How historiography are written.

Unfortunately, the analytical review on the history of historiography is not yet. It's a pity! Then we would understand what the historiography is distinguished in the state to the state from historiography for his rest. If we want to glorify the beginning of the state, we will write that it was founded by the people of the hardworking and independent, who enjoy the deserved respect of neighbors.
If we want to feed him by Requiem, then I will say that it was founded by the people wild, living in dense forests and impassible swamps, and the state created representatives of another ethnos, which came here just due to the inability of local residents to equip a distinctive and independent power. Then, if we sing panechnik, we will say that the name of this ancient education was clear to everyone, and has not changed to this day. On the contrary, if we bue our state, we will say that it was called unknown as, and then changed its name. Finally, in favor of the state in the first phase, its development will be approval of its strength. Conversely, if we want to show that the state was so-so, we must show not only what it was weak, but that he was able to conquer an unknown in antiquity, and a very peaceful and small people. Here on this last statement, I would like to stay.

- This is the name of the head from the book of Cungurov (Kun). He writes: "The official version of the ancient Russian history, composed by the Germans discussed from abroad, is built according to the following scheme: a single Russian state created by the villages of Varyagami crystallizes around Kiev and the average subway and wears the name of the Kiev Rus, then from somewhere with East come evil wild nomads, destroy the Russian state and establish the occupation regime called "IHO". After two and a half centuries, Moscow princes relieve the need, they collect Russian lands under their authority and create a powerful Moscow kingdom, which is the successor of Kievan Russia and deliver the Russians from "IGA"; For several centuries in Eastern Europe, there is ethnically Russian Great Principality Lithuanian, but politically it is dependent on Lyakhov, and therefore the Russian state cannot be considered, therefore, war between Lithuania and Muscovy should be considered not as the Russian princes, but as the struggle of Moscow with Poland For the reunification of Russian lands.

Despite the fact that this version of history is recognized as officially, only "professional" scientists can consider it reliable. A man who is accustomed to thinking his head is very doubtful at least due to the fact that the story with the Mongolian invasion is completely suited from the finger. Until the XIX century, the Russians did not suspect the Russians at all that they were allegedly conquered by Transbaikal savages. Indeed, the version that the highly developed state is completely defeated by some wild steppes who are not able to create an army in accordance with the technical and cultural achievements of that time looks like. Moreover, there was no such people like Mongols, science was not known. True, historians were not confused and declared that the Mongols are a small nomadic people of Halha, inhabiting in Central Asia "(Kun: 162).

Indeed, all the great conquerors are known to fake. When Spain had a powerful fleet, the Great Armada, Spain captured a number of land north and South AmericaAnd today there are two dozen Latin American states. Britain as the Lord of the Seas also has or had a lot of colonies. But not a single colony of Mongolia or the state dependent on it today we do not know. Moreover, besides Buryats or Kalmykov, which are the same Mongols, no ethnic groups in Mongolian says.

"Halhi themselves found out that they were the heirs of the great Genghis Khan only in the XIX century, but they did not mind - everyone wants to have great, albeit mythic ancestors. And in order to explain the disappearance of the Mongols after successfully conquering half of the world, a completely artificial term "Mongol-Tatars" is introduced into use, under which the other nomadic peoples who joined the conquerors and those who have made some kind of communities are implied. In China, foreign-speaking conquerors turn into manzhzhov, in India - in Mughal, and in both cases form the ruling dynasties. In the future, the truth, we do not observe any Tatars-nomads, but this is because they explain the same historians that Mongol-Tatars are assisted on the land conquered by them, and partially walked back to the steppe and completely evaporated in the step "(Kun: 162- 163).

Wikipedia about the IGE.

This is what the Tatar-Mongolian Wikipedia is interpreted :: "Mongol-Tatar Igo - a system of political and informed dependence of the Russian principalities from Mongol-Tatar Khan (until the beginning of the 60s of the XIII century Mongolian Khanov, after - Golden Horde Chanov) in the XIII-XV centuries. The establishment of an IGA was made possible as a result of the Mongolian invasion on Russia in 1237-1241 and occurred within two decades after it, including in unexpected lands. In Northeast Russia lasted until 1480. In other Russian lands, it was eliminated in the XIV century as they absorbed by their great principality of Lithuanian and Poland.

The term "IHO", meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Rus, is not found in Russian chronicles. He appeared at the junction of the XV-XVI century in the Polish historical literature. It was the first to use him Chronist Yang Dlugos ("IUGUM BARBARUM", IUGUM SERVITUTIS) in 1479 and Professor Krakow University of Matvey Mekhovsky in 1517. Literature: 1. Golden Horde // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 tons. and 4 add.). - SPb.: 1890-1907.2. Malov N. M., Malyshev A. B., Rakushin A. I. "Religion in the Golden Horde." The word formation "Mongol-Tatar Igo" used the first in 1817 by H. Kruz, whose book was translated into Russian in the middle of the XIX century and published in St. Petersburg. "

So, for the first time, this term was introduced by Poles in the XV-XVI centuries, which saw Tatar-Mongol in relations to other nations "IHO". The reasons for this explains the second work of 3 authors: "Apparently, the Tatar yoke, for the first time, began to consume the end of the XV-early XVI centuries in the Polish historical literature. At this time, at the borders of Western Europe, an active foreign policy conducts a young Moscow state, which has been freed from the vassal dependence of the Golden Changs. In neighboring Poland, an increased interest in history, foreign policy, armed forces, national relations, internal device, traditions and customs of Muscovy is manifested. Therefore, it is no coincidence that for the first time the phrase Tatar yo used in the Polish chronicle (1515-1519) Matvey Mehovsky, Professor of Krakow University, a court doctor and astrologer King Sigismund I. The author of various medical and historical writings, enthusiastically responded about Ivan III, which dropped Tatar yoke , considering it its most important merit, and apparently, the global event of the era. "

Mention of Iga in historians.

The attitude of Poland to Russia has always been ambiguous, and attitudes towards their own fate - as an exclusively tragic. So the dependence of some nations from Tatar-Mongol they could completely exaggerate. And then the 3 author continue: "Later, the term Tatar Igo is also mentioned in the notes on the Moscow war 1578-1582, compiled by the State Secretary of the other king Stephen Batory - Ringold Heidnestein. Even Jacques Generet, a French mercenary and an adventurer, an officer in Russian service and a person far from science, knew what was understood under the Tatar ig. This term was widely used by other Western European historians of the XVII-XVIII centuries. In particular, Englishman John Milton and French de Tu are familiar with him. Thus, for the first time, the term Tatar yoke was probably introduced into circulation by Polish and Western European historians, not Russian or Russian "

While preving citation to draw attention to the fact that the "IHE" first, foreigners write, who the scenario of weak Russia, which was captured by the "evil of Tatar", liked. While Russian historians did not know anything about it yet

"IN. N. Tatishchev did not use this phrase, perhaps because when writing the history of the Russian, it was preferably relied on the early Russian chronicle terms and expressions where it is absent. I. N. Botin has already applied the term Tatar dominion, and M., M., Shcherbatov believed that the exemption from the Tatar y is a huge achievement of Ivan III. N. M., Karamzin found in Tatar IGE as negative - the tightening of laws and morals, the slowdown in the development of education and science and positive moments - the formation of autocracy, the factor in the merger of Russia. Another phrase, the Tatar-Mongolian Goo, also most likely comes from the vocabulary of Western, and not domestic researchers. In 1817, Christopher Cruz published atlas on European history, where he first introduced the term Mongol-Tatar Igo to scientific circulation. Although this work was translated into Russian only in 1845, but already in the 20s of the XIX century. Domestic historians began to use this new scientific definition. From this time, the terms: Mongol-Tatars, Mongol-Tatar Igo, Mongolian Igo, Tatar Igo and the Ordan Igo, traditionally widely spread in domestic historical science. In our encyclopedic editions, under the Mongol-Tatar IGA in Russia, the XIII-XV centuries., It is understood: the system of dominance of the Mongol-Tatar feudalists, with the help of various political, military and economic funds, which is the goal of regular operation of the conquered country. Thus, in the European historical literature, the term Igo is denoted by domination, oppression, slavery, invoking, or the power of foreign conquerors over defeated peoples and states. It is known that the ancient Russian principalities were subordinated to the Golden Horde economically and politically, and also paid tribute. The goldside khans actively interfere with the policies of the Russian principalities, which they tried to control hard. Sometimes, the relationship between the Golden Horde and Russian principalities are characterized as symbiosis, or a military union aimed against the countries of Western Europe and some Asian states, first Muslim, and after the collapse of the Mongolian Empire - Mongolian.

However, it should be noted that if theoretically so-called symbiosis, or a military union, could exist, then it was never equal, voluntary and stable. In addition, even the epochs of the developed and late Middle Ages, short-term interstate unions were usually made up contractual relations. Such, equal-allied, relationships between fragmented Russian principalities and the Golden Ord could not be, since the labels on the board of Vladimir, Tver, Moscow Princes gave the Khana Ulus Juchi. Russian princes were obliged at the request of the Khanov to put an army to participate in the Military campaigns of the Golden Horde. In addition, using Russian princes and their army, Mongols make punitive hikes against other recurrent Russian principalities. Khana called the princes in the Horde to alone to give a label to the prince, and unwanted to execute or pardon. During this period, Russian lands were actually under the rule or yard ulus juchi. Although, sometimes the foreign policy interests of the Golden Cores and Russian princes, according to different circumstances, could coincide in something. The Golden Horde is a chimera state in which the elite is conquering, and the lower layers are conquered peoples. The Mongolian Goldenopa ELITA has established power over Polovtsy, Alans, Circassians, Khazars, Bulgars, Finno-Ugric peoples, and also put Russian principalities into a rigid vassal dependence. Therefore, it can be assumed that the scientific term of the need is quite acceptable to designate in the historical literature of the nature of the Golden Horde installed not only about Russian lands. "

Igo as a Christianization of Russia.

Thus, Russian historians really repeated the statements of the German Christopher Cruz, while they did not subtract such a term from any chronicle. On the oddities in the interpretation of the Tatar-Mongolian Iga, not only Congurov paid attention. This is what we read in the article (TAT): "Such a nation as Mongol-Tatars does not exist, and did not exist at all. Mongols and Tatars relatives only that they naochesed the Central Asian steppe, which, as we know, is pretty great to accommodate any nomadic people, and at the same time give them the opportunity to not intersect on one territory at all. The Mongolian tribes lived in the southern tip of the Asian steppe and often produced raids on China and his provinces that the history of China often confirms us. While other nomadic Turkic tribes, referred to as the Poskov of the ages in Russia Bulgars (Volga Bulgaria), settled in the lower reaches of the Volga River. They were called Tatars in those days in Europe (the strongest of nomadic tribes, unreleased and invincible). And the Tatars, the nearest neighbors of the Mongols, lived in the northeastern part of modern Mongolia, mainly in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Buir-Nor and to China's borders. There were 70 thousand families who were 6 tribes: Tatura-Tutukuluty, Tatars-Alcci, Tatars-Chagan, Tatars-Queen, Tatars-Terat, Tatars-Barkui. The second parts of the names, apparently, the self-sizing of these tribes. Among them there is not a single word that would sound close to the Turkic language - they are more consistent with Mongolian names. Two related people - Tatars and Mongols - a long war with a variable success for mutual extermination, while Genghis Khan seized power in all Mongolia. The fate of Tatars was predetermined. Since Tatars were the killers of Father Genghis Khan, destroyed many tribes and childbirth close to him, constantly supported the tribes opposing him, "that Genghis Khan (Tay-Mu-Chin) commanded the universal beating of Tatars and not one of the limits, which is determined by law (yasak); So that women and small children are also killed, and pregnant in the womb to completely destroy them. ... ". Therefore, such a nationality and could not threaten the freedom of Russia. Moreover, many historians and cartographers of that time, especially Eastern European, "sinned" to call all indestructible (from the point of view of Europeans) and invincible peoples, Tatarya or simply on Tatarie Latin. This can be easily traced in ancient cards, for example, the map of Russia 1594 in the Atlas of Gerhard Mercator, or the Maps of Russia and Tartarium Ortelus. Below you can view these cards. So what can we see from the newly acquired material? And we see that this event simply could not happen, at least, in the form in which it is transmitted to us. And before proceeding to the narrative of truth, I propose to consider a few more inconsistencies, in the "historical" description of these events.

Even in a modern school program, this historical moment is briefly described as follows: "In early 13th century, Genghis Khan gathered a numerous army from nomadic peoples, and subdued by their tough discipline decided to conquer the whole world. After defeating China, he sent his army on Russia. In the winter of 1237, the Mongol-Tatars army invaded the territory of Russia, and defeating the Russian army on the river Kalka, went on, through Poland and the Czech Republic. As a result, reaching the banks of the Adriatic Sea, the army suddenly stops, and turning his task turns back. From this period, the so-called "Mongol-Tatar Igo" begins above Rus.
But wait, because they were going to conquer the whole world ... So why didn't you go further? Historians responded that they were afraid of the attacks from the back, broken and looted, but still strong Russia. But it's just funny. The progress state will run to defend other people's cities and seams? Rather, they will disrupt their borders, and will wait for the enemy's troops to ensure that there is a disgrace. But on this oddity do not end. For some unimaginable reason, during the reign of the house of Romanov, dozens of christmas disappear, describing the events of the "Horde Times". For example, "the word about the death of the Russian Earth", historians, believe that this document, from which carefully removed the BE, which would testify about the IGA. We left only fragments telling about some kind of "trouble", comprehended Russia. But there is not a word about the "invasions of the Mongols." There are still many oddities. In the story "On the evil tatars", Khan from the Golden Horde makes a penalty of Russian prince-Christian ... for refusing to bow down the pagan god of Slavs! " And in some chronicles there are amazing phrases, for example, such: "Well, with God!" Said Khan and, crossing, cried to the enemy. So what was really? At that time, the "New Vera" flourished in Europe, namely, the faith in Christ. Catholicism was common everywhere, and managed to all, from the lifestyle and system, to the state system and legislation. At that time, crusades were even relevant, but along with military methods, "tactical tricks", akin to the bribery of power and the declination of them to their faith were often used. And after receiving power through a bought person, appeal to the faith of all his "subordinates". It was such a secret crusade and was accustomed to Rus. By bribery and other ambulances, the servants of the Church were able to capture power over Kiev and near the lying regions. Just relatively recently, the baptism of Russia passed by the standards of history, but the story silent about the civil war, which arose in this soil immediately after the violent baptism. "

So, this author interprets the "Tatar-Mongolian Igo" as a civil war imposed by the West, during the real, Western baptism of Russia, which occurred in the XIII-XIV centuries. Such an understanding of the baptism of Russia is very painful for the ROC for two reasons. The date of the baptism of Russia is considered to be 988, and not 1237. Due to the offset of the date, the antiquity of Russian Christianity decreases by 249 years, which is almost a third reduces the "Millennium of Orthodoxy". On the other hand, the source of Russian Christianity is not the activities of Russian princes, including Vladimir, and Western Crusades, accompanied by a massive protest of the Russian population. This sets the question of legitimacy of the introduction of Orthodoxy in Russia. Finally, the responsibility for the "IHO" in this case is transferred to the unknown "Tatar-Mongol" to a very real West, in Rome and Constantinople. And official historiography is on this issue not by science, but by modern near-teaching mythology. But back to the texts of the book Alexei Kungurov, especially since he examines all the inconsistencies in the official version.

Lack of writing and artifacts.

"Mongola's alphabet did not have a single written source left" (Kun: 163). Indeed, it is extremely surprising. Generally speaking, even if the people have no written written, then for state acts it uses the writing of other peoples. Therefore, the complete lack of state acts from such a large state as Mongolian Khanate in the period of his heyday is not just bewilderment, but the doubt that such a state has ever existed. "If we demand to present at least some real evidence of the long existence of the Mongolian Empire, the archaeologists, scratching the head and grinding, will show a couple of half-grown sabers and several female servants. But do not try to figure out why the remains of the saber are "Mongol-Tatar", and not Cossack, for example. This is exactly for sure no one will explain. At best, you will hear the story that the saber was dug off on the spot, where according to the ancient and very reliably chronicles there was a battle with Mongols. And where is the chronicle? God knows her, did not reach this day, but Her with his own eyes saw the historian N., who translated it from Old Russian. Where is this historian N.? Yes, now for two hundred years as died - the modern "scientists" will answer you, but they will certainly add that the compositions of H are considered classic and are not subject to doubt, since all subsequent generations of historians wrote their work on the basis of its writings. I do not laugh - it is about it to be about the official historical science of Russian antiquity. Even worse - the office scientists, creatively developing the heritage of the classics of domestic historiography, was planted in their chubby volumes of such nonsense about Mongols, whose arrows, it turns out, pierced the armor of European knights, and the trumpeted guns, flamers and even the reactive artillery allowed the storm for several days Powerful fortresses that it raises serious doubts about their mental usefulness. It seems that they do not see any difference between the bow and the crossbow, charged with the lever. "(Kun: 163-164).

