Electric incandescent lamps - history, device, choice. Color temperature of incandescent bulbs

11.04.2019 Secrets for harvesting and storage

Among artificial lighting sources are incandescent lamps. Wherever there is an electric current, you can detect the transformation of its energy into the light, and almost always the incandescent lamps are used for this. We will understand how and that they are increasing, and what they are.

Features of a specific lamp can be found by studying the index embossed on its metal base.

The index uses the following digital signs:

B - Bispiral, Argon Filling
BK - Bispiral, Crypton Filling
In - Vacuum
G - gas allowance, argon filling
DS, DSh - Decorative Lamps
PH - various appointments
A - Shashore
In - twisted form
D - decorative form
E - with a screw basement
E27 - Elimination of the base
S - mirror
ZK - concentrated light distribution of the mirror lamp
ZH - wide light distribution
215-230B - Scale Recommended Voltages
75 W - power consumption of electricity

Types of incandescent lamps and their functional purpose

General Purpose Incandescent Lamps

In terms of its functional purpose, general-purpose incandescent lamps are the most common (LON). All LON, produced in Russia must comply with the requirements of GOST 2239-79. They are used for external and internal, as well as for decorative lighting, in household and industrial networks with a voltage of 127 and 220 V and a frequency of 50 Hz.

Lon has a relatively short term, an average of about 1000 hours, and a low efficiency - they are transformed into light only 5% of electricity, and the rest is allocated as heat.

The peculiarity of low-power (up to 25 W) LON is used in them, as a bodie, coal thread. This outdated technology was used in the first "" and preserved only here.

Seismic resistant lamps, also included in the LON group, are constructively able to withstand a seismic punch with a duration of up to 50 ms.

Spotlight lamps searchlights

The searchlights of incandescent differ significantly more, compared to the rest, power and are intended for directional lighting or feeding light signals for long distances. According to GOST, they are divided into three groups: lamps of film projects (GOST 4019-74), for general purpose spotlights (GOST 7874-76) and lighthouse lamps (GOST 16301-80).

The use of three-core wiring in the home network provides a high level of fire safety and reduces risks to human life. In solving the issue, it is enough to follow the elementary rules and installation scheme.

For equipment of electrical networks of residential premises, security tools must be made between the installation of the UDO or the DIFAVTOMATA. Assist in this will be able to. Install the DIFAVTOMAT can be set by several methods that can be read about.

The glow body in the floodlight lamps is longer and is located more compact, to enhance the overall brightness and the subsequent focus of the light flux. The focus task is solved by special focusing grounds provided for in some models, or optical lenses in the designs of spotlights and lighthouses.

The maximum power produced today in Russia searchlight lamps is 10 kW.

Mirror incandescent bulbs

Mirror incandescent lamps feature a special flask design and a reflective aluminum layer. The lighting part of the flask is made of matte glass, which gives light softness and smoothes contrasting shadows from items. Such lamps are marked with indexes indicating the type of light stream: ZK (concentrated light distribution), ZS (middle light distribution) or ZH (wide light distribution).

The same group includes neodymium lamps, the difference in which it consists in the addition of neodymium oxide in the formula of the composition, from which the glass flask is blowing. Due to this, the portion of the yellow spectrum is absorbed, and the color temperature shifts into a brighter white radiation area. This allows you to use neodymium lamps in interior lighting for greater brightness and saving shades in the interior. The letter "H" added to the neodymium lamp index.

The scope of application of mirrored lamps is huge: shop windows, stage lighting, greenhouses, greenhouses, livestock farms, coverage of medical offices and much more.

Galogen incandescent lamps

Before you determine which inclusion lamp you need, you should study the features and labeling of existing types. With all their diversity, you need to accurately understand the purpose of the chosen lamp and how and where it will be used. The inconsistency of the characteristics of the lamp tasks to which it is purchased can lead not only unnecessary expenses, but also lead to emergency situations, up to damage to the power grid and fire.

Entertaining video, characterizing the work of three types of light bulbs

The history of incandescent lamps goes its roots in the nineteenth century. Consider the main points associated with this unique invention of humanity.

Features

Incandescent lamp is an item that is familiar to many people. Currently, it is difficult to imagine the life of humanity without the use of artificial and electric light. At the same time, rarely who thinks about how the first lamp looked, for which historical period it was created.

To begin with, consider the incandescent lamp device. This source of electric light is a conductor with a high melting point, which is in the flask. It was pre-soldered with air, instead of it, the flask is filled with inert gas. Passing through the lamp, the electric current emits the flow of light.

The essence of functioning

What is the principle of operation of the incandescent lamp? It lies in the fact that when the electric current flow through the body of the heat, the element is heated, while the tungsten thread itself is heated. It is she who emits the radiation of a thermal and electromagnetic type according to the law. To create a full glow, it is necessary to rolling the tungsten thread to several hundred degrees. As temperature decreases, the spectrum acquires red.

