If you believe the encyclopedia, it is a mountain system between the Eastern European and West Siberian plains. Its length is more than two thousand kilometers, and according to some data more than two and a half thousand (if you calculate the Pai-Hoi ridges together in the north and Mulgarians - in the south). The width of the system ranges from 40 to 200 kilometers.

Some of the most ancient mountains on our planet (the oldest Mountain of New Zealand). That is why they are not as high as the same Tibet or Andes. The age of the Ural Mountains has more than 600 million years and for this for a long time the mountains managed to thoroughly collapse under the influence of winds, rains and landslides. Already steel common place Applications that the Ural Mountains are very rich in fossils. Indeed, in the Urals you can meet the deposits of copper, magnesium, titanium, coal, oil, bauxite, etc. In total, specialists have more than fifty-five most important minerals and ores.

History of opening of the Ural Mountains

The history of the opening of the Ural Mountains begins with antiquity. More precisely, it will be that this is the opening history for our civilization, and in general, people settled the Urals in significantly earlier times. The first written mentions about the Ural Mountains we meet the Greeks. They talked about the mountains of Imaus, Ripeye (Rhypsy) mountains and the hyperborean mountains. It is now very difficult to establish what part of the Ural Mountains said scientists ancient Greece and Rome, because Their narratives are very abundantly equipped with legends, fairy tales and frank non-residents. It is clear that they themselves have never been in the Urals and heard about the Urals of third or even the fourth and fifth lies. Somewhat later, already from Arab sources could have learned more detailed information about the Ural Mountains. Arabs spoke about the country of the Ugra, where the people of Yura lived. In addition, it is certainly to the Urals include descriptions of countries such as Visa, the country of Yagoodja and Maggudge, Bulgaria, etc. All Arab sources converge in one: the territory of the Ural Mountains was populated by the fierce people and therefore was closed for travelers. Also, all of them in one voice speak of harsh climatic conditions, which actually suggests that they mean precisely the Urals. But, despite these facts, their attention still was riveted to the Ural Mountains, because It was here that the source of the two most important currencies of the Middle Ages - Ferns and Salts who quoted no less than gold and precious stones. Starting from 13-14 centuries (according to some data, even from the 12th century) Urals and Ural Mountains They began to master Russian pioneers. First, the Ural Mountains were known under the name of the stone. So they said "go for the stone", i.e. To the Urals and to Siberia. Already starting from the 17th century, in many respects thanks to Vasily Tatishchev, the territory of the Ural Mountains received the name of the Urals. The Ural, in fact, is translated as a mountain or a stone belt from Mansiysk (sometimes they talk about Turkic, namely the Bashkir origin of this word).

Water resources of the Ural Mountains

In the Urals, just a huge number of lakes, rivers and streams. Mountain lakes can be counted in the amount of 3327 (!). The overall length of the rivers is more than 90,000 (!) Kilometers. Such rich water resources are associated with a large area of \u200b\u200bthe catchment, which, in turn, is due to the peculiarities of the landscape. Most rivers are of mountain nature, and therefore, very rapid, relatively shallow and transparent. The rivers are found by Siberian and European Harius, Taimen, Pike, Sudak, Nalim, Okun and others. Fish. Thanks to all this, it is simply ideal for water tourism and sports fishing on smoking, Tieta and Siga.

The main vertices of the Ural Mountains.

The highest peak in the Urals is a mountain People's Mount (1894.5 meters). By the way, it is necessary to say with the emphasis on the first syllable, because The name has happened from the word "downshift" and is associated with mansiysk legends, which say exactly from here we went, i.e. Made, comi-perm. In addition to people, there are some more "branded" and significant vertices in the Urals. In the South Urals, this is the mountains of Yamantau (1640 m), Greater Jerlel (1582 m), a large shell (1427 m), Nurguash (1406 m), Kruglitsa (1168 m) and a combing ridge (1155 m).

Comb is responding. Photo Maxim Tatarinova

On the Middle Urals it is necessary to celebrate the mountains of Oslka (1119 m), Kachkanar (878 m), old stone (755 m), shunut-stone (726 m) and white mountain (712 m). In the Northern Urals, the highest peaks of Korzhakovsky stone (1569 m), a stone of stone (1492 m), the mountains of purust (1292 m), the mountains are separated (1182 m; famous for the fact that he is near Dyatlov's pass), skin-from (1195 m ) and Telposise (1617 m). Speaking about the mountains of the Northern Urals can not be circumvented by the famous Mago Pupa-Ner - these are the stones of the remains near the Mountain Koyep.

