product - the UTFEL - is a mixture of molasses with crystals of sucrose. These components are separated by centrifugation, and the resulting solid sugar is dried. Unlike reed, it does not require further refining and is suitable for use.

From melassa (first outcue), they receive evaporation to the second, and then the third batch of less clean crystals. They are dissolved and refined.

Defects, causes of occurrence. The problem of obtaining particularly pure sugar is mainly lies in the complexity and high cost of its treatment with various substances and reagents in the production process, including with the help of ion exchange plants. At the same time, standard measures to maintain the sanitary condition of workplaces, buildings and territory of the sugar factory, fulfilling the requirements for personal hygiene working, the implementation of preventive disinfectants of equipment, in other words, compliance with the sanitary rules for the production of sugar, and the use of known methods of its purification allow to produce sugar, the corresponding GOST 22 -94, no more.

Sugar-sand color affects the presence of melanoid formation products and phenol-containing complexes. It is believed that melanoides resulting from an alkaline-thermal decomposition of reduction substances by interacting monosaccharides with amino acids - one of the most harmful groups in terms of deterioration of the quality of sugar-sand. Another factor determining the quality of sugar during the processing of raw sugar is the presence of starch in the raw products. Thus, in the production of strong alcoholic beverages, the use of sugar containing starch destruction products (due to the precipitation of them with alcohol), can lead to the fallout of the sediment, in other words, the formation of muti in alcoholic beverages.

Common defects moisturizing, loss of flowability, the presence of unwanted lumps - the result of storage at high relative humidity and sharp air temperature drops; Uncharacteristic yellowish or grayish color and the presence of unbelled sugar lumps appear in violation of technology; extraneous taste and smell are formed when packaging in new bags treated with an emulsion with the smell of petroleum products, as well as in non-compliance with the goods neighborhood; Outsided impurities (scale, pile and fire) - the result of bad cleaning of sugar on electromagnets and use for packaging bags of poorly treated burlap.

Packaging, Marking, Storage Sand Sugar

Requirement for packaging.

Sugar sand is packaged by a mechanized manual in paper and polyethylene packets with a net mass of 0.5 1.0 kg.

Permissible deviations from the average arithmetic value of the net mass of packets with sugar should not exceed ± 2.0%.

Sugar sand is packaged in artistically decorated nets with a net mass (5 - 20) g, made of combined material (paper with polyethylene or microwave coating) according to the current regulatory documentation or import paper, equivalent in quality indicators and authorized by health authorities.

Permissible deviations from the average arithmetic value of the net mass bags should not exceed ± 3.0%.

Polyethylene packages must be made of polyethylene film allowed by the use of health authorities, according to GOST 10354, paper-of two paper layers: internal and outdoor.

For the inner layer, the brands of grades D and E - P are used for packaging foods on automatic machines according to GOST 7247, wrapping paper of brands in and d, according to GOST 8273, label paper of the brand A according to GOST 7625 or other equivalent in terms of quality brand qualities allowed for use Health authorities. The mass of paper with an area of \u200b\u200b1mi should be at least 70g.

For the outer layer, the paper brands D and E - P are used for packaging foods on automatic machines according to GOST 7247, wrapping paper brands in and d in accordance with GOST 8273, label paper brand A according to GOST 7625 or other equivalent on the quality of the quality brand, suitable for labeling in princess. The mass of paper with an area of \u200b\u200b1m should be at least 80g.

Sugar sand, intended for transportation by road, is allowed to be facked with a net weight of 0.5 and 1.0kg in single-layer paper bags made from wrapping paper brands in, d, o GOST 8273 or other equivalent in terms of quality brand quality, allowed to Application by health authorities. The mass of paper with an area of \u200b\u200b1mi should be at least 80g.

Paper bags are sealed with dextrin glue according to GOST 6034 or polyvinila acetate dispersion according to GOST 18992. For intracity traffic, it is allowed to sew paper bags with steel wire with a diameter (0.7-1.0) mm according to GOST 3282. Polyethylene packets are separated.

