Different genres, as well as different forms of public speaking (lecture, report, speech, etc.) require different methods of preparation. But there is in rhetoric general rules preparation of a public speech - the rules that can and should be applied in the preparation of almost any speech, in any genre. These rules are called general requirements to public speaking. Let's name the main ones: 1. A decisive start to the performance.

2. Dramaticism.

3. Restrained emotionality.

4. Brevity.

5. Dialogue.

6. Conversation.

7. Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience

8. Understandability of the main idea.

9. Decisive end.

1. Decisive start of the speech The first phrase of the speech should be thought out, prepared in advance and well learned. You cannot stumble in the very first sentence of your speech or think about where you will start - the audience will immediately consider such a speaker to be insecure, incompetent. The first phrase should be clear and understandable for the audience. It should be prepared in advance and well rehearsed, pronounced confidently and expressively.

2. Drama is tension in the text. Dramaticism is created in a speech with a deliberate clash of different points of view, by the speaker entering into a dispute with any opinion, authority or point of view, when telling about any unusual or tragic events or incidents. As Dale Carnegie said, "The world loves to hear about wrestling." Dramaticism must be created in the text at the stage of its preparation.

3. Restrained emotionality Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. Listeners should feel that you are speaking emotionally, excitedly, that you yourself care about what you are saying. The performance should never be monotonous. However, emotionality should be just restrained. In this regard, it is preferable to cite facts that evoke emotions in the listeners, rather than speak too emotionally yourself.

4. Conciseness Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as smarter, more accurate, and contain true information. It is imperative to adhere to the allotted regulations, to keep within the allotted time, this increases the audience's confidence in you.

5. Dialogue The speech should be like a dialogue with the audience. The speaker does not have to speak himself all the time, he must ask questions of the audience, listen to her answers, react to the behavior of the audience. Any speech should have the features of a conversation.

6. Conversation The style of presentation should be predominantly conversational, the presentation should be in the nature of a casual conversation. This is the colloquiality of the presentation style. The conversational nature of an orator's speech significantly increases the credibility of the speaker, and hence the content of his speech. You don't have to use a lot of special, book, foreign words, it is necessary to speak more simply - this is also a manifestation of the requirement of colloquiality. You can use (moderately!) Reduced words, humor, joke.

7. Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience It goes without saying that this requirement is one of the most important. What does it mean to “connect with the audience”? This means looking at the audience during a speech, monitoring their reaction, making changes to your speech depending on the audience's reaction, demonstrating friendliness, friendliness, willingness to answer questions, and engage in dialogue with the audience. The audience should be divided into sectors and look at each sector in turn.

8. Comprehensibility of the main idea The main idea should be formulated in words, and preferably at least two or three times during the speech. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the audience loves conclusions and expects conclusions from the speaker in a formulated form.

9. Decisive end Like the beginning, the end of the speech should be short, clear, understandable, thought out in advance. The final phrase must be thought out in advance and formulated in words. It, like the initial phrase, must be rehearsed in order to pronounce it without hesitation, clearly and clearly. The final phrase should be pronounced emotionally, somewhat slowly and significantly, so that the audience understands it well and at the same time understands that this is the end of your speech. In public speeches of different genres, some of the above general requirements may manifest themselves to varying degrees: for example, the clarity of the main idea is more important in persuasive speeches than in entertaining speeches, brevity is more important in informational than in some types of protocol and etiquette speeches, emotionality in protocol and etiquette speeches may be higher than informational, etc.

42 Public speaking ending functions, ending options

The conclusion has two main functions - to remind the main idea and explain what should be done with it

The speaker needs to keep in mind both functions of the conclusion.

Ending options

It is better not to say: "And now I will make a conclusion" or "Now I am moving on to the final part of my lecture", the ending should be already obvious to the listener, without special introductory words... You can offer the following endings.

Quote, winged saying, saying, folk wisdom

This ending is especially well remembered in an audience with an average and below-average level of preparedness. For example: “The folk wisdom says correctly - will endure and fall in love”; “The Russian proverb says correctly - patience and work will grind everything. Thus, everything depends on us. "

General conclusion.