Manpupener. Photo Sergey Ischenko

The most significant vertices of the Popular Urals: Already mentioned by us People's Mountain, Mount Manaraga (1820 m), Mount Kololnya (1724 m), Mountain Protection (1808 m), Mount Mansy Nierr or Didkovsky Mountain (1778 m) and others. How to notice It is the mountains of the Supolar Urals are the highest.
Well, and in the Polar Urals it is necessary to allocate the mountains of the Payer (1499 m) and NGETENAPE (1338 m).

Manaraga

That a large number of Mountains of different heights, caves (which naturally eating in the mountains), rivers and lakes became the main reason for the development of active tourism in the Urals. In the Arsenal of Urals (and not only Ural) tourists and hiking routes, and mountain trekking, and alloys on rivers, and combined tours, and ethnographic tours, as well as sports fishing and hunting.

Ecology of the Ural Gor.

The issue of ecology in the Urals is very acute. Initially served a certain pantry for the state. The industry has always been developed and anthropogenic pressing on nature has always been felt. Today, out of the most acute problems can be called cutting down forests, the consequences of the extraction of underground fossils, dams on rivers (hydropower plants), the work of harmful chemical, cellulose and metallurgical industries. In order for readers to make an impression of the Urals as a certain industrial colony, we note that work on improving ecology in the Urals is conducted. Already on the territory of a very large number of reserves, parks and reserves. The largest of them: the Vishero Reserve, Yighd Va National Park, the Methast Stone Reserve, etc. In addition, private fishing farms, recreation areas and recreational areas with ecological routes and trails are increasingly appearing with the development of tourist business in the Urals. All this in aggregate allows you to hope that the ecology of the Urals will not be violated and will allow many more and many tourists to relax and even improve their health in the Ural Mountains.

Before you detailed map Ural Mountains with the names of cities and settlements in Russian. Move the map by holding it with the left mouse button. You can move around the map by clicking on one of the four arrows in the upper left corner. Scale allows the scale on the right side of the map or turn the wheel of the mouse.

In which country is the Ural Mountain

Ural Mountain is located in Russia. This is a wonderful, beautiful place, with your story and traditions. Coordinates of the Ural Mountains: northern latitude and east longitude (show on the big map).

Virtual Walk

The figure "Man" above the scale scale will help to make a virtual walk through the cities of the Ural Mountains. By pressing and holding the left mouse button, drag it to any place on the map and you will go for a walk, while in the upper left corner will appear inscriptions with the approximate address of the area. Motion direction Select by clicking on the arrows in the center of the screen. Option "Satellite" at the top of the left allows you to see a relief image of the surface. In Map mode, you will get the opportunity to get acquainted in detail with road road Ural Mountains and the main attractions.

The Ural Mountains are a unique natural object for our country. Probably not to think about answering the question why. The Ural Mountains are the only mountain chain that crosses Russia from north to south, is the boundary between the two parts of the world and the two largest parts (macroregions) of our country - European and Asian.

Motherland. Ural Mountains: Ural - Range of Russia

The Ural Mountains stretched from north to south, mainly along the 60th Meridian. In the north they are bent towards the northeast, to the Peninsula Yamal, in the south - turn to the southwest. One of their features is that the mountainous territory expands as moving from north to south (this is clearly visible on the map on the right). In the south, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Orenburg region, Raal Mountains are connected with a number of elevations, such as common crawling.

Anyway it seemed strange, the exact geological border of the Ural Mountains, as well as the exact geographical border between Europe and Asia, still cannot determine exactly. In 2010, the Russian geographical society for this purpose has equipped a special expedition.

The Ural Mountains have a long and difficult story. It begins in the Proterozoic Era - so an ancient and unstasted stage of the history of our planet, that scientists do not even share it for periods and epochs. Approximately 3, 5 billion years ago, the terrestrial crust occurred at the place of the future mountains, which soon reached the depth of more than ten kilometers. For almost two billion years, this break expanded, so about 430 million years ago an ocean formed, a width of up to a thousand kilometers. However, soon after that the rapprochement of lithospheric plates began; The ocean relatively quickly disappeared, and mountains were formed in its place. It happened about 300 million years ago - this corresponds to the era of the so-called Hercino folding.

New major raising in the Urals resumed only 30 million years ago, during which the polar, and the same, northern and southern parts of the mountains were raised almost per kilometer, and the middle of the Urals - about 300-400 meters.

Currently, the Ural Mountains stabilized - large movements of the earth's crust here are not observed. Nevertheless, they still resemble people about their active history: from time to time earthquakes occur here, and very large. The strongest one had an amplitude of 7 points and was not registered as long as long ago - in 1914.