Packets with sand sugar are packaged in drawers from corrugated cardboard according to GOST 13511 Weighing up to 20 kg, and bags - in drawers from corrugated cardboard according to GOST 12312. The internal space of the boxes must be filled in such a way as to avoid the movement of bags during transportation.

Before packing the sugar, the lower valves of cardboard boxes are sealed with a paper tape according to GOST 10459 or a glue tape on a paper-based brand in GOST 18251, or stitched with metal brackets on wire - sewing machine, and after packing, the upper valves are covered with ribbon or tighten with steel packaging tape according to GOST 3560, fastened with contact method or in the lock.

It is allowed in coordination with the consumer packaging packages with sand sugar into a group packaging weighing no more than 12 kg of two layers of wrapping paper according to GOST 8273 or other equivalence in quality quality indicators. The mass of paper with an area of \u200b\u200b1mi should be at least 100g. Packages crucifably tied with twine according to GOST 17302 or glued in a machine manner.

For intracity traffic, packaging of packaging sugar - sand return container suitable for food and packaging equipment according to GOST 24831.

Sugar sand package with a net weight of 50 kg;

- in new fabric bags according to GOST 8516 and equivalence in quality indicators bags allowed by the use of health authorities and ensuring the safety of products;

- in return dry clean fabric bags, first and second categories; Customs Expertise Sugar Certificate

- in tissue bags with liners - polyethylene thickness not more than 0.100 mm, in size 109 cm 59 cm in accordance with GOST19360, paper three-layer glued open brands of Nm measuring 92 cm h 60 cm according to GOST 2226.

Sugar-sand, package also package weight up to 1.0 t. Soft specialized containers for bulk products such as MKP - 1.0 s according to the current regulatory documentation, with polyethylene liners from the film according to GOST 10354 grade 108-06 Food.

Sugar sand, packed in soft specialized containers, implemented organizations and enterprises whose list is approved by interested organizations.

Sugar sand, designed for transportation by road, is allowed to pack with a net mass of 40 kg in five or six-layer paper bags with one or two laminated layers according to GOST 2226.

Permissible deviations from the average arithmetic value of net mass 10 bags with sugar should not exceed ± 0.125%, the mass of one bag is ± 0.25%.

Sugar-sand bags are sewn with machinery threads: linen 105 tex h 5 and 105 tex h 6 according to GOST 14961, Cotton brands "EXCELLENT" in 9 and 12 additions with a conventional designation of OO about GOST 6309, from cotton yarn 34 tes, Synthetic or other threads providing mechanical stuff strength.

The distance from the seam to the edge of the neck of the bag should be at least 40 mm for new and at least 20 mm for the return bag.

For each bag with sugar, a label from waste of white or light tones of cotton fabric, or a harsh linen canvas, a synthetic nonwoven material based on lavsan, or from waste paper punching paper according to GOST 7362, reinforced on trimming cotton and knitted fabrics, size 9 cm H 5 cm. The label is applied to the neck of the bag, and is stitched simultaneously with the bag.

Sugar sand, intended for transportation by mixed railway - water transport, to the areas of the Far North and hard-to-reach areas, must be packaged according to GOST 15846.5.4. Request for labeling.

Packages with sand sugar are labeled by non-stacking paint in the printing method so that the product name in the size of the letters is sharply different from the rest of the data.

The paint used to print should not penetrate the packaging and give sugar to the outsider taste and the smell.

Marking must contain:

- notation of this standard;

- Net mass;

- Calorie 100g product - 398 kcal.

Marking of sacrament bags - sand must contain:

- the name and trademark of the enterprise - the manufacturer;

- Name of product;

- Net mass in grams.

Marking boxes with sand sugar produce a paper label with a sticker onto a stencil paint.

Transport markings - according to GOST 14192 with the application of the manipulation mark "Bear from moisture"

The following data characterizing products should be applied to labels:

- the name of the organization whose system includes a manufacturer;

- the name and trademark of the enterprise - the manufacturer;

- Name of product;

- the designation of this Standard;

- Net weight, kg;

- gross mass, kg;

- place number.

