Members of the proposal, which are in the nature of additional information, incidentally communicated in order to expand the content of the main statement, are classified as adjoining. They are entered using separate words, combinations or particles and are separated in the letter by commas.

We will talk in more detail about such words, or rather about specific examples of the use of some of them.

When a comma is placed near the union "including"

Including - this is a union, which is used to clarify or supplement information by joining a new member of the proposal to the existing ones.

On the letter, it should be remembered that the connecting turnover (which includes the union "including") is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. For example:

• Today we have all the guys, including Pavlik to discuss the current situation.
• They knew about it already everywhere, including in our town.

And in order for the accessory term or turnover to be considered separate and require separation on both sides with commas, you need to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.

So, in the case when the withdrawal of circulation does not distort the structure of the proposal, it can be considered isolated:

• In all his works, including and in this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (withdrawal of the circulation is possible, therefore, it is separated by commas).

But in the case of an example: “In all, including That is, even in this work, the author skillfully conveys reality ", the withdrawal will violate the structure -" in all ... work ", which means that the circulation is not isolated.

Is there a comma between the connecting turnover and the union "including"

Please note that the conjunction "including" is not an introductory word, which means it is not separated on both sides with commas. Moreover, if additional unions "a" or "and" are used before the named union, then they form a single combination and are not separated by a comma:

• Everyone got what they deserved, and including e Tolik.
• Natasha loved to paint portraits, and including and from memory, but she was embarrassed to show them to her friends (as you can see, there is no comma between unions and the combination "including").

But pay attention to one more detail - for the correct application of the union "including" it is necessary that the sentence indicates the whole, a part of which will be added with the help of this union. Compare:

How are commas placed near the union "for example"

One more mistake often occurs in writing - an extra comma after the word "for example". in this case, several general rules which we will present now.

If the word "for example" comes before the connecting turnover to which it refers, then the whole turnover is highlighted with commas, and not the word:

• Some girls for example Tanya, helped in cleaning the class.

If a turnover including the word "for example" is highlighted with a dash or brackets, then after the "for example" commas are placed:

• Some girls ( for example, Tanya) helped in cleaning the class.

If the word "for example" is behind the adjoining member, then in this case, it is separated by commas on both sides:

• Some of the girls helped clean up the class. Here is Tanya, for example, washed the desks.

After "for example" there can be a colon, in situations where it is after a word with a generalizing meaning before homogeneous members:

• Some fruits are dangerous to give to allergy sufferers, for example: oranges, pineapples, as well as strawberries and other red berries.

If the mentioned word refers to the entire sentence or to its subordinate part (in the case when it is complex), then it is separated on both sides by commas:

• What will you do if, for example, will we meet bullies?

This rule also applies to turnovers, including combinations "in particular" or "for example" and the like.

How introductory words are highlighted

Introductory words help clarify what is said or emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in writing by commas. If such words appear at the beginning of a sentence, a punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then in front of them, including a comma is needed when the introductory word is in the middle of a sentence. Then it is distinguished from two sides.

How it stands out in the letter "however"

The word "however" serves both as an introductory word and as a union or interjection. Therefore, the allocation of it with commas depends on what role it plays in this sentence and where it is located.

You should be aware that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate turnover, then after the "however" a comma is placed:

• but looking around, he quickly figured out what to do next.

And in the middle of such a turn, it stands out on both sides:

• He listened to the story, not quite but interesting, and smiled diligently.

When using the specified word as an interjection, a comma is required after and before "however":

• but how you have grown during this time!

If "however" is used as a union at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, and when parts of a complex sentence are connected with it, a comma is placed in front of it:

How to put commas with the word "please"

How the commas appear next to the word "please" largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word, in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a polite address, then it is highlighted with commas according to the general rules for this type of words:

• Please, do not remember the flowers in the flowerbed.
• Tell, please how to get to Ivanova street?
• Sit down, please.

But there are situations in which commas are not put next to the word "please". Firstly, if it is used as a particle that means "yes", and secondly, if "please" is included in the phrase:

How are commas placed near the word "therefore"

When considering whether there should be a comma before or after the word "therefore", you should definitely pay attention to the situation in which this adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of a union in complex sentences with a causal meaning:

• The sky is covered with clouds therefore everyone expected rain.
• The cup bent treacherously therefore a dark spot appeared on the shirt.
• Frost has hit from the night therefore the sidewalk was covered with a crust of ice.

In such situations, a comma is placed before “therefore”, as in front of a union that connects two parts of a complex sentence.

By the way, given word often confused with the introductory, highlighting it in the letter with commas, but it is included in the group of particles and adverbs that never belong to introductory words, and therefore do not need the mentioned emphasis.