The result of the speech must be verbally formalized as a conclusion so that it is perceived by the audience precisely as a conclusion, as the main the thought of the speech: "So, ...". The main conclusion is formulated in full verbal form. Moreover, it should be short and expressed in simple words; after the output, you do not need to add anything or comment on anything.

An appeal to the audience.

You can end the speech by wishing the audience to have a good weekend or summer vacation, have a good evening, etc., congratulate them on the upcoming holidays, etc. In this case, listeners remember the speaker to a greater extent than the ideas expressed by him.

Summarizing repetition.

The main idea is repeated in expanded verbal form in the form of a thesis or enumeration: firstly, secondly, and thirdly. As listeners, we are mostly lazy, we have a short memory, and we are always grateful for a short repetition in any form.

Illustration.

The main idea is illustrated by an example, analogy, parable, allegory. It must be borne in mind that nothing needs to be added after it, the performance must be finished at this point.

Climax

The main idea is expressed at the end of the speech on a high emotional note, for example: "And history will write the name of this person in bright letters over the names of all those who tried to stop him!" Experts note that the climax as an effective ending is not suitable for all types of public speaking, but it usually makes a strong impression on the audience.

Compliment the audience

D. Carnegie gives an example of such an ending: "The great state of Pennsylvania must lead the movement to accelerate the arrival of a new time!"

A humorous ending.

It can be a joke, an anecdote, a funny story. “If you can, leave the audience laughing,” advised D. Carnegie.

Thanks for your attention

This is the traditional ending. A slight expansion can make it somewhat less traditional - if the speaker not only utters the usual phrase "Thank you for your attention", but also says a few words that positively characterize today's audience, its level, interesting questions that were asked, etc., that is, it will say

Compliment the audience.

For example: “In conclusion, I would like to thank you for your attention, for listening so attentively to me and asking interesting questions. It was a great pleasure for me to speak in your audience. " Or: “Thank you for your attention. It was a great pleasure for me to speak in your attentive and benevolent audience. " Or: “Thank you for your attention. And I want to separately thank you for the very interesting questions that you asked me. "

How not to end a performance

It is not recommended to end with an irrelevant joke - this causes bewilderment among the audience, and if the audience remains perplexed after the speaker leaves, the entire effect of the speech disappears. You should not apologize: “I understand, I did not manage to cover everything,” “I see, I tired you a little ...” and others. You don’t need to remember anything additionally after you have formulated a conclusion - the whole impression from it will be blurred. You can't cut off your speech without a conclusion and leave. In no case should you leave the audience in a mood of hopelessness and hopelessness in connection with the gloomy pictures you have drawn - you must definitely give the audience some perspective, outline a way out and express confidence that the worst will not happen. It is necessary to end the speech only on an optimistic note. It is not recommended to end the speech with a phrase like "That's all I wanted to say" - it is better to end with a phrase related to the content of the speech or with gratitude for your attention.

46 The concept of effective communication.

Effective communication be based on: respect for the interlocutor, and on the ability to listen to him, and to hear and understand his words. On the ability to feel the psychological mood of the interlocutor. On the ability to correctly identify his needs, aspirations and emotions. Ability to empathize and express sympathy and support to the interlocutor. Ability to sincerely express feelings. In short, the manifestation of sensitivity to the interlocutor. Applying affective listening techniques. Ability to apply verbal and non-verbal methods (channels) of influence in practice. Words, or rather the meaning of words and sentences, are transmitted using a verbal communication channel, and intonation, tone, volume and timbre of the voice, appearance, gestures, facial expressions - using non-verbal, etc. Using these communication channels, the sender sends a message to the recipient.

Rules for preparing a persuasive speech.

1. Use general rules of effective argumentation:

Be emotional;

Address vital facts;

Try to show listeners the real value of your suggestions or information;

Distracted by the presentation;

Use numbers;

Rely on clarity;

Use humor.