But where can the Mongols be encountered with the armor of European knights and what do Russian sources speak about it? "And the collar came from the zamor, and they brought faith in the gods of alien. The fire and sword they began to impose the faith to us alone, to shower the Russians and silver the princes of Russians, to bribe them will, and shoot down from the way true. They promised them the life of idle, wealth and happiness is complete, and the vacation of sins of any, for the acts of their dashing. And then they broke up, the states are different. They retreated Russians to the north to Asgard a great, and called the power of their own names of their patrons, Tarh Great Bog and Tara, his sister Svetomudroi. (The Great Tartaria they ordered it). Leaving alien to the princes bought in the Principality of Kiev and its surroundings. Volzhsky Bulgaria also did not bow before the live, and did not be faith alone for her to accept. But did not become the principality of the Kiev world with tartaria to live. They became fire and the sword of the Earth Russian to disintegrate and faith alone alone. And then the army rolled, on the battle. In order to keep his faith and wield their land. And old and young then went to the warrior, in order to return the order to the Russian land. "

So the war began, in which the Russian army, the Earth of the Great Aria (Tatacaria) won the enemy, and kicked him out from the Zhonodnoy Slavic lands. It was alien to the army, with their faith, with the lands of their statutes. By the way, the word of the Horde translated according to the books of the Old Slavic ABC, means order. That is, the Golden Horde is not a separate state, it is a building. "Political" system of gold order. At which the princes printed on the ground, placed from the approval of the commander-in-chief of the protection army, or in one word he was called Han (ours defender).
So, there was no time, two hundred and more years of the oppression, and there was the time of peace and prosperity of the Great Aria or Tartaria. By the way, in modern history, there is also a confirmation, but for some reason no one pays attention to him. But we will definitely turn, and very close ...: You don't seem strange that the battle with the Swedes is going right in the middle of the "Mongol-Tatars" invasion? Breaking in fires and plundered by the "Mongols" of Russia is attacked by the Swedish troops, which is safely sinking in the waters of the Neva, and at the same time the Swedish crusaders do not face Mongols. And the victorious strong Swedish army of Rusichi lose "Mongols"? In my opinion, it's just nonsense. Two huge armies at the same time are fighting on the same territory and never intersect. But if you appeal to the Old Slavic chronicles, then everything becomes clear.

Since 1237, the Great Tartarium began to disintegrate their original lands back, and when the war approached the end, the representatives of the Church requested help, and Swedish Crusaders were put into battle. Once it did not work out to take the country to bribery, it means they will take it by force. Just in the 1240th year, the army of the Horde (that is, the Army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavlich, one of the princes of the ancient Slavic kind) faced in the battle with his minions who came to revenue, the army of the Crusaders. Having won the battle on the Neva, Alexander received the title of Nevsky Prince and remained for the jurisdiction of Novgorod, and the Horde's army went further to expel the sacuostate from the Russian lands finally. So she drove the "church and alien faith" until she reached the Adriatic Sea, thereby restoring their original ancient borders. And having reached them, the army turned around and left no north again. Having established the 300-year period of the world "(TAT).

Fantasy historians about the power of the Mongols.

Commenting on the cited above (Kun: 163), Alexey Kungurov adds: "This is what the doctor of historical sciences Sergey Nehhodov writes:" The main weapon of Tatars was the Mongolian onion, "Saadak", - it was thanks to this new weapon of Mongols conquered most of the promised world. It was a complex murder machine glued from three layers of wood and bone and to protect against moisture, wrapped with tendons; Bonding was carried out under the press, and drying lasted for several years - the secret of manufacturing these onions was kept secret. This bow was not inferior in the power of the musket; An arrow of it made any armor from it for 300 meters, and it was all the case in the ability to get into the goal, because Luke did not have a sight and shooting of them demanded many years of learning. Possessing this discrepant weapon, the Tatars did not like to fight in hand; They preferred to fill the enemy from the onions, having sought off his attacks; This shelling sometimes lasted a few days, and the Mongols took out the saber only when the enemies were wounded and fell from exhaustion. The last, "nine", the attack was conducted by "swords" - warriors armed with curves and together with horses covered with armor of thick buff. During large battles, this attack was preceded by the shelling from the "Fire Catapult" borrowed from the Chinese - these catapults shot filled with powder bombs, which, exploding, "burning the sparks of Latin" "(NEF). - This passage Alexei Kungurov comments as follows: "There is not the funny thing here that there is a historian (this brotherhood has the most dormant idea of \u200b\u200bnatural science), and the fact that he is also a candidate of physico-mathematical sciences. Well this is how much you need to degrade to degrade such a acine! Yes, if the bow shot at 300 meters and at the same time made any armor, then the firearms simply did not have a chance to be born. The American rifle M-16 has an effective firing range of 400 meters at the initial bullet speed of 1000 meters per second. Next, the bullet quickly loses the striking ability. In reality further than 100 meters, the aiming shooting of M-16 with a mechanical sight is ineffective. A300 meters Even from a powerful rifle, only a very experienced shooter is capable of shooting without an optical sight. And the science leader is weaving Ahinea about the fact that Mongol arrows not only flew to a third of a kilometer (the maximum distance on which the archer champions arrive at competitions - 90 meters), but also punched any armor. Rave! For example, a good mail, even to stop from the most powerful onion, it will not be punched. To defeat the warrior, a special arrow with a needle tip was used in the chalch, which did not pierce the armor, and with a successful coincidence passed through the rings.

I had an estimate of the top three in school at school, but I know perfectly from the practice that the arrow released from Luke is reported that the effort that the muscles of the hands are developing during its tension. That is, about the same success you can take the arrow with your hand and try to break through at least an enameled pelvis. For the absence of arrows, use any pointed item like halves of tailoring scissors, awl or knife. How is it going? Do you believe in the historians? If they write in their dissertations that the tinsel and thin Mongols stretched onions with an effort 75 kg, then I would only assign the degree of doctor of historical sciences to those who can repeat this feat. Although there will be less darkees with scientific titles. By the way, modern Mongols have no idea what Saadaks are super remedies of the Middle Ages. Conquered them by half airs, for some reason they completely forgotten how to do it.

It is even easier with the trumpet cars and catapults: it is only easy to look at the drawings of these monsters, as it becomes clear - these multi-torque machines can not be moved from the place even on the meter, as they will be bored in the ground while building. But even if in those days, asphalt roads were existed from Transbaikalia to Kiev and Polotsk, how would the Mongols dragged them thousands of kilometers, how did you cross the rivers like a Volga or Dnipro? The stone fortresses ceased to be considered impregnable only with the invention of siege artillery, and in previous times, well-strengthened cities took only Izmor (Kun: 164-165). - I consider this criticism gorgeous. I will also add that, according to the works of Ya.A. Kestler, in China there were no reserves of nitrate, so that the powder bombs were not honored. In addition, the powder does not create a temperature of 1556 degrees at which the iron melts to "burn the sparks of the lats." And if he could create such a temperature, then the sparks would burn in the first place of guns and guns at the time of the shot. It is very funny to read that the Tatars shot and shot (the number of arrows in the quiver, apparently, was not limited), and the enemy was exhausted, and the skinny Mongolian warriors allowed the tenth and the hundredth arrow with as fresh forces as the first, Not tired. Surprisingly, even the arrows from the rifle, shooting standing, and the Mongolian archers were unknown.

At one time I heard the expression from lawyers: "Lies like an eyewitness." Now, probably, an example of Nefelov should be addressed: "Lies like a professional historian."

Mongols-Metallurgists.

It would seem that here you can put a point, but Kungurov wants to consider several more aspects. "I am not much sense in metallurgy, but still I can quite approximate how many tons of iron need to arm at least 10,000 Mongolian army (kun: 166). Where did the figure come from 10 thousand? - This is the minimum troops with which you can go to a conquest. Guy Julius Caesar with such a detachment could not capture Britain, but when he doubled, the conquest of a foggy Albion was crowned with success. "Actually, such a small army could not conquer China, India, Rus and other countries. Therefore, historians, not stuffy, write about the 30-thousand Horse Horde of Batya, sent to conquer Russia, but this figure seems completely fantastic. Even if we assume that the armor of the Mongolian soldiers were leather, wooden shields, and the tips are stone, then on the horseshoes, spears, knives, swords, and sabers still need iron.

Now it is worthwhile: where did the rigorous technologies be known from the wild nomads? After all, the ore still needs to be mined, and to do this, be able to find it, that is, the little to understand in geology. Are there many ancient rules in the Mongolian steppes? Are the archaeologists of Gorn's residues? They, of course, those still kudesniks - will find anything, where necessary. But in this case, nature itself extremely complicated the task of archaeologists. Iron Ore on the territory of Mongolia is even not mined today (although small deposits have recently been open) "(Kun: 166). But even if the ore was found, and the furnaces for smelting existed, the work of metallurgists would have to be paid, and they themselves had to live trembled. Where are the former settlements of metallurgists? Where are the dumps of empty breed (heat)? Where are the remnants of the warehouses of finished products? Nothing this was found.

"Of course, weapons can be bought, but you need money that the ancient Mongols did not have at least world archeology they are completely unknown. And they could not have, because their farm was not a commodity. Weapons could be replaced, but where, who and what? In short, if you think about such trifles, then the campaign of Genghis Khan from the Manchurian steppes to China, India, Persia, the Caucasus and Europe looks like full fiction "(Kun: 166).

I am not first faced with this kind of "punzes" in mythological historiography. Actually, any historiographic myth is then written to them, like a chimney curtain, close a real fact. This kind of camouflage goes well in cases where the facts are disguised. But to disguise advanced technologies, the highest at that time is impossible. It's like a criminal above two meters of growth to put on someone else's suit and mask - it is not recognized by clothes or face, but in excessive height. If at the specified period, that is, in the XIII century the best armor Western European knights had from iron, then to attribute their urban culture to steppe nomads would not be able to in any way. Just like the highest culture of Etruscan writing, where Itali, Russian, stylized Greek alphabets and the Road were used, it is impossible to attribute not to one small people of the type of Albanians or Chechens, which, perhaps, in those days have not yet been.

Fodder for Mongolian cavalry.

"For example, how did the Mongols forced the Volga or Dnipro? Climbing a two-kilometer stream will not overcome, do not go. There is one way out - wait for the winter to go over the ice. It was in winter, by the way, in Russia and fought usually insert. But in order to make such a long transition for the winter, it is necessary to prepare a huge amount of forage, because at least the Mongolian horse is capable of finding the courageous herb under the snow, but for this she needs to graze where the grass is. At the same time, snow cover should be small. In the Mongolian steppes of winter just a little snow, and the grass is quite high. In Russia, the other vice versa - the grass is high only in the floodplain meadows, and in all other places it is very fluid. The snowbooks will be planned such that the horse is not that the grass is found under it, it will not be able to move around in deep snow. Otherwise, it is not clear why the French lost during the retreat from Moscow all their cavalry. They, of course, were eaten her, but ate already fallen a spikes, because if the horses were full and healthy, then inspected guests We would use them in order to rather flush "(kun: 166-167). - We note that it is for this reason that for Western Europeans became preferred summer campaigns.

"A forage is usually used as a forage, which is required for 5-6 kg. It turns out, nomads, pre-pretending to the campaign in advance, the steppe of oats were sown? Or did they carry the hay on the carts? Let us produce simple arithmetic operations and consider which cooking should be made to nomads to go to a long trick. Suppose they collected a tv at least 10 thousand horse fighters. Each warrior requires a few horses - one specially trained system for battle, one hiking, one for the banner - carry food, yurt and other reserves. This is at least, but we must also take into account that in the way the part of the horses falls, there will be a combat loss, therefore a reserve is required.

And if 10 thousand contesions go in a hiking rank even on the steppe, then when the horses will graze, where will the warriors live - in the snowdrifts to relax, or what? In a long campaign, do not do without food, forage and coat with warm yurts. It is still necessary to make fuel to cook, and where will the firewood find in the champ of the steppe? Nomads were treated with their yurts, sorry, poop, because there is nothing more. Stickly, of course. But they are accustomed. You can, of course, to dream on the topic of strategic blanks by the Mongols of hundreds of tons of dried shit, which they took with them on the road, going to win the world, but I will give this opportunity to the most advanced historians.

Some clever girls tried to prove that the Mongols did not have bankers at all, why they managed to show phenomenal maneuverability. But how did they in this case, drove home loose prey - in his pocket, or what? And where were their cut-cut guns and other engineering devices, and the same cards and food reserves, not to mention their environmentally friendly fuel? Without a banner, no army of the world was never accounted for, if she was going to make a transition for more than two days. Loss of oversized usually meant failure campaign, even if there was no battles with the enemy.

In short, our mini-horde should have at least 40 thousand horses in its disposal. From the experience of mass armies of the XVII-XIX centuries. It is known that the daily need for a found of such a herd will be at least 200 tons of oats. This is just one day! And the longer transition, the more horses should be involved in the weapon. Medium size Horse is capable of dragging a wagon with 300 kg of weight. This is if on the road, and on the road in the Blades two times less. That is, in order to provide our 40 thousandth herd, you need 700 horses per day. Three-month campaign will require traffic of almost 70 thousand horses. And this ohlave also needs oats, and in order to feed 70 thousand horses who carry a forage for 40,000 kinks, it will be necessary for the same three months more than 100 thousand horses with wagons, and these horses in turn want to eat - it turns out a vicious circle " (Kun: 167-168). - This count shows that intercontinental, for example, from Asia to Europe, hiking hiking with a complete reserve of the provisional is fundamentally impossible. True, there are calculations of a 3-month winter campaign. But if you spend the campaign in summer, and move in the steppe belt, feeding the horses with the foot feed, then you can move much further.

"Even in the summer, the cavalry never did without a forage, so the campaign of the Mongols on Russia would still demand the rear. Up to the twentieth century, the maneuverability of the troops was determined not by the speed of horsepower and the fortress of soldier's feet, but by dependence on the sumports and the throughput of the road network. The marching speed of 20 km per day was very good even for the average division of the Second World War, and German tanks, when asphalt highway allowed them to carry out blitzkrieg, wrapped on caterpillars 50 km per day. But in this case, the rear inevitably lagged behind. In ancient times, such indicators would be just fantastic. The textbook (SWIT) reports that the Mongolian army passed on a day about 100 kilometers! Yes, it is unlikely that you can find people worse than all-dealing in history. Even in May 1945, Soviet tanks, making a march of Berlin to Prague on good European roads, could not beat the "Mongol-Tatar" record "(Kun: 168-169). - I believe that the division of Europe on the Western and Eastern and is not so much of geographical, as from strategic considerations. Namely: within each of them, military campaigns, although they require forage and horses reserves, but within reasonable limits. And the transition to another part of Europe already requires the voltage of all government forces, so the military campaign affects not only the army, but develops to the Patriotic War, requiring the participation of the entire population.

Food problem.

"What fell on the way the riders themselves? If you drive a flock of bars, then it will have to move with their speed. For the winter there is no way to the nearest focus of civilization. But nomads are unpretentious people, dried with dried meat and cottage cheese, which was swollen in hot water. No matter how cool, and a kilogram of food per day is necessary. Three months of the way - 100 kg of weight. In the future, you can clog mouse horses. At the same time, the found will be saved. But no travel with a speed of 100 km per day to move in a state, especially by off-road. " - It is clear that this problem mainly concerns deserted areas. In a densely populated Europe, the winner can pick up food from defeated

Problems of demography.

"If you touch the demographics issues and try to understand how nomads were able to set 10 thousand warriors, given the very low population density in the steppe zone, then we will break into another unresolved riddle. Well, no population density is higher than 0.2 people per square kilometer! If you take mobilization capabilities of the Mongols for 10% of the total population (every second healthy man from 18 to 45 years old), then for the mobilization of a 10 thousandth horde, it will be necessary to make the territory of the EDAC in half a million square kilometers. Or let's affect purely organizational moments: for example, how the Mongols were taken to collect the tax on the army and recruiting, how did military training happened, how did the military elite brought up? It turns out that on purely technical reasons, the campaign of the Mongols on Russia, as "professional" historians describe it, was impossible in principle.

There are examples from relatively recently. In the spring of 1771, Kalmyki, nomocated in the Caspian steppes, expanded by the fact that the royal administration significantly cut their autonomy, together with the place and moved to the historic homeland in Djungaria (the territory of the modern Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Okrug in China). Only 25 thousand Kalmyks, who lived on the right bank of the Volga, were left on the spot - they could not join the other due to the opening of the river. Of 170 thousand nomads, only about 70 thousand reached the target after 8 months. The rest, as easy to guess, died in the way. Winter transition would be even more detrimental. The local population met immigrants without delight. Who will now find traces of Kalmykov in Xinjiang? And at the right bank of Volga today, 165 thousand Kalmyks lived today, which moved to a settled lifestyle during the collectivization period in 1929-1940, but not lost the original culture and religion (Buddhism) "(Kun: 1690170). - This last example is amazing! Almost 2/3 of the population, which smoked with good horses in the summer and slowly, ran along the way. Let even the losses of the regular army were less, say, 1/3, but then instead of 10 thousand troops to the goal will reach less than 7 thousand people. They may argue that in front of themselves, they chased the defeated peoples. So I counted only those killed from the difficulty of the transition, and there were a combat loss. The defeated enemies can be driven when the winners are at least twice the number of attacked. So if half of the troops perish in battle (in fact, the strikers die about 6 times more than defending), then the survivors of 3.5 thousand can drive no more than 1.5 thousand captives, which in the first battle will try Get on the side of enemies, enhance their rows. And the army of less than 4 thousand people is unlikely to move with the battles further into someone else's country - he is the time to return home.

Why do you need a myth about the Tatar-Mongolian invasion.

"But the myth about the terrible Mongolian invasion is cultivated for something. And for what, it is easy to guess - virtual Mongols are needed solely in order to explain the disappearance of the same phantom Kiev Rus, along with its original population. Say, as a result of Batiev, the invasion of Zdneprovier is completely detected. And on the fig, asks, nomads were to destroy the population? Well, they would post a trian, as everyone else - at least some benefit. But no, historians choir convince us that the Mongols trose the Kiev region, the population was destroyed, the population was destroyed or risen in captivity, and those who were lucky enough to survive, smearing the heels of Salom, fled without looking into wild forests to the northeast, where The time was created by the powerful Moscow kingdom. One way or another, but the time before the XVI century, as it were, falls out of the history of South Russia: if that historians refer to this period, so it races of the Crimeans. Only on whom they made the climb, if Russian land would be detected?