Summarize

If you think about how the connecting phrases or introductory words stand out in the letter and whether a comma is included after the word "therefore", remember the nuances that allow you to accurately place punctuation marks. For this:

• pay attention to the context of the sentence;
• remember that the introductory word, like the connecting phrase, is easily removed from the sentence;
• do not forget which words cannot act as introductory words;
• if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them in writing;
• and when using the adverb “therefore,” remember for parts of a complex sentence.

There are rules in the Russian language, the wording of which turns out to be quite complicated, it is difficult to reduce it to some elementary scheme (for example, the rule of spelling of adverbs). At first glance, the rule for setting punctuation marks when introductory words ah, phrases and sentences are in the only wording - they are highlighted in the letter on both sides with commas. However, in reality, the difficulties associated with the use of introductory words and phrases in the texts lead to a huge number of errors in the written works of schoolchildren and applicants.

The standard mistakes associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
The introductory word is not highlighted;
A word that is mistaken for an introductory word, but is not highlighted;
The writer inaccurately uses punctuation marks when including an introductory word in the text.
In the first paragraph of this article, you can find four cases of using the punctuation rule for introductory words, although there is only one introductory word in it - "for example". The word "however" in the proposed context is not introductory, fulfilling the function of the union "but", the combinations "at first glance" and "in fact", considered by many writers as introductory, are not such at all.

So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of the use of punctuation marks in introductory constructions?

Introductory words are words and sentences that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence. Introductory words are not members of the sentence, you cannot put a question to them. Introductory sentences and plug-in constructions are not included in general scheme sentences are comments that are not related or closely related to the general meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses a punctuation mark - double commas, dashes, brackets.

Below we will try to understand the specifics of the rules for using introductory words and phrases in the text. In order for everyone to check how accurately he understood the proposed section of the rule, after each fragment, exercises for self-analysis will be offered. Our exercises are slightly different from those offered in most teaching aids... These are not separate phrases, but a coherent text, not quite traditional in content, but extremely saturated with introductory combinations, which will allow you to more effectively work through the passed section of the rule.

Basic rule: the introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.

The main mistake of most writers is associated with inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker's feelings in connection with what has been said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, what good ...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputable, obviously, certainly, probably, perhaps, true, maybe, it must be, it seems, apparently, apparently, in essence, in essence, I think ... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts expressed and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, it means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand ... This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, more correctly, more precisely, so to speak ...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, in words ..., according to rumors, according to information ..., in my opinion ..., in my opinion, I remember ...
6. introductory words, which are an appeal of the speaker to the interlocutor: see (do), know, understand, forgive, please, agree ...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is said: at most, at least ...
8. introductory words showing the degree of commonality of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual ...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: apart from jokes, it's funny to say, frankly, speaking between us ...

Writing errors are associated, first of all, with an incorrect characterization of a word as an introductory one, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

The following words are not introductory words and are not separated by commas in the letter:
literally, as if, in addition, all of a sudden, after all, there, there, hardly, after all, in the end, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if… - this group includes particles and adverbs, which most often turn out to be mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.
by tradition, by advice ..., by order ..., by request ..., by order ..., by design ... - these combinations act as non-isolated members of the proposal - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author's intention, the novel was supposed to cover the period up to 1825.

Task 1. Arrange the missing punctuation marks. Try to figure out which groups the introductory words used in the text belong to.

To my shame, I do not read serious literature, preferring detective stories to it and between us speaking romance novels... Firstly, it seems that I do not always correctly capture the author's intention, but I am able to follow well the twists and turns of the plot of a crime story. Secondly, I am definitely not interested in the descriptions of the fictional experiences of the characters, so I usually skip almost half of the book. Apparently I am just one of those people who, to put it mildly, should not read "serious" literature. In addition, in my opinion, this literature is often written by people who have not fully realized themselves in practice, in other words, unemployed, and detectives are created by former and current employees of the competent authorities who, you will agree, have proven their right to understand the essence of what they are describing. Of course, from the point of view of style, these novels, unfortunately, seem to have been copied from one another, but the plots can, without any doubt, excite even an honored philologist.
For example, one cannot but be carried away by novels about the everyday life of police officers. According to literary scholars, these books are allegedly devoid of artistic merit. Therefore, reading such a work does not essentially develop our intellect, but believe me, the pleasure from the process of complicity in the investigation of a bloody crime essentially adds so much adrenaline that the intellect rises as if by itself. Sometimes the reader guesses before the heroes of the novel who, according to the author's intention, is committing a crime. Maybe it is this illusion of your superiority over the policemen participating in the action that gives you, by the way, a feeling of involvement in the novel plot, while unfortunately no one can even virtually imagine himself as one of the heroes of the postmodern novel.
Further, any detective who reads knows that evil will ultimately be punished and, of course, justice will prevail. Thus, these books provide an opportunity to hope for the triumph of good and, in my opinion, this alone is a fairly good reason for the publication of such works, which in essence do not interfere with anyone. Maybe many will disagree with me, but you must admit we all know people who have never mastered War and Peace and hardly remember the contents of the Oblomov novel, but to be honest, even my friends professors and academicians often spend their leisure time leafing through new detective.