The first incandescent lamps had many flaws. For example, it was difficult to adjust the temperature, as a result of which the lamps quickly failed.

Technical features

What is the design of a modern incandescent lamp? Since it has become the first source of light, she has a fairly simple design. The main elements of the lamp consider:

body body;
flask;
current inputs.

Currently, various modifications have been developed, a fuse is entered in the lamp, which is a link. For the production of this part, iron-leaving alloy is used. The link is welded into the flow of the current in order to prevent the tungsten filament of the glass flask when influencing the tungsten thread.

Considering the main advantages and disadvantages of incandescent bulbs, we note that from the moment of its appearance, the lamps were significantly upgraded. For example, thanks to the use of the fuse, the likelihood of rapid destruction of the lamp has decreased.

The main disadvantage of such lighting elements is their high energy consumption. That is why at present they began to be applied much less frequently.

How appeared artificial light sources

The history of incandescent lamps is associated with many inventors. Until that time, when the Russian physicist Alexander Lododagin began to work on its creation, the first models of incandescent lamps were already developed. In 1809, the English inventor Deliary developed a model that was equipped with a platinum spiral. The history of incandescent lamps is connected with the inventor Henry Gebell. In the sample created by the German, the charred bamboo thread was placed in the vessel from which the air was previously reproached. Gebel was engaged in the modernization of his model of incandescent lamp for fifteen years. He managed to get a working version of incandescent bulb. Lododagin achieved high-quality glow of a coal rod placed in a glass vessel from which air was removed.

The variant of the practical model

The first incandescent lamps that could be produced in large volumes appeared in England at the end of the nineteenth century. Joseph Wilson Swonu even managed to get a patent for his own development.

Speaking about those who came up with the incandescent lamp, it is also necessary to stay at the experiments conducted by Thomas Edison.

He tried to use various materials as a filament. It was this scientist who proposed a platinum thread as a filament.

Such an invention of incandescent lamps has become a new stage in the field of electricity. Initially, Edison lamps functioned only for forty hours, but despite this, they quickly displaced gas lighting quickly.

At that time, when Edison was engaged in his studies, in Russia Alexander Lodody managed to create several different species LAMPS, in which tugoplane metals played the role of threads.

The history of incandescent lamps suggests that it was the Russian inventor for the first time to apply refractory metals in the form of an incandescent body.

In addition to Volfram Lododagin also conducted experiments with molybdenum, twisting it in the form of a spiral.

Specificity Work Lamps Lodigina

For modern analogues, an excellent light stream is characterized as well as high-quality color reproduction. Their efficiency is 15% with the greatest value of the heat temperature. Such light sources for their work consume a significant amount of electrical energy, so their operation is carried out at no longer than 1000 hours. This is more than paying for a low cost of lamps, therefore, despite the diversity of artificial lighting sources presented in the modern market, they are still considered popular and in demand among buyers.

Interesting facts from the history of incandescent lamp

At the end of the nineteenth century, Didrichson managed to make significant changes to the model offered by the Russian inventor of the spell. He spent a full twicap of her air, used several hairs in the lamp.

Such an improvement allowed to use the lamp even when one of the hairs broke.

English Engineer Joseph Wilson Swonu owns a patent confirming the creation of a carbon fiber lamp.

The fiber was located in an oxygen discharged atmosphere, as a result of which the light was obtained brighter and uniform.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Edison besides the lamp itself invents the swivel circuit breaker.

The large-scale appearance of lamps in the market

From the end of the nineteenth century, lamps began to appear, in which yttrium oxides, zirconium, thorium, magnesium were used as a filament.

At the beginning of the last century, Hungarian researchers, Sandor, Yust and Fano Hanaman, a patent was obtained for the use of tungsten thread in incandescent lamps. It was in this country that the first copies of such lamps were manufactured, which came to the large-scale market.

In the United States, in the same time period, plants engaged in obtaining titanium, tungsten, chromium, by electrochemical recovery were built and launched.

The high cost of tungsten has made its adjustments to the rate of incandescent lamps in everyday life.

In 1910, Kulidge developed new technology Production of fine tungsten threads, which contributed to the cheaper production of artificial incandescent bulbs.

The problem of her rapid evaporation was able to solve the American scientist Irwing Langmour. It was them that they were introduced into the industrial production of filling with inert gas glass flasks, which increased the life of the lamp, had to do it.

Efficiency

Almost all the energy that is obtained in the lamp is gradually moving into thermal radiation. The efficiency reaches 15 percent at a temperature indicator of 15 percent.

As the temperature value increases increases, an increase in the efficiency is increasing, but this causes a significant reduction in the operational life of the lamp.

With 2700, by the term of the full use of an artificial light source is 1000 hours, and at 3400 k - a few hours.

In order to increase the durability of the incandescent lamp, the developers offer to reduce the value of the supply voltage. Of course, while the efficiency will also decline about 4-5 times. Such an effect engineers are used in cases where reliable minimum brightness lighting is required. For example, it is relevant for evening and night lighting of construction sites, staircases.