It is allowed to combine on one shortcut data characterizing products, and a 25mm manipulation mark of 25mm.

Transport and storage rules. Packed sugar-sand is transported in indoor vehicles and in containers according to GOST 18477 by transport of all types in accordance with the rules of cargo transportation, acting on the transport of this species, and without packaging in cars - Sugar locomotives and rail hopper - grains adapted for Sugar - Sand Transportation directed to industrial processing. Package and transportation of sugar packages is carried out according to GOST 23285, according to GOST 26663.

Corrugated cardboard boxes with polyethylene packages in coordination with the consumer are allowed to transport road and rail within individual regions (republic, region). Covered wagons, sugars and containers should be dry, without cracks, with a non-flowing roof, with well-closing hatches and doors.

It is not allowed to send sugar in contaminated cars, containers and holds with traces of previously transported heavily pollutants (coal, lime, cement, salt, etc.), smelling and poisonous goods, as well as in cars, containers and thumbs with robust or preserved the smell of paint .

Before loading sugar wagons, sugar surges, containers and holds must be carefully cleaned, in the necessary cases are washed and disinfected, the floors are sent with paper or clean paper cuts, or other materials. In railway robes, hooks and sharp protruding parts are wrapped with paper or cloth.

When serving sugar - sand with car transportes with sugar bags need to be laid on wooden pallets. In the absence of pallets, the body of the car is lined with tarpaulin, paper or pure paper cutting. After laying, the bags with sand sugar or boxes are tied with a tarpaulin.

Packed sugar-sand should be stored in warehouses, without packing in silos. Storage temperature not higher than 40 ° C.

Warehouses for storing sand sugar must comply with sanitary requirements approved in the prescribed manner. Before laying sugar to storage, they must be carefully cleaned, are ventured and sucked.

It is forbidden to keep sugar-sand together with other materials.

Control over the temperature regime of storage is carried out using thermometers or thermographs, behind the relative humidity of air - with the help of hygrographs or psychrometer.

Bags and drawers with sand sugar in warehouses with cement or asphalt floors should be laid on pallets covered with clean tarpaulin, horn, burlap or paper, for short-term storage, subject to the safety of sugar quality, it is allowed to lay bags and drawers with sugar on asphalt or cement floors without Pallets on the polyethylene film, which, after stacking, is wrapped into two lower rows.

Examination of quality sugar-sand. Organoleptic methods are methods for determining the values \u200b\u200bof identification indicators using human sense organs. Depending on the organoleptic methods defined, the following subgroups of organoleptic methods are distinguished depending on the results of the senses and the determined indicators: flavoring, olfactory, tactile, auditory and visual.

Measuring methods are methods for determining values \u200b\u200bof indicators in identification examination using technical measuring instruments.

Depending on the measurement tools used, these methods are divided into the following subgroups:

- physical methods - to determine physical and chemical performance indicators with the help of measuring instruments (measures, physical instruments, measuring installations, etc.);

- chemical and biochemical methods - to determine chemical indicators using standard substances, samples, measuring instruments and installations at various purposes of identification examination;

- microbiological - to determine the degree of dissemination by microorganisms, the presence of some polluting foods of substances, and the like. with special identification for the safety of goods;

- merchandising - technological - for identification in order to determine the degree of suitability of raw materials when using a technology or other technology, etc.

Test methods are usually used to determine the degree of security of one or another product over the sensitivity of the chemical or biochemical reaction. Recently, these methods are widely used and replaced more expensive measuring methods.

Conclusion

Mercharged examination is a special competent study of the quality, composition, origin, the safety of the subject of expertise, its compliance with certain standards and standards. Objects of research are a variety of goods, domestic or imported production, raw materials, as well as instruments and equipment. In addition, the examination of goods in quality is carried out in controversial situations in the field of trade, design or industry, as well as in cases where the loss of the commodity value of the object occurred under different circumstances.