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence:

COULD and COULD BE, SHOULD BE, IT SEEMS act as introductory, if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported - Maybe I will come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. This must be your first time meeting such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. The same words can appear in the role of predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so dispensable! It should be yours independent decision... It all seems very suspicious to me.
OBVIOUS, POSSIBLE, VISIBLE turn out to be introductory, if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - You obviously want to apologize for your act? Next month, I may be off to rest. You don't seem to want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be part of the predicates - it became obvious to everyone that they need to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the concerted actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
PROBABLY, CORRECT, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of the reported (in this case, they are interchangeable or can be replaced by words of this group that are close in meaning) - You, probably (= should be), and do not understand how important it is to do it on time. You, right, are the very Sidorov? She was definitely a beauty. All these arguments, of course, are only our assumptions so far. The same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He correctly (= correctly, the circumstance of the course of action) translated the text. Probably I don’t know (= for sure, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student has solved the problem accurately (= correctly). This naturally (= naturally) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW, it is an introductory word if it indicates the connection of thoughts - He is a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of "at the same time" - I'll go for a walk, by the way I'll buy bread.
BETWEEN THE OTHER turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts - Her parents, girlfriends and, by the way, best friend against the trip. This word can be used as a non-vocal in context - He made a long speech, in which, among other things, he noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word, indicates the connection of thoughts - First of all (= first), is it necessary to raise such a sensitive topic at all? The same word can act as a circumstance of time (= first) - First of all, I want to say hello from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase "first of all" can be considered as introductory or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, UNDEFINITELY, UNCONDITIONALLY, OWN will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the reported - from this hill, indeed (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the most best view... Undoubtedly (= really, really), your child is capable of music. He has certainly read this novel. - or at the reception of the formation of thoughts - This, in fact, is the whole story. These same words are not introductory, if they appear in other meanings - I am really what you imagined me to be (= in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= no doubt, really). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (= very even, quite right). I didn’t actually mind the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (= in general, exactly). The words "really" and "certainly", depending on the intonation suggested by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.
THIS WAY, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, AT THE END as introductory words point to a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our findings. Thus (= so), our results do not contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, in the end, do you want from me? Usually sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations, the words themselves have the meaning "and more". In the context above, the words "first", "second", "on the one hand", etc. may be encountered. "Thus" in the sense of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the output.

