The Roman Empire is one of the oldest civilizations of the world. Her story begins more than three thousand years ago, and flourishing falls on the first centuries of our era. The collapse of the ancient Roman civilization is associated with the raids of barbarians, which also marked the beginning and destruction of the immense number of architectural structures of that time. Almost some of them lived to this day, but this is enough to enjoy the greatness and beauty of the ancient objects of culture.

The tenth among the most popular architectural attractions of Rome can be safely given by this unique structure. The reason for the construction of a triumphal arch In 81, our era was given to the decade earlier Jerusalem Emperor Titet.

The arch has one span and is located on the sacred road Via Sacra. A distinctive feature Buildings are an amazing bas-relief inside the arch, which shows the procession of warriors, demonstrating their trophies mined in Jerusalem.

The arch almost completely retained its primary appearance, except for the lack of a monument of the statue of the title itself, which is fused from bronze.

Due to its unique structure, this monument rises among others to 9 line rating. The column is devoted to the Emperor Triana, a led from ordinary legionnaires, who strengthened and enhancing the power of the Roman Empire during the years of his reign.

The monument was erected in 113 of our era. Inside it is a spiral staircase, leading to the viewing pad of the capitals, and outside the column is decorated with relief episodes of battles of the time of war of Dakia and Rome.

The base of the monument, within which the urns were placed with ashes, is the tomb of the Emperor Trajan, who died in 117 by our era, and his companions of life.

Trevi Fountain

In Rome preserved a large number of Beautiful fountains, among which the most popular is the Trevi Fountain, for which he received the eighth place in the list of attractions.

This construction has amazing story. Back in the 20 years of our era, Emperor Octavian August set the water supply of residents clean waterpowered by 12 km from the city of the source. Up to 18th century, the construction was a modest species, and only in 1762, after the thirty-year construction period, gained his unique appearance.

The fountain is a stone sculpture of the Marine God of Neptune, surrounded by a variety of characters affecting the accuracy of details, and facial expressions.

Terms of Caracalla

The seventh place goes, the so-called "bath complexes" of Rome. They were created with the brand of Away, the emperor on nicknamed Karakalla, in the third century of our era.

The structure had many compartments designed not only to wash, but also fully relax, get pleasure and relax the soul. The buildings included the baths themselves (terms), libraries, places for theatrical ideas, gymnastic halls.

The purpose of this structure was to attract people, the popularization of the term, in connection with which the emperors sought not only to decorate the walls and floors of the structure with a unique mosaic, marble, but also harvested numerous sculptures in it, and other values \u200b\u200bof art.

Catacombs

Numerous underground labyrinths of Rome fall into the sixth line, which are antique places of burials for people ranked as saints.

The burial lasted from i to the V century AD. During this period in the tomb, the number of which is more than sixty, about 750 thousand people were buried.

Since the catacombs are located all over the perimeter of the city in different areas, there is no one particular entry in them. You can get into underground labyrinths by studying the official sites of the tomb.

Mausoleum Adriana

Another unique structure Ancient Rome "Castle of the Holy Angel," hits the fifth place ranking. For his history, this place had time to be a tomb, a prison, a residence of Pap and the repository of their values, a castle, and is currently a museum and an architectural monument.

The mausoleum was built in 139 of our era on the order of the Emperor Adrian himself, which was honored with art and architecture, for his own burial.

The structure is a twenty-meter height building having a cylindrical shape and installed on a large square base. Initially, the tip of the structure was decorated with the adrian statue, presented in the form of the Helios governor of the chariot. A wonderful bridge decorated with a large number of antique sculptures to the castle.

Saint Paul's Cathedral

Thanks to its status the main cathedral Catholic Church, this structure rises to the fourth stage in the ranking of the famous architectural structures of Rome.

The construction of the cathedral lasted for more than forty years and became the result of the work of many famous sculptors and architects, such as Michelangelo Buonotti, Garlo Maderna.

The building has a stunning facade with a cornese, crowned sculptures of the eleven apostles (except Peter), John the Baptist and Jesus Christ. And in front of the Cathedral itself, the statues of Peter, holding the key from the kingdom of heaven, and the Apostle Paul, solemnly holding the sword in his hand.

