A new study by experts from the Skolkovo Innovation Center revealed a number of professions that are slowly dying out, including those that have become extinct today. Skolkovo experts believe that one of the main reasons for the extinction of professions is the automation and mechanization of the process. That is why we decided to make a selection of professions that no longer exist.

According to experts' forecasts, not only humanitarian but also technical professions will disappear from the labor market. Now, according to experts, people are massively moving from one specialization to another, requiring more sophisticated skills. Now professions that simply did not exist before will become relevant.

Secretary-machinist

The secretary-machinist is an outdated profession. In the modern world, in any private or public organization, the secretary's workplace is fully computerized and equipped with technology. Previously, secretaries-machinists used typewriters, which have long been an obsolete technique. Nowadays every secretary uses a computer or laptop, as well as many other technical innovations.

Weaver

To date, all weaving machines are almost completely automated, which significantly increases their productivity, and also gives the product a high quality. Moreover, the manual work of a weaver is not only difficult and time-consuming, but also according to outdated methods. Looms, on the other hand, make it possible to produce high-quality fabric in large quantities at low cost.

Coachman

In the modern world, people have long ceased to use horse-drawn carriages and vehicles, which require cabbies. Now, horse-drawn carriages have been replaced by cars that allow the owner to drive his vehicle himself or, in extreme cases, use a chauffeur. Today, horse carriages are used only at various thematic events, festivals or for recreational trips to historical places in different cities of the world.

Candlestick

Candlestick - a man who was engaged in walking around the city, lighting lanterns in the evening streets. The profession has long been outdated and not relevant, since electric lights are used in modern megacities and even villages. With the advent of electricity, which became possible to use for mass street lighting, the profession of a candlestick simply ceased to be necessary.

In the history of Ancient Rome and Greece, there were several unusual professions, most of which can hardly be envied.

Silver miner

In ancient Rome, silver was mined by hand. The boys were lowered into narrow narrow burrows, very deep. Due to the fact that it was hot there and poisonous gases were present, it was possible to live in this mode for no more than 3 months. But the Romans did not care, since the workers were slaves.

Sterkorarius

Ancient Rome was famous for the first "sewer" prototype in history. But it was not centralized, but individual for each house. And when your abode is above a large container with waste, you need someone careless who will come and take away all this stuff. Who is this? Of course, my friend Sterkorarius!

Orgy organizer

Something like a modern event manager. The word "orgy" did not mean what we mean today. It was a high society dinner with copious libations, food, and women. Which sometimes ended in a sexual rampage. The organizer of the orgies had to provide purchases, equip the premises, provide rooms for guests, invite women, etc. It was an unrespected profession, its representatives were not liked, but they often resorted to their services.

The name of the most famous orgy planner has survived to this day - it is Guy Petronius the Arbiter. He was close to Nero, and he was even called the "arbiter of elegance."

Acquaintance with Nero left him sideways - he sentenced Gaius Petronius to suicide, and naturally, he was forced to carry out the orders of the emperor.

Urinator

The urinators' task was to dive to a depth of more than 30 meters, most often to install building structures. The diver had an air cap in the form of a bell on top and a weight on his legs below. A rope connected him to the surface. This job was highly respected and highly paid.

Preferred body bearer

Despite the fact that these people were always well dressed and well fed, their work cannot be called easy. Imagine a staircase of hundreds of steps, along which you need to lift the loins of the great and the terrible! And if we take into account the fact that the "stretcher" was inlaid with gold and glass, the task seems to be not at all an easy one. In addition, the body had to be carried carefully so as not to cause motion sickness in it.

Gymnasiarch

In ancient Greece, athletic sports were held in high esteem. To become one, one had to be a man from 30 to 60 years old, and have a revered status in society.

The gymnasiarch was elected for a term of 1 year. The main tasks of the gymnasiums were the education and training of young people, the organization and conduct of competitions. In order for the athletes to look presentable, the gymnasium washed their bodies and lubricated them with special oils. It is interesting that funds for the maintenance of the gymnasiums were not allocated, the gymnasiums actually supported them themselves.

Benefits of the profession? The gymnasiums were very respected people. Plus it was possible to carry a stick, which was taught to violators of the order.

Curse Tablet Maker

This work is mental, but no less difficult. Kind of like a modern copywriter. If you wanted to wish someone something nasty, you ordered such a tablet from him and carried it to the temple. It was believed that a deity can read such a tablet and do what is written there.

The unhappy scribbled half of the day listened to the complaints of the guests, and the second half he sculpted terrifying curses. Fortunately, many of these tablets have survived. Here is one: "paralyze all the limbs and joints of Victorius, the driver of the Blue Team ... all his horses ... blind their eyes so that they cannot see, and cloud their souls and hearts so that they cannot breathe."

funeral clown

the funeral clown was paid to change into the deceased, behave happily, dance and joke. The Romans believed that this would drive away evil spirits and provide the deceased with joy in the afterlife. During the funeral, this clown ran around the body, joked and grimaced the deceased, his manner. Some of these clowns were held in high esteem, and they were given the honor of serving the funerals of noble people and emperors.