To do this, we carry out a sequential connection of the AC lamp with a diode, which guarantees the flow of the current to the lamp for half the entire flow period.

Given that the price of an ordinary incandescent lamp is significantly less than its average life, the acquisition of such light sources can be considered a rather advantageous event.

Conclusion

The history of the emergence of the model of the electric lamp, to which we are accustomed, is associated with the names of many Russian and foreign scientists and inventors. Over the course of two centuries, this artificial source of lighting has been transformed, modernization, the purpose of which was an increase in the operational life of the device, a decrease in its value.

The largest wear thread is observed in the case of a sharp feed on the voltage lamp. To solve this problem, the inventors began to supply lamps with a variety of devices that guarantee their smooth start.

In the cold form, tungsten thread has a resistivity, which is only twice the aluminum indicator. In order to avoid peak power values, the developers use thermistors, the resistance of which falls as the temperature increases.

In low-voltage lamps, with an equal power, the resource of operation and light output is much higher because they have a greater incandescent body. In the lamps designed for many lamps, a consistent connection of several smaller voltage lamps is effective. For example, it is possible instead of six lamps with a capacity of 60 W connected in parallel, to use only three.

Of course, today there are various models of electric lamps that have much more productive characteristics than ordinary light bulbs invented during Lodrug and Edison.

Despite the active offensive of energy-saving light bulbs, incandescent lamps remain today the most common source of light. The concept of electrical incandescent lamp does not change for more than 100 years and consists of a base, contact conductors and a glass flask, which enhances the thin spiral of the filament of the environment. The principle of operation of incandescent lamps is based on optical radiation, obtained from heated to high temperature conductor in an inert medium.

History

First electric source Sveta - electric arc It was lit in 1802 russian scientists V.V. Petrov. As a source of current, it used a huge battery of 2100 copper-zinc elements, named after one of the creators of Volta electricity, "Volta". Petrov used a pair of coal rods connected to different poles of a galvanic battery. When the ends of the ends of the rods at the close distance, the air gap was taking place with an electric discharge, the ends of the rods were shaking at the same time, and a fire arc appeared between them. It was hard to use such a lamp - coal rods burned quickly and unevenly, and the arc squeezed too hot and bright light.

Alexander Nikolaevich Lododygin in 1872 filed a request, and then received a patent (No. 1619, of July 11, 1874) on the device - the incandescent lamp and a method of cheaper electrical lighting. This invention he patented first in Russia, and then in Austria, Great Britain, France, Belgium. In Lodagina Lamina, a thin rod of retort coal was served as a glass cap. In 1875, the Lodigina Light Bulbs was lit a flora store on a large sea street in St. Petersburg, which was honored to become the world's first store with electrical lighting. The first in Russia installation of outdoor electric lighting with arc lamps was introduced into the work on May 10, 1880 on the Foundry Bridge in St. Petersburg. Laminy's light bulbs served for about two months, until the coil burned down (in the new Lodigina lamp of such coals, there were four - when one corner of the burned, the other intercepted on his place).

Russian scientist Pavel Nikolaevich Apple placed coal rods in parallel, dividing their clay layer, which gradually evaporated. The "candles" of the apple was burning with a beautiful pink and purple color. In 1877, one of the main streets in Paris was covered with them. And the electric lighting began to call "La Lumiere Russe" - "Russian Light".

Nevertheless, the inventor of modern electric lamps is called Thomas Edison. On January 1, 1880, a demonstration of electric lighting for houses and streets proposed by Thomas Edison was held in Menlo-Park (USA), on which three thousand people were present. Edison introduced in the design of Lodigin's incandescent lamps. Major improvements: it achieved significantly removal of air from the lamp, thanks to which the anti-thread was glowing, not burning.

Edison was a descriptive to all the famous threaded base of modern lamps, which is named in his honor. Nowadays, only the first letter "E" in its designation is preserved from the full name. In addition, Edison suggested both the production and distribution of electricity for lighting.

Improving incandescent lamp comes to this day. Instead of coal, the filament of the heat began to make from heat-resistant metals - first from Osmia and tantalum, and then from tungsten. To reduce evaporation and increase strength since the 1910s, the metal thread has learned to twist into single and repeated spirals. In order for the evaporation of the metal not to settle on the glass of the flasks, it began to fill in nitrogen or inert gases.

All this allowed to increase the light rate of incandescent lamps from the initial 4-6 to 10-15 lm / W, and the service life from 50-100 to the usual value of 1000 hours. The development of the thermal principle of obtaining light has been applied in halogen incandescent lamps.

Note. Why is the hot metal glow? According to the quantum theory, if an electron in any way to inform sufficient energy, then it will go to a higher energy level, and after 10 -13, it returns to the initial main state, emitting a photon. This fact is due not only to the glow of the hot metal, but also the "cold" fluorescence of lights, in which electrons are excited by the energy of the splitting of ATP, as well as the luminescence of phosphors who visited the sun emitting the green light in the dark.