The height of the dome installed on the columns of the Cathedral is to this day remains the highest in the world, and is equal to 138 meters.

The cathedral amazes with its scales and a huge number of departments, tested by sculptures, paintings, stucco. His exemption costs were so huge that Pope Lev X was forced to sell Albrecht Branderburg's right to exercise indulgences on German lands, due to the mercy of which the European split occurred in the future.

The top three opens the temple built by order of Emperor Adrian in the second century of our era, and dedicated to all the gods.

Like many other buildings of ancient Rome, Pantheon is a tomb for the burial of many famous people (Umberto I, Rafael buried here).

The most popular and unique feature of the structure is a round hole located on the roof of the dome through which a bright wide beam of light penetrates into the building.

The temple is famous for its rich interior decoration Color marble, beautiful frescoes and magnificent decoration. And, despite the presence of thick walls and a massive dome, a feeling of lightness and integrity of all structures is created inside.

The second level of the rankis gets the center of the public life of Rome - Square built on the site of once a swampy terrain used under the cemetery, and drained with the help of sewer systems, in a few centuries to our era.

At the Roman Forum, such magnificent architectural structures, as the Temple of Vespasian, the Temple of Saturn and the Vesta Temple were erected.

Deeds to God Saturn Temple, built in the 5th centuries BC, has undergone many changes related to constant destruction and recovery, and reached our time only in the form of several columns.

Approximately the same fate touched the temple of Vespasian, built in 79 of our era, from which only three high columns, towering 15 meters above the Earth remained.

Reached our time entirely, erected in honor of the goddess homemade focus, Temple Vesta. After numerous fires arising in the building, it was customary to close, and therefore the structure was declining and severely dilapidated.

This construction is rightfully occupied by the first place list, since it has long been not just a majestic building, but an indisputable symbol of ancient and modern Rome.

The amphitheater is a multi-tiered building of an oval shape, with many arches located around the perimeter of different sizes. 8 years left for the construction of this construction. Each tier strengthens the columns erected in different architectural styles (Corinthian, Ionian, Doric Order).

The decoration of the Colosseum outside was performed in marble, and the perimeter decorated stunning sculptures.

The most important Persons of Rome and the emperor himself sat in the lower beds for privileged persons.

Despite the fact that only one third of the building survived, the Roman Colosseum remains one of the most striking architectural structures around the world.

The Romans appreciated the types of art and science that had direct practical knowledge. The leading arts of Rome were architecture and engineering facilities. In architecture prevailed civilians Buildings prevailed NAD cult.If the Greeks had the main building templeThe Romans created many new types of architecture, emphasized the power of the Roman Empire.

The main building material in Rome was a rockand brick. Durable and water-resistant building material was created - concrete.

The main structural elements of the Romans were: arch, Archand dome,which allowed to overlap spaces without internal supports.

The top of the construction activities of the Romans are impeccable engineering structures: roads and bridges (viaducts), water pipes and axes.

Romanism Romans affected urban planning. The most common type of building was the city - camp. He had a rectangular shape with two main mutually perpendicular streets - Cardo (North - South) and Dekumanus (East - West). At the intersection of these streets, a forum was located - the city administrative center., Where public structures were located:

temple, for example, the temple of Vesta and Pantheon - "Temple of all the gods"

basilica(Court, archive of the city), for example, Basilica Constantine.

terms (Complex includes a library, lecture and gymnastic halls, games for games, cold, warm and hot baths). For example, Diocletian and Caracalla Terms, which accommodate 3 thousand people and occupied 11 hectares.

theatreBased on which Greek lay. Built on retaining structures and had several floors. For example, the theater in the pompes.

odeon - Little theater for musical and poetic ideas.

amphitheater - For the battle of gladiators. There was an oval form, and by the facade - the arcade tiers, decorated by an order. For example, the Colosseum.

Circus - For equestrian competitions, had an elongated horseshoe form. For example, a big circus in Rome.

About the glory and power of the Great Empire remind us triumphal Arches and Columns. The most famous is arch Augustain Rome I. arch Konstantin, column Trojan..

In the funeral architecture prevailed mausoleumand tomb (for nobility) sarcophagiand columbaria (for medium seals).