Water organ organist

Water organs work on the same principle as wind organs, only water is used instead of air. In ancient times, these were quite common instruments, and organ musicians were very popular.

For example, the name of one such musician has survived to this day - a certain Antiparos played the water organ for two days, and became very famous. The organist of the aquatic organ could count on a long career as a musician, on invitations to various holidays and events. Even the same Nero played the water organ.

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Today these professions no longer exist. But they all certainly deserve our attention.

Professions, like dreams, were different at different times. Some of them were very necessary and in demand, interesting and dangerous. With the development of science and technology, some of them have disappeared, and human labor has been replaced by mechanisms.

If we talk about professions that no longer exist, then probably it is necessary to start precisely from those without which life in the ancient world would be impossible.

1. Silver miner

In ancient Rome, silver was mined by hand. For this purpose, little boys were lowered into narrow and deep holes. It was very hot in such holes, and the poisonous gases present there made it possible to hold out in this mode for no more than three months. But the Romans did not care at all, since slaves were used for this "position".

2. Orgy organizer

Nowadays there is a very popular profession of event manager. This is a specialist who organizes all sorts of events. In ancient Rome, such a person was called the organizer of orgies. True, the word "orgy" in those days did not mean exactly what we mean today. It was a high society dinner with abundant drinks, food and women. Very often, such "events" had a sexual connotation, and therefore the profession of organizer of orgies was not very respected, but often used its services.

3. Urinator

Unlike the previous profession, the profession of urinator was highly demanded and respected. The urinator's task was to dive to a depth of more than 30 meters, most often to install building structures. A bell-shaped cap with air was put on the diver's head, and a weight was tied to the legs. A rope connected him to the surface.

4. Sterkorarius

Ancient Rome was famous for its sewage system. But most Romans, because of their poverty, did not have access to it. Therefore, a special profession was invented - sterkorarius. These people went door-to-door and cleaned out the sewers underneath. All sewage was taken out of the city on carts. Agree, the profession is necessary, but very unpleasant.

5. Porters

This refers to the transfer of your master on special loads from one place to another. Representatives of this profession were always well dressed, shod and well fed. But, despite this, their profession cannot be called easy. After all, carrying a fairly well-fed body up and down the stairs is not an easy task. In addition, the weights were encrusted with precious metals and stones, which increased their weight.

6. Funeral clown

This is a very strange combination of words, causing bewilderment. But this profession was very popular in ancient Rome. The man dressed in the clothes of the deceased, behaved happily, danced and joked. The Romans believed that this would provide joy to the deceased person in the afterlife. Some of these clowns were held in high esteem and paid well.

7. Gymnasiarch

Athletic sports were popular in ancient Greece. The training and education of young athletes was carried out by the gymnasium, who was chosen from a noble family, for a period of one year. He had to be well-off, because he took on all the costs of educating young athletes. And in order for the bodies of the young men to have a beautiful appearance, the gymnasiarch lubricated them with special oils.

Now let's digress from ancient times, and recall the professions that were in demand not so long ago, but have already become history.

8. Man-alarm clock

Agree, it's nice to wake up in the morning to your favorite alarm clock melody. But it was not always so. In the village it was easier, there a rooster helped people to wake up. In the cities of England and Ireland, in the era of industrialization, a knocker-up came to help those who had to get up early. He walked down the street early in the morning and knocked on the windows or doors of his clients until they woke up. For this, a bamboo stick was used. This service cost a few pence a week. Often these "alarm clocks" were hired by the owners of factories and factories so that the workers did not oversleep the beginning of the morning shift.

9. Bowling pin setter

At the beginning of the 20th century, bowling was very popular, however, as it is today. Today it is difficult to imagine a bowling alley where the pins are placed by hand. But the mechanism for placing pins and serving balls was invented only in the late 30s of the twentieth century. Until that time, there was a profession of pin installer (pinspotter). The work is not difficult, but monotonous. At that time, specially trained boys were engaged in setting the pins.

10. Lantern igniter

With the onset of dusk, lanterns were lit on the streets of the cities. But before the advent of electricity, there were no bulbs burning inside these lanterns, but candles, and their lamplighters lit them with a long pole. They were also responsible for putting out the lantern at dawn.

11. Ice Carvers

It is difficult to imagine a modern apartment or house without a refrigerator or freezer. Before their invention, people by the profession of ice cutters were engaged in ice harvesting. They sawed chunks of ice from frozen lakes and sawed them apart. This profession was very dangerous. People often fell into icy water or froze to death.

12. Telephone operator

This profession was very popular and in demand a couple of decades ago. To call another city, it was necessary to use the services of a switchboard. Young educated girls with a pleasant voice were hired for this job, who literally connected wire to wire.

13. Pied Piper

At the time of mass infestations of rats, the rat catcher's profession was one of the most popular in Europe. Despite the fact that these people risked getting sick from rat bites, their work was an important public service. She was respected and well paid.

