The degree of adjectives in Russian. The name of the adjective degree of comparing the names of the adjective simple form of the comparative degree of adjectives The basis of the initial shape (s) -e-neck
Qualitative adjectiveshave a reference degree. They express a greater or smaller degree of quality in this subject compared to another subject.
For example: (my house is more beautiful than your house). Sometimes comparison goes inside the same subject (increase or decrease) in different periods of its development, i.e. At the moment, compared with his past state.
For example: (the demand for goods has become higher than last year).
Adjectives have two degrees of comparison:
comparative;
Excellent.
1.Comparative degree of adjective Indicates that some sign manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent in one subject than in the other.
For example: I am happier you. Your briefcase is harder than mine. My dog \u200b\u200bis smarter than yours.
Comparative degree happens:
A) simple
B) complicated
BUT) Simple comparative degree Forms with the help of suffixes:
"It" (s): for example: beautiful - more beautiful, smart - smarter, cold - colder;
"E" (with alternating the latest consonant base or without alternation):
For example: big - more, short - shorter, sweet - sweeter;
"She": for example: old - older, young - younger.
Sometimes in the formation of a comparative degree of adjective, another root is used.
Good - better, bad - worse, small - less.
Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change and have no end!
B) Comparative degree It is formed from the full form of a positive degree of adjective with the help of particles more and less.
Big - more (less) big, beautiful - more (less) beautiful.
2) Excellent adjective degree.
An excellent degree shows that some sign manifests itself in this subject to the greatest extent, compared with the same feature in other homogeneous subjects.
This is mine best game; He is the smartest boy in class.
Excellent degree happens:
A) simple
B) complicated
The excellent degree of adjective can change by childbirth, numbers and cases.
(We approached the highest mountains).
BUT) Simple excellent degree It is formed using Sufifixes "Eysh", "Aish".
For example: the stupid, deepest, rarest, nearest
Sometimes at education excellent degree The adjective uses another root.
For example: good - the best, bad - the worst.
B) Complex excellent degree It is formed from the full form of a positive degree of adjective with the help of particles the most and least.
For example: Small - the smallest, smallest, smaller, smart is the smartest, most intelligent, least smart.
Adjectives in excellent degree, as well as the full forms of the positive degree of adjectives, change according to childbirth, numbers and cases.
Publication date: 01/28/2012 17:58 UTC
- Morphological analysis of the name of the adjective in Russian.
- Complete and brief shape of the impressive names. Declination and spelling of case forms of impressions in Russian.
- The concept of adjective. Morphological signs of impressions. Discharges of implications of adjectives in Russian.
The complexity of the use of high-quality adjectives is also in the ability to form them degrees of comparison.
- Positive degreeit is all the simplest adjectives, as it just says that this feature is present in the subject: cheerful, lightetc.
- comparativeit suggests that some sign manifests itself in the subject to a greater or lesser extent. This degree is formed only from high-quality adjectives. It happens simple and difficult. Simple formed with the help of parts of the word - morpheme, and complex - with the help of additional words. And the words in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change, i.e. are not inclined.
Methods for formation of a simple comparative degree:
⇒Do not form a simple comparative form:
- adjectives, which moved into the category of high-quality materials and relative: golden (guy), fox (character);
- adjectives, not varying in degrees, as they denote a permanent sign: blind, deaf, idle;
- the adjectives with suffixes are SK-, -ESK-, -OV-, -K-, -onk-, item-, etc.: quick, Friendly, Business, Makhonky, Whitish;<.li>
- adjectives denoting animal suit: raine, Blue, Gun.
Moreover, the words in the form of a complex comparative degree can quietly lean on cases, childbirth and numbers.
Ways to form a simple excellent degree:
⇒Words that do not form a form of a simple excellent degree:
- those that do not form forms of a simple comparative degree (see above);
- separate adjectives with suffixes -, -the-, -K-: hot, gusty;
- adjectives with suffixes -ist-, -st-: eyesy, volatile.
Here
Adjectives may have comparison degrees: comparative and excellent.
The comparative degree of adjective indicates that the characteristic feature is manifested in it to a greater or lesser extent than in another subject or subjects:
Your briefcase is harder than mine.
Your briefcase is more severe than mine.
An excellent degree indicates that this subject is superior to any other items:
Yerevan is the most ancient city of the world.
The comparative degree of adjectives has two forms:
simple and composite.
Simple form of a comparative degree of adjective
it is formed by the addition of suffixes (s), -e, - it is based on the initial form of adjective:
good - kinder (s), young - younger, thin - thinner.
Sufifix adjectives -K- (-Ob, -Ek-) may fall out if simple
the form of a comparative degree is formed with the help of suffixes -E, -sh.