Residential buildings Romans shared on city housesand rural dwellings (villas). For example, the city type of dwelling refers Patrician house. He had a closed rectangular building with a courtyard in the center. For the poor population of the city (Plebeev) were built insules - Multi-storey city residential buildings. For nobility - palaces.

To the rural type - country villa (villa Rustics)with the Lord's house, a shopping courtyard, a garden, a park, their, fountain and swimming pool.

2. Ancient Greek theater. His design. Performance and actors.

Ancient Greek theater, was considered " school for adults", school of citizenship, courage, wisdom and played in the life of the Greek A huge role. His beginning the theater takes from religious holidays in honor of God Spring, Sun and Fruit Earth, Patron Winemaking - Dionysus.

Twice a year (in the fall, after harvesting, and in the spring, when the earth flourished and the barrels of young wine were opened) Ancient Greeks arranged in honor of the god of winemaking " passion of Dionysus"- Festivities, autumn - Rural DionusiusIn the spring - Great, or Urban, Dionysia. The holiday lasted 5 days - marchs and sacrifices were held in the first, and during the remaining four days showed performances.

Organized the theater representation archon - representative of urban authorities. He appointed from wealthy citizens khug - Messenatwho paid the staging of the play.

In the times of rural Dionysius, the farmers dressed goat skins and masks, imitated satiram. They sang in honor of Dionisa hymannya Songs- diffirable - and depicted some feat. This group of singerscalled - chorus. In the first ideas sang only choir, later head of Chora- korife- and depicting the god of Dionisa actor began to lead with a chorus and a conversation with each other - dialogue.

So, the main genres of Greek theatrical art arose from the choral songs of the gorgo satellites of Dionysis:

tragedy - told about the gods and heroes from myths, raised eternal problems: about honor and valor.

comedy - Characters here were ordinary people, their shortcomings and vices were ridiculed.

"Drama Satirov"("The tragedy that is joking"). Here, the tragic heroes were depicted comically, and the choir was dressed by satirs, which represented the semi-supersays.

The theater consisted of three main parts:

Theatron- Place for the audience, on the hillside and accompanied thousands of people.

Orhestra- This is a round site, on which actors and choir performed.

Skena - A small building where the actors changed out. It was near the edge of the orchestra opposite the seats of the audience. . Initially, the performance was songs and dances performed by choir. Actors appeared later that the dialogue with the leader of the choir appeared. Participants in Representations B. ancient Greece There were only men. In order to better be visible on the scene, the actors played on - cats - special shoes on the thick sole, towering the growth of the actor. And in male and female masks, who were more than the Hero's face and had large, expressive features. The masks had a big mouth in the form of a horn, which strengthened the voice of the actor. Masks portrayed the condition of the hero: joy, grief, pain, fear, cruelty, etc. On top of the mask put on a wig with a lush hairstyle. Actors were acting in the costumes: happy characters - in bright suits, and tragic - in dark.

Worldwide Glory Greek Theater brought Eshil, Sofokl, Euripid and Aristophane.

Eschyl- He is considered the "father of the tragedy", introduced the second actor and transferred attention from the choir on the dialogue of actors.

Sophokl - introduces the third actor and reduced the volume of the part of the choir.

Euripid.- Third Master of the Greek Tragedy. Brought the tragedy for life, showing his heroes as they are.

Aristophanes- "Father Comedy", which ridiculed the ugly side of the life of people, affected the questions about the war and peace, about unfortunate politicians, inequality, etc.

Ancient Rome architecture is hereditary. It rests on the achievements of ancient Greek architects. The colossal territory extending from the British Isles to Egypt played an important role in the formation of the culture of the Empire. Conveted provinces (Syria, Gallium, Ancient Germany, etc.) enriched the creativity of Roman builders with local features.

The architecture of ancient Rome became the result of the development of art ancient civilization. She gave many new types of buildings: libraries, villas, archives, palaces.

The development of ancient Roman culture passed through the following stages:

Royal;

Republican;

Imperial.

The Roman architects were inspired by the work of masters from the captured territories, which were overlooked to the capital of the Empire. Especially they bowed before the achievements of the Greeks and studied their philosophy, poetry, oratory. Greek architects and sculptors went to Rome. The first sculptures were created as Greek copies.