It can not be that for 250 years in the historical center of Russia there was no events at all! However, no epoch events are noted. It caused hot spores among historians when the disputes were even allowed. Some advanced hypotheses about the magnitude of the population in the northeast, others believed that the entire population was staring, and the new came from the Carpathians in the following centuries. Third expressed the idea that the population did not lose anywhere, and did not come from anywhere, but simply sitting quietly in the conditions of isolation from the outside world and did not show any political, military, economic, demographic or cultural activity. Klyuchevsky promoted the idea that the population, to death frightened by evil tatar, left oblique places and took part in Galicia, and part of the Suzdal land, from where it was extended far to the north and east. Kiev, as a city, according to Professor, temporarily ceased to exist, declining to 200 houses. Solovyov argued that Kiev was destroyed completely completely and for many years was a pile of ruins, where no one lived. In the Galician lands, called Malaya Rus,, refugees from the subnet, they say, slightly impaired, and returned after a few centuries on their autochthonous territory already as Maloros, they brought there peculiar talk and acquired in the exile of customs "(Kun: 170-171).

So, from the point of view of Alexei Kungurov, the myth of Tatar-Mongola supports another myth - about Kievan Rus. While I do not consider this second myth, however, I admit that the existence of extensive Kiev Rus is also a myth. However, we listen to this author to the end. Perhaps he will show that the myth of the Tatar-Mongolakh is beneficial to historians and for other reasons.

Surprisingly fast delivery of Russian cities.

"At first glance, this version looks quite logical: angry barbarians came and destroyed the flower civilization, they were killed and dispersed to the Black Mother. Why? And because barbarians. What for? And the Batya had a bad mood, maybe he put the horns to him, maybe the stomach ulcer suffered, so he was angry. The scientific community is quite satisfied with the scientific community, and since I have no relation to this public itself, I immediately want to argue with the cigriers of historical "science."

Why, asks, the Mongols did the Kiev region worked totally? It should be noted that the Kiev Earth is not some kind of insignificant outflow, but supposedly the core of the Russian state according to the same Klyuchevsky. Meanwhile, Kiev in 1240 was commissioned by the enemy in a few days after the siege. Does there have similar cases in the story? More often, we will meet the reverse examples, when everyone was given to the enemy, but they beat the latter for the kernel. Therefore, the fall of Kiev seems completely incredible. Before the invention of the siege artillery, a well-fortified city could only be taken by Ismor. And often it happened that the precipitating exhausted faster than the deposited. Stories are known cases of very long defense of the city. For example, during the time of Polish intervention during the time of University, the Siege Poles Smolensk lasted from September 21, 1609 to June 3, 1611. The defenders capitulated only when the Polish artillery struck an impressive discount in the wall, and the deposited turned out to be extremely exhausted by hunger and disease.

The Polish king of Sigismund, struck by the courage of defenders, let go of their ravis. But the house is kievyan so quickly surrendered to wild Mongols, which did not spare anyone? Nomads did not have a powerful siege artillery, and the trumpent guns, which were allegedly destroyed by serfs - are stupid inventions of historians. It was physically impossible to draw such a device to the wall, because the walls themselves always stood on a large earthen shaft, which was the basis of urban fortifications, and before them was satisfied. It is now considered that the defense of Kiev lasted 93 days. The famous Belletist Bushkov writer is evident about this: "Historians are dumbwind. Ninety-three days - this is a period not between the beginning and end of the assault, but the first advent of the "Tatar" rati and taking Kiev. At first, the Kiev Walls appeared "Batiev of the Voivode" Mengat and tried to persuade the Kiev Prince to pass the city without a fight, but his ambassadors were killed by Kiev, and he retreated. And after three months, "Bati" came. And in a few days I took the city. It is the gap between these events that call other researchers "long siege" (Bush).

And the story with a rapid fall of Kiev is not unique. If you believe historians, then all the other Russian cities (Ryazan, Vladimir, Galich, Moscow, Pereslavl-Zalessky, etc.) were usually held no more than five days. It's amazing that Torzhok was defeated for almost two weeks. Little Kozelsk allegedly put the record, holding out seven weeks in the siege, but surfactant on the third day of the assault. Who will explain to me, what kind of super-arrangement was the Mongols used to take the fortress with the go? And why about this weapon forgotten? In the Middle Ages, throwing machines were sometimes used to destroy urban walls. But in Russia there was a big problem - there was nothing to throw - the appropriate boulder size would have to drag with them.

True, the city in Russia in most cases had wooden fortifications, and theoretically, they could be burned. But in practice in winter it was difficult, because the walls were water from above, as a result of which an ice shell was formed. Actually, if even a 10 thousandth nomadic army came to Russia, no catastrophe would have happened. This horde would simply melt in a couple of months, taking the storming of a dozen cities. The loss of attacking in this case will be 3-5 times higher than the defenders of the citadel.

According to the official version of the story, the northeastern lands of Russia suffered from the Supostate much more, but for some reason no one thought to scatter. Conversely, they fled there, where the climate is colder, and the Mongols are more loose. Where is the logic? And why did the population "ran away" until the XVI century, was paralyzed by fear and did not try to return to the fertile lands of the subnet? From the Mongols have long and the track, and frightened Rusichi, they say, they were afraid of the nose to show. The Crimeans did not differ peacefully, but they were not afraid of their Russians who were not afraid - the Cossacks on their seagulls went down to Don and Dnieper, unexpectedly attacked the Crimean cities and organized cruel pogroms there. Usually, if any places are favorable for life, then the struggle for them is particularly fierce, and these are never empty empty. The defeated conquerors are replaced, those crowd out or assimilate stronger neighbors - the question here is not in disagreements for some political or religious issues, namely in the possession of the territory "(Kun: 171-173). - Indeed, completely inexplicable from the point of view of the collision of the steppes and citizens of the situation. It is very good for the dispenser version of the historiography of Russia, but completely illogical. While Alexei Kungurov notes all the new aspects of a completely incredible development of events from the standpoint of the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

Incomprehensible motifs of the Mongols.

"Do not explain the historians and the motives of mythical mongols at all. In the name of what they participated in such ambitious campaigns? If in order to set out the tribute conquered Rusichi, then on the hell of the Mongols, they equalized 49 out of 74 large Russian cities, and the population cut out almost under the root, how do historians tell? If they destroyed the aborigines because they liked the local grass and a softer climate, rather than in the Customs and Trans-Baikal steppes, then why did they go to the steppe? There is no logic in the actions of conquerors. More precisely, it is not in the womb, composed by historians.

The root cause of peoples in antiquity was the so-called crisis of nature and man. When overpopulation of the territory, society, as it were, pushed young and energetic people. Conquer those lands of neighbors and fall there - well. They will die in the subside - also well, because there will be no "extra" population. In many respects, this can be explained by the militancy of the ancient Scandinavians: their missing northern lands could not feed the multiplying population and therefore it remained to live with a robberry or hiring to the service for foreign rulers to deal with the same robbery. Russians can be said lucky - the excess population of the centuries was rolled back to the south and east until the Pacific Ocean. In the future, the crisis of nature and man began to overcome the qualitative change in agricultural technologies and the development of industry.

But what could be the cause of the militancy of the Mongols? If the density of the population of steppes exceeds the permissible limits (that is, there will be a lack of pastures), part of the shepherds will simply convene into other, less mastered steppes. If the local nomads are not happy to be guests, then a small massacre will arise, in which the strongest will win. That is, Mongolas, to get to Kiev, would have to master the huge spaces from Manchuria to the Northern Black Sea region. But even in this case, nomads did not imagine the threats to strong civilized countries, because no nomadic people have ever created their own statehood and did not have an army. Maximum, to which steppes are capable - to make a raid on the border settlement for the purpose of robbery.

The only analogue of mythical militant Mongols - Chechens-Chechens XIX century. This people are unique in that robbery has become the basis of its existence. Chechens did not even have the embossed statehood, they lived by childbirth (teipami), the agriculture did not stand in contrast to their neighbors, did not possess the metal processing secrets, let them do the most primitive crafts. Threat to Russian grace and communications with Georgia, which became part of Russia since 1804, they were represented only because they supplied them with weapons and supplies, and bribed local princes. But nothing but the tactics of raids and forest ambuse Chechen robbers, despite even their numerical superiority, could not oppose the Russians. When the patience of the latter burst, the regular army under the start of Yermolov pretty quickly produced a total "stripping" of the North Caucasus, drove Abreks to the mountains and the gorge.

I am ready to believe in much, but seriously perceive Bedding for evil nomads who destroyed ancient Russia, categorically refused. Especially fantastic is the theory of the three-year-old "IGA" of wild steppes over Russian principalities. Only the state can carry out domination over conquered lands. Historians are in general understand, and therefore, a certain fabulous Mongolian Empire was invented - the world's largest state in the entire history of mankind, founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 and included the territory from the Danube to the Japanese Sea and from Novgorod to Cambodia. All the imperials known to us were created by centuries and generations, and only the most great global empire was allegedly created by an illiterate speaker literally at hand to hand. "(Kun: 173-175). - So, Alexey Kungurov comes to the conclusion that if it was the conquest of Russia, it was carried out not with wild steppes, but by some powerful state. But where was his capital?

The capital of steppes.

"If there is an empire, then the capital should be. Being the capital appointed a fantastic city of Karakorum, the remnants of which were explained by the ruins of the Buddhist monastery of Erdani-Dzu of the end of the XVI century in the center of modern Mongolia. Based on what? And so wanted historians. Dug up the slaughter of the ruins of a small ancient city, and announced that it was Troy "(Kun: 175). I have shown in two articles that Schliman squanded one of the temples of Yara and his treasures accepted an ancient Troy trail, although three, as one of the Serbian researchers showed, was on the shore of the Lake Skoder (modern city of Shkoder in Albania).

"And Nikolai Yadrintsev, who found an ancient settlement in the Valley of Okhahon, declared him to Karakorum. Karakorum literally means "black stones" because there was a mountain range not far from the place of Nakhodka, he was given the official name Karakorum. And since the mountains are called Karakorum, then the fortificest is appropriated the same name. Here is a compelling justification! True, the local population did not hear about what Karakorum and the layer, but called the Music Ridge - Ice Mountains, but it didn't bother scientists. "(Kun: 175-176). - And right, because in this case, "scientists" were not looking for truth, but confirmation of their myth, and the geographical renaming of this is very promoted.

Traces of the Grand Empire.

"The Most Husband World Empire left fewer traces about himself. Or rather, no. She, they say, broke up in the XIII century on separate uluses, the largest of which became the Empire Yuan, that is, China (her capital Hanbalyk, now Aaineene, allegedly was the same time the capital of the entire Mongolian Empire), the state of Ilkhanov (Iran, Transcaucasia, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan), Chagatai Ulus (Central Asia) and the Golden Horde (territory from Irtysh to the White, Baltic and Black Seas). This historians are deftly invented. Now any fragments of ceramics or copper decorations found on the expanses from Hungary to the coast of the Japanese Sea can be announced by the traces of the Great Mongolian civilization. And find and declare. And the eye does not blink (kun: 176).

I am primarily interested in writing monuments first as epigraphist. Have they existed in the Tatar-Mongolian era? This is what writes on this occasion of the oil: "Putting Alexander the Neva Great Prince on his will, Tatars sent Baskakov and Nizmennikov on Russia -" And the popyan tatars on the streets began to ride the streets, rewriting Christian houses. " It was a census held at the time throughout the huge Mongol Empire; The numerals constituted the registers of the defaters to charge the taxes installed by Eloy Chu-Cam: to submit, "Calan", to submit, "Kuchur", and the tax on merchants, "Taghu" (NEF). True, in the epigraphy, the word "Tamga" has a different meaning, "generic signs of ownership," but it is not a matter of this: if there existed three types of filse, decorated in the form of lists, then something could certainly be preserved. - Alas, nothing is it. It is unclear even what font all this was recorded. But if there are no such special litters, then it turns out that all these lists wrote with Russian font, that is, Cyrillic. - When I tried to find an article on the Internet on the topic "Tatar-Mongolian Iga Artifacts", I met the judgment that I would reproduce below.

Why silent chronicles.

"In the time of the mythical" Tatar-Mongolian IGA ", according to official history, decline came to Russia. This, in their opinion, is confirmed by the almost complete lack of evidence of the period. Somehow, talking to the lover of the history of his native land, I heard a mention of the decline that reigned in a given area during the Tatar-Mongolian Yea. As evidence, he reminded that in these places there was no time a monastery. Initially, it should be said about the terrain: river valley with hills in close proximity, there are springs - an ideal place to settle. So it was. However, in the annals of this monastery, the nearest settlement is mentioned only in several tens of kilometers. Although between the lines can be found as closer people We lived, only "wild". Arguing on this topic, we concluded that because of the ideological motives, the monks mentioned only Christian settlements, or with the next rewriting of history, all the information about non-Christian settlements were erased.

No, no yes, sometimes historians roll those who flourished during the "Tatar-Mongolian yoke" of settlements. What forced them to admit that in fact, the Tatar-Mongols were quite tolerant to the conquered peoples ... "However, the lack of reliable sources about universal prosperity in Kievan Rus does not give rise to doubts official history.

In addition, except for the sources of the Orthodox Church, we have no reliable data about the occupation of Tatar-Mongols. In addition, there is quite interesting, there is a fact of rapid occupation of not only the steppe regions of Russia (from the point of view of the official history of Tatar-Mongola - Stepnyaki), but also of wooded and even swampy territories. Of course, the history of hostilities knows examples of the rapid conquest of the marsh forests of Belarus. However, the fascists went around the swamps. But what about the Soviet army, which conducted a brilliant offensive operation in the swampy part of Belarus? This is how, however, the population in Belarus was needed to create a bridgehead for subsequent onset. Just chose to step on the least expected (and therefore protected). But the main Soviet army relied on the local partisans, who thoroughly knew the terrain even better than the fascists. But the mythical Tatar-Mongols who were committed unthinkable, the swamps were conquered with the go - they refused further offensive "(SPO). - Here the unknown researcher celebrates two curious facts: the monastery chronicle considers only the one where the parishioners lived, as well as the brilliant orientation of steppes among the swamps, which they should not be peculiar. And the same author notes the coincidence of the territory occupied by Tatar-Mongols with the territory of Kievan Rus. Thus, it shows that it is real. We are dealing with a territory that has undergone a Christianization, regardless of whether it was in the steppe, in the forests or in the swamps. - But back to the texts of Cungurov.

Religion of Mongols.

"What was the official religion of Mongols? - And choose any what you like. Allegedly in the Karakorum "Palace" of the Great Khan Ugheda (the heir of Genghis Khan) found Buddhist idols. In the capital, the Golden Horde, Saray Batu finds mainly Orthodox cross and breastplate samples. In the Central Asian possessions of Mongolian conquerors, Islam was established, Zoroastrianism continued to flourish in the Southern Caspian. Frequently felt in the Mongolian Empire and Khazar-Jews. Siberia has a variety of shaman beliefs. Russian historians traditionally tell the bikes that the Mongols were idolaters. Say, the Russian princes they did the "secrech of the ball", if those arriving at the label for the right of the reign in their lands, did not worship them with their downes to pagan cumin. In short, there was no state religion from Mongols. All empires were, and Mongolian - no. He could pray for someone as he wants "(Kun: 176). - We note that no vermorpability before, nor after the Mongolian invasion was not. Ancient Prussia with the Balt Prussians inhabited by her Balt people (relatives in the language of Lithuanians and Latvians), the German knightly orders of Starli from the face of the earth just because those were pagans. And in Russia, not only the Vedovers (Old Believers), but also early Christians (Old Believers) began to pursue after Nikon's reform as enemies. Therefore, such a combination of words, like "Evil Tatar" and "VERTOPTY" is impossible, it is illogical. The division of the greatest empire for individual areas, each with its religion, probably indicates an independent, independent existence of these areas, combined into a gigantic empire only in the mythology of historians. As for the findings of Orthodox cross and breastplate in the European part of the Empire, it says that Christianity has been imposed on Tatar-Mongols and paganism (Varism) was eradicated, that is, a forced Christianization was.

Cash.

"By the way, if the Karakorum was the Mongolian capital, then a mint must be in it. It is believed that the monetary unit of the Mongolian Empire was gold dinars and silver dirhams. Four years, archaeologists picked the soil in Orhon (1999-2003), but not the fact that the coin court, they did not even find a single Dirham and Dinar, but the Chinese coins were dug in a multitude. It was this expedition that found in the Palace of Ugotea (which turned out to be much smaller than expected) traces of Buddhist idols. In Germany, the solid foliage "Genghis Khan and his heritage" was released on the results of the excavation, despite the fact that the archaeologists did not find any traces of the Lord of Mongols. However, it doesn't matter everything that they found was announced by Genghis Khan heritage. True, the publishers were prudently silent about the Buddhist idol and about Chinese coins, but most of the book were filled with distracted arguments that do not represent any scientific interest "(Kun: 177). - There is a legal question: if the Mongols produced three types of census, and they collected tribute on them, then where were they kept? And in what currency? Is it really translated into Chinese money? What could you buy in Europe?

In continuation of the Topics of Kungurov writes: "In general, in all Mongolia, only a few dirhams are found in the Arab inscriptions, which completely eliminates the idea that it was a center of a certain empire. Explain this "scientists" - historicals cannot, and therefore simply do not concern this issue. Even if you grab the historian for the lapel jacket, and look closely, ask about it, he will depict a fool, who does not understand what is discussed "(Kun: 177). "I'm publishing here Citizing, because it was exactly the archaeologists, when in the local history museum Tver, I did my message, showing that on the stone-cup, donated by the museum by the Liures, there is an inscription. None of the archaeologists approached the stone and did not feel the letters chopped there. For approach and feel the inscription meant to sign for them in many years of a lie regarding the lack of their own writing from the Slavs to the Docyrillovsky Epoch. It was the only thing that they could do to protect the honor of the Mundar ("I see nothing, I can not hear anything, I won't tell anyone," as it goes in a popular song).