Technical information

The light return of incandescent lamp is relatively low. It is the lowest among modern electric lamps and lies in the range from 4 to 15 lm / W. High-grade thread brightness in combination with its miniature sizes allows the use of incandescent bulbs in optical systems and spotlights. Incandescent bulbs have a wide range of rated voltages and capacities. This type of lamps can operate in a wide range of ambient temperatures, which is limited only by the heat resistance of the materials used in its manufacture (-100 ... + 300 ° C). The lighting of incandescent lamps is regulated by changing the operating voltage, which can be achieved by a light-resistant (dimmer) of any design.

At the same time, the disadvantage is a high operating temperature and the amount of heat allocated during operation. Incandescent lamps are sensitive to water intake, because due to the sharp cooling of the glass of the glass flask, its destruction will occur, and potentially flasherly fires due to the high operating temperature.

To date, the world has a steady tendency to reduce the share of incandescent lamps in the total volume of lighting devices. In the professional sector of the market of lighting products of developed countries, this share today does not exceed 10%, pondering more economical halogen and LED lighting devices.

In the incandescent lamp, the effect of heating the body of incandescent when the electric current flows through it ( thermal effect of current). The body temperature of incandescent increases after the circuit of the electrical circuit. All bodies, the temperature of which exceeds the temperature of the absolute zero, emit electromagnetic thermal radiation in accordance with the law of the plank. The spectral density of the radiation power (plank function) has a maximum, the wavelength of which on the wavelength scale depends on the temperature. The position of the maximum in the emission spectrum is shifted with an increase in temperature toward smaller wavelengths (the law of wing displacement). To obtain visible radiation, it is necessary that the temperature of the emitting body exceeds 570 ° C (the temperature of the beginning of the red glow apparently visible by the human eye in the dark). For human view, the optimal, physiologically most convenient, the spectral composition of the visible light corresponds to the radiation of the absolutely black body with the surface temperature of the Sun photosphere 5770. However, solids are not known that can withstand the temperature of the sun photosphere, so the operating temperatures of the filaments of incandescent lamps are within 2000-2800 ° C. In the inflammatory bodies of modern incandescent lamps, refractory and relatively inexpensive tungsten (melting point 3410 ° C), rhenium (melting point is approximately the same, but above the strength at threshold temperatures) and very rare osmium (melting point 3045 ° C). Therefore, the spectrum of incandescent lamps is shifted into the red part of the spectrum. Only a small proportion of electromagnetic radiation lies in the region of visible light, the main share falls on infrared radiation. The smaller the body temperature of incandescent, the smaller the proportion of energy supplied to the heated wire is converted to a useful visible radiation, and even more so "red" seems to radiation.

To assess the physiological quality of the luminaires, the concept of color temperature is used. When typical for incandescent lamps of temperatures 2200-2900 K, a yellowish light is emitted, different from daytime. In the evening "Warm" (< 3500 K) свет более комфортен для человека и меньше подавляет естественную выработку мелатонина , важного для регуляции суточных циклов организма (нарушение его синтеза негативно сказывается на здоровье).

In atmospheric air at high temperatures, tungsten is rapidly oxidized in tungsten trioxide (forming a characteristic white raids On the inner surface of the lamp with a loss of hermetic). For this reason, the tungsten body of the heat is placed in a hermetic flask, from which, in the process of manufacturing the lamp, air is pumped up and filled with inert gas - usually argon. At the dawn of the lamp industry, they were made with vacuumed flasks; Currently, only low-power lamps (for general purpose lamps - up to 25 watts) are made in a vacuum flask. The flasks of more powerful lamps are filled with inert gas (nitrogen, argon or crypton). Increased pressure in the flask of gas-filled lamps reduces the rate of evaporation of tungsten thread. This not only increases the life of the lamp, but also allows you to increase the body temperature of incandescent. Thus, the light efficiency increases, and the emission spectrum is approaching white. The inner surface of the flask of the gas-filled lamp slowly darkens when spraying the power body material during operation, like a vacuum lamp.

All pure metals and their many alloys (in particular, tungsten) have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, which means an increase in electrical resistance with increasing temperature. This feature automatically stabilizes the electrical power consumption in a limited level when connected to (source with low output resistance), which allows you to connect lamps directly to electrical distribution networks without using ballast reactive or active two-poles, which costs it economically favorably with gas-discharge fluorescent lamps . For the incandescent filament, the lighting lamp is typically resistance in cold condition 10 times less than in heated to operating temperatures.

For the manufacture of a conventional light bulb requires at least 7 metals.

Design

The lamp designs are very diverse and dependent on the destination. However, the general is the body of the heat, flask and tookov. Depending on the peculiarities of a particular type of lamp, the body holders of various designs can be used. Hooks-holders of the glow of glow lamps (including lamps of incandescent general purpose) are made of molybdenum. The lamps can be made of bessocol or with bases of various types, have an additional outer flask and other additional structural elements.