The same words do not stand out as introductory in the meanings: "in this way" = "in this way" - Thus he was able to move the heavy cabinet. "Next" = "then" - Then the word is given to the second opponent. Typically, in the previous context, the circumstances of the time are encountered, such as "first". "Then" = "then, after that" - And then he became a famous scientist. "Finally" = "at the end, at the end, after everything, as a result of everything" - Finally, all the cases were successfully completed. Usually, in this sense, the particle "-that" can be added to the word "finally", which cannot be done if "finally" is the introductory word. In the same meanings that are indicated above for "finally" is not an introductory combination "in the end" - In the end (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER, it is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of the sentence - However, it has been raining for the second week, despite the forecasts of weather forecasters. How clever I am, however! "However" does not turn out to be an introductory one at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversarial union (= but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We weren't hoping for a meeting, but we were lucky.
IN GENERAL, it is introductory in the meaning of "generally speaking" when it indicates the way of forming thoughts - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word "in general" is an adverb in the meaning "as a whole, absolutely, in all respects, under all conditions, always" - Ostrovsky is for the Russian theater the same as Pushkin is for literature in general. Under the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
In my way, in your way, in our way, in your way are introductory, pointing to the source of the message - your child, in my opinion, has a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word "in his own way" is not an introductory word - He is right in his own way.
Of course, most often it is introductory, indicates the degree of reliability of the statement - We, of course, are ready to help you in everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally highlighted in a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word "of course" is considered an amplifying particle - I would certainly agree if you had warned me in advance.
ANYWAY more often it is introductory and is used for assessment - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, testify to the seriousness of his attitude towards life. In the meaning of "always, under any circumstances," this combination is not an introductory one - in any case, I should have met him today and talk to him.
IN REALITY, it is more often NOT introductory, speaking in the meaning of "really" - Petya is really well versed in computers. I really have nothing to do with it. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - What are you, in fact, making of yourself a smart guy?
In its turn, it can be introductory, when it points to the connection of thoughts or the way of forming thoughts - Among many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, "Roman" can be especially distinguished. Having asked me to help him in his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meanings "in response", "on my part" (= when it’s turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.
MEANING is introductory, if it can be replaced by the words "hence", "therefore" - The message is complex, which means it needs to be transmitted today. The rain has already ended, so we can go for a walk. If she fights so hard with us, then she feels that she is right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to "means" - a dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him in everything. "Means" can be between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before "means" - To be offended means to admit oneself to be weak. To be friends is to trust your friend.
On the contrary, it is introductory, if it indicates the connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination "and vice versa", which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory one; it is used as a word replacing a whole sentence or part of it. - In the spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes are brunettes). The more you study, the higher the grades you get, and vice versa (that is, if you do little, the grades will be bad; the comma before "and" appears at the end of a part of the sentence - it turns out, as it were, a compound sentence, where "on the contrary" replaces it with the second part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (that is, I will fulfill it, before "and" there is no comma, since "on the contrary" replaces a homogeneous clause).
AT LEAST it is introductory, if the assessment matters - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick in his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meanings "no less than", "the least", then it does not stand apart - She will at least know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five of the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM THE POINT OF VIEW, it is introductory in the meaning "in opinion" - From the point of view of my grandmother, a girl should not wear pants. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, is worthy of the highest praise. The same turnover can have the meaning "in relation" and then it is not an introductory one - The work is going according to plan in terms of terms. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR it stands out as an introductory one, if it indicates the connection of thoughts in the statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No.187 - I love books about animals, in particular about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, were vacationing in Spain this summer. The specified combination is not singled out as an introductory one if it is connected by a union "and" with the word "in general" - The conversation turned to politics in general and, in particular, to the latest government decisions.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate a fact, its emphasis in a statement - the textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, such chapters should be added to it ... The room was used on special occasions and mainly for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination can be part of the connecting structure, in this case, if it is at its beginning or at the end, it is not separated from the structure itself by a comma - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the government's promises. In the meaning of “first of all,” “most of all,” this combination is not introductory and does not stand in isolation - He was afraid of the composition mainly because of his illiteracy. I like him mainly about his attitude towards his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE will always be introductory, but it is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is a person extremely attentive to his appearance for example, he takes great care of his nails. If "for example" appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then a comma from this turnover does not separate it - In many big cities, for example, in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, for example "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after "for example" there can be a colon, if "for example" is after a general word before a row homogeneous members- Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

Task 2. In the text below, place punctuation marks in the introductory words. All punctuation marks are missing in the italicized phrase, try to place them and explain what rules of the Russian language you had to use.

Pupil 6 "B" class Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. Naturally, his laziness led to bad grades in school, and therefore he was of course also a poor student. In general, he could sometimes struggle with his laziness and then, to the delight of all the teachers, he received "fours", but Nikita did not often want to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to homework and maybe even some unpleasant household chores, such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and certainly football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against attending school, some lessons, in particular, physical education and drawing even gave pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language brought unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always understand the rule correctly, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more accurately. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita didn't have it. Coming home from school, he first of all turned on the computer and played at least an hour with an interesting and useful toy from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the agility and quickness of the reaction that were undoubtedly inherent in the boy. He really loved sports, and then the boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. Indeed, isn't football more important than books? Nikita expounded these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important "five" in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for lessons, because my mother demanded to go to bed no later than 21.30. And it was during this half hour that laziness attacked Nikita, in any case, this state could only be called that. The boy listlessly went through the pages of textbooks, mainly trying to remember what they were talking about in class and convincing himself that he remembers everything, closed the books. Thus, in the end, the lessons remained unfulfilled, and among the teachers there was a growing opinion that Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. Don't you think so?

Verbs, names and adverbs in a sentence can act as introductory words, which in one way or another - grammatically, lexically, intonationally - express the speaker's attitude to what he is reporting.

Compare the two sentences:

This question, it seemed made it difficult for the guest.

Face his it seemed calm.

In both examples, the word is used it seemed , but only in the second case this word is included in the members of the sentence: there it is part of the compound nominal predicate.

In the first example, the word it seemed serves only to express the speaker's attitude to what he is reporting. Such words are called introductory words; they are not members of the sentence and can easily be overlooked, for example: This question ... made the guest difficult... Note that in the second sentence, skip the word it seemed impossible.

Compare a few more examples in the table:

Many words can be used as introductory words. But there is a group of words that are never introductory. Read two sentences:

There will obviously be a good harvest this year;
There will certainly be a good harvest this year.

The first sentence uses the word obviously, in the second - certainly ... Although these words are very close in meaning, only the word from the first sentence is separated by commas and is introductory. The words presented below must be remembered: they are very similar to introductory words, but they are not and are not separated by commas:

ABOUT, SUDDENLY, SUDDENLY, HERE, IT'S LIKELY, EVERYTHING, EVEN, EXACTLY, AS IT WILL, JUST, UNCERTAINLY, NECESSARILY, ALMOST, ONLY, ALMOST.