In this case, there are also alternation of consonants at the root:
low - below, high - above, thin - thinner.
Some adjective names are of the form of a comparative degree with the other basis:
good - better, bad - worse, small - less.
To the form of a comparative degree, on -y (s), -e, it can join the prefix that enhances or softens the degree of manifestation of a trait in one of the items:
subsequent (s), softer, fond.
These forms, as well as the form of the type of bles, are characteristic of conversational speech:
By night, the wind became more accurate. Nights became warm.
A simple form of comparative degree is immutable,
has no endings, and in the sentence acts as a faithful
or (less often) Definition:
Good words are better than a soft cake. Jump coat warmer.
A simple form of a comparative degree can be formed not from all adjectives (timid, tall, business, etc.).
The composite form of a comparative degree is formed by adding words more, less than the initial form of adjective:
fast - faster, loud - less loud.
The second word is composite form of a comparative degree varies by childbirth, cases and numbers:
deep snow, deeper river, at deeper rivers.
The adjectives in the composite form of a comparative degree in the proposal are subject to the definitions:
Our arguments are thinner and deep. No one could bring more convincing arguments.
In the formation of composite form of a comparative degree
avoid type errors more beautiful.
An excellent adjective degree has two forms:
simple and composite.
A simple form of an excellent degree of adjectives is formed by the addition of suffixes -Ex- (-Ash-) to the basis of the initial form of adjective:
the modest one is modest, the great one is the greatest.
Before timing, there is an alternation of consonants:
strict - strictest, quiet - silent.
Sufifixes can fall out -K-: Close - Nearest.
A simple form of excellent degree varies by childbirth, numbers,
pades. The proposal is a predicate or (less often) by definition:
Travel is the most interesting. It was a story about the most interesting journey.
A simple form of excellent degree is most often used in the book speech.
Adjectives and adverbs in many languages \u200b\u200bof the world have the degree of comparison. In English, it is Positive Degree, Comparative Degree and Superlative Degree, in Polish - Rywny, Wyńszy, Najwyńszy, in French - Le Positif, Le Comparatif, Le Superlatif. It was not an exception and Russian, it has a positive, comparative and excellent degree of adjectives. What do they differ and what are their forms?
Comparison degrees: Types, table
The ability to form comparison degrees has adjectives and adjectives from them.There are three of them:
- Positive. Creation. Excellent.
From which adjectives you can form comparison degrees
As you know, all adjectives of the Russian language are divided into several discharges.
- High-quality - mean signs that the subject or living creature can possess in different degrees: sweet, sweeter, the sweetest. Requests - call signs of the subject or living creature by their attitude towards circumstances, actions or other personalities, things: phone call, wooden building. Drawing - testify to the belonging of something to someone: Pushkin Strocha, fatherly farewell.
Also to form comparison degrees can adverbs who came from the qualitative discharge of adjectives: cheerful - cheerful (more cheerful).
Comparative degree of adjectives in Russian
Before proceeding with a comparative consideration, it is worth a little mentioned about positive. This is called the initial degree of comparison (boring). In fact, it is considered only formally considered a degree of comparison. But the next is the comparative degree of adjective (boring, more boring). It serves in order to show that a certain subject or in the individual, this quality is present in a greater / smaller quantity than someone else has something else. For example: "This tea is stronger (stronger) than the one that we drank yesterday."Information on the forms of comparative degree
In the example above, it can be noted that the comparative degree in Russian can be formed in such ways: with the help of suffixes or by adding an additional word (in this example it is more). It turns out, you can select 2 forms of the comparative degree of adjectives in Russian: a simple and composite or as it is sometimes called it is complicated.Methods for formation of a simple form
There are several ways to form it.- With the help of suffixes, they, -e, -sh, added to the base: Bodry - cheer. However, it is worth remembering that if the suffixes of the comparative degree of adjectives are used, it can happen alternation of consonants in the root of the word, and suffixes -k, it can be abolished in general. For example: Narrow - already, ringing - calling. simple form It may be formed by adding all the same, ", -e, -sh, as well as the prefix. For example: Soon - quickly, quickly - quickly. Adjectives formed in this way, as a rule, are a speech of spoken speech. The odd comparative degree of adjectives in Russian is formed with the help of a different basis of the word: bad - worse.
Complex form
Unlike simple, it is formed not by the help of suffixes or prefixes, but by the way to add to the adjective to the positive degree of words "more" or "less". For example: "Rembrandt was a more brilliant artist, rather than most of his contemporaries, but he truly evaluated it years after his death." Anglative in difficult form are inclined by cases, change in numbers and, accordingly, in order, at that time "more" and "Less" remain unchanged. For example: more powerful (powerful, powerful, powerful). As in a simple form, and in a composite, adaptable comparative degree in the proposal, the role of the lesions or definitions: "Their relationship was closer and sublime, rather than anyone from others. We examine information about a comparative degree, now it is worth moving to the study of excellent. And it will help not to forget how the comparative degree of adjectives is formed - the table. It briefly describes all information about simple and complex forms and their education.