In the design of the general purpose lamps, the fuse is provided - the link from the ferroniciel alloy, welded in the break of one of the currents and the lamp located outside the flask is usually in the leg. The purpose of the fuse is to prevent the destruction of the flask when the filament is cut in the process of work. The fact is that at the same time an electric arc occurs in the rupture zone, which melts the remnants of the thread, the molten metal drops can destroy the glass of the flask and cause a fire. The fuse is designed in such a way that when the arc is ignited, it is destroyed under the influence of an arc current, significantly exceeding the rated current of the lamp. The Ferronicelle Room is in the cavity, where the pressure is equal to the atmospheric, and therefore the arc is easy to go out. Currently refuse to apply fuses due to their small efficiency.

Flask

The flask protects the body of the heat from exposure atmospheric gases. The sizes of the flask are determined by the rate of precipitation of the body of the glow.

Gas medium

The flasks of the first lamps were evacuated. Most modern lamps are filled with chemically inert gases (except for low power lamps that are still made vacuum). Heat losses arising from the inspection of thermal conductivity are reduced by choosing a gas with a large molar mass. Mixtures of nitrogen N 2 with Argon AR are the most common due to low cost, the net dried argon is also used, less often - Kripton Kr or Xenon XE (molar masses: N 2 - 28,0134 / mol; Ar: 39.948 g / mol; Kr - 83,798 g / mol; Xe - 131,293 g / mol).

Since the inclusion of the heat thread is at room temperature, its resistance is an order of magnitude less impedance. Therefore, when turned on through the body, a very high current flows (ten to fourteen times more operating current). As the thread is heated, its resistance increases and the current decreases. Unlike modern lamps, early incandescent lamps with coal threads, when turned on, worked on inverse principle - When heated, their resistance decreased, and the glow slowly increased. The increasing characteristic of the resistance of the filament (with an increase in the current increases grows) allows you to use the incandescent lamp as a primitive current stabilizer. In this case, the lamp turns on in the stabilized chain sequentially, and the average current value is chosen so that the lamp worked by direct.

In flashing lamps, a bimetallic switch is embedded in the flashing lamps. Due to this, such lamps work independently in flickering mode.

Cocol

In the USA and Canada, other grounds are used (this is partially due to other voltage in the networks - 110 V, so other sizes of the bases prevent accidental screwing of European lamps designed for other voltage): E12 (Candelabra), E17 (Intermediate), E26 (Standard or Medium) ), E39 (Mogul). Also, similar to Europe, there are tsocols without threads.

Varieties

Incandescent bulbs are divided into (arranged in order of increasing efficiency):

Vacuum (the simplest)
Argon (nitrogen argon)
Crypton
Xenon halogen with reflector of IR radiation (since most of the radiation lamps fall on the IR range, the reflection of IR radiation inside the lamp increases significantly efficiency, produced for hunting lamps)
Incandescent coating transforming IR radiation into a visible range. The development of lamps with a high-temperature phosphor, which, when heated, emits a visible spectrum.

Nomenclature

According to the functional purpose and features of the structure of the incandescent lamp are divided into:

general purpose lamps (Until the mid-1970s, the term "normally lighting lamps" was used). The most massaging group of incandescent lamps intended for the purposes of general, local and decorative lighting. Since 2008, due to the adoption by a number of legislative measures aimed at reducing production and limiting the use of incandescent lamps for the purpose of energy saving, their release began to decline;
decorative lampsmanufactured in figured flasks. The most massive are candle-shaped flasks with a diameter of about 35 mm and spherical with a diameter of about 45 mm;
lamps of local lighting, structurally similar general purpose lamps, but designed for low (safe) operating voltage - 12, 24 or 36 (42) V. Scope - manual (portable) lamps, as well as lamps of local lighting in industrial premises (on machines, workbenks and workbenches and etc., where random lamp battle is possible);
illuminational lampsmanufactured in painted flasks. Purpose - illuminating installations of various types. As a rule, the lamps of this species have low power (10-25 W). Column coloring is usually made by applying the inorganic pigment layer on their inner surface. Less often lamps are used with flasks painted outside with colored varnishes (colorcarca), their disadvantage - the rapid fading of the pigment and showering the varnish film due to mechanical effects;
mirror incandescent lamps They have a flask of a special form, part of which is coated with a reflective layer (thin film of thermally sprayed aluminum). The appointment of mirroring is the spatial redistribution of the light flux of the lamp in order to use it within the specified bodily corner. The main purpose of mirror LN is localized local lighting;
signal lamps Used in various light-aign devices (visual display tools for information). These are low-power lamps calculated for a long service life. Today are displaced by LEDs;
transport lamps - Extremely wide group of lamps designed to work on various vehicles (vehicles, motorcycles and tractors, aircraft and helicopters, locomotives and wagons railways and metro, river and maritime courts). Characteristic features: High mechanical strength, vibration resistance, the use of special bases that allow you to quickly replace the lamps in the constricted conditions and, at the same time, prevent spontaneous loss of lamps from the cartridges. Designed for food from onboard electrical network vehicles (6-220 V);
spotlight lamps Usually have a greater power (up to 10 kW, the lamps up to 50 kW) were previously produced) and high light returns. Used in light instruments various destination (lighting and lighting). The heat spiral of such a lamp is usually laid due to a special design and suspension in the flask more compact for better focus;
lamps for optical devices, which includes and produced massively until the end of the XX century. Lamps for film processing equipment, have compactly laid spirals, many are placed in a special flask. Used in various devices (measuring instruments, medical appliances, etc.);