From a geological point of view, the Ural Mountains are very difficult to arrange. They are formed by the breeds of the most different types and ages. In many ways, features inner structure The Urals are associated with its history, for example, still retained traces of deep faults and even the sections of the oceanic cortex.

The Ural Mountain Height Mountains, the highest point - People's Mountain on the Supillary Urals, reaching 1895 meters. It is curious that the second top of the Top of the Urals - Mount Yamantau - is located in the South Urals. In general, in the profile of the Ural Mountains remind of depression: the highest ridges are located in the north and south, and the middle part does not exceed 400-500 meters, so that crossing the average Urals can not even notice the mountains.

It can be said that the Ural Mountains are not lucky in terms of height: they were formed in one period with the Altai, but they subsequently experienced much less raising. The result is the highest point of Altai, Mount Belukha, reaches four and a half kilometers, and the Ural mountains are more than twice as lower. However, such an exalted position of Altai turned into a danger of earthquakes - the Urals in this respect is much safer to life.

Typical vegetation of the belt of mountain tundras in the Ural Mountains. The snapshot is made on the humboldt mountain slope (the main Ural Range, Northern Urals) at an altitude of 1310 meters. Photos by Natalia Shmaenkova

Long, continuous struggle of volcanic forces against wind and water forces (in geography the first is called endogenous, and the second - exogenous) created a huge number of unique natural attractions in the Urals: rocks, caves, etc.

The Ural is also known for the huge reserves of minerals of all types. This is primarily iron, copper, nickel, manganese and many other types of ores, building materials. Kachkanar Iron deposit is one of the largest in the country. Although the metal content in ore is small, it contains rare, but very valuable metals - manganese, vanadium.

In the north, in the Pechora coal pool, mined coal. There are in our region and noble metals - gold, silver, platinum. Undoubtedly, the Urals precious and semi-precious stones are widely known: emeralds mined near Yekaterinburg, diamonds, gems of the Murzin strip, and, of course, the Ural Malachite.

The beauty of the Ural Mountains awakened talent P.P. Bazhova, who created a series of tagents about the Urals, the wealth of nature of this region.

Unfortunately, many valuable old deposits have already been developed. Magnetic mountains containing large stocks of iron ore are turned into careers, and the reserves of the malachite have survived except in the museums in the form of individual inclusions on the site of old developments - now even three hundred cellogram monolith is hardly possible. Nevertheless, these minerals largely ensured the economic power and fame of the Urals for the century.

Through the Urals lies the way to Siberia. For this see Viopilm:

Regional value

The Ural has long been attracted and striking researchers abundance of minerals and its main wealth - minerals. Under the land of the Urals there are iron, copper ores, chromium, and nickel, cobalt, and zinc, and stone coal, and oil, gold, and precious stones. The Ural has long been the largest mining and metallurgical database of the whole country. Forest resources include forest riches. South and Middle Urals provide the possibility of agriculture.

This natural region is one of the most important for the lives of Russia and Russians.

Nature features

The hydropower potential of the Ural River (Pavlovskaya, Yumaguzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya, and a few small hydropower plants) remains far from fully developed resource.

Rivers and lakes

The rivers belong to the northern ocean pools (on the western slope - Pechora with a mustache, on the eastern - Tobol, Iset, Tura, Lozva, northern savings related to the Ob system) and the Caspian Sea (Kama with Chusovoy and White; Ural River). The rivers of the Western Slope, especially in the North and Supolar Urals, are more perpetual; They are characterized by high and long-lasting (up to 2-3 months) flood in May-June (at the Supolar Urals - in June-July), often turning into high summer floods associated with abundant rains in the mountains. The smallest water content of the rivers of the Eastern Slope of the Southern Urals (some of them dry out in the summer). The duration of the ice station increases from 5 months in the Southern Urals to 7 on the Polar and Polar Urals. Power rivers mainly snow and rain. The largest lakes are located on the eastern slope of the Middle and South Urals (Tavatui, Argazy, Wildlows, Turgoyak, etc.; The deepest lake up to 136 m is a big gain). At the Polar Urals there are small glacial lakes, on the western slope of the Middle Urals - Karst. Urals rivers and lakes have a lot of economic (sources of water supply of settlements and industrial enterprises) and transport value (Kama River, Belaya, Chusovaya - in the lower reaches); Many rivers are used for forest alloy. The chamber created Kamal and Votkin reservoirs.