Romans, unlike their neighbors of the Greeks, poets and philosophers, had a utilitarian warehouse of character. These were conquerors, lawyers and builders. Therefore, the architecture of ancient Rome was applied. It reached the greatest heyday in engineering buildings: bridges, terms, aquedures, roads.

In ancient Rome, other interesting architectural structures of public non-residential destination were erected. First of all, it is, of course, temple complexes, basilica, amphitheaters, circus, theaters, thermals, triumphal arches and columns.

Temple complexes. If we talk about the Roman temple architecture, the temples were often raised in the cities of the Roman state or in the form of built-in temple complexes on the forums, or as separate buildings. Initially, the Romans borrowed a typical temple from the Etruscians and a Tuscan warrant with an antablemant, consisting of one archite, was introduced into its composition, which later began to use the ionic, Corinthian order, and during the Empire period - and composite order. In addition, the Romans borrowed a strongly protruding roof at the Etruscans. If you compare the general silhouette of the Roman and Greek temples, the Roman temples differ in greater dynamism and harmony than Greek temple buildings. In addition, the Roman temple differs from the Greek coolest roofing rods. In terms of Roman temples differ little from Greek, mostly they had an elongated rectangular plan and were solved as a periputer or a sler, but sometimes round temples were met - monoparters. In Rome, this type can be attributed to the temple of the Vesta goddess on the forum, the round Temple of the Twilight Janus on the forum and the temple of Venerum Barbarum (Venus bearded) there on the forum. Unlike the Greek temples set on a high stylobate, the Roman temples stand on the podium with the ladders of ordinary sizes, placed only from the main entrance, from the west. It was also borrowed by the Romans from Etruscans. A vivid example of such a temple is the famous temple in the city of Nimea, erected in 27-24. BC, already during the reign of Octavian August (Fig. IV.9).

Basilica. Basilica is called a huge structure that served as a place of public meetings (trade congresses, political meetings, court sessions). In the plan, this is an elongated rectangle, divided into longitudinal halls - rows of columns. Moreover, the middle oil is higher than the rest and is punctured by a semicircular niche-ansis. Depending on the size of the basil, it can be three or five-fruined. The whole building was overlapped wooden roof. The most interesting Roman basil was the basilica maxiance in the Roman Forum, in which the space of the main nef was blocked by crusades. Of the most interesting Roman basils of the Empire period, the Palace of Elena and Emperor Konstantina Great in the city of Trier (now in this basilica from 350 g. The Catholic Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady is located from the Basilica's period of the Empire. In the same time there is an earlier Basilica of the Emperor Konstantin era (Fig. Iv.10). In addition, you can give an example of the well-preserved basil in the city of Maastricht (Holland), where in the Roman Basilica IV century. AD Cathedral Cathedral St. Serberia, Bishop Maastricht, as well as Roman Basilica in the Lateran Hill in Rome, which after 313 was rebuilt into the first palace of Roman dads and to the Cathedral of the Latheran Cathedral, consecrated in honor of St. John the Baptist (Fig. IV .eleven).

Amphitheatry. served for mass spectacles. Usually in the center of the Amphitheater had an oval type of Arena for gladiatorial battles. The exits from the arena were on both sides, from both ends of the arena.

Usually under the arena was located the ground floor, and in its galleries - service premises. Some amphitheaters could be filled with water with the help of aqueducts, and then gladiator battles on the rafts or battle on mini galleys were arranged. Spectator ranks were located around the arena. In essence, the layout and architecture of Roman amphitheators resemble modern circus. The most grandiose amphitheater of the Roman era is oval in terms of Amphitheater Flaviev (Colosseum), built in the era of the Board of the Flaviev dynasty in II century. AD Also interesting are the famous Veronian amphitheater in the city of Verona and the Amphitheater of Palmira (Vaalbek in modern Lebanon), which was built during the reign in Palmyra. Proconsula Province of Syria Mark Lucia Septimia Ottena in 268-270. AD The last two amphitheater continues to be used and currently for theatrical and opera festivals (Fig. Iv. 12).

Circus in the Roman state is special structures for equestrian competitions, similar to the Greek and later Byzantine hippodrome. Up to our days in Rome, the remains of the Bolshoi Roman circus were preserved, which accommodated up to 250,000 spectators. Circus was built by longitudinal and horseshoe-shaped in the plan (Fig. 4.20).