2. The topic of the speech should really be a question that is currently relevant and is being discussed in society.

3. Duration of performance - no more than 3 - 5 minutes.

4. Moderate emotionality (listeners should feel it).

5. Affect noble emotions (feelings of anger, hatred, justice, injustice).

6. To raise the question of truth - what is true and what is not.

7. Use short phrases.

8. Verbally express and repeat at least three times what is being proved

General requirements for public speaking

2. Dramaticism.

4. Brevity.

5. Dialogue.

6. Conversation.

8. Understandability of the main idea.

9. Decisive end.

1. A decisive start to the speech.

The first phrase of your speech should be thought out, prepared in advance and well learned. You cannot stumble in the first phrase of your speech or think about where you will start. The audience will immediately consider such a speaker to be insecure, incompetent.

The first phrase should be clear and understandable for the audience. It must be prepared in advance and well rehearsed, pronounced confidently and expressively.

2. Dramaticism.

This is tension in the text. Dramaticism is created in a speech in a deliberate clash of different points of view by the speaker entering into a dispute with any opinion, authority or point of view, when telling about any unusual or tragic events, incidents. As D. Carnegie said: "The world loves to hear about the struggle." Dramaticism must be created in the text at the stage of its preparation.

3. Restrained emotionality.

Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. Listeners should feel that you are speaking emotionally, excitedly, that you yourself care about what you are saying. The performance should never be monotonous.

However, emotionality should be just restrained.

One cannot but agree with the famous American specialist in teaching rhetoric P. Soper, who wrote that the listener feels awkward at the sight of an emotional revelry of the speaker. Let us recall the famous Gogol's statement about one teacher-orator: “Alexander the Great, of course, great person, but why break chairs? " In this regard, it is preferable to cite facts that evoke emotions in the listeners, rather than speak too emotionally yourself.

4. Brevity.

Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as being clever, more accurate, and containing true information. Brevity is especially appreciated in the Russian audience, which is reflected in the well-known expression: Briefly and clearly. It is imperative to comply with the allotted regulations, meet the allotted time. You need to learn to speak briefly.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Explaining how to speak in public, Roosevelt gave his son three pieces of advice: be sincere, be short, sit down.

5. Dialogue.

The performance should be like a dialogue with the audience.

The speaker is not obliged to speak all the time himself, he must ask questions of the audience, listen to her answers, react to her behavior. Any speech should have the features of a conversation.

Questions can be rhetorical, but first of all, short dialogues with listeners during the speech itself help to increase the effectiveness of the oral presentation.

6. Conversation.

The style of the presentation should be predominantly conversational, the presentation should be in the nature of a casual conversation.

This is the conversational style of the speech.

P. Soper wrote: "A public speech should have the qualities of a good interview with some adjustments in terms of voice, manner and topic to fully comply with the environment of the speech." The same idea was expressed by D. Carnegie: “A good speech is, first of all, a conversational tone and spontaneity, somewhat accented. Speak at a joint endowment meeting just as you would with John Henry Smith. After all, the members of the fund are not

nothing but the sum of the John Henry Smiths. " The colloquial nature of an orator's speech significantly increases the credibility of the speaker, and hence the content of his speech.

You do not need to use many special, bookish, foreign words, you need to speak more simply - this is also a manifestation of the requirement for colloquiality. You can use (sparingly!) Colloquial words, humor, a joke.

7. Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience.

It goes without saying that this requirement is one of the most important. Establishing contact with the audience means: looking at the audience during a speech, watching its reaction, making changes to your speech depending on its reaction, demonstrating friendliness, friendliness, willingness to answer questions, and dialogue with the audience. The audience should be divided into sectors and look at each sector in turn.

8. Understandability of the main idea.

The main idea should be conveyed in words, and preferably at least two or three times during the speech. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the audience loves conclusions and expects them from the speaker in a formulated form.

9. Decisive end.

Like the beginning, the end of the speech should be short, clear, understandable, thought out in advance. The final phrase must be thought over and formulated in advance. It, like the initial phrase, must be rehearsed in order to pronounce it without hesitation, clearly and clearly. The final phrase should be pronounced emotionally, somewhat slowly and meaningfully, so that the audience understands it well and at the same time understands that this is the end of your speech.

Different genres, as well as different forms of public speaking (lecture, report, speech, etc.), require different methods of preparation. These rules are called general public speaking requirements. Let's name the main ones:

A decisive start to the performance. The first phrase of your speech should be thought out, prepared in advance and well learned. You cannot stumble in the first phrase of your speech or think about where you will start.