Types of landscapes, their flora and fauna

Changes in climatic conditions from the north to the south and the nature of the relief, especially the presence of heights of more than 1500 m, are reflected in the change of natural landscapes both in the latitudinal direction (zonality) and vertical (explanation); The change of altitude belts is pronounced than transitions between zones. In the Urals there are steppe, forest and goltish landscapes.

Steppe landscapes are common in the Southern Urals, especially widely on the eastern slope and on the peppercourse. The steppes of meadow, disintegration-turfinoslak, drennozlock, stony. Meadow steppes on ordinary and leached blackloors are developed in the forest-steppe zone and in the lower parts of the mountain slopes. Here they grow out of the difference: a labar of the sixiest, Serpuha Gmelin, a clover Middle and Mountain, from cereals - Mattik meadow, bonfire, and others. The height is closed and reaches a height of 60-80 cm. Many seaspass areas. The meadow steppes to the south are gradually replaced by the disintegration and turf ones; They are developed on fat blacklooks (in the north), and in more southern regions - on ordinary and medium black soils. They are most characteristic of turf cereals, and to the south, due to the increase in dryness, the spreading becomes less typical. In the grasshopped hood (narrow-mounted, John), Typsum, Tyris; From the disengquer - a labaznik of the sixiest, clover mountain, hemorring medicinal and others. The grass is lower than in the meadow steppes, and in the southern direction becomes more sparse. The turfno-lacquered steppes prevail in the most southern, most arid areas, on the southern, places of saltwateted chernozem, as well as on brown soils. Typical washed, Ticachak, tonkon, elegant; There is a small admixture of the dispensing, poor in the species composition. Herbage is low and strongly resolved. The steep chubby slopes of the mountains and hills of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals are usually covered with stony steppes. According to valleys steppe rivers Places will grow willow, osocor, shrubberban. In the steppes are mainly rodents (Susliki, Tushkhank), hare-rusak; From birds - steppe supplied, cannuk, in some places the drought is preserved.

Forest landscapes of the Urals are most diverse. On the western slope, dark-like mining forests predominate (in the southern Urals, mixed and large-scale forests in places), on the eastern slope - light-ohvoy mining forests. The most diverse in the composition of the fores of the forest of the Southern Urals; Here on the eastern slope at an altitude of 500-600 M, the mountain steppes are replaced predominantly light-ohvary, in some places of the pine forests of the ordinary, less frequently of the Sukachev larch; There are a lot of birch in places. The more moistened Western foothills of the Southern Urals are mainly covered with mixed forests on mining gray soils, mixed to the west leached, apodulated and typical black mills. Oaks are represented from broadcast here, Oak Oaks, Ostroland, Lipa Melkolatite, Ilm, Elm; From coniferous - Siberian fir, Spruce Siberian. Someone preserved broadf forests; Diverse undergrowth (Obschina ordinary, coarse brushing). In the forests of thick herbal cover. At an altitude of 500-600 m on the western slope of the Southern Urals, dark-haired forests predominate, above 1200-1250 m - Goltsy with plots of mountain tundra, stone browsing, rocky remains.

On the Western and Eastern Slopes of the Middle Urals, forest landscapes are also unequal. On the western slope, dark-like Siberian forests from spruce and fir siberian, places there are Lipa, Klyon, Ilm, in the undergrowth, the honeysuckle. On average, the Ural region has natural forest-steppe sites (Kungurskaya, Krasnoufim and other forest-steppe), among which are small birch groves. On the eastern slope of the Middle Urals, there are many pine forests, and on the peppercounted foothills (especially in the Pyshma and Iset rivers pool) large squares Are busy with birchings and oxes. Darky forests on the eastern slope are less common. In the slides are often sphagnum and hypinous and herbal swamps. Forest landscapes of the Middle and South Urals are strongly changed by the economic activity of man.

The forests of more northern areas of the Urals have been preserved better. On the western slope of the Northern Urals to a height of 800-900 m, the average forests of the eloction of Siberian, less often the fir of the Siberian and Cedar Siberian on weakly podzolic soils are dominated; The undergrowth is developed weakly or is completely absent. Moss is widespread with the predominance of green moss, there are berries (blueberries, cloudberries, ching waters). On alluvial terraces of Kama and Pechoras - pine forests. On the eastern, more arid slope of the Northern Urals, large areas are occupied by pine and larch forests.