"There are no archaeological evidence of existence in Mongolia of the Imperial Center, and therefore, as arguments in favor of a completely razovaya version, official science may suggest that the casual interpretation of the writings of Rashid Ad-Dina. True, the latter they quote very selectively. For example, the fact that the latter writes about the walking in the Karakorum dinars and Dirhemov, historians after four-year excavations in Orhon prefer not to remember. And Gille De Rubuk reports that the Mongols knew a sense in Romean money, which were overwhelmed by their budget crust. About this they now have to pose. It follows that the Carpini plan mentioned how the ruler of Baghdad paid tribute to the Mongolas in Romeic Gold Solids - Besantes. In short, all the ancient witnesses were mistaken. Only modern historians know the truth "(Kun: 178). - As you can see, all the ancient witnesses indicated that Mongols used European money in Western and Eastern Europe. And they did not talk about Chinese money from the "Mongols". Again, we are talking about the fact that "Mongols" were Europeans, at least in economically plan. No livestock will not come to mind to draw up lists of landowners, which did not have a cattle breeder. Moreover, to create a tax on merchants who in many Eastern countries were stray. In short, all these censuses of the population, very expensive shares, with the aim of taking a stable tax (10%), are issued from headless steppes, and the scrupulous European bankers, which, of course, charged the calculated taxes in the European currency. Chinese money was for them.

"Was the Mongols have a financial system without which, as is known, no state does not do? Did not have! No specific Mongolian money is known to numismatics. But those if desired, any unidentified coins are declared. What was the name of the Empire's monetary unit? Yes, it was not called. Where was the imperial mint, treasury? And nowhere. It seems to be about evil backers - the builders of Dani in Russian uluses the Golden Horde historians wrote something. But today the lattice of Baskakov seems very exaggerated. It seems that they collected in favor of Khan Tith (the tenth of income), and each tenth young man was recruited into their army. The latter should consider a big exaggeration. After all, the service in those days lasted not a couple of years, but probably a quarter of a century. Russia's population in the XIII century is customary to evaluate the smaller 5 million shower. If 10 thousand recruits come to the army every year, then after 10 years it will swallow to completely unimaginable sizes "(Kun: 178-179). - If you call 10 thousand people annually, then in 10 years it will turn out 100 thousand, and in 25 years - 250 thousand. Is there a state of that time in a state of that army? - "And if we consider that the Mongols took the service not only by Russians, but also representatives of all other conquered peoples, then a millionth horde will be turned out, which no empire could not apply in the Middle Ages" (Kun: 179). - That's it.

"But where did the tax led, as I was registered, who ordered the treasury, the scientists can not explain anything really. Nothing is known about the system of score, measures and weights used in the Empire. The mystery remains and what the goals of the huge Goldordinsky budget spent - neither palaces, no cities, no monasteries, nor the fleet conquerors built. Although no, other storyteps argue that the fleet of Mongols was. They, they say, even conquered the island of Java, and almost seized Japan. But it is so obvious nonsense that it does not have any meaning. At least, until at least some traces of existence on the land of steppe cattle breeders (KUN: 179) are found. - As Alexei Kungurov, various aspects of the Mongol activities consideration, there is an impression that the people of Halha prescribed to the role of the global conqueror of Halha in the minimum extent to fulfill this mission. How did the West carry out such a flap? - The answer is simple. All Siberia and Central Asia on European Cards of the Time was called Tartaria (as I showed in one of my articles, it was there who moved under the hell, Tartar). Accordingly, there is a mythical "Tatars". Their east wing stretched to the people of Halh, about which at that time few historians knew anything, and therefore he could be attributed to anything. Of course, the historians of the West did not foresee that after a couple of centuries the means of communication will develop so strongly that through the Internet it will be possible to receive any newest information from archaeologists, which, after analytical processing, it will be capable of refuting any western myths.

The ruling layer of the Mongols.

"What was the ruling layer in the Mongolian Empire? Any state has its military, political, economic, cultural and scientific top. The ruling medieval layer is called aristocracy, today's dominant class is called a vague term "elite". One way or another, but the state top must be, otherwise there is no state. And the Mongolian occupiers with the elite had a taint. Conquered Rus and left to rule the Dynasty Rurikovich. Themselves, they say, went into the steppe. There are no such examples in history. That is, the state-forming aristocracy in the Mongolian Empire did not exist "(Kun: 179). - Last - extremely surprising. Take, for example, preceding a huge empire - arab Khalifat.. There was not only religion, Islam, but also secular literature. For example, fairy tales thousands and one night. There was a monetary system, and Arab money for a long time was considered the most popular currency. And where are the legends about Mongolian Khanakh, where are the Mongolian fairy tales about the conquests of distant Western countries?

Mongolian infrastructure.

"Any state cannot even take place today if you do not have transport and information connectedness. In the Middle Ages, the lack of convenient routes of communication absolutely excluded the possibility of the functioning of the state. Therefore, the core of the state has evolved along the river, marine, significantly less frequently land communications. And the greatest in the history of mankind, the Mongol Empire did not have any ways to communicate between its parts and the center, which, by the way, was also not. More precisely, he seemed to be, but solely in the form of becoming, where Genghis Khan left his family during hikes "(Kun: 179-180). In this case, the question arises how government negotiations occurred at all? Where did the ambassadors of sovereign states live? Is it really in a military rate? And how could it be aware of the constant transfer of these rates during combat operations? And where was the state office, archives, translators, correspondencers, heralds, treasury, room for bad values? Also moved along with the Khan rate? - It can hardly believe. - And here Kungurov turns to the conclusion.

There was a Mongol Empire.

"It is natural to ask a question: was this legendary Mongol Empire? Was! - Historians will collect a chorus and a stone turtle of the Yuan dynasty will be shown as evidence in the vicinity of the modern Mongolian village of Karakorum or a shapeless coin of unknown affiliation. If it seems unconvincing it, the historians will automatically add a couple of clay shards, dangled in the Black Sea steppes. This, for sure, convince the most unfinished skeptic "(Kun: 180). "The question of Alexei Kungurov a long time ago, and the answer to it is quite natural. No Mongol Empire has ever existed! - However, the author of the study concerns the question not only about the Mongols, but also about the Tatars, as well as about the attitude of Mongols to Russia, and therefore he continues his story.

"But we are interested in the Great Mongol Empire. Rus allegedly was conquered by Batym - Grandfather of Genghis Khan and the ruler of Ulus Juchi, more famous called the Golden Horde. From the possessions of the Golden Horde to Russia are still closer than from Mongolia. For the winter from the Caspian steppes, you can get to Kiev, Moscow and even Vologda. But difficulties arise all the same. First, the horses need a fodder. Hard the grass in the Volga steppes of the horse can no longer die from under the snow. Winter there is snowing, and therefore local nomads on their wintering harvested the reserves of the hay to hold out in the most difficult time. So that the army could move in the winter, we need an oats. No oats - it's not possible to go to Russia. Where does the nomads have oats?

The next problem is the road. In winter, frozen rivers were used as the roads of the century. But the horse so that she can go on the ice, you must subside. In the steppe, it can run unacceptable on the steppe, and in the ice, stonework or frozen road an incentive horse, and he can not go with the rider. In order to submit a hundred thousand demanded for the invasion of combat boards and mobility, one only iron is more than 400 tons! And after 2-3 months it is necessary to cut horses again. And how much should the forests need to cut down in order to prepare 50 thousand sleds for wrap?

But in general, as we found out, even in the case of a successful march on Russia, a 10 thousandth army will be in an extremely difficult situation. Supply due to the local population is almost impossible, tighten the reserves absolutely unreal. It is necessary to keep gulling storms of cities, fortresses and monasteries, to carry irrelevant losses, deepening on the enemy's territory. And what's the point in this deepening, if the invaders left the ruined desert? What is the purpose of the war? With each day, the interventories will be weaker, and by the spring it is necessary to go into the steppe, otherwise the rivers will dampen the nomads in the forests, where they will die from hunger "(Kun: 180-181). - As you can see, the problems of the Mongol Empire appear on a smaller scale and on the example of the Golden Horde. And then Kungurov considers the later Mongolian state - the Golden Horde.

Capital gold hordes.

"It is known as two capitals of the Golden Horde - Saray-Batu and Saraj-Berk. Until our days, they did not even reach the ruins. Historians and here they found the guilty - Tamerlan, who came from Central Asia and instructed these the most blooming and populated cities of the East. Today, archaeologists echoing on the spot allegedly the great capitals of the Great Eurasian Empire, only the remnants of global huts and the most primitive homemade utensils. All valuable, they say, plundered the evil Tamerlan. What is characteristic of the larger traces of the presence in these places of Mongolian nomads, archaeologists do not find.

However, this is not at all embarrassing. Since the traces of the Greeks, Russians, Italians and others were found there, it means that the business was clear: Mongols were brought into their capital masters from the conquered countries. Someone doubts Mongols conquered Italy? Read carefully works of "scientists" - Storikov - it says that Batya reached the coast of the Adriatic Sea and almost to Vienna. Somewhere there he is the Italians and caught. What does Saraj-Berk say about the center of the Sarah and Town Orthodox Diocese? This, according to historians, testifies to the phenomenal vermorpability of the Mongolian conquerors. True, in this case it is not clear why the Goldenopa Khans allegedly joined several Russian princes who do not want to give up their faith. The Grand Duke Kiev and Chernihiv Mikhail Vsevolodovich is even counted for the faith of the saints for refused to worship the sacred fire, and was for disobedience killed "(Kun: 181). Again, we see complete inconsistency of the official version.

What was the Golden Horde.

"The Golden Horde is the same stately by historians as the Mongol Empire. Accordingly, the Mongol-Tatar "IHO" is also fiction. The question is who invented him. In Russian chronicles it is useless to seem to mention the "Iga" or mythical mongols. "Evil Tatarov" is mentioned in it quite often. The question of who had in mind the chronicles under this name? Whether this is an ethnic group, or a lifestyle or estate (akin to the Cossacks), whether this is the collective name of all Turks. Maybe the word "Tatar" means an equestrian warrior? Tatars knows a great set: Casimov, Crimean, Lithuanian, Bordakovie (Ryazan), Belgorod, Don, Yenisei, Tula ... One only transfer of all kinds of Tatars will take a full-story. The tatars are mentioned in the chronicles, the Tatars are baptized, the Tatars Godless, Sovereign Tatars and Tatars Basurmansky. That is, this term has an extremely wide interpretation.

Tatars, as an ethnic group, appeared relatively recently, three hundred years ago. Therefore, an attempt to apply the term "Tatar-Mongola" to the modern Kazan or Crimean Tatars is fraud. It was not in the XIII century of the Kazan Tatars, there were Bulgars who had their own principality, which historians were referred to by the Volga Bulgaria. Then there was no Crimean, nor Siberian Tatars, but were Kypchaki, they are Polovtsy, they are Nogai. But if the Mongols conquered, partially disturbing, Kypchakov and periodically fought with the Bulgars, where did the Mongol-Tatar symbiosis come from?

No aliens from Mongolian steppes did not know not only in Russia, but also in Europe. The term "Tatar Igo", meaning the power of the Golden Horde over Rus, appeared at the junction of the XIV-XV century in Poland in propaganda literature. It is believed that he belongs to Peru historian and geographer Matthew Mekhovsky (1457-1523), Professor Krakow University "(Kun: 181-182). - Above we read the news about this and in Wikipedia, and in the works of three authors (SWI). His "Treatise on two Sarmatiah" was considered in the West the first detailed geographical and ethnographic description of Eastern Europe to the Meridian of the Caspian Sea. In the preamble of this work, the Mekhovsky wrote: "The southern edges and the seaside peoples up to India are open by the king of Portugal. Let the northern edges with the peoples living near the Northern Ocean to the east, open by the troops of the King Polish, are now known to the world "(Kun: 182-183). - Very interesting! It turns out that Russia had to open someone, although this state existed several millennia!

"In how famously! The Russians enlightened the Russians with African blacks and American Indians, and the Polish troops attribute fantastic merit. Never Poles reached the coast of the Arctic Ocean, which has long been mastered by the Russians. Only a century after the death of the Mehowsky during the troubled, the individual Polish squads were digging in Vologda and Arkhangelschin, but they were not the troops of the Polish king, but the ordinary robbing gangs, which were coming merchants on the northern trading path. Therefore, it is not necessary to seriously perceive his insinuations about the fact that the backward Rusichi was conquered very much wild Tatars "(Kun: 183) - It turns out that the essay of the Mehow was a fantasy that the West had no choice.

"By the way, Tatars are the European collective name of all Eastern peoples. And in the old days it was uttered as "Tartars" from the word "Tartar" - the Underworld. It is possible that in the Russian language the word "Tatars" came from Europe. At least when European travelers were called in the XVI century by the Tatars of the inhabitants of the Lower Volga in the XVI century, they did not really understand the meaning of this word, and even the more they did not know that it for Europeans means "Dicks, escaped from hell." Binding the words "Tatars" of the Criminal Code of a certain ethnic group begins only in the XVII century. Finally, the term "Tatars", as the designation of the Volga-Ural and Siberian sedentary Turkic peoples, was established only in the twentieth century. The word formation "Mongol-Tatar Igo" used the first German historian Herman Kroz in 1817, whose book was translated into Russian in the middle of the XIX century and published in St. Petersburg. In 1860, the head of the Russian spiritual mission in China, Archimandrite Palladius acquired the manuscript of "the internal legend of the Mongols", making it a public domain. No one was embarrassed that the "legend" is written in Chinese. It is even very convenient, because any inconsistencies make it possible to explain erroneous transcribed transcription from Mongolian to Chinese. MO, Yuan is the Chinese transcription of the Genghisid dynasty. And the shuntu is Khan Hubilai. With such a "creative" approach, as it is not difficult to guess, any Chinese legend can be announced at least the history of Mongols, even though the chronicle of crusades "(Kun: 183-184). - Kungurov not in vain mentions a spiritual person from the Russian Orthodox Church, Archimandrite Palladia, hinting that he had an interest in creating a legend about the Tatars based on Chinese chronicles. And it's not for nothing, he moves the bridge to the cross campaigns.

The legend of the Tatars and the role of Kiev in Russia.

"The beginning of the legend about Kievan Rus was published in 1674," Sinopsis "- the first educational institution known to us in Russian history. This book has been reprinted more than once (1676, 1680, 1718 and 1810) and was very popular until the middle of the XIX century. The author is considered to be Innocent Gizel (1600-1683). Born in Prussia, in his youth he came to Kiev, accepted Orthodoxy and knead the monks. Metropolitan Peter Grave sent a young monk abroad, from where he returned to an educated person. He applied his scholarship in the tense ideological and political struggle with Jesuits. It is known as the writer-theologian, historiographer and theologian "(Kun: 184). - When we say that in the XVIII century "fathers" of Russian historiography became Miller, Bayer and Schlezer, we forget that the century before, at the first Romanovs and after the reform of Nikon, a new Romanov historiography under the name "Sinopsis", that is, A summary, also wrote German, so the precedent was already. It is clear that after the eradication of the Rurikovsky dynasty and persecutions on the Old Believers and Old Believers, Muscovy was needed by a new historiography, whining Romanov and Fallenning Rurikovich. And she appeared, although not from Muscovy, but from Malorusia, which since 1654 became part of Muscovy, although spiritually adjacent to Lithuania and Poland.

"Gizel should be considered not only a leader of church, but also political, for the church Orthodox tip in the Polish-Lithuanian state was an integral part of the political elite. Being a protest of Metropolitan Peter Mogily, he supported active connections with Moscow on political and financial issues. In 1664, he visited the Russian capital as part of the Malorosiysk Embassy of the Cossacks of the Elder and the clergy. Apparently, it was rated by him, because in 1656 he receives San Archimandrite and the rector of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, while maintaining it to death in 1683.

Of course, Innocent Gizel was an Yarym supporter of the accession of Malororsia to the Great Russia, otherwise it is difficult to explain why the kings of Alexey Mikhailovich, Fedor Alekseevich and the government of Sofya Alekseevna quite fagged to him, was fettered by valuable gifts. So, it is Synopsis that begins to actively popularize the legend of Kievan Rus, Tatar invasion and the fight against Poland. The main stereotypes of the ancient Russian history (the foundation of Kiev in three brothers, the vocation of Varyagov, the legend of the baptism of Russia, Vladimir, etc.) was laid in "Sinopsis" a slim row and accurately dated. A somewhat strange today's reader will seem a hundred giel story "On freedom or liberty of Slavic". - "Slavs in courage and courage to their day from the day firmly overtakened, the fight also and the contamination of the ancient Greek and Roman Kaesarov, and always a glorious perception of victory, in all kinds of liberty; The same and the great king Alexander Macedonsky and his father, his Philip, beyond the power of the light of this power. The same, nice for the sake of work and works of military officers, Dada Alexander Tsar Slavs vaccinated or a diploma on Parchment by Gratte, written in Alexandria, Volosts and Earth to them, before Merry Christmas, 310; And August, Caesar (in his kingdom, the king of glory Christ was born) not born with free and strong Slavs brave to reduce "(Kun: 184-185). - I note that if the legend about the foundation of Kiev was very important for Little Russian, which in accordance with it became the political center of all ancient Russia, in the world, the legend of baptism Vladimir Kiev was growing up before approving the baptism of all Russia, and both legends, thus carried powerful The political meaning of the nomination of Malorosia in the first place in the history and religion of Russia, the procitized passage of such a pro-Ukrainian propaganda does not bear. Here, apparently, we have the insertion of traditional views on the participation of Russian warriors in the campaigns of Alexander Macedon, for which they received a number of privileges. There are also examples of interaction between Russia with Late Antiquity policies; Later, the historiography of all countries will remove any mention of the existence of Russia at the specified period. It is also interesting to see that the interests of Malorussia in the XVII century and are now diametrically opposed: then Gizel argued that Malorosia is the center of Russia, and all the events in it are epochable for the Great Rus; Now, on the contrary, it is proved by the "inequalization" of the outskirts from Russia, the connection of the outskirts with Poland, and the work of the first president of the outskirts of Kravchuk was called "the outskirts of the Power". Allegedly independent throughout its history. And the middle of the outskirts asks Russian to write "in the outskirts", and not "on the outskirts", a porch Russian language. That is, at the moment, the Power of Power suits the role of Polish periphery. This example is clearly seen how political interests can change the position of the country by 180 degrees, and not only to abandon the claims to leadership, but even change the name to completely intolerable. Modern Giesel would try to tie three brothers who founded Kiev, with Germany and German Ukrainian, who did not have anything to do with the Malorus, and the conduct of Christianity in Kiev - with the general Christianization of Europe, allegedly having nothing to do with Russia.

