Winter rye is the tallest among cereal crops and this creates certain difficulties in harvesting. Wet, unripe straw wraps around the drum and makes threshing difficult. This culture is prone to shedding and germination of grain, therefore it must be harvested for 7-8 days. Winter rye is harvested in a separate way and by direct combining. From the middle to the end of the wax ripeness (grain moisture content 30-20%), they are mowed into rolls. Cutting height 20 - 25 cm. Contaminated crops are collected in a separate way.

Direct combining is carried out in the phase of full grain ripeness (moisture content 18-15%). Timely collection allows keeping the high quality of rye grain. Loss of grain during harvesting should not exceed 2%. The collected grain is cleaned, sorted and stored at a moisture content of 14-15%.

Desiccation is used on rye. Crops are sprayed 14 days before harvest with grain moisture no more than 30% with one of the herbicides: volcano (3 l / hectare), dominator (3 l / hectare), cosmic (3 l / hectare), roundup (3 l / hectare), hurricane (3 l / hectare), hurricane forte (1.5-2.0 l / hectare).

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Sowing rye (lat. Secale cereale) is a cereal cultivated in many countries.

Morphological features

Sowing rye - annual herbaceous plant... Cultivated perennial rye obtained by crossing perennial rye with annual sown rye is also grown as a fodder plant. Sowing rye as a natural species is a diploid form (2n-14). In recent decades, breeders have obtained by doubling the number of chromosomes in cells, tetraploid rye (2n-28), a variety that forms a large grain (the weight of 1000 grains reaches 50-55 g), a powerful, lodging-resistant straw.

Rye has a fibrous root system that penetrates to a depth of 1.2 ... 2 m, so it easily tolerates light sandy soils, and due to its high physiological activity, it quickly assimilates useful substances from the soil from hardly soluble compounds. The tillering node in rye is formed at a slightly shallower depth from the soil surface (1.7-2 cm) than in wheat (2-3 cm). When the seed is placed deep in the soil, rye lays two tillering nodes: the first is deep, and later the second is closer to the soil surface, which becomes the main one. The intensity of tillering in rye is quite high - each plant forms 4-8 shoots, and under favorable conditions - up to 50-90.

The stem of rye is hollow, with 5 ... 6 inter-veins, straight, divided by stem nodes. The apex of the last internode is pubescent. The height of the stem, depending on the growing conditions and the variety, ranges from 70 to 180-200 cm (on average 80-100 cm).
Leaves are linear, and together with the stem are gray. The length of the leaf blade is 15-30 cm, the width is 1.5-2.5 cm. At the base of the blade, there is a short tongue and short bare or pubescent ears (auriculate), covering the stem. Leaf blade on the upper side it is sometimes covered with hairs, which indicates a comparative resistance to a lack of moisture and adaptability to light sandy soils. The tongue and ears of rye leaves dry up early and fall off.

The stalk bears an inflorescence at the top - one elongated, slightly drooping, complex ear; under the ear, the stem is slightly hairy. The spike consists of a checkered, almost four-sided, non-breaking rod and flat spikelets sitting on the protrusions of the rod and facing it with the flat side. Spikelets are two-flowered, and only in the variety triflorum are three-flowered. Spikelet scales are lanceolate-subulate with one vein, shorter than floral scales, without an awn and rough along the keel; outer floral scale is shorter than the upper one, lanceolate, with a long awn many times exceeding the spikelet, with five veins, along the edge and along the keel with bristly cilia; the inner floral scale is two-keeled, without an awn, but with cilia in the upper part.

There are three stamens, with elongated anthers protruding from the spikelet; the ovary is superior with a feathery bilobate stigma; wind pollination. The weevil is oblong, slightly compressed laterally with a deep groove in the middle; after ripening, it falls out of the spikelet. Rye grains vary in size, shape and color. Its length is 5-10 mm, width is 1.5-3.5 mm, thickness is 1.5-3 mm. The mass of 1000 grains in diploid rye is 20-35 g, tetraploid 30-35 g. The shape of the grains is elongated (with a length-to-width ratio of more than 3.3) or oval (with a length-to-width ratio of 3.3 or less) with noticeable transverse wrinkling on a surface. By color, grains are distinguished white, greenish, gray, yellow, dark brown.