On the Polar and Polar Urals in connection with the increase in the severity of the climate, the upper boundary of the forest belt is reduced to 400-250 m. Local mountain north-fitting forests are rather monotonous and consist mainly of ate of Siberian (on a western slope) and pine, from Lichkachev and Siberian (on Eastern slope). Typical lowestness and rustling of forest cover, especially at the top border of the forest belt. Here, when moving to the goltz, frantities are frequent. Forests in places are very wetrated; Safagna swamps prevail.

Animals living in the forests of the Urals in the species are not different from those who inhabit the adjacent plains: elk, brown bear, fox, wolverine, lynx, sable (in the north). Only in the Middle Urals there is a mix of a sable and forest cubage - Kidus. In the forests of the South Urals, badrsuk and black choreke are not uncommon. Reptiles and amphibians live mainly in the South and Middle Urals and are represented by ordinary viper, a borious lizard, etc.; From the birds there are: Ceremc, Tetrayev, Ryabchik, Keedrovka, Cuckoo, ordinary and deaf and others. Singer birds (nightingaws, Gorikhvostka, etc.) arrive at the South and Mid-Urals.

Halt landscapes are presented above the forest belt. Especially widely distributed in the Polar, Polar, and Northern Urals. On the goltsies of the Western, more moisture slope, mossy tundra are more common, at the East Skeleton Goltsy - lichen; In decreases, many sphagnum swamps. An animals in the tundra of the Urals live: Lescent, Obian Lemming; From birds - a Mokhno-legged Kanyuk, Polar Owl, a tundren partridge. In the tundra of the Urals, good summer deer pastures. In the northernmost regions of the Urals, the Golt deserts are also widely developed, almost devoid of vegetation cover (there are precipitated lichens). Here is the abundance of stone placers and rocky remains formed during intense frosty weathera.

History

Legend

"Ural" in Bashkirsky - belt. There is a Bashkir tale of a Giant, which wore a belt with deep pockets. He hid all his wealth in them. The belt was huge. Once the giant stretched it out, and the belt lay through the whole ground, from the Cold Kara Sea in the north to the sandy coast of the Southern Caspian Sea. So the Ural ridge was formed.

In Greek books, written two thousand years ago, it is possible to read about the distant "Rhypsy Mountains", where the sullen vultures will erase the inconspicable gold treasures.

Primitive bureaucracy in the territory of the Urals

The first people appeared in the Urals at the end of the early Paleolithic (about 75 thousand years ago). From late Paleolithic (35-10 thousand years ago) a number of parking lots (Capov Cave) were found. During the neolithic period in the Urals, relative tribes were inserted, among which, apparently, the foundations of Finno-Ugric Language Communication and Mixed (Mongoloid-Caucasoid) anthropological type were formed; In the southern regions there are cattle breeding and hoe agriculture. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC e. In the Urals, the production of copper and bronze occurs. The main archaeological cultures of the bronze era: Abashevskaya, Andronovskaya, Balanovskaya, Gorbunovskaya, cutting, turbine. In 8-7 centuries. BC e. The Tribes of the Urals mastered the technique of obtaining iron. There were large unions of the tribes. In the steppes of the South Urals, Sarmati lived, in the forest-steppe primer - the tribes of Kara-Abyzovsky culture, in the Kama region - the tribes of Ananin culture, on the basis of which the Pianoborskaya, Osinsk and Glyadenovsky culture were developed. From 3 c. n. e. In the territory of the Urals, large movements of the ancient population took place. New archaeological cultures appeared: Lomostatovskaya, Poltomskaya, Bakhmutinskaya, Imhenkovskaya, Turaevskaya, Chepetskaya, etc. The population of the Urals had exchange connections with Central Asia, Iran, Byzantia.

Ural during feudalism

At the beginning of the 1st millennium, N.E. In the Urals began the decomposition of the primitive community. The formation of feudal relations was faster from the ancestors of Komi-Permyakov, Udmurts and Bashkir, slower - at Khanty and Mansi. The process of feudalization accelerated the influence of neighboring feudal states - Bulgaria of the Volga-Kama and Russian principalities. At the 14th century It was at Komi-Permyakov, the early referral state association Perm Great, in 15 V. Mansiysk tribes - sang.