Fig. 4.20.

Roman Theater. Unlike Greek, it was not on the natural slope, but on special arches. This allowed the Romans not to depend on the conditions of relief in the construction of theaters. Usually the Roman theater was built as a building rising above the Earth, having several floors. The planning of the Roman theater was different from the planning of Greek. Thus, the choirs of the Roman theater were transferred to the podium, and the liberated area was used to accommodate viewers. The theatrical action took place not in the orchestra, as in the Greek Theater, but on Skene. On the Marsfield in Rome, the well preserved Roman theater I reached us. BC. - Marcello Theater (Fig. 4.21). He is interested in the fact that in this theater, all three tiers of Arcad have been preserved, each of which is decorated with three warrant styles: the lower arcade is a doric order, the upper - ionic and arcade of the third tier - composite.

Fig. 4.21. :

but - reconstruction; b. - Modern view

Finally, the most interesting social structures in Rome include terms and triumphal memorial arches and columns.

Terms - Roman baths, the most complex in the constructive and technological relationship of the construction of ancient Rome. They played the role of the Public Assembly Place. The term the term included halls for recreation, sports halls, libraries. The terms consisted of three main complexes. Frigidari - halls where there were pools with cold water, caldria - halls, where there were pools with hot water, and tolery - halls, where pools were placed with warm water. There were libraries and sports complexes around these halls. The terms were heated with the help of caloric heating. They had a symmetrical planning structure, which was designed for two parallel human streams (male and female). It must be said that the giant terms were built by the state for people of small and medium wealth and were free. Therefore, there you could see the senator, and the freedman, and the slave, and the free craftsman. But still the bulk of rich Roman Patriches preferred their own domestic baths. The terms were open 24 hours a day. To this day in Rome, the terms of Emperor Karakalla are preserved (Fig. 4.22) and the terms of Emperor Diocletian. In the small Austrian city of Magdalenberg, architectural fragments of the former Roman military settlement were preserved, where you can also see both public terms and a home bath in the house of the head of the local military garrison.

Fig. 4.22.

Triumphal archesand columnsusually erected in Rome in memory of the victories of the Roman weapons. The height of the Arch usually reached 30-40 m, for example, the Tracaan column height than 30 m. The most ambitious structures were erected in Rome in the early period of the empire. In the period of the Late Empire, a decorative principle was greatly felt in columns and arches, for example, in the Arch of Constantine height of 21.5 m near the Colosseum, built in 315 AD. In memory of the victory over Mackencie (Fig. Iv.13).

The top of the construction activity of the Romans are engineering facilities.They erected collectors, sewer systems, underground water pipes, aquedels, warehouses, as well as public restrooms in the cities. In Rome, such structures were preserved to this day as the warehouses of Emiliev, which stretched 500 m along the shore of the Tiber. The territory of the empire was covered with a network of roads. Typically, the Roman road was built in this way: there was a powerful pillow from sand and gravel from below, which the stone plates of huge thickness were laid on the solution (Fig. Iv.14). Flat stone slabs were laid on the bridges. Before our time, many bridges were preserved, for example Ponte Fabrizio (the arched span of which is 24.5 m), built in 62 BC. In Rome across the Tiber River, Trajanov Bridge across the Danube, erected by an apolodor engineer. The length of the bridge exceeds 1 km, and it rises on 20 stone pylons with a height of 44 m. In the second century. BC. The total length of water pipes in the state was about 430 km.

In the era of the Late Empire in the state began to build fortress structures. At the heart of Roman cities lay the planning of the Roman military camp - Kastrema, where two "streets", Cardo and Dekumanos crossed at right angles. Ranned-medieval Romanesque fortresses and castles were created under the strong influence of the serf architecture of the Late Rime period.

Ancient sights of Rome can be assessed today very ambiguous. The impressive Arena, which was not considered too cruel, no view of torture. The places of worship, where they often read the gods with the help of ritual sacrifices, which today shock us. Palaces for entertainment, in which not only taken sexual corruption, but even encouraged. The state of ancient Rome attracts the interest of many researchers and lovers of history.