The essence of the forensic expertise is to explore commodity (consumer) product properties with the help of special knowledge to determine the actual product quality (products).

Bibliography

1. GOST R 52427-2005 "The meat industry. Food products. Terms and Definitions".

2. Technical regulations of the Customs Union "On the security of meat and meat products".

3. Artemova, E.N. Theoretical foundations of food technology: studies. Validation / E.N. Artemova, T.V. Ivannikova. - M.: MO RF, 2008.

4. Voloshko, N., Hodikkin A., Lyashko A. Treating, Examination and Standardization / N. Voloshko, A. Khodikin, A. Lyashko. - M.: Dashkov and Ko, 2008.

5. Dramshva, S.T. Theoretical foundations of food products / S.T. Dramschev. - M.: Economy, 2006.

...

Types of research

There is a classification of customs examinations, including the following studies:

identification
merchandising
material science
technological and others.

Customs examination is conducted as one specialist and the Commission, which includes experts who have the same specialization. If disagreements arise between members of the Commission, each of them provides its report as an expert opinion.

In situations where knowledge of various specialists is required, a comprehensive examination is held. In this case, each expert explores the materials directly in its specialty.

Merchase examination

Mercharged examination in customs includes the study of the goods, the definition of its quality, origin, composition. It also establishes its security and compliance with existing standardization standards. At the end of the study, the expert issues a conclusion that includes identified reliable facts.

Product experts are subject to goods of public consumption from the domestic and foreign manufacturer, equipment of various purposes, raw materials for various industries. The study includes not only trade, but also agricultural and industrial sectors in conflict situations.

The mercy and expertise of goods in customs activities include the following:

Contract examination conducted under the contract or contract. At the same time, the number and quality of goods, the state of vehicles and the quality of packaging materials is checked.

Customs examination includes research activities, during which the tasks of the customs are solved:

source materials and goods are identified
a country of manufacture is installed
the commodity encoding is detected
checked Compliance with the product indicated labeling
a study is carried out to determine the rate of obtaining ready-made products from the processed raw materials, the processing method is determined and is identified.

Identification examination

Identification customs examination is aimed at establishing the belonging of this product on its characteristic features of any product group or the relevant list.

product ratio to food or for use for technical purposes
determined class or and group of goods
the correspondence of the quality of the product is determined by its technical characteristics.
the variety of goods is determined
the existence of the goods under study is determined in the list of prohibited

In order for the identification customs examination to be more efficient, it is necessary to select presentable samples of the goods, according to the characteristics and quality of which you can get information about the entire party. Also, according to the available samples, the compliance of the product standards standards is determined.

There are certain principles of customs evaluation of goods, which are based on international norms applied by the World Trade Organization. Also, the regulatory document is the law of the Russian Federation "On the Customs Tariff". Custom value can be determined by the value of transactions for imported, similar or homogeneous goods. The methods of subtraction, addition and various backup methods are also used.

In principle, all methods are allowed alternately. This procedure should not depend on the source of the delivery of goods. That is, regardless of the country supplying goods, the conditions of the transaction and other factors, the definition of the value of the goods should be held in a certain direction without any changes.

The procedure for holding a customs examination

The study is carried out by specialists of customs units or organizations with an expert profile. It is assigned to his person with knowledge necessary in this field. When attracting an expert from the part of the contract.

Customs Expertise Products may be products of various purposes, vehicles, customs, transport, transportation and other documents.

The deadline for the customs examination should not exceed twenty days from the date of submission of the necessary data. However, it can be extended in the presence of important reasons.

According to the results of the proced examination, the expert issues a conclusion that includes all the conclusions and all data on the procedure for conducting and used methods.

Experts have licenses for the right to conduct a customs examination work in the state of the Interregional Center P and estimates. In addition, modern technical equipment and the existing laboratory allow research of any complexity.

The conclusion issued by MCREO specialists is a plenipotentiary document and is adopted by all state bodies of the Russian Federation. Professional approach, objectivity and independence of experts are the main advantage of our company.

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