At 11 c. Penetration began to the Urals of Russians. In the Northern Urals at the 14th century. Friends of Novgorod Ukkoynikov appeared. Ugra Earth, and then Perm's becoming volosts of the Novgorod feudal republic, the influx of Russian settlers begins to these lands. At the beginning of the 15th century Russian settlements arise on the upper chamber (the Anfalovsky Town, Sol-Khaska). In 1471, the ownership of Novgorod in the Ural region moved to the Moscow State, which was part of which at the end of the 15th century. The top protamia and part of the Udmurt lands entered. After the defeat of the Russian state in 1552 of Kazan Khanate, most of the Bashkiria and the rest of the Kama Udmurtia were voluntaryly entered into Russia. Russian settlements arose: Ufa, Sarapul, etc. In the Kama region there were possessions of Stroganov, who organized the campaigning of the Cossacks of the Cossacks headed by Ermaca, where at the end of the 16th century. There were Russian fortresses - Lozwinsky Town, Pelic, Verkhoturia, etc. from 11 c. Russians called the northern part of the Urals - stone, less often - belt. In the mid-16 - early 17 centuries. The use of the Bashkir name "Ural" entered the Bashkir name, first in relation to southern regions. It is possible that it happened from the Turkic "Aral" - the island. So Turks call all the territory that is different from the surrounding area. Bashkir from the 13th century. There is a legend about the Urals - Batyr (Bogatyr), who sacrificed his life for the happiness of his people, and people poured over his grave Kurgan, from which the mountains of Urals rose. By the end of the 17th century. The Bashkir name "Ural" Russians spread to the whole mountain system.

In the 17th century The Russians settled the lands of the Southern and Middle Urals and the Survival, founding the city of Kungur, the settlement of the new Usolye, the Zaralsk Sloboda Irbites, Shchadrinskaya, Kamyshlovskaya, and others. Russian settlers brought the local population of the Urals more developed agricultural and crafts. The colonization of the Urals contributed to the cessation of internecine military clashes among the peoples of the Urals and the formation of feudal relations, which have developed in 16-17 centuries. But at the same time she led to strengthening the national and social oppression of non-Russian peoples. Mansi, Khanty, Bashkirs were covered with Yasak. A significant part of Komi-Permyakov and Udmurts was dependent on the Stroganov and other Russian feudal feudals. In 16-17 centuries. In the Urals, agriculture has significantly developed, bread-made areas have developed, providing local markets. Most of the processed lands were in the Black-sized peasants, the landowner the scarce was insignificant. The craft developed, a number of its industries turned into small-ware production (woodworking, leather, pottery, blacksmithing, etc.). All-Russian importance acquired the salted industry (Lenva, Solikamsk, new Usolye).

In the 17th century In the Urals, many mineral deposits (iron, copper and other ores) were discovered. Metal from the Ural ores was distinguished by high quality. By the middle of the 17th century. The first rendering and copper smelters appeared. The Russian government drew attention to the Urals as an important raw material base. At the beginning of the 18th century. In the Urals began broad factory construction, caused by the needs of the development of the Russian state and his military needs. At first, government plants were founded: in 1701 - Nevyansky (from 1702 - private) and Kamensky, in 1723 - Yekaterinburg and Yagyashinsky (near Perm). Then there were private plants (Demidov et al.). For the organization and development of the Mining Industry of the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century. Made a lot of V.N. Tatishchev and V.I. Gennin. In the 1st half of the 18th century. In the Urals, 63 metallurgical plants were constructed, in the 50-60s. There are another 67 enterprises. Ural has become the largest mining area of \u200b\u200bRussia. In the 50s. 18 V. Most of the government plants passed to private ownership. Ural plants 18 V. They were manufacturers, the work of serfs and assigned peasants was widely exploited. In connection with the factory construction, new cities emerged (Ekaterinburg; Perm et al.). The Gornozavodsk State Industry of the Urals managed from 1719. Mountain deeds of the Office, from 1734 - the Office of the General Board of Plants. In 1807, a system of mountainous districts led by mining in Perm (until 1830) was created, then in Yekaterinburg. In 1708, the territory of the Urals entered the Siberian and Kazan province. After a number of transformations, the territory of the Urals since 1796 was divided into the Perm and Orenburg province, in 1865 the Ufa Gubernia was formed. At the beginning of the 19th century. In the context of the crisis of the feudal-serf system in Russia in the Urals, the growth rate of production has sharply decreased, factory construction has decreased, the performance of serfdom has fallen. Industrial coup passed in the Urals very slowly. In the 1st half of the 19th century. Here, only the gold mining industry was developed. The largest industrial and trade and craft centers of the Urals were Perm, Ekaterinburg, Orenburg, Ufa, Kungur and Irbit, in which there was the most significant fair in the Urals. By chamber from the 40s. The shipping message began.