Introductory words can convey five different types of values:

Most often, with the help of introductory words, the speaker conveys various degree of confidence in what he reports. For example: You will surely pass the exam well. or You seem to need to do more. This group includes the words:

Surely, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, no doubt, unconditionally, really, it seems, most likely, possible, regret.

Introductory words can also convey feelings and attitude speaker to what he is reporting. For example: Unfortunately, you did not pass the exam very well.

To happiness, to unhappiness, to surprise, to regret.

Sometimes introductory words indicate on sourse of information reported by the speaker. Introductory phrases in this case begin with the words BY THE MESSAGE, BY THE WORDS, BY THE OPINION. For example: You, according to doctors, need to interrupt your workouts for a while.

The source of the message may also be the speaker himself (IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION) or the source may be vague (SPEAKING, HEARING). For example: They say you will have to interrupt your training.

BY THE MESSAGE, BY THE WORDS, BY THE OPINION, BY THE HEARS, THEY SPEAK, HEARING, IN MY OPINION, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR opinion.

Introductory words are also used for ordering thoughts and indicating their relationship with each other. For example: First, this participle was formed from the perfect verb; secondly, it has dependent words. Therefore, it must contain two letters H.

FIRST, SECOND, THIRD, FINALLY, CONSEQUENTLY MEANS, SO, ON THE contrary, FOR EXAMPLE, CONVERSE.

There are also sentences where introductory words indicate on way of forming thoughts... For example: In short, everything went well.

OTHERWISE SPEAKING IN ONE WORD, IT IS BETTER TO SAY BY SPEAKING SOFTLY.

Introductory words also include words that serve to attract attention interlocutor:

KNOW (KNOW), UNDERSTAND (UNDERSTAND), LISTEN (LISTEN), SEE (SEE) and others.

The same meanings can be expressed not only by introductory words, but also by similar predicative constructions (introductory sentences). Compare: The snowfall will probably end soon and The snowfall, I think, will end soon. In addition to commas, parentheses or dashes can be used to mark introductory sentences. This is done when introductory construction is very common and contains additional notes or explanations. For example:

Once we pass through our village, it will be years old - how to tell you, not to lie - fifteen years old. (Turgenev)
Alexey (the reader has already recognized him) meanwhile he gazed intently at the young peasant woman. (Pushkin)

The rule of separating introductory words and sentences has several very important notes.

If there is a union A or BUT before the introductory word, then a comma between the introductory word and the union is not always put. Compare a couple of sentences:
The doctor finished the appointment, but of course, will look at a serious patient.
He gave his word and consequently, must contain it.

The introductory word can be rearranged or removed without a union only in the first case, therefore a comma is needed between the introductory word and the union. It is impossible to do this in the second sentence, which means that the comma is not added.

Very often, difficulties arise in sentences with the words HOWEVER and FINALLY. The word HOWEVER stands out only when it cannot be replaced by the union NO. Compare the two sentences:
but we understand that this figure is still low(HOWEVER = BUT) ... Bye, but, we do not yet have a clear picture of what is happening(HOWEVER - introductory word) .

The word FINALLY is introductory only when it has no spatial or temporal meaning, but indicates the order of thoughts. For example:
Hope that soon this project finally will be implemented. AND, finally, the last thing I would like to draw your attention to.

Introductory words can begin with a separate construction, for example, a qualifying phrase. In this case, the comma after the introductory word is not put (in other words, the comma, which was supposed to "close" the introductory word, is transferred to the end of the isolated turn).

I saw, or rather felt, that she was not indifferent to me.

In addition, the comma is not placed before the introductory word located at the end of the stand-alone turn.

On holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kolomna for example.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate structure, then it is separated by commas on a common basis.

I decided to declare my love, feeling, it seems, with my heart that she was not indifferent to me either.


If introductory words are located before a turnover beginning with the words "how" or "to", then they are separated by commas.

The day she lived seemed meaningless to her in fact, like all life.
He thought for a moment probably, to find the right words.