Clear pronunciation, well-trained voice. Agree, it is impossible to influence the listeners and "reach out" to their minds and feelings if you speak in a monotonous hoarse, hoarse, nasal voice. Work on your voice on your own or attend a training - this is an investment in your future.

Normal to average speech rate. Excessive haste is usually caused by the orator's timidity, the meaning of quickly spoken words is poorly perceived, the listeners do not have time to follow the orator's thought. Too slow, not emotional speech, on the contrary, shows the speaker's indifference to the speech, and it is difficult for the audience to grasp the meaning of what was said.

Dramaticism. This is tension in the text. Dramaticism is created in a speech in a deliberate clash of different points of view by the speaker entering into a dispute with any opinion, authority or point of view, when telling about any unusual or tragic events, incidents.

Restrained emotionality. Emotionality is a mandatory requirement for public speaking, an absolutely necessary element of it. Listeners should feel that you are speaking emotionally, excitedly, that you yourself care about what you are saying. The performance should never be monotonous. However, emotionality should be just restrained.

Brevity. Short speeches are viewed by most audiences as being clever, more accurate, and containing true information. Brevity is especially appreciated in the Russian audience, which is reflected in the well-known expression: Briefly and clearly.

Dialogue. The performance should be like a dialogue with the audience. The speaker is not obliged to speak all the time himself, he must ask questions of the audience, listen to her answers, react to her behavior. Any speech should have the features of a conversation. Questions can be rhetorical, but they help to increase the effectiveness of oral presentation, first of all, short dialogues with listeners during the presentation itself.

Conversation. The style of the presentation should be predominantly conversational, the presentation should be in the nature of a casual conversation. This is what the conversational style is all about.

Establishing and maintaining contact with the audience. Establishing contact with the audience means: looking at the audience during a speech, monitoring their reaction, making changes to your speech depending on the reaction, demonstrating friendliness, friendliness, willingness to answer questions, and dialogue with the audience. The audience should be divided into sectors and look at each sector in turn.

Understandability of the main idea. The main idea should be conveyed in words, and preferably at least two or three times during the speech. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the audience loves conclusions and expects them from the speaker in a formulated form.

The figurativeness of expressions, the poetry of speech. The speaker's speech should be specific and evoke vivid visual images in the audience. If possible, you should avoid faceless, formulaic, dry speech turns. The more imagery and expression in the orator's speech, the better the listener perceives (and remembers) it.

A decisive end. Like the beginning, the end of the speech should be short, clear, understandable, thought out in advance. It, like the initial phrase, must be rehearsed in order to pronounce it without hesitation, clearly and clearly. The final phrase should be pronounced emotionally, somewhat slowly and meaningfully, so that the audience understands it well and at the same time understands that this is the end of your speech.

1. Comprehensibility of the main idea, accessibility of presentation. According to P. Soper, "it is usually not the topic that is incomprehensible, but the presentation." In order for the main idea to be understood, it is necessary, first, to have it, that is, to know firmly what you want to say; secondly, to make it accessible to listeners. As a result, the audience should be able to answer the question and articulate what the speaker wanted to say.

2. Decisive start and decisive end. They should be concise, clear, understandable and thought out ahead of time.

3. Brevity - it is important to follow the rules and even save a little time, because the speaker who finished his speech by 1–2 min. ahead of the announced time, always increases its rating with the audience. Short speeches are considered more intelligent, correct, and contain true information.

4. Conversation - the presentation should look like a frank conversation with the audience, it should be in the nature of a conversation. D. Carnegie: “A good speech is, first of all, a conversational tone and spontaneity, somewhat accented. Speak as if you were talking to John Smith. The audience is nothing more than the sum of the John Smiths. " Conversation increases confidence in the speaker, and therefore in the content of his speech.

5. Restrained emotionality, which should be pleasant for the listener and have a positive impact. Otherwise, the listener will feel uncomfortable. Address the facts that evoke emotions, rather than the emotions themselves.

6. Expressed need to convey the idea to the audience - the audience should see that all this is being said specifically for them. Without addressing the audience, the performance is less absorbed. Sincerity, the need to speak in front of a given audience should be felt throughout the entire speech.