Who were the people who created such ambitious structures in Rome? What made them build more and more great monuments and what was the price done? What were the laws the answers to these questions are very interesting, although it is still known to us to this day. Ancient sights of Rome are really impressive. Imagine some of them.

Coliseum

Crowds of people attracted a bloody performance in the arena. Sometimes in the Roman Colossee were up to 50 thousand people. All of them were eager to see the scene of indescribable horror. Know, priests, senators, emperors, slaves, simple people Have fun, seeing bloody scenes.

Gladiators fought with each other, putting heavily armor. Often they scored an opponent to death. In the arena, they strived wild hungry animals on each other, released them on battle with man. The goal pursued by the participants in these confrontations is to break each other in Klochery. Some features of ancient Rome are incomprehensible today.

Water filling arena for representations

On stage were used different kinds special effects. They included the filling of the water arena for imitation marine battles. How did the ancient Romans manage to fill with the Colosseum with water?

Everything is actually quite simple: from the aqueducts filled the system of tanks. They were right above the arena, on the slope. These inventive ancient Romans pumped down water from aqueducts, and then on tanks to the center of the Colosseum. A more difficult question - how did they manage to pump water then?

It is believed that the ancient Romans was built sewer system. However, the question of this is still to be answered by researchers, because in the Coliseum there is quite a bit until today, excavations were carried out. Ancient sights of Rome have not yet been studied.

Blood contest

The main Roman myths were part of the performance. And what they were terrible - the better. Christians and criminals were often taken to the most dangerous roles.

In the Roman Coliseum, bloody competitions prevailed from its very discovery, which occurred in 72 AD. The opening ceremony was arranged by emperor Titis. She continued 100 days. An unprecedented massacre happened on the day of discovery: about 5 thousand animals died.

Colosseum - Dar Vespasian

The Colosseum is a gift to the Romans from the predecessor and the father of Tita. Vespasian, founder of the Flaviev dynasty, began to edit in 69 AD. This time was a critical moment in the history of Rome. Since the empire has been founded by August, hundreds of years have passed, and now its future was quite vague.

Chaos reigned, when four emperors began to change in one year. After that, Syria's managed Vespasian captured power.

As a clever diplomat and hero, he easily acquired the support of the Senate and was declared the emperor. After that, suppressing an uprising on the Rhine and the Jewish riot in Jerusalem, he focused on internal problems.

Vespasian in a ten-year-old board saved the treasury from the deficit left by his predecessor Neron. He also began to build a lot of the grandiose enterprise became the Colosseum. He wondered as a symbol of success and power of Vespasian.

Construction of Coliseum

For more than 10 years it took to complete the construction. Initially, the Colosseum was called the Flavia Amphitheater. Many handymen and slaves were used for its structure. Some builders were prisoners who captured Vespasian, winning the Jerusalem campaign.

Until now, the name of the architect created by the Colosseum is unknown. One of the most amazing features of this attraction is a very complex system created to control the crowd. The amphitheater originally had 80 inputs. All of them led to certain sectors. Places were divided into tiers.

Fate Coliseum

The latest games, which are known from written sources, were held in the 6th century of our era. They completed these cruel competitions, having fun to the bloodthirsty Romans. The Colosseum after that for a long time was not used. It was partially destroyed as many other ancient sights of Rome. A terrible earthquake occurred in the 9th century, as a result, its most was destroyed.

Later, the Colosseum began to be used as a quarry. A rich marble cladding was fought, which began to be used in the construction of churches and palaces. Still an untouched part of four levels, originally existed. To this day, the Colosseum is evidence of both the cruelty of the ancient Romans and the skill of people who built the sights of ancient Rome. He attracts many tourists in Italy.

Pantheon

The temples of the ancient Rome are impressive. The most famous of them is Pantheon. In the 30s of the twentieth century, Benito Mussolini, the Italian dictator, conceived the original propaganda campaign. In particular, he conducted parallels between the fame of the new regime and the magnitude, which had an ancient Rome empire. He led to this to a variety of archaeological research and excavations throughout the state. Due to the spill of the tiber, many monuments appeared the deposits of the Earth, which completely covered them. Because of his proximity to the river was very damaged. It was built this construction from about 27 to 23 years before AD.