The exercise

1. The portraits were hanging in front of the mirror.
2. On the contrary, he didn't even change his face.
3. On the one hand_ I completely agree with you.
4. On one side_ on the coin was a two-headed eagle.
5. Truth_ is always better than lies.
6. I_ really_ was somewhat surprised by this news.
7. In spring, flooding is possible.
8. There will be a flood in the spring.
9. Everyone in our city is already talking about it.
10. In Greece_ they say_ everything is there.
11. Maybe_ you deigned to put it this way for the beauty of the syllable? (Gogol).
12. According to weather forecasters_ next week there will be a cold snap.
13. As scientists say, global warming awaits us.
14. The train leaves in an hour_ hence_ we need to get out of the house.
15. Fortunately_ Pechorin was immersed in thoughtfulness (Lermontov).
16. We have gathered here_ firstly_ in order to decide on the timing of the work.
17. He didn't want to shoot himself_ thank God_ to try ... (Pushkin).
18. Of course_ you have seen the album (Pushkin) of the uyezd young lady more than once.
19. You_ in one word_ got off easy.
20. So_ now we can make a conclusion.
21. You are not hindering me in the least, "he objected," if you please yourself to shoot, but_ however_ as you please; your shot is yours; I am always ready for your service (Pushkin).
22. She suffered for a very long time after the separation, but as you know, time heals any wounds.
23. The wind_ however_ was strong.
24. Fedya brought flowers_ however_ Masha did not like it.
25. A strong, however_ warm wind blew through the window.
26. Good education_ as is known_ is obtained in boarding schools (Gogol).
27. However, there are various improvements and changes in methods ... (Gogol).
28. You_ absolutely_ must come to us.
29. I took an ace of hearts from the table_ as I now remember_ and threw it up (Lermontov).
30. However, General Khvalynsky himself did not like to talk about his career; he_ seems_ has never been to the war (Turgenev).
31. You are wild_ know_ if you live locked up all the time (Gogol).
32. He was probably a grateful person and wanted to pay for his good treatment.
33. You_ supposedly were supposed to come to his office and report on the trip.
34. Yes_ I confess_ I thought so myself.
35. I_ nevertheless_ decided to do my own thing.
36. Ivan Petrovich_ you know_ was an extraordinary man.
37. Nobody went to see him_ of course_ (Turgenev).
38. Gleb_ as far as I knew_ studied well at the Bryansk gymnasium (Paustovsky).
39. But perhaps the reader is already tired of sitting with me at Ovsyannikov's one-yard, and therefore I eloquently fall silent (Turgenev).
40. My arrival_ I could notice it_ at first confused the guests a little.
41. However, the political process began to develop in a different way.
42. In my last report, I hurried to tell you that we_ finally_ managed to solve this problem.
43. The experiments of transformations that were around us had_ undoubtedly_ a strong influence on the thoughts of most of the people who dealt with them (M. M. Speransky).
44. A group of border guards, led by an officer, went to the violators with the intention, as it had been earlier, to protest and demand that they leave the territory.
45. The finalization of the agreement will probably take a few more months.
46. Secondly, there are many abuses in the field of international tourism.
47. However, if you remain committed to the spirit and letter of this document, it could not be otherwise.
48. We all know very well, and everyone here is well aware that on the western, or_ as they say_ the second front, about 1.5 million Allied troops and about 560 thousand German troops were concentrated.
49. This modest, symbolic gesture_ seems to me_ full of deep meaning.
50. Fortunately_ the examples above are the exception, not the rule.
51. The increased value of baggage_ may be_ claimed for certain types of items.
52. The reason for this is obvious: when the mind begins to recognize the price of freedom, it rejects with negligence all children's toys, so to speak, with which he amused himself in his infancy (M. M. Speransky).
53. Pravda_ spoke to me politely, did not force me to anything, and I, I remember, had the impression that he was not taking all these accusations seriously.
54. But in our case, the truth came out quickly, and we were soon released.

Are you friends with commas? I am not that "no", but also not so that "yes". I love these punctuation tadpoles. And so enthusiastically that sometimes I put it where they don't belong, saying that you can't ruin a good text with commas. But sometimes .... when at home it smells of notebooks freshly prepared for September 1, I am overwhelmed by a keen desire to restore justice and once and for all learn in which cases a comma is put and in which it is not.
What will I do today, working off my piece of cake, bought for the Day of Knowledge.

"In addition" is ALWAYS highlighted with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

"Most likely" in the meaning of "very likely, most likely" - is highlighted with commas (Of course, all because of the brandy and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have kept silent.).
In the meaning of "fastest" - NO (This way most likely it was possible to come to the house.).

"Quicker". If it means "better, more willingly", then WITHOUT commas. For example: "She would rather agree to die than betray him." Also WITHOUT commas, if in the meaning "it is better to say". For example: "uttering a remark or rather an exclamation."
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of a given statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of "most likely" or "most likely"). For example: "He cannot be called an intelligent person - rather, he is on his own mind."

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT highlighted by commas at the beginning of the response, uttered in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
Otherwise, the comma is REQUIRED.

Expressions "in general", "in general" are DESIGNED in the meaning of "in short, in a word", then they are introductory.

"First of all" are set apart as introductory in the meaning of "first" (First of all, he is a fairly capable person).
These words are NOT highlighted in the meaning of "first, first" (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
A comma after "a", "but", etc. is NOT needed: "But first of all, I want to say."
When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: "There is a hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed."

"At least", "at least" - are isolated only in the inversion: "This issue has been discussed twice, at least."