Special lamps

switching lamps - kind of signal lamps. They served as indicators on switched panels. They are narrow long miniature lamps with smooth parallel contacts, which makes it easy to replace them. Options were produced: km 6-50, km 12-90, km 24-35, km 24-90, km 48-50, km 60-50, where the first number means operating voltage in volts, the second - current strength in milliamperes;
Photolampa, lamp - The type of incandescent lamp, designed to work in strictly normalized voltage-raised mode. Compared with ordinary, there is an increased light return (up to 30 lm / W), a low service life (4-8 hours) and a high color temperature (3300-3400K, compared with 2700K). The USSR produced photolampa with a capacity of 300 and 500 W. As a rule, they have a matted flask. Currently (XXI century) practically came out of use, due to the appearance of more durable devices with comparable and higher efficiency. In photo laboratories, such lamps were used in two modes:
Projection lamps - For dia- and film projectors. Have increased brightness (and, accordingly, increased thread temperature and a reduced service life); Usually, the thread is placed so that the luminous area forms a rectangle.
Double lamps. In the car - maybe the front light lamp one thread for a long-mounted light, the other for the near, or, for example, one thread for the overall fire, the other for the stop signal. In addition, such lamps may contain a screen that in the near light mode cuts the rays that could be blinded by the oncoming drivers. On an airplane, the boarding headlight has a major thread, on which the lamp works without external cooling and an additional, included with the main, allowing you to get more powerful light, but only with external cooling - by blowing the incoming air flow. In the stars of the Moscow Kremlin, specially designed two-dimensional lamps are used, both threads are included in parallel.
Lamp-headlamp. The lamp of a complex special design used on moving objects, which is made in the form of a part of the headlight housing with a reflector. Constructively contains in itself a thread (s) of the heat, reflector, diffuser, fastening elements, terminals, etc. Lamps-headlights are widely used in modern automotive technology and has long been long in aviation.
Minority incandescent lampThe incandescent lamp with fine thread - was used in sound optical recording systems by modulating the source brightness and in some experimental models of phototelgraph. Due to the low thickness and mass of the thread, the feed on such a voltage lamp modulated by the sound band signal (up to about 5 kHz) led to a change in brightness in accordance with the instantaneous signal voltage. Since the beginning of the XXI century, it does not find applications due to the presence of much more durable solid-state light emitters and much less inertial emitters of other types.
Heating lamps - The main heat source in the thermal shrinking blocks of laser printers and copiers. The cylindrical shape lamp is fixedly installed inside the rotating metal shaft, to which paper is pressed with a toner. Due to the heat transmitted from the shaft, the toner is melted and is inserted into the paper structure.
Lamps of the special emission spectrum. Used in a variety of techniques.

HISTORY OF THE INVENTION

The distorted lamp, the flask which has kept integrity, and the thread collapsed only in one place, can be fixed by shaking and turns, such that the ends of the threads are reiterated. When the current passes, the ends of the thread can fuse and the lamp will continue to work. At the same time, however, may fail (melt / break) a fuse that is part of the lamp.

Sequential connection

For sequential connection The incandescent lamps are strongly reduced by their light efficiency and the color temperature changes. This method is used to extend the life of the lamps or obtain the lighting of a lower potassium (for example, when creating an interior under ancient). For lighting, it is good to use two lamp connections in succession, but also three lamps can give sufficient light. These types of lighting are extremely ineffective and rather can be used as heat sources when light from lamps is undesirable (for example, when heating potato lamps in the cellar). Below are the parameters of incandescent lamps with a sequential connection.

The data is reduced relative to the standard lamps 95W with a light output of 13.8 l / W (1311lm) and the temperature of the glow of 2700 ° C (in practice it may be lower) in which the radiation peak accounts for a wavelength of 975nm.

Two lamps of 1870 ° C (yellow light), 2.75lm / W, one lamp 33.25W 91.4lm, two 66.5W 183lm. Right peak 1352nm. Service life of 35-45 thousand hours.

Three lamps 1480 ° C (yellow-orange light), 0.845lm / W, one lamp 18.07W 15.27lm, three 54.2 t 45.8lm. Right peak 1653nm. Lifetime 250-350 thousand hours (practically not limited).