Biological features

In ontogeny, rye goes through the same phenological phases and stages of organogenesis as wheat. Under the same conditions, rye seedlings appear faster by 1 ... 2 days. It starts tillering 1 ... 2 days faster. The tillering node is laid closer to the soil surface (1.7 ... 2.5 cm), more often there are two or three nodal plants. Rye tillering occurs mainly in the fall. In the spring, it begins to go out into the tube 18 ... 20 days after the beginning of spring regrowth, and after 40 ... 50 days it spikes. Flowering occurs in 7 ... 12 days from the beginning of earing (in wheat after 4 ... 5 days) and lasts 7 ... 9 days. The phase of milky ripeness begins 10 ... 14 days after flowering and lasts 8 ... 10 days. Rye ripens 2 months after earing. Then post-harvest ripening takes longer, so the rye grows less often in the ear. The mass of 1000 grains in diploid varieties is 23 ... 38 g, and in tetraploid varieties - 35 ... 52 g.

Rye is less demanding on growing conditions than wheat, especially on soil. She is well developed root system, which penetrates to a depth of 1.5 ... 2 m and is able to assimilate phosphorus and potassium from hardly soluble compounds. Rye is less sensitive to soil acidity. Grows well at pH 5.3 ... 6.5. Therefore, it can be grown on podzolic soils unsuitable for wheat. But the best are fertile structural chernozems and gray forest soils of medium and light loamy texture. Grows poorly on heavy clay, waterlogged, saline soils.
Rye is more winter hardy than other winter breads. Withstands a decrease in temperature at the level of the tillering node to minus 19 ... 21 ° С. Seeds begin to germinate at 0.5 ... 2 ° C. It ends the growing season in autumn and resumes in spring at 3 ... 44 ° С.

Rye is a cross-pollinated plant of long daylight hours. The pollen is airborne. Quiet warm weather with sufficient air humidity is favorable for pollination. In hot weather with low air humidity, pollen loses its viability. Windy and rainy weather is unfavorable for pollination.

To avoid cross-pollination, seed plots of diploid varieties should have spatial isolation of 200 ... 300 m, tetraploid ones - more than 500 m.
The transpiration coefficient is 340-450. For the formation of 1 centner of grain from the soil it takes 2.9 ... 3.3 kg of nitrogen, 1.1 ... 1.4 kg of phosphorus, 2.2 ... 3 kg of potassium. The utilization factor of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from soil reserves is, respectively, 0.20 ... 0.35, 0.10 ... 0.17, 0.10 ... 0.22, from organic fertilizers- 0.20 ... 0.35, 0.30 ... 0.50, 0.50 ... 0.70, from mineral - 0.55 ... 0.80, 0.25 ... 0.45, 0.65 ... 00, 80.

Nomenclature and system position

Sowing rye is the only type of cultivated rye that is widespread in world agriculture, including in Russia, as the most important food and fodder crop. The species unites more than 40 varieties. All rye varieties that are widespread in Russia belong to the var Vulgate Körn variety. (the spike is unbreakable, the outer floral scales are bare, the grain is open or half-open).

Varieties

In Russia, about 49 varieties of winter rye are approved for use.

Main varieties of winter rye

Highly productive short-stemmed varieties resistant to lodging and diseases have been bred and recommended for use: Bezenchukskaya 87, Korotkostebelnaya 69, Dymka, Purga, Saratovskaya 5, as well as the perennial rye variety Derzhavinskaya 29.

The benefits and harms of rye have been familiar and revered by the Russian people for many centuries. The inclusion of this grain culture in everyday life it was reflected even in the works of famous artists ("Cleaning the Rye", K. Malevich). Modern harvesting technologies significantly increase the efficiency of rye cultivation by reducing production costs and crop losses.