14. Radar man

Before the advent of modern radars, the troops of many countries used acoustic mirrors and eavesdropping devices. With these devices, a human radar could detect the sound of an engine from approaching aircraft.

15. Factory reader

In many factories and factories with monotonous work, special reciters were hired. They read books and newspapers to the workers in a designated area, thus entertaining them. Later, these lecturers began to teach workers to read and write.

16. Milkman

This profession was very necessary in cities before the invention of the refrigerator. Without refrigeration, the milk spoiled within one day. The person who made the daily deliveries of this product was called the milkman.

But in the last century, these professions were very useful and in demand.

Bowling pin setter

Instead of cars, special people used to be used to place the pins. The work was difficult, noisy, and poorly paid. As a rule, little boys were hired for this work. The guys setting the pins in the bowling alley were replaced by machines.

Alarm clock man

These people walked a certain route, knocking on the windows of their clients with a long stick, throwing stones and shouting for urine, until they were convinced that they woke up people who did not want to sleep through work.

The alarm clock man has also lost its need. Various gadgets now help us to wake up on time. Nowadays, such people are called hooligans.

A computer

In Webster's English Dictionary of 1828, the definition of the word computer is given as: "The person who makes the calculations." Before it became a thing, it was a man, usually a young woman. As you may have guessed, they were engaged in various calculations and calculations, because someone had to do this work. Now this word has a completely different definition.

Chimney sweep

Yes, chimney sweeps exist to this day, but only now it is more a whim of the rich, and earlier it was a necessity. By cleaning soot from chimneys, chimney sweeps saved people from cold death. Fortunately, simpler home heating options are now available.

Factory workers lecturer

Have you ever listened to music or an audio book while doing monotonous work? Factory workers hired live "lecturers" who read them literary works while working. Sometimes workers were thrown off to hire this person.

Currently, "lecturers" have been replaced by players, radio and other passive entertainment gadgets.

Ice carver

Before the invention of the refrigerator, to preserve food, you had to collect ice in the winter to use it in the summer. Special cutters were also involved in the collection of ice.

They cut chunks of ice from frozen lakes, risking death from hypothermia if they fell into an ice hole.

Nowadays, ice is not transferred from place to place, but special refrigeration equipment is used.

Do-radar listeners of enemy aircraft

Soon after the invention of airplanes, armies around the world invented methods for detecting the sound of engines approaching from the horizon.

Before the invention of radar, people relied on the sensitive ears of workers and acoustic mirrors. Hearing the approach of an enemy plane, these listeners sounded the alarm. The detection of enemy aircraft has become fully automated.

Probably professional listeners were very bored, and they could use the services of lecturers, but, unfortunately, this was contrary to the peculiarities of their work.

Pied Piper

When Europe suffered from massive rat infestations, this work was one of the most popular. Rats often carried diseases, and these people were at risk of getting sick from being bitten, but their work was an important public service.

It was the best rat trap with guaranteed results, but it was also the most expensive.

Lantern lighter

Before the introduction of electric lamps, street lamps were lit by hand.

Special people walked the streets and the list of their duties included lighting lanterns, extinguishing and refueling.

Milkman

Without refrigeration, milk will go bad within one day. That is why a person was required who made daily deliveries, right up to the advent of the refrigerator.

Milk jugs were common in cities, as rural residents did not experience a milk deficit. Despite the fact that this point is present in the article, in some places dairymen still continue to do their work, for example, in India.

Log transporter

Even before the roads and railways, river rafting was the best way to transport logs. These people were engaged in the control of this process.

People were divided into groups and looked after problem areas in which logs could get stuck, forming some kind of a dam.

When they noticed a blockage, they had to clear it up as quickly as possible before a large blockage formed.

In cases where they did not succeed, the workers used dynamite to eliminate large congestions.

Working with dynamite, standing above the water on logs tied together, deaths at work were common for lumberjacks, as they were often piled up with logs or drowned in the water under them. At the same time, their work was considered prestigious and highly respected.

Switch operator

Today's millions of simultaneous phone calls are routed digitally.

Not too long ago, all of these calls were handled manually by countless switch operators who literally connected wire to wire.

"Gandhi dancers"

It sounds very exotic, but in reality these people were engaged in hard manual labor. "Gandhi dancers" is a slang term for railroad workers who built, repaired and prevented railroad tracks. "Gandhi" was the name of a company that made tools, and they were called "dancers" because of the characteristic movements that workers performed by hammering crutches into sleepers.

Resurrectionist

In the 19th century, doctors at universities and hospitals had to hire people to steal corpses from graves for research and experimentation. Often, the students of medical universities themselves were engaged in this, since practical tasks were given out, but they had to get the material to complete them on their own. This is how a special protection for graves appeared under the name "Mortsafe".

Daguerreotype

Daggerotype was the forerunner of photography, only in their case the final image was not obtained on photographic paper, but a polished silver-plated copper plate. Since the image was manifested in mercury vapor, it was very dangerous and very expensive pleasure. It is worth noting that at that time the pictures were of fairly high quality, but, unfortunately, they could not be copied.

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