Four lamps 1250 ° C (orange light), 0.195lm / W, one lamp 11.74W 2.29lm, four 46.94W 9.15lm. Right peak 1903nm. The service life is not limited.

Five lamps 1090 ° C (reddish-orange light), ≈0.044lm / W, one lamp 8.5W ≈0.374lm, five 42,49W ≈1.87lm. Relief peak 2126nm. The service life is not limited.

Six lamps 960 ° C (red-orange light), light output within ≈0.0075-0.011lm / W, one lamp 6.52W, six 39,12W. Right peak 2350nm. The service life is not limited.

As can be seen from the parameters, the lighting is possible by two or three lamps sequentially, if you use four lamp connections, you need to use powerful industrial incandescent bulbs to obtain an acceptable light. Four, five and six lamp connections are consistently convenient when the lamps are used as air heaters. If the lamps are used as a replacement of the candlelight, the connection is two in series in series in color approximately corresponds to the paraffin candle flame, and the connection is three close to the flame to the flame of the oil lamp (in combination with a low light stream, this connection simulates the fire very well). Four lamps are consistently convenient to create light coal in the fireplace, as they give a very similar light. It should be noted that with a weak potassium and low power of the lamps, they are heated quite strongly, since due to a decrease in the body temperature, the radiated infrared radiation is shifted to the long-wavelength region and its significant percentage is delayed with a glass of flasks, which becomes opaque after 2700 nm.

Lamps are also available, specially intended for inclusion in series. For example, on old metro wagons for the lighting of the cabin, it was consistently included 15 lamps for the voltage of 50 V (which in the amount gives 750 V - the voltage on the contact rail); The design of such lamps includes a special self-capening device, due to which, when one lamp is one lamp, the rest continues to burn.

Advantages and disadvantages of incandescent lamps

Benefits

low price
small sizes
low sensitivity to power failures and voltage jumps
instant ignition and rebircuit
immediateness of flicker when working on alternating current (important in enterprises)
ability to use brightness regulators

pleasant and familiar in everyday life; The radiation spectrum of the incandescent lamp is determined exclusively to the temperature of the working fluid and does not depend on any other conditions that follows from the principle of its work. It does not depend on the materials used and their purity, stable in time and has one hundred percent predictability and repeatability. This is important including under large installations and in highlights from hundreds of lamps: it is often possible to see when when using modern phosphor or lED lamps They have a different color shade within the group. This reduces the aesthetic perfection of installations. With a malfunction of one lamp often, it is often necessary to replace the entire group of the whole, but even when installing the lamps from one batch, the deviation of the spectrum
high color rendering index, RA 100
continuous emission spectrum
sharp shadows (as with sunlight) due to the small size of the emitting body
do not be afraid of low and high ambient temperatures, condensate resistant
mass production
the possibility of manufacturing lamps on the most voltage (from Volta share to hundreds of volts)
lack of toxic components and as a consequence the lack of need for infrastructure on the collection and disposal
lack of commissioning equipment
ability to work on any kind of current
insensitivity to voltage polarity
pure active electrical resistance (single power factor)
no buzz when working on alternating current (due to the absence of an electronic ballast, driver or converter)
when working does not create a radio interference
resistance to electromagnetic pulse
insensitivity to ionizing radiation

disadvantages

Production

Import, procurement and production restrictions

Due to the need to save electricity and reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere in many countries, it was introduced or planned for the commissioning ban on the production, purchase and import of incandescent lamps in order to replace them with energy saving (compact luminescent, LED, induction, etc.) lamps.

In Russia

July 2, 2009 at the meeting in Arkhangelsk Presidium State Council On Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev suggested banning the incandescent lamp in Russia.

On November 23, 2009, D. A. Medvedev signed a law adopted by the State Duma and approved by the Federation Council "On Energy Saving and Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Amendments to Selected Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation". According to the document, from January 1, 2011, it is not allowed to sell electric incandescent bulbs with a capacity of 100 W and more, and it is also prohibited to place orders for the supply of incandescent lamps of any power for state and municipal needs; From January 1, 2013, a ban on 75 W electrollamp can be introduced and more, and from January 1, 2014 - with a capacity of 25 W and more.

This decision is controversial. In support of it, there are obvious arguments for the savings of electricity and the development of development. modern technologies. Against - the consideration that the savings on the replacement of incandescent lamps are completely reduced to no extent commonly common and energy-efficient industrial equipment, power lines that allow large energy losses, as well as the relatively high cost of compact fluorescent and LED lamps, are not allowed for the poorest part of the population. In addition, in Russia there is no established system for collecting and disposing of exhaust luminescent lamps, which was not taken into account when adopting the law, and resulting in mercury-containing fluorescent lamps are uncontrolled. Most consumers do not know about the presence of mercury in the fluorescent lamp, as it is not indicated on the packaging, and instead of "luminescent" is written "energy-saving". In low temperatures, many energy-saving lamps are unable to start. Luminescent energy-saving lamps are not applicable in directional lights, since the luminous body in them is ten times more larger than incandescent threads, which does not allow a narrow focusing of the beam. By virtue of its high-cost, "energy-saving" lamps are more likely to the object of theft of publicly available places (for example, entrances of residential buildings), such thefts cause more significant material damage, and in the case of vandalism (damage to the fluorescent lamp from hooligan motivations) - the danger of pollution of the room with mercury couples occurs .