"When Archimandrite is clicked at the courtyard, it is very difficult to consider this work as a model of unpredictive scientific research. Rather, it will be a propaganda treatise. And false - efficient reception Propaganda, if a lie can be implemented into mass consciousness.

It was Synopsis, who saw the light in 1674 belongs to the honor of becoming the first Russian mass printed publication. Up until the beginning of the XIX century, the book was used as a textbook on Russian history, in total, she sustained 25 publications, of which the latter took place in 1861 (26th edition had to be already in our century). From the point of view of propagandand it does not matter how much the composition of Gizel corresponded to reality, it is important how hard it was rooted in the consciousness of the formed layer. And it was rooted hard. Considering that Synopsis was actually written in order to order the ruling house of Romanovs and was officially impact, otherwise could not be. Tatishchev, Karamzin, Shcherbatov, Solovyov, Kostomarov, Klyuchevsky and other historians, brought up in the Gizelian concept, simply could not (and hardly wanted) to critically comprehend the legend about Kievan Rus "(Kun: 185). - As you can see, the victim of the victorious Croupan Dynasty of Romanov, a peculiar "short course of the Romanov", which had recently included in Russia, who had recently became part of Russia, who immediately began to qualify for the role of the leader in the political and religious life of Russia. So to speak, from the mud - yes in the prince! It was this peripheral re-acquired part of Russia as a historical leader quite arranged Romanovs, as well as bike that this weak state was beaten as peripheral steppes from the underworld - Russian Tartaria. The meaning of these legends is obvious - Russia was allegedly damaged initially!

Other Romanov historians about Kievan Rus and Tatars.

"They did not contradict Synopsis and the court historians of the XVIII century - Gottlib Siegfried Bayer, Augustus Ludwig Schlezer and Gerard Friedrich Miller. Tell me the mercy, as Bayer could be a researcher of Russian antiquities and the writer of the concept of Russian history (gave the beginning of the Norman theory), when in 13 years of his stay in Russia he did not even learn Russian? Two of the latter were co-authors to the indecent politicized Norman theory, proving that Rus found the features of a normal state only under the leadership of the true Europeans Ruriki. Both of them were edited and published the works of Tatischev, after which it is difficult to say that in his works remained from the original. At least, it is precisely known that the original Tatischev "History of the Russian" disappeared without a trace, and Miller for the official version used some "drafts", we are now unknown.

Despite the permanent conflicts with colleagues, Miller formed an academic frame of official Russian historiography. The most important opponent and ruthless critic was Mikhail Lomonosov. However, Miller managed to take revenge on the great Russian scientist. Yes, how! The "Ancient Russian History" prepared by Lomonosov, the efforts of his opponents was published. Moreover, the essay was confiscated and disappeared on the death of the author. A few years later, only the first volume of his monumental work was printed, prepared for the publication, according to Muller personally. By reading Lomonosov today, it is absolutely impossible to understand what he argued so violently with the courties of courtes - his "ancient Russian history" was withstanding in the spirit of an officially approved version of history. Absolutely no contradictions with Muller on the very controversial issue of Russian antiquity in the book of Lomonosov. Consequently, we are dealing with the face "(Kun: 186). - Brilliant output! Although it remains unclear: the Soviet government has not been interested in aligning one of the Republics of the USSR, namely the Ukrainian, and detain the Turkic republics that were just subject to the understanding of Tartaria or Tatars. It would seem that time was to get rid of the life and show the true story of Russia. Why in Soviet times, Soviet historiography adhered to version, pleasing Romanov and ROC? - The answer lies on the surface. Because the worse there was a history of royal Russia, the better the history of Russia Soviet was. This is then, in times Rurikovich, it was possible to vocation of strangers to manage the Great Power, and the country was so weak that it could conquer some Tatar-Mongols. In Soviet times, it seems to be no one and did not call anywhere, and Lenin and Stalin were natives of Russia (although in Soviet times no one would dare to write to Rothschild, Lenin - German General Headquarters, and Yakov Sverdlov answered in touch with European bankers). On the other hand, one of the collaboration of the Institute of Archeology in the 90s I told me that the color of the pre-revolutionary archaeological thought in Soviet Russia did not remain, the archaeologists of the Soviet cut were very strongly inferior in their professionalism to the archaeologists pre-revolutionary, and the pre-revolutionary archaeological archives tried to destroy. - I asked her due to the excavations of the archaeologist of the Veselovsky caves of the stone grave in Ukraine, for for some reason all reports about his expedition were lost. It turned out that they were not lost, but consciously destroyed. For the stone grave is a monument to Paleolithic, in which the Russian inscriptions by Runitsa. And there is a completely different story of Russian culture on him. But the archaeologists are part of the team of historians of Soviet pore. And they worked no less politicized historiography than historians in the service of Romanov.

"It remains only to state - the editorial office of Russian history has consisted only by foreign authors, by the advantage of the Germans. The works of Russian historians who tried to resist them were destroyed, and under their name falsifications were issued. It is not necessary to expect that the gravers of the national historiographic school spared dangerous primary sources for them. Lomonosov came terrified when he learned that Schlezer was accessing all the ancient Russian chronicles at that time. Where are those chronicles now?

By the way, Schlezer called Lomonosov's "gross ignoramus, who knew nothing but his chronicles." It is difficult to say what in these words is more hatred - to the stubborn Russian scientist, who considers the Russian people by the same age of Romans, or to the annals that confirmed. But it turns out that the German historian who received Russian chronicles was guided by them not by them. Political order he read above science. Mikhail Vasilyevich, when it comes to a hated Nemchure, did not hesitate in expressions too. About Schlezer reached us, such a statement was reached: "... what vile bobbs does not produce in the Russian antiquities such a cattle admitted to them" or "he is a lot like some idolian priest, who, fumbles himself with whitening and vigorous and fast on one leg. His head, gives supporting, dark, incomprehensible and very wild answers. "

So, we will dance under the dressing of the "Dropped Idolian Priests"? " (Kun: 186-187).

Discussion.

Although on the topic of the mythologicalness of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, I read the work and L.N. Gumileva, and A.T. Fomenko, and Valyansky with coryuzhny, but so convex, in detail and no one wrote to Alexei Kungurov. And I can congratulate the "our regiment" researchers of a non-political Russian history, which one bayonet has become greater. I note that he is not only well read, but also is capable of a wonderful analysis of all the absurdities of professional historians. It is a professional historiography that comes up with Luke, shooting 300 meters with a slaughter power of a modern rifle bullet, it is calmly appoints backward cattle breeders who did not have statehood, the creators of the largest in the entire history of mankind of state, it is they sucking the huge armies of conquerors who cannot be sormined from the finger nor move for several thousand kilometers. The illiterate Mongols, it turns out, was made up with parime and pillow lists, that is, the population census was conducted on the scale of this huge country, as well as the registration of trade income even with stray merchants. And the results of this huge work in the form of reports, lists and analytical reviews disappeared somewhere. It turned out that there is not a single archaeological confirmation of the existence of both the capital of the Mongols and the capitals of uluses, as well as the existence of Mongol coins. Yes, and today, Mongolian tugresses are non-convertible monetary units.

Of course, the chapter affected many more problems than the reality of the existence of Mongol-Tatars. For example, the possibility of disguise due to the Tatar-Mongolian invasion of the real forced Christianization of Russia West. However, this problem requires much more seriously argument, which in this chapter of Alexei Kungurov is absent. Therefore, I do not take care of any conclusions in this regard.

Conclusion.

Nowadays, there is only one justification for the support of the myth on the Tatar-Mongolian invasion: he not only expressed, but also expresses the point of view of the West on the history of Russia today. The point of view of Russian researchers West is not interested. You can always find such "professionals", which for the sake of the korear, career or fame in the West will be supported by the generally accepted and fabricated by the West myth.

Rus under Mongol-Tatar Igship existed extremely humiliating. It was completely subordinate and politically and economically. Therefore, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia, the standing date on the River Ugra - 1480 is perceived as the most important event in our history. Although Russia has become politically independent, but the payment of Dani in a smaller size continued up to Petrovsky times. The complete end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke - a year of the 1700th, when Peter the Great abolished the payments to Crimean Khanam.

Mongolian army

In the XII century, Mongolian nomads united under the rule of the cruel and cunning ruler Techuchin. All interference to unlimited power, he mercilessly suppressed and created a unique army, which won the victory. He, creating a great empire, was named his aware of Genghis Khan.

Conquering Eastern Asia, Mongol's troops reached the Caucasus and Crimea. They destroyed Alan and Polovtsy. The remains of the Polovtsy turned for help to Russia.

The first meeting

20 or 30 thousand were soldiers in the Mongolian army, not defined. They led the jab and subcent. They stopped at the Dnieper. And at that time, Khanyan persuaded the Galich Prince Mstislava removed against the invasion of a terrible cavalry. Mustislav Kiev and Mstislav Chernigov joined him. According to different sources, the general Russian army counted from 10 to 100 thousand people. The military council took place on the shores of the river river. The single plan was not developed. Speakeled one. He was supported only by the rest of the Polovtsy, but during the battle they fled. Without supporting Galician princes should still have to fight with the attacks on their fortified camp Mongols.

Three days lasted battle. Only the cunning and promise did not capture the Mongola entered the camp. But the words did not hold down. Russian governors and Prince Mongols were alive and covered with boards and sat on them and began to send a victory, enjoying the moans of dying. So in the flour killed Kiev prince and his environment. It was 1223 year. Mongols, without going into details, went back to Asia. Thirteen years later they will return. And all these years in Russia there was a fierce gnawing between princes. She completely undermined the strength of the southwestern principalities.

Invasion

Grandson of Genghishana Bati with a huge half-million army, won in the east and Polovetsky lands in the south, went to Russian principalities in December 1237. His tactic was not to give a big battle, but in an attack on some detachments, breaking all one one. Approaching the southern borders of the Ryazan Principality, Tatars ultimitively demanded tribute from him: the tenth of the horses, people and princes. In Ryazan, almost three thousand soldiers were gained. They sent for help in Vladimir, but the help did not come. After six days, the siege Ryazan was taken.

Residents were destroyed, the city was destroyed. It was the beginning. The end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke will occur in two hundred forty-harder years. The next was Kolomna. There, the Russian army was almost all interrupted. Moscow lies in the ash region. But before that, someone who dreamed of returning to his native places, buried on the treasure of silver jewelry. He was found by chance when a construction was carried out in the Kremlin in the 90s of the XX century. The next was Vladimir. Mongols did not spare no women nor children and destroyed the city. Then Pal Torzhok. But spring fell, and, having afraid, the Mongols moved to the south. Northern swampy Russia did not interest them. But on the way, the defeated tiny Kozelsk began. For almost two months, the city violently resisted. But the Mongols came reinforcement with trumpet cars, and the city was taken. All defending themselves cut out and left from the town of Stone on the stone. So, the whole northeastern Russia was lying in ruins by 1238. And who may have doubts about whether the Mongol-Tatar Igo in Russia was? From a brief description it follows that there were wonderful good neighborly relations, right?

Southwestern Rus

She came the turn in 1239. Pereyaslavl, Chernihiv Principality, Kiev, Vladimir-Volynsky, Galich - everything is defeated, not to mention the cities of smaller and villages and villages. And how far is the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke! How much horror and destruction brought its beginning. Mongols reached Dalmatia and Croatia. Western Europe trembled.

However, the news from the distant Mongolia forced the invaders to turn back. And they did not have enough strength on the re-trial. Europe was saved. But our homeland, lying in the ruins, who expired blood, did not know when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke comes.

Rus under the IGG.

Who suffered most of the invasion of the Mongols? Peasants? Yes, the Mongols did not spare them. But they could hide in the forests. Townspeople? Sure. There were 74 cities in Russia, and 49 of them were destroyed by Batym, and 14 never recovered. Craftsmen turned into slaves and exported. There was no contingency skill in crafts, and the craft was declining. They have learned pouring utensils from glass, cook glass for the manufacture of windows, has not become multicolor ceramics and decorations with sefoded enamel. Bricklayers and cutters disappeared, and the construction of stone has been suspended for 50 years. But heard all had to be the one who with a weapon in the hands reflected the attack, - feudal and vigilantes. Of the 12 Ryazan princes, three remained three, out of 3 Rostov - one, out of 9 Suzdal - 4. And no one has calculated losses in squads. And there were no less. Professionals in military service changed other people who are accustomed that they are wrapped. So the princes became all the full power. This process is subsequently when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke will come, they will deepen and lead to an unlimited monarch authority.

Russian princes and golden hordes

After 1242, Russia fell under the full political and economic oppression of the Ordans. In order for the prince to inherit his throne by law, he had to go with gifts to the "free king", as our princes of Khanov called, in the capital of the horde. Being there was quite a long time. Khan slowly considered the lowest requests. The whole procedure turned into a chain of humiliation, and after long reflection, sometimes Multi-month, Khan gave a "label", that is, permission to the reign. So, one of our princes, having arrived at the Bat, called the cooler to keep his possessions.

Be sure to stipulate the tribute to be paid by the principality. At any time, Khan could call the prince in the Horde and even execute in it objectionable. The Ordans led a special policy with princes, diligently blowing them with a distinction. The disunity of the princes and their principalities was on the hand of Mongols. Horde herself gradually became a colossusion on clay legs. In it, centrifugal sentiment was intensified. But it will be significantly later. And at the beginning of her unity tight. After the death of Alexander Nevsky, his sons, Lyuto hate each other and fiercely fighting for the Vladimir throne. Conditionally, the reign in Vladimir gave the prince seniority over everyone else. In addition, decent land of land with those who brings money to the treasury. And for the Grand Diction, Vladimirsky in the Horde flared up between the princes of the struggle, was that and to death. That's how I lived Russia under the Mongol-Tatar ig. The troops of the Ordans in it practically did not stand. But when unsulpent, punitive troops could always come and start cutting and burn everything.

Walking in Moscow

The bloody distribution of Russian princes among themselves led to the fact that the period from 1275 to 1300 on Russia came 15 times the Mongolian troops came. From the gravestics, many principalities came out weakened, of whom people flew into calmer places. Such a quiet principality turned out to be a small Moscow. It went to the youngest Daniel. He reigned from 15 years and led a cautious policy, trying not to quarrel with the neighbors, for it was too weak. And the Horde did not pay close attention to him. Thus, a impetus was given to the development of trade and enrichment in this lot.

It was joined by immigrants from troubled seats. Daniel eventually managed to attach Kolomna and Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, increasing his principality. His sons after his death continued a relatively quiet politics of the Father. Only the princes of Tver saw in them potential rivals and tried, struggling for the Grand Diction in Vladimir, spoil Moscow relations with the Horde. This hatred reached the point that when the Moscow Prince and Prince Tverskova were simultaneously caused by the Orda, Dmitry Tverskaya Zagolol Yuri Moskovsky. For such a self-government he was executed by the Ordans.

Ivan Kalita and "Silence Great"

The fourth son of Prince Daniel seemed to have no chance of the Moscow throne. But his older brothers died, and he began to pronounce in Moscow. The will of the fate was also the Grand Duke Vladimir. During him and his sons stopped the raids of the Mongols into Russian lands. Games Moscow and people in it. Growing cities, their population increased. In Northeast Russia, the whole generation has grown, which stopped trembling at the mention of Mongols. It was closer to the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia.

Dmitry Donskoy

Moscow by the birth of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich in 1350 already turns into a center for the political, cultural and religious life of the northeast. Grandson Ivan Kalita lived a short, 39 years old, but a bright life. He spent her in battles, but now it is important to stop at the Great Battle of Mama, which took place in 1380 on the River Meeting. By this time, Prince Dmitry defeated the punitive Mongolian detachment between Ryazan and Kolomna. Mamay began to prepare a new campaign on Russia. Dmitry, having learned about this, in turn began to collect strength to revel. Not all the princes responded to his call. The prince had to appeal for help from Sergia Radonezh to collect a folk militia. And having received the blessing of the holy elder and two inok, he at the end of the summer gathered a militia and moved towards the huge army of Maama.

On September 8, a great battle took place at dawn. Dmitry fought in the forefront, was injured, he was found with difficulty. But the Mongols were broken and fled. Dmitry returned to the victory. But the time has come, when the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia will come. History says that under the IGA will be held another hundred years.

Strengthening Russia

Moscow became the center of the association of Russian lands, but not all princes agreed to take this fact. Dmitry's son, Vasily I, Rules for a long time, 36 years old, and relatively calmly. He defended Russian lands from Lithuanian encroachment, joined the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod Principality. The horde weaker, and it was considered less and less. Vasily for his life only twice visited the Horde. But inside Russia there was no unity. Without end, flashed meters. Even at the wedding of Prince Vasily II broke out a scandal. On one of the guests was a gold belt Dmitry Donskoy. When the bride recognized this, he publicly threw him, causing an insult. But the belt was not just jewel. He was a symbol of great power. During the reign of Vasily II (1425-1453) feudal wars were walking. The Moscow Prince was captured, blinded, bowed all the face and all the subsequent life he wore a bandage on his face and received the nickname "Dark". However, this volitional prince was released, and his co-program was the minor Ivan, who after the death of his father will be the liberator of the country and will receive the nickname great.