“In turn” - is not highlighted with a comma in the meaning “on its side”, “in response when it’s turn.” And the quality of the introductory is isolated.

"Literally" - not an introductory one, not separated by commas

"Hence". If in the meaning "therefore, thus, means", then commas are needed. For example: "So you are, therefore, our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, therefore, proceeding from the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I have found a job, therefore we will have more money”; "You are angry, therefore you are wrong"; "You cannot bake a cake, therefore I will bake it."

"Least". If the meaning is "at least", then no commas. For example: "At least I will wash the dishes"; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: "At the very least, this approach presupposes control", "This requires at least an understanding of politics."

“That is, if”, “especially if” - a comma, as a rule, is not needed

“That is,” is not an introductory word and is not comma-separated on either side. This is a union, a comma is placed in front of it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that follows it).
For example: “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour of walking” (a comma is needed), “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour of walking (a comma after“ that is, ”is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "If you go slowly").

"In any case" are separated by commas as introductory, if they are used in the meaning "at least".

“In addition”, “in addition to this”, “in addition to everything (other things)”, “apart from everything (other things)” are set aside as introductory.
BUT! "Apart from the fact that" is a union, the comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he himself does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

“Because of this,” “because of that,” “because of this,” and “along with that” - a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

"All the more so" - WITHOUT a comma.
"Especially when", "especially since", "especially if", etc. - a comma is needed before "all the more". For example: "Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement", "even more so if it is meant", "rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you", "you cannot sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance. "

"Moreover" - is highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).

"Nevertheless" - the comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If “however” means “but” then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!")

"In the end" - if in the meaning "in the end", then the comma is NOT put.

"Really" is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of "really" (that is, if this is an adverbial circumstance), if it is synonymous with the adjective "valid" - "real, genuine". For example: “The bark itself is thin, not like that of an oak or pine, which really are not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

"Indeed" can act as an introductory and ISOLATED. The introductory word is distinguished by intonational isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In disputable cases, the issue of the placement of punctuation marks is decided by the author of the text.

“Because” - the comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical checkup because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because to “because” replace it is forbidden).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "anyway". Then this is introductory. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression "one way or another" (the same as "one way or another" or "in any case") does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is necessary in one way or another."

Always WITHOUT commas:
first of all
at first sight
like
seems to be
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
eventually
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
no matter what
afterwards
otherwise
as a result
due to this
all the same
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
for all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
likewise
the biggest
the least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
I suppose
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
as if
traditionally
ostensibly

The comma is NOT put
at the beginning of the sentence:
"Before ... I ended up ..."
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"To…"
"Instead of…"
"Actually ..."
"While…"
"All the more so ..."
"Nevertheless…"
"Despite the fact that ..." (while - separately); a comma is NOT placed before the "what".
"If…"
"After…"
"And ..."

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” is NOT separated by commas.

"And this despite the fact that ..." - in the middle of the sentence, a comma is ALWAYS!

"Based on this, ..." - at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is put. BUT: "He acted so on the basis of ..." - the comma is NOT put.

"After all, if ..., then ..." - a comma before "if" is NOT put, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction - "then". If “then” is not present, then a comma is placed before the “if”!

"Less than two years ..." - a comma before "what" is NOT put, because it is NOT a comparison.

The comma in front of "HOW" is used only in case of comparison.

"Such politicians as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is put, because there is a noun "politics".
BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT placed before the "how".

Commas are NOT used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - are not highlighted with commas, + the word “god” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are put on two sides:
"Thank God" in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
"By God" - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).
"Oh my God" - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "god" - with a small letter.

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged in another place of the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the conjunctions "and" and "but"), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - the comma is NECESSARY. For example: "Firstly, it got dark, and secondly, everyone is tired."

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") is NOT put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “… and therefore…”, “… or maybe…”, “…, which means…”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma is NECESSARY after the conjunction "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word, that is, soldered combinations such as "which means", "but by the way", "and therefore", " and maybe "and so on. For example:" She not only did not love him, but, perhaps, even despised him. "

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a compositional union (in the connecting meaning) ("and", "yes" in the meaning of "and", "too", "also", "and that", "otherwise", "yes and", " and also ”, etc.), and then the introductory word, then the comma in front of it is NOT needed. For example: "And really, it was not worth doing it"; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have also become clear”; "But of course everything ended well."

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence there is a connecting union, and the introductory construction is highlighted intonationally, then commas are NECESSARY. For example: "But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

Basic groups of introductory words
and phrases
(separated by commas + on both sides in the middle of the sentence)

1. Expressive feelings of the speaker (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to chagrin
to amazement
Unfortunately
to chagrin
unfortunately
to joy
Unfortunately
to shame
Fortunately
to the surprise
to horror
unfortunately
for joy
for luck
not exactly one hour
there is nothing to hide
unfortunately
fortunately
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of the reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
indisputably
may be
right
probably
apparently
Maybe
Indeed
in fact
should be
think
seems
it would seem that
Certainly
maybe
may be
maybe
hope
presumably
is not it
undoubtedly
obviously
apparently
in all probability
genuinely
perhaps
I suppose
in fact
essentially
truth
right
of course
needless to say
tea, etc.