Urals during capitalism (2 half half of the 19th century) and imperialism (1900-17)

As a result of the peasant reform of 1861, the Gornozavodskaya peasants of the Urals lost 54% of the land, formerly in their use, the secondary stalls decreased from 2.8 to 1.2 decades. The development of capitalism in the Urals was hampered by significant remnants of serfdom in the village and the Mining and Gornozavodskaya industry (maintaining landlords of latifunds, workers, etc.). In the 2nd half of the 19th century The first joint-stock companies appeared, incl. with the participation of foreign capital. A number of old metallurgical plants were reconstructed and several new ones were built. The gold mining and platinum industry developed, coal mining (Kizelian pool), mechanical engineering (Yekaterinburg mechanical factory, Motovilikhinsky in Perm, Izhevsky, Votkin and other plants), chemical industry (Berezniki soda plant). But in general, the mining industry of the Urals at the end of the 19th century. It was in decline, especially old metallurgical plants that used water energy. Ural lost the importance of the main metallurgical area of \u200b\u200bthe country, losing the south of Russia. In the 2nd half of the 19th century The urban population grew rapidly. Industrial centers developed, who were not officially officially cities (Nizhny Tagil, Votkinsk, Zlatoust, etc.). Were built railways: Samara-Orenburg (1876), Gornozavodskaya (1878), Yekaterinburg-Tyumen (1885), Samara-Ufa-Zlatoust-Chelyabinsk (1892), Ekaterinburg-Chelyabinsk (1896). At the end of the 19th century In the Urals there were over 300 thousand industrial and railway workers. Part of the proletariat (workers of the mountainous factories) participated in the struggle for land, for better conditions for the use of land and the like. However, the basis of the working movement was the fight against capitalist exploitation; from the 70s. One of its main forms is an economic strike with political demands. In the 70s In the Urals there were several groups of revolutionary populists. In the 2nd half of the 90s. Social-democratic organizations arose in Ufa (1895), Chelyabinsk (Ural Workers Union, 1896), Yekaterinburg (1897), Perm (1898) and other cities. At the beginning of the 20th century Social democratic committees were created (in 1902 - in Perm; in 1903 - in Ufa, Centralouralie - in Yekaterinburg). In 1904, the Conference in Nizhny Tagil created the Ural Regional Committee of the RSDLP. Workers of the Urals actively participated in the revolution 1905-07, the Bolsheviks were led by Ya. Sverdlov and Artyom (F.A. Sergeev). 1-J. world War 1914-18. It was hardly affected by the national economy of both all Russia and the Urals. After some revival of military production by the end of 1916, an industrial crisis began in the Urals, accompanied by a lack of fuel, devouring transport, a reduction in agricultural production and a deterioration in the position of workers. After the February Revolution of 1917, tips were created in the Urals everywhere. The Bolsheviks came out of the underground, their number grew (827 people by the beginning of March, over 10 thousand - in April). In April 1917, the 1st Ural (Free) Conference of the RSDLP (b) was held in Yekaterinburg, which was supervised by Sverdlov.

Urals during the October Revolution and Civil War (1917-19), during socialist construction (1920-41) and in the period of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45.

Soviet power in the Urals was established mainly in October-December 1917: October 26 (November 8) - in Yekaterinburg and Ufa, October 27 (November 9) - in Izhevsk and many other cities, November 23 (December 6) - in Perm. In a number of places, due to the resistance of the counter-revolution and the treacherous tactics of Mensheviks and the Socialist Republic, the struggle for the Soviet government continued at the beginning of 1918 (Solikamsk, Cherdin, Votkinsk, Zlatoust, etc.). In Orenburg, the Soviet power was established after the defeat of the rebellion of Dutov 18 (31) January 1918. In May, the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps of 1918 began, which was also part of the Urals. In the summer, local counter-revolutionary meters occurred - Izhevsk-Votkinsky and others. From November 1918, a counter-revolutionary regime was established in the Urals - Kolchkov. In May 1919 soviet troops They switched to the offensive and the autumn was mainly released the territory of the Urals. In March 1919, the Bashkir ASSR was formed, in November 1920 - a vote JSC (from 1934 - Udmurt ASSR), in 1923 - the Ural region, as part of which in 1925, was established by Komi-Permytsky National District .

After graduation in the Urals of the Civil War, the restoration of the national economy began. In 1920-21 The volume of industrial products of the Urals was 12% of the 1913 level, in 1925-26. - already 93%. During the 1st and 2nd five-year places in the Urals, many new large industrial enterprises were built; Among them are the giants of the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Metallurgical (1932) and Berezniki Chemical (1932) Combines; Urals plant of heavy engineering in Sverdlovsk (1933), Chelyabinsk Tractor (1933) and Solikamsky Potash (1934) Plants, Krasnokamsky Pulp and Paper Plant (1936) and others. The Ural-Kuznetsky Combine was created. In 1929, oil was discovered in the Kamye, in 1932 its mining began in Bashkiria. Gross products of the major industry of the Urals in 1937 compared with 1913 grew almost 7 times. In the 3rd five-year period, Novotagilsky metallurgical, Ural aluminum, Ural cargo-building and other plants entered into force.

