The use of diamonds in the modern world. Almaz stone. Properties of diamond. Description of Almaz
In this I want to talk about this amazing natural mineral once again. Diamond - The most substantity of all existing in nature and most revered and expensive stone.
Diamond properties and origin
His name comes from the Greek word Adamas, which means "invincible", and emphasizes his extraordinary and stability.
As far as we can see, we have evaluation criteria for diamonds much more complicated than gold. However, we know that a diamond ring, a combination of gold diamonds, which will keep us from all the evils of the Earth, is not portfolio investment.
From here you can remember that the place of the gold or diamond ingot of at least one carat is the box of values. One of the advantages of the gold diamond is that the large ingot 12, 5 kg can be reduced to 2, 4 grams, weighing 12 diamonds per carat or only 1, 2 grams - two diamonds of three carats.
The intensity of the production and processing of diamonds is superior to all other precious.
In its chemical diamond composition - Clean, as well as, but its extraordinary - the result of the crystal structure formed at high temperatures and high pressure in the upper layers of the land mantle. Most were formed in the earth's crust at a depth of 80-150 km.
However, let's leave aside the differences between gold and diamonds as placing places to make a general conclusion. When the interest and stocks disappoint us, diamonds and gold can also be used as an alternative. And since the main purpose of this placement is to preserve itself from shocks, those who invest long-term funds in diamonds will find well-preserved, really positive importance, that is, on official inflation.
But we will dwell on the Nadezhda diamond, one of the most valuable, but also the most famous precious stones, since his history is covered with countless crimes and misfortunes of all kinds. This brought him a reputation to bring evil to those who carries it.
Since consists of carbon, then at a very high temperature in the air or in oxygen it burns.
The idea that the magician was first expressed in 1675 by Isaac Newton (1642-1727), an outstanding English scientist and mathematician, and the first incineration experience was held 19 years later by the Italians of Aerian and Tarjoni.
Diamond education and mining
As for Taverns, it is known that his next trip to India was broken and killed by wild dogs. Also, Princess Lambal, which once borrowed a diamond, was killed by an angry crowd on the way to the place of execution. During French revolution Blue diamond disappeared along with other valuable decorations.
According to some data, the diamond, stolen from France, would be rebuilt in the current form of the Dutch grinder Wilhelm Folce. It is said that he died because of the suffering committed by his son Hendrik, who stole his diamond. In turn, Hendrik committed suicide.
Usually found in the form of flat octahedral, less often - in the form of cubic, often with curved edges.
As long as in the middle of the XIX century, the rich kimberlite deposits in South Africa were opened (called the city of Kimberly, where they were first discovered), most of the alluvial deposits (from the river and coastal pebble).
The next owner of an invaluable diamond will be the Greek merchant Simon Megatidez, who, together with his family, became a victim of the accident in the mountains. Russian Duke Igor Kanikovsky, heirs of a diamond, shot his girlfriend, the Paris dancer Lucuc, one day at night, when she wore a diamond. In turn, Kanniksky loses his life on a duel.
Her son dies in a car accident, the husband finishes his days a mental illness, and his daughter dies sleepy with the help of sleeping pills. Diamond hopes crossed the oceans and continents from the hands of kings to businessmen. What is the crystal structure of diamond? In diamond carbon atoms are located in the tetrahedral crystal network.
The magmatic rock of Kimberlite is rich, and. In the West, Australia is mined from ultrasound mountain breedsClose to their composition for kimberlites.
These breeds can be in the earth's crust for a long time until the volcanic eruption continues to be on the surface.
The structure of the crystal controls their shape and habit. The cubo-octaneic habit has the highest hardness and wear resistance in severe mechanical conditions. What are the properties of a synthetic diamond? Today, diamond is the most complex material. Its main applications are in the instrumental industry.
The table below shows some physical properties of diamond. Managing the processes of origin and growth determines the physical properties of the diamond. What is a diamond "saw class"? Diamond powders, starting with 80 mesh. Up, called "grade". They differ from each other with their hardness and shape. What supersabrasive materials are used in grinding circles?
A small amount was also found in. More than 2,000 years ago were known, but they were not engaged in the cut, as it was believed that it deprives the stone of his properties.
About the existence of diamonds knew and wrote more Pliny senior (23-79), but in Ancient Rome They appreciated low, for the Romans could not handle such stones.
Diamond processing and cut
Diamond crystal is used to process color materials. Bohr's cubic nitride is used in grinding and honing tools for processing solid iron-containing alloys. Bora cubic nitride has wonderful mechanical, physical and chemical properties. This is the second abrasive material after diamond, but it has a higher thermal resistance than diamond.