A brief information about the excellent degree of comparison
It serves to demonstrate that a certain object or a living being absolutely exceeds any other on a certain quality, which is presented in their highest.For example: "The house of the third piglet was the most durable and wolf could not destroy it."
A little about the forms of excellent degree
To deal with this topic will help knowledge about how simple and complex comparative degree of adjectives are formed. In the case of a superb degree of both its shapes, similar names are similar: simple and composite (complex) and are formed according to the relevant principle.
They are formed by the same principle:
- Easy is formed by adding suffixes -Ech, -Yesh to the base: caring - caring. Similarly, with a comparative, superfixes can also fall out the basis of the base. - Software: Low, Nearby. The word formed by the simple form of an excellent degree is inclined by cases and varies in numbers and childbirth. While the comparative degree of adjective in simple form is deprived of this property. For example: "light". As mentioned above, in comparative form it is invariably - "lighter". But in an excellent degree - "the light", it is capable of changing: "light", "light". Available (complicated) form is formed by adding the words "most", "the least" or "most" ("most", "most", " The most ") to the adjective to a positive degree. For example: the brightest, the least busy, most funny. In some cases, the formation may also participate the comparative degree of adjective plus the word "all". For example: "This girl quickly coped with the task in the class." As in the case of a composite form of a comparative degree, adjective in excellent changes according to the same categories. And additional words: "most" or "least" remain unchanged: "The wolf ran the most short dear to the grandmother's house and ahead of the Red Hat." However, the "most" also changes: "The wolf ran the shortest way to the grandmother's house and beat the Red Hat."
Excellent and comparative degrees of adjectives: Exercises for consolidating knowledge
To better remember the entire outlined material, it is worth practicing while performing some pretty simple exercises.- In this task, you need to form all possible forms of degrees according to the sample: attractive, more attractive, more attractive, attractive, most attractive, more attractive than all. In this exercise, it is necessary to choose to adject both forms of excellent degree, note suffixes and emphasize the alternating letters, according to samples. In this task you need to find errors and explain. 1. Petrov is the best player in the entire national team. 2. Cases in our company went worse. 3. The air indoors became increasingly harder. 4. Our company turned out to be more successful. 5. Natashkina shoes are cheap than in Sveta. In this exercise it is necessary to compare 2 objects of different properties, according to the sample: French And German (frantic). - French is fragrant than German. 1. Autumn and winter (warm). 2. Machine cabinet and Dima cabinet (comfortable). 3. Laptop and smartphone (expensive). 4. Vladimir and Maxim (serious). 5. Katya and Valya (beautiful). 6. Kiev and Lviv (young).
Qualitative adjectives have a non-permanent morphological sign of comparison degrees.
School grammar indicates (see, for example, complex 2), which exists two degrees of comparison - comparative and excellent. More correct is the allocation of three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and excellent. The positive degree of comparison is the initial form of adjective, with respect to which we are aware of other forms as expressing the best / smaller or largest / smallest sign.
The comparative degree of adjective indicates that the sign manifests itself to a greater / lesser extent in this subject compared to another subject (Petya above VASI; this river is deeper than another) or the same subject in other circumstances (Petya higher than was last year; In this place the river is deeper than that).
Comparative degree happens simple and composite.
A simple comparative degree indicates the reason for the manifestation of the feature and is formed as follows:
the basis of a positive degree + forming suffixes (s), -e, -shore / -ezh (quickly, either, already, early, deep).
If at the end of the basis of a positive degree is element to / ok, this segment is often truncated: deep-ions - the same.
Some adjectives have support, i.e. formed from another basis, forms: bad - worse, good - better.
When forming a simple comparative degree, the prefix can be joined (understood). A simple comparative degree with the prefix is \u200b\u200bused if the adjective occupies an inconsistent definition position (give me a Ponuna's newspaper) and does not require an introduction to the proposal that this feature compares. If there is in the proposal and what is compared, and what is compared with, the conjunction of the conversational shade (these shoes are moreon than those).
Morphological signs of a simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic for the adjective. it
1) immutability
2) the ability to control the noun
3) consumption predominantly in the function of the facility (it is higher than the Father). The position of the definition of a simple comparative degree can only be held in a separate position (much higher than other students, it seemed almost adults) or in an anticipated position with the prefix in position after a noun (buy me a newspaper a fusion).