3. Indicating the source of the reported:
they say
say
pier
convey
In your
in the opinion of ...
I remember
to my mind
in our way
according to legend
according to ...
according to…
rumored
according to the message ...
in your opinion
audible
reported by others.

4. Indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
all in all
At first,
second, etc.
however
means
in particular
main
Further
means
so
for example
Besides
by the way
by the way
by the way
by the way
finally
vice versa
for example
against
I repeat
emphasize
more than that
on the other side
one side
that is
in this way, etc.
howbeit
whatever it was

5. Indicating the techniques and methods of formulating the expressed thoughts:
or rather
generally speaking
in other words
so to speak
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
to put it simply
word
as a matter of fact
if I may say so
so to speak
to clarify
what is called etc.

6. Appealing appeals to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to the reported, to instill a certain attitude towards the stated facts:
believe (whether)
do you believe (do)
see (do)
you see)
imagine (those)
let's say
do you know)
Do you know)
sorry)
believe me (those)
please
understand (those)
do you understand
do you understand (do)
listen (those)
suppose
Imagine
sorry)
let's say
agree
agree, etc.

7. Assessment-indicating measures of what is said:
at least at least - they are isolated only by inversion: "This issue has been discussed twice, at least."
the biggest
the least

8. Indicating the degree of commonality of the reported:
it happens
used to
as usual
according to custom
happens

9. Expressive expressions:
no kidding
between us it will be said
between us speaking
need to say
it will not be said in reproach
frankly
conscientiously
in fairness
confess tell
to be honest
funny to say
honestly.

Comparative Expressions
(no commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
beat like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
the disease disappeared like a hand
scared like fire
wandering around like a restless
rushed like mad
mumbles like a sexton
ran in like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
turns like a squirrel in a wheel
as seen during the day
squeals like a pig
lying like a gray gelding
everything is going like clockwork
everything is as on selection
jumped up like scalded
jumped up as if stung
stupid as a cork
looked like a wolf
goal like a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
trembled like a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
everything is like water off a duck's back to him
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of heaven
fell asleep like dead
froze like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as a bull
know how flaky
have at one's fingertips
saddle fits like a cow
goes alongside as sewn
as if it sank into the water
roll like cheese in butter
swinging like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like an oak
screams like a public
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
like a shower
waving his hands like a mill
rushing about like crazy
wet as a mouse
dark as a cloud
dying like flies
hope like a stone wall
to the people like a herring in a barrel
dress up like a doll
you can't see your ears
dumb like a grave
dumb like a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
worn like a fool with a written sack
worn like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed as a fifth spoke in a chariot
needs a fifth leg like a dog
peel off like sticky
one like a finger
stayed like a cancer stranded
stopped dead
razor sharp
different as day from night
different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
turned pale as a sheet
turned pale as death
repeated as if delirious
go as cute
remember what you called
remember as in a dream
get caught like chickens in cabbage soup
hit in the head
crumble like a cornucopia
similar as two drops of water
went down like a stone
to appear as if by pike
devotee like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
good (good) like a goat of milk
disappeared as if into the water
just like a knife to the heart
was on fire
works like an ox
understands like a pig in oranges
cleared away like smoke
play like a note
grow like mushrooms after rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh as blood and milk
fresh like a cucumber
sat chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on coals
listened spellbound
looked enchanted
slept like a dead man
hurry like fire
stands like an idol
slender like a cedar Lebanese
melts like a candle
hard as stone
dark as night
accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a hare
died like a hero
fell as if knocked down
rested like a ram
rested like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning as a fox
sly like a fox
gushing like a bucket
walked as if dipped in water
walked like a birthday boy
walk like a thread
cold as ice
thin as a splinter
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
how to be executed
as clear as two two four
as clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members

1. The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
neither end nor edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to myself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason at all;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
both day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.

(General rule: the comma is not placed inside whole phraseological expressions formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeating union "and" or "neither")

2. NOT separated by commas:

1) Verbs in the same form indicating movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go see.
2) Forming semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3) Paired combinations of synonymous, antonymic or associative nature.
Search for truth-truth.
There is no end-edge.
Honor, praise everyone.
Off we go.
Everything is sewn-covered.
Anything expensive to see.
Purchase and sale issues.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, to which something is opposed).
For someone else, but you can’t.
Somewhere, where, and everything is there.

That's all. Thanks for the educational program baddcat http://baddcat.livejournal.com/92274.html