Incandescent lamp is the first electric lighting device that plays an important role in human vital activity. It is she who allows people to do their deeds regardless of the time of day.

Compared to the rest of the light sources, such a device is characterized by simplicity of the design. The light flux is emitted by tungsten thread located inside the glass flask, the cavity of which is filled with a deep vacuum. In the future, to increase the durability instead of a vacuum in the flask steel began to pump special gases - so the halogen lamps appeared. Wolfram is a heat-resistant material with a large melting point. This is very important, because in order for the person to see the glow, the thread should be very hot due to the current passing through it.

History of creation

Interestingly, in the first lamps did not tungsten, but a number of other materials, including paper, graphite and bamboo. Therefore, despite the fact that all the laurels for the invention and the improvement of the incandescent lamp belong to Edison and Lododagin, to attribute all merits only to them - incorrectly.

To write about the failures of individual scientists will not become, but we present the main directions to which the efforts of the men of the time were attached:

Searches for the best material for incandescent threads. It was necessary to find such a material that was simultaneously resistant to ignition and was characterized by high resistance. The first thread was created from bamboo fibers, which were covered with the finest layer of graphite. Bamboo performed as an insulator, graphite-conductive medium. Since the layer was small, resistance increased significantly (as required). All would be fine, but the wood base of coal led to rapid ignition.
Further, the researchers wondered how to create the conditions for the strictest vacuum, because oxygen is an important element for the combustion process.
After that, it was necessary to create detachable and contact components of the electrical circuit. The task became more complicated due to the use of a layer of graphite characterized by high resistance, so scientists had to use precious metals - platinum and silver. So the current conductivity increased, but the cost of the product was too high.
It is noteworthy that the carving of the EDison base is used to this day - the marking E27. The first ways to create contact included the soldering, but with such a situation today it would be difficult to talk about quickly replaced light bulbs. And with severe heating, such connections would quickly disintegrate.

Nowadays, the popularity of such lamps falls in geometric progression. In 2003, the amplitude of the supply voltage was increased in Russia by 5%, to today, this parameter is already 10%. This led to a reduction in the life of the incandescent lamp by 4 times. On the other hand, if you return the voltage to the equivalent value down, the return of the light flux will be significantly reduced - up to 40%.

Remember the training course - in the school, the physics teacher set the experiments, demonstrating how the luminescence of the lamp increases with increasing the current supplied to a tungsten thread. The higher the power of the current, the stronger the emission of radiation and more heat.

Operating principle

The principle of operation of the lamp is built on a strong heating of the incandescent thread due to the electric current passing through it. In order for solid state material to launch a red glow, its temperature should reach 570 degrees. Celsius. The radiation will be pleasant to human eye only with an increase in this parameter 3-4 times.

A few materials are characterized by similar refractory. Due to the available pricing policy, the choice was made in favor of tungsten, the melting point of which is 3400 degrees. Celsius. To increase the area of \u200b\u200blight radiation, tungsten thread twisted into the spiral. In the course of operation, it can be heated to 2800 degrees. Celsius. The color temperature of such radiation is 2000-3000 k, which gives a yellowish spectrum - unparalleled with daytime, but at the same time does not have a negative impact on visual bodies.

Finding into the air environment, tungsten quickly oxidized and collapsed. As mentioned above, instead of a vacuum glass flask can be filled with gases. We are talking about inert nitrogen, argon or crypton. This allowed not only to increase durability, but also increase the power of the glow. The term of operation affects the fact that the gas pressure prevents the evaporation of the tungsten thread due to the high point of the glow.

Structure

The usual lamp consists of the following structural elements:

flask;
vacuum or inert gas, injected into her;
filament;
electrodes - current conclusions;
hooks needed to hold the filament;
leg;
fuse;
the base consisting of a housing, insulator and contact on the bottom.

In addition to standard versions from the conductor, a glass vessel and conclusions, there are lamps of special purpose. Instead of the base, other holders are used or added extra flask.

The fuse is usually made from ferrite and nickel alloy and placed in a break on one of the current conclusions. Often it is located in the leg. Its main purpose is to protect the flasks from destruction in the event of a cliff of the thread. This is due to the fact that in the case of its cliff, an electric arc is formed, leading to the melting of the remnants of the conductor, which fall on the glass flask. Due to the high temperature, it can explode and cause fire. However, for many years proved the low efficiency of the fuses, so they began to be exploited less often.