Architectural plan discovered by workers

Workers, delving on 6-7 meters to the ground, discovered the bridge, which was made of massive blocks. However, the second began soon World WarAnd for some time they forgot about this discovery. Only 20 years later, in 1964, Roman specialists began to study this place again. Full-size architectural plan was carved on the pavement. Obviously, the courtyard served as a workshop for a construction site. The whole question is for what.

Not corresponded to the project none of the existing monuments. One of the specialists in 1992 solved the riddle. It seems that these plans were created for Pantheon. Many parts of the structure exactly coincided exactly, but not all.

First Pantheon

Pantheon is the famous temple that was built in honor of the emperor, as well as to worship Rome's gods. What we see now is not the first pantheon. The temple was originally ideally Mark Agrippa, the authorities of the Roman General. Construction began in 27 to our era, and it was completed in two years. However, in 64, AD. The big fire destroyed the pantheon.

Pantheon restructure

After that, in 118, N.E., the restructuring began, which he was led by an amateur architect who participated in many construction projects of Rome.

Pantheon was built after 10 years of work. Adrian dedicated to its first builder. That is why the facade creates the name of the Agrippa brand.

The pantheon is notable for a huge rotunda made of bricks and stone, as well as the arch, which forms the dome. Pantheon is a square construction, 43 meters in height and width. Its walls of 7.5 meters thick, and each of the bronze doors weighs 20 tons.

Where there are paintings on biblical motives now, they used to stood marble statues of Rome's Gods.

Terms of Caracalla

The sights of the ancient Rome also include the terms of Karakalla. These antique baths are like modern wellness centers. They are the largest and most richly decorated from all public baths, built in ancient Rome. The construction of them began septimia north in 206 AD. And the construction was completed in 216. Opened son septimia.

Decorations, their use

These buildings of ancient Rome were really rich: walls lined with marble, mosaic floor, stucco ceilings.

They occupied the terms greater and beautifully decorated territory used as a gym. Here men engaged in sports: Metali spear, disk, boxed. Entrance to the bath even for slaves was free. Initially, women and men were turned together, but at the beginning of the II century Adrian banned it.

The invasion is ready, the destruction of the term

These buildings of ancient Rome continued to be used up to 535 AD. At this time, the goths who broke the aqueduct were invaded. The same fate suffered the terms of Karakalla, like many other monuments of ancient Rome. They were partially destroyed. Large amounts that required for their repair disappeared when the empire collapsed, the surrounding world disappeared for residents. Ancient Rome went into the past.

In the Middle Ages, marble and bronze died from the walls, and the wonderful sculptures decorated the terms were in the collections of Roman dads and aristocracy.

Forum

Not much has been preserved from the majestic Roman forum. He was the center of Rome's life. A forum appeared in the IV century BC. In its place today, only fragments of some monuments are preserved, many overturned stones and couples of archs. We note right away that the imperial forums are adjacent to the Roman Forum, which are not part of Roman, although similar to it, and by appointment, and by name.

Reconstruction of the Forum Augustom

The construction of the forum was random. The systematic plan did not exist. Therefore, the forum did not take harmony. During August, it was completely reconstructed. This emperor removed most of the structures, while the omotivity and expanding the territory. Now how the forum looked in the period of the republic is a mystery. Many buildings were wooden, so they were demolished or destroyed. August for construction used only stone and cement.

Vadilki

The temples of the ancient Rome on the forum include the temple dedicated to it was for the Roman people one of the most important and ancient goddesses. They associated her with a heart, as well as with fire. It was believed that this fire was represented by the spiritual force of the whole country. Served her the priestesses who watched the fire not to go out. They should always be left virgins, otherwise they were expected by the execution. Vestniki lived next to the temple. They were chosen from aristocratic families aged from 6 to 10 years. 30 years old they had to serve as a temple. After the end of the service, these women, thus, was at least 36 years old. Many people seemed too old to marry them. Most of the vague remained until the end of the life of the Jerseys.

Music surpassed, the functionalism and scale created by the Greeks samples. An important role here was part of the invention of a good cement. But no less important was the pride of emperors who took place over the centuries to surpass their predecessors, removing increasingly majestic, grandiose and richly decorated monuments.