The composite comparative degree is as a good and smaller degree of manifestation of the feature and is formed as follows:
element more / less + positive degree (more / less high).
The difference between the composite comparative degree from the simple is as follows:
1) the composite comparative degree is wider in value, as it denotes not only the best, but also a smaller degree of manifestation of the feature;
2) the composite comparative degree changes in the same way as a positive degree of comparison (source form), i.e., by childbirth, numbers and cases, and may also stand in brief form (more beautiful);
3) A composite comparative degree can be both a surehead and non-determined and separate definition (less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)
The excellent degree of comparison indicates the largest / low degree of manifestation of the feature ( highest mountain) or on a very large / low degree of manifestation of a sign (kind person).
Excellent comparison, as well as comparative, is simple and composite.
A simple excellent degree of comparison of the adjective denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of the feature and is formed as follows:
the basis of a positive degree + forming suffixes -Ex- / -Ash- (after k, g, x, causing alternation): Dob-Yeysh, high-aish
In the formation of a simple excellent degree of comparison, the prefix can be used: the most good one can be used.
Morphological signs of a simple excellent degree of comparison of the adjectives are the same as in a positive degree, i.e., the variability of childbirth, numbers, cases, use in the syntactic function of determining and the fag. In contrast to a positive degree, the simple excellent degree of comparison of the adjective does not have a brief form.
The composite excellent degree of comparison of adjectives denotes both the largest and smallest degree of manifestation and is formed in three ways:
1) the element is the most + positive degree (the smartest);
2) the element is the most powerful + positive degree (the most / least smart);
3) A simple comparative degree + element of all / all (it was smarter than everyone).
Forms of composite excellent degree formed by the first and second way, have morphological signs characteristic of a positive degree, i.e., they change according to childbirth, numbers and cases, may have a brief form (most convenient), and as definition, and as a registered part faithful. Forms of composite excellent degree, formed by the third way, are immutable and advocate mainly as a personal part of the faithful.
Not all high-quality adjectives have the forms of comparison degrees, and the absence of simple form of comparison degrees is observed more often than the absence of composite forms.
The absence of a simple comparative and excellent degree may be connected
1) with a formal adjectory device: if the adjective has a suffix in its composition, which coincides with the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree (stupid - * EMUDALE, * Eashable, advanced - * inverter);
2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the value of the degree of manifestation may be already expressed at the basis of the adjective - in its root (Bosoy - * Bares) or in the suffix (thick-en-yy - * thick, evil-yu - * frustrating, Bel-ovat - * Belish, Sin-Phenk-Iy - * Blue).
The composite forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only in words with a semantic restriction, i.e. in the second case. So, there are no shapes * more evil, * less whiteish, but there are form less disgraced, more advanced.
Fullness / Brief Adjectives
High-quality adjectives have a full and short form
A brief form is formed by accession to the basis of a positive end of the end: Ø for a male race, -a for female, -o / -e for medium, -th / -I-like plural (deep-Ø, deep-A, deep-o, deep and).
A brief form is not formed from high-quality adjectives that
1) are characteristic of relative adjectives of suffixes -sk, -s - / - EU, -N-: brown, coffee, fraternal;
2) denote animal suit: canowy, raven;
3) have suffixes of a subjective assessment: high, cinema.
A brief form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change according to cases, in the sentence advances mainly as a nominal part of the taught (cases of the type of Krasno Maiden, white fuel is brought by phrase-generalized archaic); A brief form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position (angry for the whole world, he almost ceased to leave the house).
In the position of the responded value, the value of complete and brief form usually coincides, but some adjectives have the following semantic differences between them:
1) A brief form denotes an excessive manifestation of a sign with a negative assessment, Wed: Skirt Short - Short Skirt;
2) A brief form denotes a temporary feature, full - permanent, Wed: a child is a sick child.
There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a brief form: Glad, Most, should.
Transition of adjectives from the category
It is possible to exist with the adjective several values \u200b\u200brelating to different discharges. In school grammar, this is called "the transition of the adjective from the category of discharge." Thus, a relative adjective can develop a value characteristic of high-quality (for example: Iron Detail (relates.) - Iron Will (Kach.) - Metaphorical Transfer). Attractatives may occur, characteristic of relative and high-quality (for example: Fox Nora (attraction.) - Fox cap (relates.) - Fox habits (quality). Qualitative adjectives, used terminologically, function as relative (deaf consonants). This adjective retains the type of its declination, but often change morphological signs: Qualitative losing degrees of comparison and brief form (for example, it is impossible to say * this consonant deaf), and relative, on the contrary, they can acquire these signs (with each word, his voice became more and more honey, and habits are increasingly foxed.).