During the Great Patriotic War, 1941-45. The Ural became the main arsenal of the country and the most important base of placement of industrial enterprises escaped from the Western regions of the USSR. In the first 5 months of war, 667 enterprises were translated into the Urals. By the end of 1941, the Ural gave 62% cast iron, about 50% of the steel and the rental of all production in the USSR. In 1943, the gross products of the Ural plants exceeded the level of 1941 3 times, the production of military products - 6 times. During the war years, Urals accounted for up to 40% of all the products of the country's military industry, the annual increase in production was 50%. Three plants in the Urals gave 2/3 of the production of tanks and self-propelled artillery installations. In the Urals, many aircraft were produced, guns, small arms, ammunition, etc. Of the workers of the Urals, several divisions and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps were formed. More than 800 Urals became heroes Soviet Union, 8 people - twice. In 1946, the Urals industry was transferred to the production of peaceful products.

The Ural Mountains are located on the mainland of Eurasia and stretched the mountain range of these mountains throughout the country of Russia (more than 2,000 km long) from the south to the north.

It used to be believed that in the east of the country, Siberia begins at the East of the Ural Mountains, but later Siberia moved further to the east.



Ural Mountains They are on the mainland of Eurasia, between the Eastern European Plain and West Siberian Lowland. These mountains stretched from north to south through the territory of Russia and Kazakhstan by 2.5 thousand kilometers.

Ural Mountains are relatively low. The highest top - mount People 1895 m high.

In the Ural Mountains (on their eastern slope) there is a conditional border between Europe and Asia.

I think any resident of Russia is obliged to know exactly that the Ural Mountains are located in Russia, even if he lives very far from them - in the Far East, Siberia or in Kaliningrad. These are the longest mountains in our country, and probably some of the most ancient. The Ural Mountains lie on the mainland of Eurasia, and precisely on these mountains the famous border between the two parts of the world - Europe and Asia takes place. In many places of the Ural Mountains, there are even special pointers, putting a person with one foot in Asia, and the other in Europe. The most famous city that lies immediately in two parts of the world - Magnitogorsk in the Southern Urals.



The Ural Mountains are located in Russia and their eastern slopes are the border between Europe and Asia.



And the mainland itself is called Eurasia, the largest mainland on the planet. The mountains stretch from the north to the south of the strip from 40 to 150 and more than 2,000 kilometers long. The continuation of the Ural Mountains in the south are Mount Mountains in Kazakhstan. The Ural Mountains are one of the oldest mountain systems in the world. They are a real treasury of minerals, from various minerals to stone coal, oil and gas. To preserve unique natural features, several natural reserves are formed here.

The Ural Mountains stretch 1500 miles from approximately north to south from the Arctic Ocean to Central Russia.

Ural, for the most part, is located in Russia, although the southern part reaches Northern Kazakhstan. Located on the mainland of Eurasia. And it is considered a kind of border between Europe and Asia.

The data of the mountains are the most extended on our territory, so it is logical that they are located in Eurasia, they are located in the northwestern part of Russia. These mountains have a fairly large width it comes from a hundred to two hundred kilometers, and if we talk about the length of the meridian at 2600 km. The biggest point of these mountains is folk, eight is 1875 m. Thus, they are not very high mountains.

The Ural Mountains are on the mainland called Eurasia. Moreover, it is the Ural Mountains that are the border between Europe and Asia. It is clear that the border is sufficiently conditional, but generally accepted and visible.

The Ural Mountains are on the mainland of Eurasia and share the mainland to the European and Asian part (territory of Russia). And the length is more than 2,000 km, and the width is from 40 to 150 km. The highly high part of the Ural Mountain People, which has reached the height of 1895 meters.

The Ural Mountains are on the mainland of Eurasia in the northern and central parts of the mainland.

The Ural Mountains limit the Kara Sea, Mount Mount Mugarjar, Eastern and and West North Plains.

More than the length of the mountains have from the north to south, the mountains refer to average.

Usually, the lessons are called to the blackboard, on which the map hangs and ask to specify the mountains. Pay attention to half the card away from Moscow to the east and specify a brown strip that is a bit like a vertical line