7. Establishing contact with the audience - contact with the audience involves:

- correction of speech in its course;

- audience behavior management;

- managing your own behavior.

The contact can be established not immediately, only over time or with the use of special efforts. If you follow the previous requirements, then contact is usually established.

The main disadvantages of modern verbal communication are its aggressiveness and demagogic nature. Speakers often manipulate public consciousness by using turns of phrase as you know, quite obvious, as we all know, there is no doubt to emphasize your confidence in the listener's agreement by expressing praise to the addressee ( as a thinking, intelligent, modern person, you cannot but agree ...), presenting subjective opinion in the form of a categorical judgment.

In the arsenal of speakers - a variety of techniques "sliding", "blurring", "darkening" the meaning of the statement. For example, euphemisms are often used, i.e. softer expressions ( a camp for displaced persons instead of a concentration camp), words with negative evaluations ( spy instead of scout), expressions with vague meaning ( consumer basket), synecdoche (when the part is used in the meaning of the whole or the whole in the meaning of the part: The White house. Kremlin as the designation of parliament or presidential administration).

The struggle (atonality) of the participants in modern speech communication is obvious. Here is just a small list of incorrect techniques that are often used in public speech: stirring up the anger of the opponent; gluing labels; the game of authorities; indiscriminate accusation ( bullshit), the arrogant answer ( any student knows this), playing on pride; psychological pressure; false arguments; axiomatic statements that allegedly do not require argumentation ( "Russia is the most reading country in the world"). Atonality also manifests itself in the criminalization of the language, in the use of the vocabulary of the underworld ( substitute, run over, sixes, etc.), as well as in its "militarization" ( go on the offensive, the front line of the fight).

Public or, otherwise, oratorical speech is a special form of speech activity in the conditions of direct communication, speech addressed to a specific audience. It is pronounced with the aim of informing the audience and exerting the desired impact on them (persuasion, suggestion, inspiration, call to action, etc.).

Etc.). By its nature, it is a monologue speech, that is, designed for passive perception, not involving a verbal response.

Public speeches can be included in other forms of business communication, such as business meetings, conferences, discussions, presentations, or they can be of independent significance. Speech in a business environment is aimed at achieving pragmatic goals, for example, a speech by a lawyer - to the effectiveness of protecting a client, a speech by a leader at a meeting - to stimulate high productivity of its participants, to inform, speech at a rally - to convince participants, to call them to action, and t. and.

Speech as a component business communication should be not only convincing, but also eloquent, evidence-based, logical, thoughtful.

1. Speech should be exciting and useful from start to finish. A French proverb says, "A good speaker should have a head, not just a throat." The listeners feel for sure whether there is a rational grain in the performance.

2. Any speech must have a carefully thought out internal structure. The composition of a public speech should include an introduction, body and conclusion.

3. The speech should be listener-oriented, depending on whether it is intended for an individual interview or for speaking in front of a large audience. It can appeal to a diverse audience.

The five commandments of the art of speech, which have not lost their relevance to this day, were proposed by the British diplomat Sir Hamilton back in the 18th century:

Understand what to say;

Organize: what is on the case, and what is for fun;

Put in words and decorate with a syllable;

Imprint in memory;

It is pleasant and dignified to present it.

These commandments are reflected in the book by Paul L. Soper "Fundamentals of the Art of Speech. A book about the science of persuading. " The author of the book gives the following tips for aspiring speakers:

1. Choose a topic that suits your knowledge and interests.

Choose a range of topics for which training can provide you with more knowledge than your potential audience, or a topic from an area in which you have at least as much experience as the audience. The speaker must have a public interest and a broad outlook.

2. Choose an appropriate topic. The choice of topic depends on the place, time and mood of the audience, on the relevance of a particular moment. The official reason should sometimes be used as a starting point for the development of your chosen topic, which, in turn, can become more interesting and more important.

3. Choose a topic that suits your audience. The topic should be interesting, important and understandable for the listener. It depends mainly on the following factors: a) the main interests of the audience; b) group interests; c) urgent interests; d) specific interests; e) the novelty of the topic; f) polar opinions inherent in the topic.

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