End of Tatar-Mongolian Iga in Russia

In 1462, the legal ruler Ivan III entered into the Moscow throne, which will become a converter and reformer. He cautiously and carefully united Russian lands. He joined Tver, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Perm and even the stroke Novgorod recognized him with his state truck. He made the coat of arms of the two-headed Byzantine eagle, began to build the Kremlin. That is what we know him. From 1476, Ivan III stopped paying the horde tribute. Beautiful, but false legend tells how it happened. Having accepted the Ordan Embassy, \u200b\u200bthe Grand Duke met Basma and sent warning to Horde, which will happen to them, if they do not leave his country alone. Enraged Han Ahmed, collecting a big army, moved to Moscow, wishing her to shy for disobedience. Approximately 150 km from Moscow near the river Ugra on the Kaluga lands in the fall opposite the two troops. Russian headed the son of Vasily, Ivan young.

Ivan III returned to Moscow and began to carry out supplies for the army - food, fodder. So there were troops opposite each other, until the early winter came up with nonsense and did not buried all the plans of Ahmed. Mongols turned around and went to the Horde, recognizing defeat. So bloodlessly occurred the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Date it - 1480 - a great event in our history.

The value of falling iga

For a long time having suspended the political, economic and cultural development of Russia, IHO deployed the country on the backyard of European history. When Renaissance began in Western Europe and bloomed the Renaissance in all areas, when the national self-awareness of the peoples was developing, when the countries of the rich and bloomed trade sent a ship fleet in search of new lands, there was darkness in Russia. Columbus already opened America in 1492. For Europeans, the earth has grown rapidly. For us, the end of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Russia marked the opportunity to exit the narrow medieval framework, change the laws, to reform in the army, to build cities and master new lands. And if briefly, Russia gained independence and began to be called Russia.

In the late autumn of 1480, the great standing in the thief ended. It is believed that after that, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was not in Russia.

INSULT

The conflict of the Grand Duke Moskovsky Ivan III with Khan Big Horde Ahmatom arose, according to one version, due to the non-payment of Dani. But a number of historians believe that Ahmat Dan received, but went to Moscow because he did not wait for the personal presence of Ivan III, who had to get a label to the Grand Diction. Thus, the prince did not recognize the authority and power of Khan.

It was not particularly offended by Akhmat that when he sent ambassadors to Moscow to ask Dani and Obroks over the past years, the Grand Duke again did not show proper respect. In the "Kazan History", even so: "The Great Prince was not afraid ... Taking Basma, I spun, I broke, threw the ground and extorted my legs with my". Of course, this behavior of the Grand Duke is difficult to imagine, but the refusal to recognize the power of Akhmat followed.

Confirmation of the pride of Khan is in another episode. At the "Ugorshchina", Ahmat, who was not in the best strategic position, demanded that Ivan III himself came to the Ordane bid and became the string of the Vladyka, waiting for the decision.

Female participation

But Ivan Vasilyevich cared his own family. His wife disliked his wife. Branched, the prince first of all saves his wife: "The Great Princess Sofia (Romanka, as chroniclers expressed), John sent together with the casseau on Belozero, gave an order to go further to the sea and the Ocean, if Khan goes Oku," said the historian Sergey Solovyev. However, it was not rejoiced to her return from the Whitezer: "Sophia's great princess ran from Tatars on Beloozero, and not any nobody chased."

Brothers, Andrei Galitsky and Boris Volotsky, raised the rebellion, demanding to divide the inheritance of the deceased brother - Prince Yuri. Only when this conflict was settled, not without the help of the mother, Ivan III could continue to fight the Horde. In general, "female participation" in standing in the thorough. If you believe Tatishchev, it was Sophia who persuaded Ivan III to take a historical decision. The victory in standing is also attributed to the intercession of the Virgin.

By the way, the size of the required Dani was relatively low - 140,000 Altyn. Khan Tukhtamysh for century before that collected from the Vladimir principality about almost 20 times more.

Did not save and when planning defense. Ivan Vasilyevich gave a decree to burn pose. The inhabitants moved inside the fortress walls.

There is a version that the prince simply looked down from Khan after standing: one part of the money paid in the thief, the second - after the retreat. Behind Okoy Andrey Little, Brother Ivan III, did not attack the Tatars, and gave a "out".

Indecision

The Grand Duke from Active Action refused. Subsequently, the descendants approved his defensive position. But some contemporaries were different.

With the news of the approach of Ahmat, he panicked. The people, according to the chronicle, accused the prince that he exposes all the dangers of his indecision. Fearing attempts, Ivan went to Red Selo. His heir, Ivan the young, was at that time with the troops, ignoring the requests and letters of his father demanding to leave the army.

The Grand Duke drove still towards the Ugration in early October, but I did not get to the mainstream. In the city of Kremenets, he waited for brothers who came to him. And at this time there were fights in the thorough.

Why didn't the Polish king help?

The chief ally of Akhmat-Khan, the Great Lithuanian Prince and the Polish king Casimir IV, did not come to the rescue. The question arises: why?

Some write that the king was concerned about the attack of the Crimean Khan Meuglia-Hire. Others point to the inner gravestites in the Lithuanian land - "plot of princes." "Russian elements" dissatisfied with the king, looking for support from Moscow, wanted reunion with Russian principalities. There is also such an opinion that the king himself did not want conflicts with Rus. Crimean Khan was not afraid of him: the ambassador from the middle of October led in Lithuania.

And the freezing Khan Ahmat, waiting for frosts, and not reinforcements, wrote Ivan III: "And this is if from the shore of the duty, because I have people without clothes, and horses without late. And the blowjob of the winter of winter is ninety days, and Az again will be on you, but I have a cloudy water. "

Proud, but careless Ahmat returned to the steppe with prey, raving the Earth of the former ally, and remained wintering in the mouth of the Donets. There, Siberian Khan Iwak three months after the "Ugorshchina" personally killed the enemy in a dream. Ambassador was sent to Moscow to declare the death of the last ruler of the Big Horde. Historian Sergey Soloviev writes about it like this: "The latter Golden Horde for Moscow khana died from one of the descendants of Genghishane; He had sons who were also destined to die from Tatar weapons. "

Probably, the descendants were still left: Anna Gorenko considered Ahmata his ancestor on the maternal line and, becoming a poetess, took the pseudonym - Akhmatov.

Disputes about place and time

Historians argue about where there was standing on the thief. They also refer to the area under the cap, and the village of Gorodets, and the place of confluence of Ugra with Okoy. "To the mouth of the Ugra along its right," Lithuanian "shore, a land road from Vyazma, according to which Lithuanian help was expected and which the Ordans could use for maneuvers. Even in the middle of the XIX century. The Russian General Staff recommended this road for the movement of troops from Vyazma to Kaluga, "the historian Wadim Kargalov writes.

The accurate date of the arrival of Ahamat is not known. Books and chronicles converge in one: it happened not earlier than the beginning of October. Vladimir chronicle, for example, accurate up to one hour: "Pride at the Ugric of October at 8 day, a week, in 1 hour of the day." In the Vologda-Perm chronicle it is written: "Away the king will donate from the Ugra on Thursday, the eve of the days" (November 7).

At the beginning of the XIII century, there was a good relationship between Russia and the Polovtsy Principality. Therefore, in 1223, undergoing an attack by the Mongol Empire, the Polovtsy turned for help from Russian neighbors, and they did not refuse to request.

The first fight between Mongol-Tatars and the Russians occurred on the river Kalka. The Russian man did not expect to meet such a serious opponent, besides, the Polovtsy turned to flight at the very beginning of the battle - and the Mongols won, severely executed Russian princes.

Tatar-Mongolian Igo in Russia.

Different historical sources indicate different names. Mongol-Tatar Igo or Tatar-Mongolskoe is not so important. The essence of Tatar-Mongolian yoke was one - the seizure of territories and the collection of Dani.

The invasion of Batya.

After the battle at Kalka, Tatar-Mongols did not go further. However, in 1237, they returned to Russia under the leadership of Khan Batya and defeated almost the entire country for three years. The sad fate was avoided only by the distant Novgorod - deciding that one unprofitable city "Weather" will no longer do, Baty retreated, preferring to prefer the retained army.

Mongols have established tribute for Russia and the first decade independently managed the captured territories. Then, at the suggestion of Alexander Nevsky, the system has changed - the Russian princes ruled on their land, but the label on the jurisdiction was received in Horde and there the collected tribute was taken there.

It was a humiliating option, but thus Rus managed to preserve their faith, traditions and start restoring ruined lands.

The overthrow of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke.

Kulikovsky battle and its consequences.

At the end of the XIV century, the golden horde began to weaken from the inside, and the prince of Dmitry Donskoy, catching changes, decided to give her back. Refusing to pay tribute, he climbed with the army of Mama on the culish field and won.

Thus, Russia managed to win some of the independence, but after two years the Mongols returned - under the leadership of Tokhtamysh, who committed cruel raids into Russian cities. The princes began to pay tribute again - but the "psychological fracture" happened in the Kulikovsky battle, and now the liberation from Iga was the question of time.

Standing in the thief.

Exactly one hundred years after the Kulikovsky battle, in 1480, Moscow Prince Ivan III again, as well as his grandfather, refused to pay the Horde tribute. And again, Mongolian Khan, Ahmed, moved the troops on Russia to shiver unprofitable - but this time nothing came out.

Mongolian and Russian forces turned out to be equal, and almost a year - from spring to late autumn - troops simply stood on different shores of the river, not deciding to go to the offensive. And with the approach of winter, Ahmed simply took the troops back to the Horde. The yoke, which took over Russia over 200 years, was reset.

Years of Tatar-Mongolian Iga in Russia: 1223 -1480.

Was the Tatar-Mongol Igo?

In recent years, many argue that the Tatar-Mongolian Iga in Russia was not at all - they say, labels for the jurisdiction, the trips to the princes in the Hard and, in general, restrained relations between states speak more about some union.

However, the official position of historians does not change: the Tatar-Mongolian IHO was, and it is not the last reason why the historical and economic development of Russia lags significantly behind the development of European countries.

1243 - After the defeat of Northern Russia, Mongol-Tatars and the death of the Great Vladimir Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich (1188-1238x), Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1190-1246 +) remained in kind, which became the Grand Duke.
Returning from the Western Wayer, the Bati causes the Grand Duke Jaroslav II Vsevolodovich Vladimir-Suzdalsky in the Horde and presents him in the Khansky bid in Saraj a label (a sign-permission) for a great reign in Russia: "You are older than all princes in Russian."
Thus was carried out and the unilateral act of vassal subordination of Russia Golden Horde was carried out.
Rus, according to the label, lost the right to fight and should have been regularly annually (in spring and autumn) to pay the tribune khans. In Russian principalities - their capitals - were sent to Baskaki (governors) to observe the strict collection of Dani and observing its size.
1243-1252 - This decade was time when the Orda troops and officials were not disturbed by Russia, receiving a timely tribute and expanding external humility. The Russian princes during this period were assessed by the established situation and developed their behavior in relation to Horde.
Two lines of Russian politics:
1. Line of systematic partisan resistance and continuous "point" uprises: ("Beatage, and not the king of serving") - led. kn. Andrei I Yaroslavich, Yaroslav III Yaroslavich, etc.
2. The line of complete, unquestionless submission of the Horde (Alexander Nevsky and most other princes). Many specific princes (Uglitsky, Yaroslavl, and especially Rostov) have established relations with Mongolian Khans, who left them "water and edit." Princes preferred to recognize the Supreme Power of the Orda Khan and donate in favor of the conquerors part of the feudal rent, collected from the dependent population than to risk losing their connections (see "On the arrival of Russian princes in the Horde"). The same policy was performed by the Orthodox Church.
1252 The invasion of "Neryoevo Rachi" first after 1239 in Northeast Rus - the reasons for the invasion: to punish the disobedience of the Grand Duke Andrei I Yaroslavich and speed up the full payment of Dani.
Horde Forces: the nullity army had a significant number - at least 10 thousand people. and a maximum of 20-25 thousand. This indirectly follows from the title of Neryrava (Tsarevich) and the presence of two wings headed by the Dathers - Elabuga (Olabui) and Cotion, as well as from the fact that the nurse could be dispelled on the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and "Speak" him!
Russian forces: consisted of regiments of the KN. Andrei (i.e., regular troops) and squads (volunteer and security detachments) of Tver Goloslav's Voivier, sent by Tver Prince Yaroslav Yaroslavich to help his brother. These forces on the order were less than the Orda in their numbers, i.e. 1.5-2 thousand people.
The progress of the invasion: Crossing R. Klyazma at Vladimir, the punitive ruin of Nurse hurriedly headed to Pereyaslav-Zalessky, where the KN was hidden. Andrei, and, having overtaking the army of the prince, broke his head alone. Ordans plundered and ruined the city, and then occupied all Vladimir Earth and, returning to Horde, "sigh" her.
The results of the invasion: the Ordane army broke and captured tens of thousands of prisoners of peasants (for sale in the eastern markets) and hundreds of thousands of cattle heads and led them to the Horde. Kn. Andrei with the remnants of the squad fled to the Novgorod Republic, which refused to give him asylum, fearing the Ordahn repression. Having fear that any of the "his" will give him Horde, Andrei fled to Sweden. Thus, the first attempt to resist the Horde failed. Russian princes abandoned the resistance line and bends to the line of obedience.
Alexander Nevsky received a label to the Grand Diction.
1255 The first full census of the population of Northeast Rus, held by the Horde - was accompanied by spontaneous unrest of the local population, fragmented, inorganized, but combined general requirement Mass: "Do not give numbers of Tatars", i.e. Do not inform them any data that can become the basis for a fixed payment of Dani.
Other authors indicate other census dates (1257-1259)
1257 Attempting to census in Novgorod - in 1255, the census in Novgorod was not carried out. In 1257, this measure was accompanied by the uprising of Novgorod, the exile from the city of Ordane "counters", which led to a complete failure attempt to collect tribute.
1259 Embassy Murz Burke and Quees in Novgorod - punish-control army of the Ordane ambassadors - Murz Berke and the kaucker - sent to Novgorod to collect the tribute to the prevention of antiordan speeches of the population. Novgorod, as always in the case of military danger, gave way to force and traditionally looked off at, and also gave a commitment to himself, without reminders and pressure, to regularly pay tribute, "voluntary" determining its size, without making census documents, in exchange for a guarantee of absence in the city Ordane collectors.
1262 Meeting of representatives of Russian cities with discussion of measures to resist the Horde - it was decided to simultaneously exile collectors of Dani - representatives of the Ordane administration in the cities of Rostov Great, Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yaroslavl, where antiordan folk speeches occur. These riots were suppressed by the Ordane military units who were at the disposal of Baskakov. But nevertheless, the Khansky authorities have already taken into account the 20 years of repeating the repetition of such natural rebellious flashes and refused to have bacquities, having transferred the collection of Dani to the Russian, princely administration.

Since 1263, Russian princes began to bring tribute to the Horde.
Thus, a formal moment, as in the case of Novgorod, turned out to be decisive. Russians have not so much resisted the fact of the payment of the tribute and its size, how many were affected by an inactious, alien composition of the collectors. They were ready to pay more, but "their" princes and their administration. The khan authorities quickly understood all the benefits of such a decision for the horde:
First, the absence of own troubles,
Secondly, the guarantee of the termination of the uprisings and the complete obedience of Russians.
Thirdly, the presence of specific responsible persons (princes), which is always easy, convenient and even "legally" could be brought to justice, punish for non-delinos of Dani, and not deal with the difficult-acting spontaneous folk uprisings of thousands of people.
This is a very early manifestation of specifically Russian public and individual psychology, for which it is important visible, and not significant and which is always ready to make actually important, serious, essential concessions in exchange for visible, surface, external, "toy" and imaginary prestigious will repeat Throughout Russian history until this time.
The Russian people are easy to persuade, draw in a small handout, trifling, but it can not be annoyed. Then he becomes stubborn, inconspicuous and reckless, and sometimes even angry.
But it can be literally taken with bare hands, bother around the finger, if you immediately give way to some trivia. This was well understood by the Mongols, which were the first Ordane Khan - Batu and Berk.

I can not agree with the unfair and humiliating generalization of V.Pokhlebkin. Do not consider your ancestors stupid, trusting savages and judge them with the "height" of the 700 years. There were numerous antiordan speeches - they were suppressed, it is necessary to believe, brutally, not only by the Ordane troops, but also their own princes. But the transfer of the collection of Dani (from which to be released in those conditions was simply impossible) the Russian princes was not a "petty concession", but an important, principal point. Unlike a number of other countries conquered by the Horde, Northeast Russia has kept its political and social system. There was never a permanent Mongolian administration in Russian land, the conditions for his independent development were able to preserve the conditions for its independent development, although not without the influence of the Horde. An example of the opposite genus is the Volga Bulgaria, which under Horde was not able to preserve not only its own ruling dynasty and the name, but also the ethnic continuity of the population.

Later, the Hanskaya Power itself crushed, lost the state wisdom and gradually with his mistakes "raised" from Russia of his as cunning and prudent enemy, which was herself. But in the 60s of the XIII century. Before that, the final was still far away - as many as two centuries. In the meantime, the Horde of Spit Russian princes and through them all the ruus, as she wanted. (Well, the one who is revealed is the last - is it not true?)

1272 The second Ordane census in Russia - under the guidance and supervision of Russian princes, the Russian local administration, she passed peacefully, calmly, without a bitch, without a zadork. After all, "Russian people" conducted it, and the population was calm.
It is a pity that the results of the census are not preserved, or maybe I just don't know?