In this article, you will learn:

As an approximate indicator of the ripeness of grain, by which the timing of harvesting winter rye is determined, its moisture content is used. When using the two-phase harvesting method, the campaign starts at a moisture content of 35-40%, when the ears are in a state of medium waxy ripeness. At the first stage, the plants are mowed with reapers at a height of 15-20 cm and rolled into 25-30 cm rolls, after which they are left for 3-5 days to ripen. After the drying of the leafy part of the culture, selection and combined threshing with pick-ups is carried out.

With single-phase harvesting, which is the main technology, only rye is harvested with a combine with a decrease in humidity to 18-20%. When using both methods, as a rule, harvesting ends at the same time, but separate harvesting begins 5-10 days earlier.

Rye harvesting - features

The technological processes of rye harvesting must correspond to the climatic characteristics of the region, the biological properties of the culture, the level of weediness and lodging of crops. Warm and humid weather provokes sprouting and further shortens the harvesting time for rye. At the same time, stable wet weather leads to seed germination both in windrows and on unmown grass. Lodged plants are mowed at an angle to or across the lodging.

Direct harvesting of rye for grain using combines is carried out on clean crops. A two-stage campaign is advisable if it is necessary to dry grain to end the harvest before bad weather.

It is important to understand that the success of harvesting depends on its timely start. Mowing before maturity leads to loss of raw materials and additional production costs due to further drying of the grains. The combine operator is also required to take into account the condition of the straw. Strongly moisturized and long, it spins in the drum. To avoid this, it is necessary to speed up the rotation of the hammer and make the gap between the grates and the drum smaller.

Drying, cleaning and sorting of grain with bringing to marketable condition is carried out in grain processing complexes immediately after harvesting. The collection of straw from the fields is carried out after threshing, since it is necessary to start preparing the soil for the next season.

Spring and winter rye - yield in Russia

On average, the yield of Russian farms for rye in 2011-2015 is 17.6 c / ha. Compared to the previous five years, the figure has decreased by 2.2%. In 2015, compared to 2014, the yield decreased by 5.6% and amounted, on average in the country, to 16.7 c / ha against 17.7 c / ha.

Rye yield by districts of the Russian Federation:

Relatively low yields in one of the best agricultural areas, Yuzhny federal district, is associated with an emphasis on the cultivation of other grain and fruit crops. However, it is in the Krasnodar Territory, which is part of the district, that the highest yield in the country is recorded:

1. Krasnodar Territory -37.3 c / ha.
2. Kaliningrad region - 34.2 c / ha.
3. Moscow region - 31.0 c / ha.
4. Republic of Crimea - 30.3 c / ha.
5. Lipetsk region - 29.3 c / ha.
6. Stavropol Territory - 28.6 c / ha.
7. Oryol region - 26.2 c / ha.
8. Ivanovo region - 24.4 c / ha.
9. Kabardino-Balkaria - 24.4 c / ha.
10. Arkhangelsk region - 24.1 c / ha.

The largest increase in yield relative to 2014 was shown in the Kaliningrad (171%), Novgorod (158%), Leningrad (137%) and Kemerovo (113.6%) regions, the Chechen Republic (167%), Stavropol (157%) and Krasnodar (124.4%) Krai and the Republic of Crimea (115%).

According to data provided by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, in 2013 Russian Federation was the second in the world in terms of rye production with 3.36 million tons of harvest. The leader for this year was Germany - 4.69 million tons, and the third place was taken by Poland - 3.359 million tons.

Winter rye harvesting

Winter rye ripens very quickly and leaves very little time for early spring procedures such as grating and harrowing. For this reason, this treatment is often carried out as quickly as possible.

Rye harvesting is complicated by the fact that the crop very quickly overripe and begins to fall off - already 10 days after maturity, you can lose a significant part of the crop. It is this time interval that determines the timing of rye harvesting.