Cubic boron nitride is especially used to process solid iron-containing materials. The performance of cubic nitride nitride tools exceeds the characteristics of diamond or conventional abrasives due to high-precision rectification supported at high versions of the material.
In the XIV century Europeans began to do with a cut of octahedral crystals and "Rose" for small fragments.
The cut first appeared in the XVII century and by the beginning of the 20th century was significantly improved. Nowadays for diamond cuts Lasers are widely used.
Diamonds are the first precious stones whose weight began to measure in. Over the years, the weight of one carat differed in different countries, but in 1907 a metric carat was established, equal to 200 mg (0.2 g).
What is the role of metal coating of diamond powders? The coating of nickel and copper is more than 60% of the total mass of the diamond particle or cubic boron nitride are used in resin resins. The effect of the precipitated metal layer is to improve the fixation of particles and dispersion of heat allocated in the process of rectification.
Titanium coatings in high-temperature binders are also used to protect diamond when working with a tool. Refilization is an operation of obtaining black and colored chips of different diameters. Diamond diamond plates and processing discs building materials, natural stone, Glasses, ceramics, composites, semi-precious stones.
Most likely, the word "carat" comes from the Greek word keration, which means the "pod of the horn tree", the seeds of which served as a measure of weight in the countries of the Mediterranean.
Diamonds have an ideal crystalline form and high symmetry. Non-faceted stones may seem round and fatty, but it is necessary to break them or protect them, as diamond shine and dispersion appear, which gives the stones of extraordinary sparkling.
What residues are processed to extract noble and precious metals? In addition, platinum and rhenium are removed from the waste of chemical installations for fertilizer. Noble and precious metals are extracted from various industrial waste.
Restored products have a purity of at least 95, 5%. The purpose of such a topic will open opportunities for future cooperation between the two countries. Tamar Shafrir - designer, writer and curator. Previously, she worked as an architect in Zurich and London. The studio uses a variety of media, including exhibitions, publications and cinema to explore the production and settlement of space as a form of social and political practices.
Perhaps the best thing that reveals diamond diamond cut, in our day, the most popular. It contributes to the fact that the edges reflect the maximum number of light falling on them.
Other common types of cuts include "Kushon", "Padelook" (pear-shaped), "Marquis", fantasy, round and square.
Marilyn Monroe once sang: "Diamonds are the best friends of girls - diamonds - the best friends." Currently, the melody is increasingly accepted by scientists and engineers. In addition to the chemical element in the carbon form, the future of many advanced development technologies is no longer possible. In addition, diamonds are excellent in terms of fiber, and pearls are good electrical insulators; They are optically transparent in a wide spectral range and do not react with almost all chemical compounds.
At the same time, these unique features have recently allowed to use precious stones in a variety of applications. The electrical conductor required for the electrode, the diamond belonging to the dielectric category is actually absorbed by the boron digestion. The tests have shown that the electrodes allow you to use aliphatic and aromatic materials, such as isopropanol or phenol, for separation of harmless carbon dioxide. Even highly toxic cyanides can be decomposed to permissible concentrations.
Small (weight less than 0.25 carats), which are used to decorate inserts from larger stones, are called "rospets".
On jewelry quality - without flaws, transparent and colorless, which are used for the manufacture of various, accounts for about a quarter of all mined diamonds.
In the process of processing and cutting, more than half of their source weight is lost. Price diamond Depends on its transparency and coloring.
Ozone and hydrogen peroxide are intensively produced in water on the electrodes, so diamond systems can be successfully used to disinfect water in water. Even large squares Diamond layers using glass glasses. Points with coatings can potentially protect the sun-floated batteries in the desert, as diamonds effectively prevent abrasive damage to the wind and smells. Average, more transparent and more resistant to mechanics is missing. Friction and wear reduce cleaning more details, which leads to billions of losses per year.
Almazy color
Since most diamonds have inclusion, due to which they acquire yellowish,, greenish and color, the most expensive and rare - absolutely colorless and transparent. The most rare and green diamonds.
The saturated colors, the so-called fantasy, are valued very high, and the most expensive are the blood. Diamonds are painted and - in nuclear reactors.
Many details and crankshaft must be applied continuously. Since ceramics cannot be used anywhere, and wear-resistant plastic is not stable enough, new coatings are becoming more and more important. Of particular importance is the use of polycrystalline carbon coatings of diamond type, which can be obtained very subtly when using chemical gas deposition. Using this method, diamond coatings can be applied to the most spacious layers, from solid metal to glass.