And the fact that she was held on the Khan orders are that the Russian princes delivered her data in the Horde and these data were directly served by the Ordan economic and political interests, - all this was for the people "for the scenes", all this "did not concern" and did not interest him . The visibility that the census goes "without Tatars" was more important than the entity, i.e. Strengthening the tax oppression of the tax oppression, impoverishment of the population, his suffering. All this "was not visible", and therefore, according to Russian ideas, it means that it was ... was not.
Moreover, in just three decades, which expired from the moment of enslavement, Russian society, essentially, was bothering with the fact of the Ordahn Iga, and the fact that it was isolated from direct contact with the representatives of the Horde and transmitted these contacts exclusively to the princes - quite satisfied it, both ordinary people and noble.
The proverb "From the eye, from the heart of Won" very accurately and correctly explains this situation. As it appears from the then chronicles, the lives of holy and holy father and other religious literature, which was a reflection of the dominant ideas, the Russians of all classes and states did not have any desire to learn their mistakes, to get acquainted with what they were breathing, "what they think like Thought, as they understand themselves and Russia. They saw the "Punishment of God", sent to Russian land for sins. If it were not sinned, did not warm God, there would be no such disasters - the starting point of all clarification by the authorities and the Church of the then "international situation". It is not difficult to see that this position is not only very consistent, but that she, in addition, actually removes the guilt for the enslavement of Russia and from Mongol-Tatars, and from Russian princes, who admitted such a need, and shifts him entirely to the people enslaved and suffered from it all.
Based on the thesis of sinfulness, the churchings called on the Russian people not to the resistance to the invaders, but, on the contrary, to their own repentance and to the submission of Tatars, not only did not condemn the Horde power, but also ... put it as an example of their flock. It was a direct payment by the Orthodox Church given to her by the Khans of huge privileges - release from taxes and shares, ceremonial receptions of Metropolitans in the Horde, the institutions in 1261 by the special Sarai diocese and permission to erect the Orthodox Church directly opposite the Khan bet *.

*) After the collapse of the Horde, at the end of the XV century. All staff of the Sarai Diocese was preserved and translated into Moscow, to the Kratytsky Monastery, and the Sarai Bishops received the title of Metropolitans of Sarai and Podon, and then Kratytsky and Kolomensky, i.e. Formally, they were equalized in the rank with Metropolitans of Moscow and All Russia, although no real CCRKO-political activity was already engaged. This historical and decorative post was liquidated only at the end of the XVIII century. (1788) [approx. V.Pokhlebkin]

It should be noted that on the threshold of the XXI century. We are experiencing a similar situation. Modern "Princes", like the princes of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, are trying to exploit ignorance and the slave psychology of the people and even cultivate it without the help of the same church.

In the late 70s of the XIII century. The period of temporary lodge from Ordigan concentrations in Russia, explained by the decade underlined the humility of Russian princes and the church. The internal needs of the Horde farming, which has learned the permanent profits from the trafficking in slaves (prisoners during the war) on the eastern (Iranian, Turkish and Arab) markets, require a new inflow of funds, and therefore in 1277-1278. The Horde twice makes local raids in the border Russian limits exclusively for alliances.
It is significant that this is not the central khan administration and its military forces, but regional, ulus authorities on the peripheral areas of the territory of the Horde, deciding these raids their local, local economic problems, and therefore strictly limit and place, and time (very short, Sended weeks) of these military shares.

1277- Raja on the Earth of the Galician-Volyn Principality committed under the authority of the Tambouron of the Footholders from the Western Dniester-Dneprovskaya Dneprovsky districts of the Horde.
1278 - A similar local raid follows from the Volga region to Ryazan, and it is limited only by this principality.

During the period of the next decade - in the 80s and in the early 90s of the XIII century. - New processes in the Russian-Ordi relations occur.
Russian princes, who were mastered in the previous 25-30 years with a new situation and deprived, essentially, all controls from the latch of domestic bodies, begin to reduce their small feudal scores with each other with the help of the Ordane military force.
Just as in the XII century. Chernihiv and Kiev princes fought with each other, calling for Russia's Russia, and the princes of Northeast Russia are struggling in the 80s of the XIII century. With each other for power, relying on the Ordane detachments, which they invite to bodies the principalities of their political opponents, i.e., in fact, coolly call on foreign troops to empty the areas inhabited by Russian compatriots.

1281 - Son Alexander Nevsky Andrei II Aleksandrovich, Prince Gorodetsky, invites the Ordane army against his brother led. Dmitry I Alexandrovich and his allies. This army is organized by Khan Tuda-mengu, who simultaneously gives Andrei II label to the Grand Diction, before the outcome of the military collision.
Dmitry I, escaped from the Khan troops, runs first in Tver, then in Novgorod, and from there to his own ownership in Novgorod Earth - Coporya. But Novgorod, stating themselves loyal to Horde, do not miss Dmitry in his victim and, using the location of her inside the Novgorod lands, makes the prince to disturb all its fortification strengthening and eventually force Dmitry I to escape from Russia to Sweden, threatening to give it to Tatars.
The Ordane army (Kavgadai and Lechegia) under the pretext of the persecution of Dmitry I, relying on the permission of Andrei II, passes and empty several Russian principalities - Vladimir, Tver, Suzdal, Rostov, Murom, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and their capital. The Ordans reach the trading, practically occupying the entire northeastern Russia to the borders of the Novgorod Republic.
The length of the entire territory from Murom to the tricks (from the east to the west) was 450 km, and from the south to the north - 250-280 km, i.e. Almost 120 thousand square kilometers, which were devastated by military actions. It restores against Andrei II Russian population of ruined principalities, and its formal "job" after the flight of Dmitry I does not bring tranquility.
Dmitry I returns to Pereyaslav and is preparing for Revanshi, Andrei II leaves in the Horde with a request for help, and its allies - Svyatoslav Yaroslavich Tver, Daniel Alexandrovich Moscow and Novgorod, are going to Dmitry I and conclude the world with him.
1282 - Andrei II comes from the horde with Tatar shelves under the leadership of Turay-Temira and Ali, it comes to Pereyaslavl and reonounced Dmitry, who runs this time to the Black Sea, in the possession of the damner of the foot (who at that time was the actual ruler of the Golden Horde) , and, playing on the contradictions of the foot and Sarai Khan, gives the data with the troops on Russia and forces Andrei II to return his great reign.
The price of this "rehabilitation of justice" is very high: Nogai officials are given to the deposit Collection of Dani in Kursk, Lipetsk, Rylsk; Rostov, Murom again exposed to ruin. The conflict of two princes (and the allies joined them) continues all the 80s and in the early 90s.
1285 - Andrei II rides again in the Horde and leads from there a new punitive detachment of Ordahn led by one of the sons of Khan. However, Dmitry I succeeds in successfully and quickly split this detachment.

Thus, the first victory of Russian troops over regular Ordi troops was obsessed in 1285, and not in 1378, on the R. Lake, as usual.
It is not surprising that Andrei II stopped in subsequent years to seek help from Horde.
Small robbing expeditions, the Ordans sent in the late 80s to Russia themselves:

1287 - raid in Vladimir.
1288 - Ryazan and Murom and Mordovian lands, these two raids (short-term) were concrete, local nature and were the goal of the property and seizure of the opponents. They were provoked by a denunciation or a complaint of Russian princes.
1292 - Dedeneva Raint in Vladimir land Andrei Gorodetsky together with Prince Dmitry Borisovich Rostovsky, Konstantin Borisovich Uglitsky, Mikhail Glebovich Belozersky, Fedor Yaroslavl and Bishop Tarasius went to the Orda to complain about Dmitry I Alexandrovich.
Khan Tokhta, having listened to the complainants, divided the significant army under the leadership of his brother Tudan (in Russian chronicles - Dedena) for the punitive expedition.
Dedeneva Raint throughout Vladimir Rus, raving the capital of G.Vladimir and 14 more cities: Murom, Suzdal, Gorokhovets, Starodub, Bogolyubov, Yuriev-Polsky, Gorodets, Uglchepole (Uglich), Yaroslavl, Nerekhta, Kseniatin, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky , Rostov, Dmitrov.
In addition to them, there were intact invasion of only 7 cities lying outside the route of the movement of Tudan's detachments: Kostroma, Tver, Zubtsov, Moscow, Galich Merry, Ungu, Nizhny Novgorod.
On the approach to Moscow (or at Moscow), Tudan was divided into two detachments, one of which went to Kolomna, i.e. south, and the other - to the West: to Zvenigorod, Mozhaysk, Volokolamsk.
In Volokolamsk, the Ordane army received gifts from Novgorod, hurried to bring and present gifts to the Hansky brother far from their lands. Tver did not go to Tver, and returned to Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, made by the base, where all the dead mining were overlooked and the prisoners were concentrated.
This hike was a significant pogrom of Russia. It is possible that Klin, Serpukhov, Zvenigorod, not mentioned in the annals. Thus, the area of \u200b\u200bhis actions covered about two dozen cities.
1293 - In winter, a new Ordinian detachment was appeared under the test of Toktemir, which came with punishable goals at the request of one of the princes to induce the order in the feudal strains. He had limited goals, and the chronicles do not describe its route and time of stay in Russian territory.
In any case, all 1293 passed under the sign of the next Orda pogrom, the cause of which was exclusively a feudal rivalry of the princes. It was they who were the main cause of the Ordane repressions who fell into the Russian people.

1294-1315 Two decades are held without any rational invasions.
Princes regularly make tribute, the people, frightened and inflated from previous robberies, slowly heels the economic and human losses. Only the entry into the throne of the extremely powerful and active Khan of Uzbek opens a new period of pressure on Russia
The main idea of \u200b\u200bUzbek is to achieve full disagreement of Russian princes and turn them into continuously warring groups. From here, his plan is the transfer of the Grand Distance to the most weak and unposable prince - Moscow (with Khan Uzbek, Moscow was Yuri Danilovich, who challenged the great reign in Mikhail Yaroslavich Tver) and the weakening of the former rulers of the "strong principalities" - Rostov, Vladimirsky, Tver.
Khan Uzbek practices to ensure the collection of Dani sending together with the prince, received instructions in the Horde, special authorized ambassadors accompanied by military units with a few thousand people (sometimes there were up to 5 dathers!). Each prince collects tribute on the territory of the rival principal.
From 1315 to 1327, i.e. For 12 years, Uzbek sent 9 military "embassies". Their functions were not diplomatic, but military punitive (police) and partly the military-political (pressure on the princes).

1315 - "Ambassadors" of Uzbek accompany the Grand Duke Mikhail Tver (see the table of ambassadors), and their detachments are robbed Rostov and Torzhok, near which they split the detachments of Novgorod.
1317 - Ordan punitive detachments accompany Yuri Moscow and robbed Kostroma, and then try to rob Tver, but suffer a strong defeat.
1319 - The robbery of Kostroma and Rostov again is performed.
1320 - Rostov for the third time becomes a victim of robbery, but mostly ruin Vladimir.
1321 - tribute to be knocked out from Kashin and Kashinsky principality.
The 1322 - Yaroslavl and the city of Nizhny Novgorod Principality are subjected to the punitive campaign at Vivania.
1327 "Shchelknova Raint" - Novgorod, frightened by Horde activity, "voluntarily" pay the Horde tribute to 2000 rubles with silver.
The famous attack of Chelkana's squad (Cholpana) is happening to Tver, known in the chickens as "Shchelknovo invasion", or "Shchelknova Rail". It causes an unprecedented decisive uprising of citizens and the destruction of the "ambassador" and his squad. The "shrimp" is burned in the hut.
1328 - follows a special punitive expedition against Tver under the guidance of three ambassadors - Turayka, Sygg and Fedoroka - and with 5 Dathers, i.e. The whole army that the chronicle determines as "Great Raint". In ruin, Tver, along with the 50th-thousand Ordivanese army, and Moscow Princely Fittings participate.

From 1328 to 1367 - the "Silence" is coming for 15 years.
It is a direct result of three circumstances:
1. Complete defeat of the Tver Principality as a rival of Moscow and thereby eliminating the cause of military-political rivalry in Russia.
2. Timely picking up Dani Ivan Kalita, who in the eyes of Khanov becomes an exemplary performer of the fiscal orders of the Horde and seizes it, in addition, exceptional political humility, and finally
3. The result of an understanding of the Ordane rulers that in the Russian population was determined by the fight against enslavers and therefore, it is necessary to use other forms of pressure and consolidation of the dependence of Russia, except for punitive.
As for the use of some princes against others, this measure is not already universal in the face of the possibly uncontrolled "manual princes" of popular uprisings. It comes a fracture in the Russian-Ordi relationship.
Paradise (invasion) in the central regions of Northeast Russia with an indispensable ruin of its population ceases.
At the same time, short-term raids with robberies (but not ruinable) goals for the peripheral sections of Russian territory, raids on local, limited sites continue to occur and are preserved as the most favorite and most secure for the Ordans, one-sided-short-term military economic action.

New phenomenon from 1360 to 1375 are retaliatory raids, or more precisely, the hikes of Russian armed detachments into the peripherals, dependent on the horde, border with Russia, the Earth - mostly in Bulgars.

1347 - Make a raid on the city of Алексин, border city at the Moscow-Ordan border on the Oka
1360 - The first raid is committed by Novgorod's earliest to Gzhkotin.
1365 - In the Ryazan Principality makes a raid of the Ordini Prince Tagai.
1367 - Prince Temir-Bulat detachments invade the raid to the Nizhny Novgorod Principality, especially intensely in the border strip in R. Pyan.
1370 - A new Ordinsky raid is followed to the Ryazan Principality in the district of the Moscow-Ryazan border. But through the Okaw of Ordans did not let the guard shelves of Prince Dmitry IV Ivanovich stood there. And the Ordans, in turn, noticing resistance, did not strive to overcome it and limited to intelligence.
The invasion raid makes Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich Nizhny Novgorod on the land of "parallel" Khan Bulgaria - Bulat-Temir;
1374 Antiordan uprising in Novgorod - the reason served the arrival of the Ordane ambassadors, accompanied by a large armed suite in 1000 people. This is usual to start the XIV century. The escort was, however, was regarded in the last quarter of the same century as a dangerous threat and provoked an armed attack of Novgorod to the "Embassy", during which the ambassadors and their security were completely destroyed.
The new raid of the scribynikov, who rob not only the city of Bulgar, but are not afraid to penetrate the Astrakhan.
1375 - Ordini raid on Kashin, brief and local.
1376 The 2nd campaign on Bulgars - the United Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod army prepared and implemented the 2nd campaign on Bulgars, and he took the contract from the city in 5,000 rubles with silver. It is unheard of the Russian-Ordane relations of Russians on the territory dependent on the Horde, naturally, causes a response military action.
1377 Early on R. Pyan - at the Border Russian-Ordane territory, on R. Pyan, where Nizhny Novgorod princes prepared a new raid on the Mordovian lands dependent on the horde, they were attacked by the Tsarevich Arapshi squad (Arab-Shaha, Khan Blue Horde ) And suffered a crushing defeat.
On August 2, 1377. The connected militia of the princes of Suzdal, Pereyaslav, Yuroslavl, Yuryevsky, Murom and Nizhny Novgorod was completely interrupted, and the "commander-in-chief" Prince Ivan Dmitrievich Nizhny Novgorod drowned in the river, trying to escape the flight, together with his personal friend and his "headquarters" . This defeat of Russian troops was explained to a large extent losing their vigilance due to multi-day drunkenness.
By destroying the Russian army, Tsarevich's detachments of Arapshi made a raid on the capital of the unlucky princes - Nizhny Novgorod, Murom and Ryazan - and subjected to their complete plunder and burning herd.
1378 Battle on the R. Life - in the XIII century. After such a defeat, Russians usually lost all hunt for 10-20 years, but at the end of the XIV century. The situation has changed completely:
Already in 1378, the ally of the Moscow Grand Duke Dmitry IV Ivan Ivanovich, having learned that the Ordan troops who buried Nizhny Novgorod were intended to go to Moscow under the command of Murza Begich, decided to meet them on the border of his principality on the Oce and prevent to the capital.
On August 11, 1378, on the shore of the right influx of Oka, the river, in the Ryazan principality, the battle occurred. Dmitry divided his army into three parts and at the head of the main shelf attacked the Ordynian army from the front, while Prince Daniel Prison and the Ocolnic Timofey Vasilyevich attacked the Tatars from the flanks, in the girth. The Ordans were broken down by the head and fled behind the river, having lost a lot of killed and calls, which Russian troops captured the next day, rushing to pursue the Tatar.
The battle on the river had a huge moral and military importance as a draft rehearsal in front of the Kulikovsky battle that followed two years later.
1380 Kulikovskaya Battle - Kulikovskaya Battle was the first serious, specially prepared in advance by the battle, and not by random and simprovized, as all previous military clashes of Russian and the Orda troops.
1382 The invasion of Tokhtamysh to Moscow - the defeat of the troops of Mama on the Kulikov field and his flight in Cafa and death in 1381 allowed the energetic Khan Tukhtamysh to commit to the authorities of the chamber in Horde and again unite it into a single state, eliminating "parallel khans" in the regions.
As its main military-political task, Tukhtamys has defined the restoration of the military and foreign policy prestige of the Horde and the preparation of the revengery campaign to Moscow.

The results of the Takhtamysh hike:
Returning to Moscow in early September 1382, Dmitry Donskoy saw the asset and ordered to immediately restore the ruined Moscow at least temporary wooden buildings before the onset of frosts.
Thus, the military, political and economic achievements of the Kulikov battle were completely eliminated by the Horde in two years:
1. The tribute was not only restored, but also increased in fact, because the population decreased, and the size of Dani remained the same. In addition, the people had to pay a great prince a special extraordinary tax to replenish the princely treasury by the Ordans.
2. Politically vassal addiction increased sharply even formally. In 1384, Dmitry Donskaya was forced for the first time to send the hostage of his son, the heir to the throne, the future of the Grand Dmitry Vasily II Dmitrievich, who was 12 years old (according to the generally accepted account, this is Vasily I. V.Pokhlebkin, apparently believes 1 -M Vasily Yaroslavich Kostromsky). The relationship with the neighbors - Tverskaya, Suzdal, Ryazan principles, which specially supported the Horde to create a political and military counterway to Moscow were aggravated.

The situation was really heavy, in 1383, Dmitry Donskoy had to "hide" in Horde for a great reign, which Mikhail Alexandrovich Tver again presented his claims. The reign was left for Dmitry, but the son of his Vasily was taken to the Horde. In Vladimir, the Ambassador of Adash (1383, see "Golden Cores in Russia") appeared in Vladimir. In 1384 it was necessary to collect heavy tribute (half of the village) from all over Russian land, and with Novgorod - black boron. Novgorod residents opened robbery along the Volga and Kame and refused to pay tribute. In 1385, it was necessary to show unprecedented condescension to the Ryazan prince, who decided to attack Kolomna (attached to Moscow in 1300) and won over the troops of the Moscow Prince.

Thus, Russia turned out to be actually discarded in position 1313, with Khan Uzbek, i.e. Almost the achievements of the Kulikov battle were completely crossed. And in the military-political, and in economically, the Moscow principality was discarded 75-100 years ago. Prospects for relations with the Horde, therefore, were extremely dark for Moscow and Russia as a whole. It was planned to assume that the Ordan Igo will be fixed forever (well, the eternal happening nothing!) If there were no new historical accidents happened:
The period of the wars of the horde with the Empire of Tamerlane and the full defeat of the horde during these two wars, violation of all the economic, administrative, political life in the Horde, the death of the Ordane troops, the ruin of both its capitals - Sarahi I and Sarahi II, the beginning of a new trouble, the struggle for the power of several Chanov in the period from 1391-1396. - All this led to the unparalleled weakening of the horde in all areas and caused the need for the Horde Khanov to focus on the turn in the XIV century. and XV century Essentially on domestic problems, temporarily neglected by external and, in particular, weaken the control over Rus.
It was this unexpectedly that the situation has helped the Moscow principality to get a significant respite and restore its strength - economic, military and political.

Here, perhaps, you should interrupt and make several notes. I do not believe in the historical chance of such a scale, and there is no need to explain the further relations between Moscow Rus with the Horde of an unexpectedly happened by a happy accident. Without going into details, we note that by the beginning of the 90s of the XIV century. Moscow, one way or another solved the emerging economic and political problems. The Moscow-Lithuanian agreement concluded in 1384 withdrawal of the Tver Principality from under the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuanian and Mikhail Alexandrovich Tver, having lost support and in Horde, and in Lithuania, recognized the championship of Moscow. In 1385, the son of Dmitry Donskoy Vasily Dmitriyevich was released from the Horde. In 1386, a reconciliation of Dmitry Donskoy with Oleg Ivanovich Ryazansky occurred, which in 1387 was bonded by the marriage of their children (Fedor Olegovich and Sofia Dmitrievna). In the same 1386, Dmitry managed to restore his influence under Novgorod, to restore its influence there, take a black boron in wallates and 8,000 rubles in Novgorod. In 1388, Dmitry collided with the discontent of the cousin and comrades to Vladimir Andreevich, who had to give "in his will," to make the political seniority of his eldest son of Vasily. Dmitry managed to repent of this with Vladimir two months before his death (1389). In the spiritual testament, Dmitry blessed (for the first time) of the eldest son of Vasily "I submit my great reign." Finally, in the summer of 1390, the marriage of Vasily and Sofia, the daughters of the Lithuanian Prince Vitovt, took place in the solemn setting. In Eastern Europe, Vasily I Dmitrievich and Cyprian, who became Metropolitan, which was trying to prevent the strengthening of the Lithuanian-Polish dynastic union and replace the Polish-Catholic colonization of Lithuanian and Russian land consolidation of Russian forces around Moscow. Union with Vitovt, which was against the Catholyatization of Russian lands, which were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, was important for Moscow, but could not be durable, as Vitovt, naturally, had his own goals and his own vision of what the Russian gathering of Russians should happen Land.
The new stage in the history of the Golden Horde coincided with the death of Dmitry. Then, Tukhtamysh came out of a closer with Tamerlane and began to claim the territory subject to him. The opposition began. Under these conditions, Tohtamysh immediately after the death of Dmitry Donskoy issued a label to the prince of Vladimir his son, Vasily I, and strengthened him, giving him the Nizhny Novgorod Principality and a number of cities. In 1395, Tamerlana's troops smasted Tichtamysh on the Terek River.

At the same time, Tamerlan, destroying the power of the Horde, did not make his trip to Russia. Having reached without fighting and robbery to Yelets, he suddenly turned back and returned to Central Asia. Thus, the actions of Tamerlane at the end of the XIV century. He became a historical factor that helped Russia to survive in the fight against the Horde.

1405 - In 1405, based on the situation in the Horde, the Grand Duke Moscow said for the first time officially, which refuses to pay tribute to Horde. Within 1405-1407. The Horde did not respond in any way to this demarche, but then came the goal of one to Moscow.
Only 13 years after the hike, Takhtamysh (apparently, in the book of a typo - 13 years has passed since Tamerlane's honeycomb), the Ordane authorities could again remember the vassal dependence of Moscow and collect forces for a new campaign to restore the receipt of Dani, discontinued since 1395
1408 Going a bit to Moscow - December 1, 1408. The huge troop of the Dameman of the Fite approached the San Wayway to Moscow and besieged the Kremlin.
From the Russian side to the details, the situation was repeated when Takhtamysh campaign in 1382
1. The Grand Duke Vasily II Dmitrievich, hearing about the danger, like his father, fled to Kostroma (allegedly collect the army).
2. In Moscow, he was left for the head of the garrison, Vladimir Andreevich Khrabrey, Prince Serpukhovsky, the participant of the Kulikovsky battle.
3. The positive of Moscow again was lifted, i.e. All Wooden Moscow around the Kremlin, on the vest in all directions.
4. The unit, approaching Moscow, broke his camp in Kolomensky, and sent a notice to the Kremlin, which will stand all winter and take the Kremlin Emory, without losing a single fighter.
5. The memory of the invasion of Tokhtamysh was still so fresh in Muscovites, which was decided to fulfill any demands of one so that only he left without hostilities.
6. The unit demanded two weeks to collect 3000 rubles. Silver, which was performed. In addition, the troops of the Undar, clarifying the principality and his cities, began to collect all the monitants for the hijacking captive (several tens of thousands of people). Some cities were strongly broken, for example, Mozhaisk was completely burned.
7. On December 20, 1408, having received everything that was required, the Army's army left Moscow, without being attacked, no persecution by Russian forces.
8. The damage caused by the googie was less than the damage from the invasion of Tokhtamysh, but also he was a heavy burden on the shoulders of the population
The restoration of the infincial dependence of Moscow from the Horde has been launched from it almost for another 60 years (until 1474)
1412 - Payment of Tanya Horde has become regular. In order to provide this regularity, the Ordane forces from time to time made frighteningly-resembling raids on Russia.
1415 - the ruin of Horde Yelet (border, buffer) land.
1427 - Ride of Ordane Rugs on Ryazan.
1428 - Ride of the Ordane troops to the Kostroma lands - Galich Merry, ruin and robbery Kostroma, Plesa and Lukh.
1437 - Belevskaya Battle Hike Ulu-Mohammed to Zaoksky Lands. Bellevskaya battle on December 5, 1437 (the defeat of the Moscow troops) due to the unwillingness of the Yuryevich brothers - Shemyaki and Kraschen - allow the troops of Ulu-Mohammed to settle in Bellev and enter into peace. Due to the treason of Lithuanian Voivod Mtsensk Grigory Protasyev, who passed towards the Tatars, Ulu-Muhammed won the Bellevskaya battle, after which he went east, to Kazan, where the Kazan Khanate founded.

In fact, from this point on, the long struggle of the Russian state begins with the Kazan Khanate, which Russia had to lead in parallel with the heir of the Golden Horde - a big orde and completed only Ivan IV Grozny. The first campaign of the Kazan Tatars to Moscow took place in 1439. Moscow was burned, but the Kremlin was not taken. The second campaign of Kazan (1444-1445) led to a catastrophic defeat of Russian troops, the captivity of the Moscow Prince Vasily II of the Dark, the humiliating world and ultimately blinding Vasily II. Next, the raids of the Kazan Tatars on Russia and the response Russian actions (1461, 1467-1469, 1478) are not specified in the table, but they should be borne in mind (see "Kazan Khanate");
1451 - Mahmut's campaign, Kichi-Mohammed's son, to Moscow. I buried Posad, but the Kremlin did not take.
1462 - the cessation of Ivan III of the release of Russian coins with the name of Khan Horde. Statement Ivan III on the refusal of the Khan label to the Grand Diction.
1468 - Hanga Ahmat's campaign to Ryazan
1471 - Camping of Ordans for Moscow Lockers in the Zakov Strip
1472 - The Ordan army came up to the city of Åksin, but did not switch to OKU. Russian army performed in Kolomna. The collisions of the two forces did not happen. Both sides feared that the outcome of the battle would not be in their favor. Caution in conflicts with the Horde is a characteristic feature of Ivan III policy. He did not want to risk.
1474 - Khan Ahmat again approaches the Zakov region, on the border with the Moscow Grand Durability. The world is, or, more precisely, a truce, on the terms of payments to the Moscow Prince of Contribution of 140 thousand altyn in two times: in the spring - 80 thousand, in the fall - 60 thousand Ivan III again avoids military collision.
1480 Great standing on R. Green - Ahmat makes the requirement of Ivan III to pay tribute for 7 years, during which Moscow stopped paying it. Going camping to Moscow. Ivan III acts with the army towards Hanu.

We finish the story of the Russian-Horde relations formally 1481 as the date of death of the last Khan Horde - Ahmat, killed a year after the great standing in the thief, since the Horde really ceased to exist as a state body and administration and even as a certain territory on which jurisdiction and real The power of this once unified administration.
Formally, in the previous territory of the Golden Horde, new Tatar states were formed, much smaller sizes, but managed and relatively consolidated. Of course, almost disappearance of a huge empire could not be accomplished overnight and she could not "evaporate" completely without a trace.
People, peoples, the population of Horde continued to live their former life and, feeling that there were catastrophic changes, nevertheless did not realize them as a complete collapse as the absolute disappearance from the face of the Earth of their former state.
In fact, the process of collapse of hordes, especially at the lowest social level, lasted another three or four decades during the first quarter of the XVI century.
But the international consequences of the decay and disappearance of the horde, on the contrary, they affected pretty quickly and completely clearly, clearly. The elimination of the giant empire, which controlled and influenced the events from Siberia to the Balac and from Egypt to the Middle Urals, two and a half century, led to a complete change in the international situation not only in the specified space, but also radically changed the total international situation of the Russian state and its military-political Plans and actions in relations with the East as a whole.
Moscow managed to quickly, within one decade, to radically rebuild the strategy and tactics of its Eastern foreign policy.
The statement seems to me too categorical: it should be borne in mind that the process of crushing the Golden Horde was not a simultaneous act, but took place during the entire XV century. Accordingly, the policies of the Russian state changed. An example is the relationship between Moscow and Kazan Khanate, which was outlined from the Horde in 1438 and tried to conduct the same policy. After two successful trips to Moscow (1439, 1444-1445) Kazan began to experience increasingly resistant and powerful pressure of the Russian state, which was formally still in vassal dependence on a large horde (during the period under review it is hikes 1461, 1467-1469, 1478. ).
First, an active, offensive line in relation to both rudiments and quite viable Horde's heirs was elected. The Russian kings decided not to make senses to come to his senses, reach half of the defeated opponent, and not to rest at the winners in the laurels.
Secondly, as a new tactical admission, which gives the most useful military-political effect, the etching of one Tatar grouping on another. The Russian armed forces began to include significant Tatar compounds to apply joint blows on other Tatar military formations, and first of all for the remains of the horde.
So, in 1485, 1487 and 1491. Ivan III sent military detachments for strikes on the troops of a big horde, attacked by the ally of Moscow at that time - on the Crimean Khan Mengyli-Gurya.
Especially indicative in military-political relations was so-called. Spring hike 1491 in the "wild field" in converging directions.

1491 Hike in "Wild Field" - 1. The Ordane Khans Seid-Ahmet and Shig-Ahmet in May 1491 were besieged to Crimea. Ivan III united to help his ally Mengly-Hire a huge army of 60 thousand people. Under the guidance of the following warlords:
a) Prince Peter Nikitich Obolensky;
b) Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repnie-Obolensky;
c) Kasimovsky Tsarevich Sutilgan Merzhulatovich.
2. These independent detachments went to the Crimea so that they had to go on three sides to approach the converging directions to the rear of the Ordane troops to hold them into the ticks, while the Mengyli-Gurya troops would be attacked from the front.
3. In addition, on 3 and 8 June 1491, the allies were mobilized to hit the flanks. These were again the Russians, and Tatar troops:
a) Kazan Khan Mohammed-Emin and his governors Abash-Ulan and Burash Seid;
b) Brothers Ivan III Specific princes Andrei Vasilyevich Big and Boris Vasilyevich with his detachments.

Another new tactical reception introduced from the 90s of the XV century. Ivan III in his military policy with respect to Tatar attacks is a systematic organization of verses over invading Russia by Tatar raids, which was never done before.

1492 - The pursuit of the troops of the two governor - Fedor Kolovovsky and Goryty Sidorov - and their fight with the Tatars in the passfold of fast pines and works;
1499 - chase after a raider of Tatars to Kozelsk, who beat the whole "full" and cattle with the opponent;
1500 (Summer) - Khan Shig-Ahmed's army (large horde) in 20 thousand people. R.Ticha Pine's mouth rose from the mouth, but he didn't even decide to go towards the Moscow border;
1500 (autumn) - a new campaign of even more numerous troops Shig-Ahmed, but further the oven side, i.e. the territory of the North of the Orlovsk region, it did not decide;
1501 - On August 30, the 20,000th army of the big horde began the emptying of the Kursk land, coming to the Rylsk, and by November it came to the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversk lands. Tatars captured Ghangodgorod-Seversky, but further, in the Moscow lands, and this army of the big horde did not go.

In 1501, the coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and a large horde, directed against the Union of Moscow, Kazan and the Crimea. This campaign was part of the war of Moscow Rus and the Grand District of Lithuanian for the Verkhovsky Principles (1500-1503). It is not necessary to talk about the seizure of the Tatars Novgorod-Seversky lands, which were part of their ally - the Grand Duch of Lithuanian and were captured by Moscow in 1500. In terms of the truce of 1503, almost all of these land moved to Moscow.
1502 Liquidation of a large horde - the army of a large horde remained to winter in the mouth of R. Sym and near Belgorod. Ivan III has agreed then with Mengli-Girem that he will send his troops to drive out of this territory of Shig-Ahmed's troops. Mengley Gary performed this request, applying a big Horde a strong blow in February 1502
In May 1502, Mengli-Garyre was repeatedly defeated by the troops of Shig-Ahmed's mouth at the mouth of R. Sula, where they moved to spring pastures. This battle actually ended with the remnants of a big horde.

So Ivan III was painted at the beginning of the XVI century. With the Tatar states of the Tatars themselves.
Thus, from the beginning of the XVI century. The last remains of the Golden Horde disappeared from historical arena. And it was not only that it completely removed from the Moscow state any threat to invasion from the east, seriously strengthened his security, the main, essential result was a sharp change in the formal and actual international legal status of the Russian state, which was manifested in the change of its international Original relations with the Tatar states - the "heirs" of the Golden Horde.
This was the main historical meaning, the main historical importance of the liberation of Russia from the Ordane addiction.
For the Moscow state, vassal relations ceased, it became a sovereign state, the subject of international relations. This completely changed his position and among the Russian lands, and in Europe as a whole.
Until that, for 250 years, the Grand Duke received only unilaterally from the Horde Chanov labels, i.e. Permits for the right of ownership of their own behavior (by the principality), or, in other words, the consent of the Khan to continue confidence in his tenant and Vassal, to the fact that he will temporarily do not touch this post if he fulfills a number of conditions: to pay tribute to spend a loyal khan Policy, send "gifts", to participate in the case of the need for military events of the Horde.
With the collapse of the Horde and with the emergence of new Khantsi - Kazan, Astrakhan, Krymsky, Siberian on its ruins, - there was a completely new situation: disappeared, the Institute of Vassal Subordination of Russia stopped. This was expressed in the fact that all relations with new Tatar states began to occur on a bilateral basis. The conclusion of bilateral treaties on political issues began, at the end of wars and at the conclusion of the world. And it was precisely the main and important change.
Externally, especially in the first decades, in relations between Russia and Khunnov, there was no noticeable change:
The Moscow Princes continued to epizodically pay the Tatar khans tribute, continued to send them gifts, and the khans of new Tatar states, in turn, continued to maintain the old forms of relations with the Moscow Grand Durability, i.e. Sometimes they arranged, like the Horde, hiking against Moscow up to the walls of the Kremlin, resorted to devastating raids behind the halves, hijacked the cattle and robbed the property of the Grand Prince of the Great Prince, demanded that it would pay to the ending and so on. etc.
But after the completion of hostilities, the parties began to sum up the legal results - i.e. Choose your victories and defeats in bilateral documents, enter into peaceful or truce agreements, sign written obligations. And it was precisely that that significantly changed their genuine relations, led to the fact that the entire relationship of the forces of both parties was actually changed significantly.
That is why for the Moscow state it became possible to work to work on changing this relationship in their favor and to achieve in the end of the weakening and elimination of new hanses arising on the ruins of the Golden Horde, not within two and a half centuries, but much faster - less than 75 years, in the second half of the XVI century.

"From Russia's Russia to the Empire of the Russian." Shishkin Sergey Petrovich, Ufa.
Vladimir Pipokhlebkin "Tatars and Rus. 360 years of relations in 1238-1598." (M. "International Relations" 2000).
Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. Ed - E 4, M. 1987.