The diamond is the most solid medium, so its coating is ideal for various crane treatment environments: grinding machines, milling machines, turning knives. If you compare the lid and do not cover the diamond crankshaft, it will quickly become the first promise.
because of high hardness diamond It is possible to protect one diamond to pollen and polish one diamond.
Imitation diamond
For diamonds are used,, titanate ,,, synthetic-aluminum, as well as other stones and materials.
Synthetic diamonds For the first time were obtained in 1955 and since then is widely used in industry.
Special media were and will be micromechanism of worlds, until then, amorphous silicon is used. Diamond micromechanisms due to their high hardness and elasticity are more durable and have a lifespan of ten thousand times more. Thus, the future of diamond is very blurry in technology. Moreover, no one threatens his friendship with girls.
Friction and wear reduce the age of different parts of the machine, causing billions of losses annually. Many details and tools should be applied constantly. Since ceramics cannot be used anywhere, and wear-resistant plastic is not stable enough, the new tool is becoming more and more important. An extremely large range of applications can be found in ultra-thin polycrystalline diamond coatings, which can be applied to various surfaces from solid metal to glass using chemical gas deposition methods.
More than three quarters of all mined diamonds are industrial quality, although different mines and mines have different figures.
Technical small diamonds from to brown color Called on board, carbonate or baptas.
Application of diamond
They are used for the manufacture of drills, glass cutters, for pickups, saw for sawing construction, roll rollers to pull wire.
Although chemical element Almond is charcoal, unlike black and soft graphite, diamonds crystallized into the most sensitive material, known on Earth. Diamonds are perfectly spilled by heat, do not react with almost all chemical compounds, are good electrical insulators.
However, almost a few years ago, there were almost no work on cutting diamonds or drilling. Now it is a permanent companion for modern construction work: diamond segments are produced in several types, each of which is designed to drill concrete building materials - drilled holes in reinforced concrete, stone, ceramic, brick, silicate, concrete. Diamond coatings are ideal for various material processing tools: drills, cutters, discs, turning knives.
In addition, they are used in the production of abrasive materials, as well as for the processing of other diamonds, for in some one direction the crystal may be less solid than in the rest.
Almaz stone It has perfect spikes in four different directions parallel to the edges of the crystal - octahedra, so that it can be easily divided into several smaller stones.
Allows you to adapt to changing requirements. Diamond tools for builders facilitate adaptation to changing design requirements. The preservation of building structures today often requires that the technological holes are drilled or cut without vibration, which often disrupts the construction of a building until the construction is completed; In order not to leave the communication holes in the concrete, which will then be drilled in diamond drills. This allows you to speed up construction works and improve accuracy and quality of work.
Features of the properties of diamond
Based on them physical properties Diamonds Divided into two categories: Type I and type II. Supported to type I is contained as an impurity and are divided into diamonds of type 1a, in which layers and diamonds of LB type, in which nitrogen is in a dispersed state.
Approximately diamonds from each thousand belong to type I. Type II diamonds, such as natural blue stones, layers and do not have nitrogen impurities.
In contrast to type stones, stones belonging to the type of Pa, do not conduct electricity. Quality stones are detected both among diamonds of type I and among type II, and some diamonds are a combination of characteristic features of both types.
The largest diamond Of all ever found - this is "Kullynan", which has already been described above. He weighed 3106 carats; It was found in 1905 at the Premier Minister in South Africa, in Transvaal.
Later it was divided into 9 large and 96 small. The largest of the faceted diamonds is "Kullin-I" (his second name "Star of Africa") weighs 530.2 karats and the Royal Scepter of the British Empire.
Another diamond, a blue stone "Hope" (45,52 carats), is known as a stone that brings troubles and misfortune to its owners. Now he is in the Smithsional Institute in the United States (Washington, District of Columbia).
There is also the largest impeccable yellow brilliant "Oppenheimer" from South Africa (253.7 karat). The largest diamond of industrial quality (3,167 carats) was found in the Brazilian Baya state.
Deposit diamond
The richest deposits of diamonds are in Kimberly (South Africa). The first diamond was found there in 1866 on the bank of the Orange River. Many famous diamonds, such as Koh-I-Nor, were found on Golconda mines (South India).
Up to 1725, when diamonds were found in Brazil, it was India that was considered the main supplier of these precious stones. Until now, small diamonds of good quality are found in Brazil.
From the end of the XIX century. The main source of diamonds became South Africa. Australia is the most important supplier diamond fantasy flowers.
The largest number of diamonds for industrial use was mined in the Congo. Diamonds are also mined in the USA (Arkansas and Colorado states). Alluvial deposit diamond Discovered hardly in all states.
Alluvial diamonds I also produce in Canada (Saint Helena, Quebec Province and North - Western Territories). Large deposits of diamonds are in Serbia, in Venezuela and Namibia.
The use of diamond has more than two-year history. Almost until the middle of the XX century, diamonds were exclusively jewelry. But in order to give him one or another face (to protect the diamond), you need to use another diamond, since no other material can process this durable mineral. To reveal the entire potential of minerals, chemists and physics, conducted a number of experiments and found out its properties, as well as the limit parameters that contribute to the use of diamond in different areas Activities.
Properties of Almaz
Any diamond is an allotropic modification of carbon, which, by the way, is presented in graphite a simple pencil. Therefore, at elevated temperatures, any diamond easily proceeds to graphite. The Mineral Mineral is 10 points out of 10 possible. Its density is 3.4 - 3.5 g / cm³. He is extremely high in thermal conductivity and is up to 2300 W (MK).
The mineral has a very low coefficient of friction for metal (about 0.1), which is due to the presence of an adsorbed gas on its surface. In its absence, the friction coefficient increases 5 times. Two most important characteristics are the lowest compression ratio and the highest modulus of elasticity.
Diamond melts at a pressure of 11 GPa and a temperature of 4000 ° C. On the air it is lit at a temperature of from 800 to 1000 ° C, and with the participation of pure oxygen, it is lit, like a pure propane, blue flame and completely combines, released in the form of carbon dioxide.
If the mineral is heated without air access at 2000 ° C, it quickly turns into graphite and destroys the pieces with cotton. It is noteworthy that at a temperature of over 2000 ° C, the thermodynamics of the mineral takes anomalous nature.
By virtue of their "extreme" properties, diamond is used in the modern industry and processing industry.
Application Almaz.
In construction, the use of diamonds is justified by the specifics of complex constructions from concrete and steel. Diamond drilling, cutting, disassembly, regardless of the material of the work, allow you to achieve a result without the formation of destructive microcracks. Drills, saws of huge diameters are involved in concrete spraying, a rubble stump and even in a cutting on granite and mramor.
Mineral is used in accurate instrument making and heavy engineering. Metal snipper is also the prerogative of diamond.
Extremely high wear resistance, multiplied to unlimited access to artificial and industrial diamonds, allows you to design and build literally all (from accurate surgeon tools up to space carriers).
Figure 1. Areas of applying diamonds.
For example, only in Russia today more than 1,200 names of the tools are produced, in which the diamond is used (Fig. 1, the fields of application of diamonds). Drills, cutters, grinding wheels, glass cutters, metal scissors and saws on metal and stone - Diamonds are actively used everywhere (mainly industrial, i.e. synthetic).
Without this mineral, the cable laying and the construction of tunnels are impossible. Where there is no explosive work, there is a passing combine, armed with a huge disk, covered with blades with a thin deposition of diamond crumb.
Diamond applies in medicine, where the thickness of the scalpel blade is crucial. Reducing the width of the cut and remaining acute for a long time, the diamond scalpel is the main tool of the modern surgeon. Separate mention deserve promising developments like a medical laser on crystals, where mineral will actively actively serve.
In telecommunications and electronics, the diamond is used to pass the signals of different frequencies by one cable. Of course, its sizes are extremely small, but its properties successfully overcome large temperature differences and the largest voltage jumps. It is especially critical of its use along with ruby \u200b\u200bin super-sensitive photocells, optics, which is in the astronomer service.
In chemistry and physics, diamond is used primarily as a protective element. Aggressive chemical environment that can damage glass (float acid) as well scientific experiments In the regions of quantum physics, optics, laser technologies, the study of space, in which errors are not allowed, requires the active application of diamonds.
The use of this mineral is very actively in mining. Coal slaughter, oil and gas production - wherever there is a need to drill, lay pipes and face very solid formations in the soil (stone reservoir, limestone), one hardened steel can not do.
What diamonds are applied in production?
For use in production, not all diamond is suitable. Jewelry stones are fabulous money and are mined in several places throughout the planet, which is completely unprofitable and unjustified in the mass industry. Synthetic elements are outlined here. Since 1953, more than 97% of all diamonds used in industry are artificially grown. Currently, 3 methods of obtaining this mineral are known:
- CVD - Chemical Vapor Deposition, or chemical deposition of steam.
- HPHT - HIGH PRESSURE HIGH TEMPERATURE, or with the participation of high temperatures and pressure.
- Synthesis with a subservation, imitating the conditions closest to natural (there is an explosive containing carbon).
Thus, the global industry fully covers its needs in diamonds and tirelessly pleases humanity with new technological advances.