Introductory constructions with how. Introductory constructions

27.09.2020 Doors, windows

In this chapter:

Introductory words and sentences, as well as plug-in constructions, are constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

§one. Introductory words and combinations

Introductory words and combinations- these are words and word combinations that express the speaker's attitude to the content of the sentence or to the way of expressing this content, which are not members of the sentence and are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence.

Introductory words and combinations:

are not members of the proposal
grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence.

In oral speech, they are distinguished intonationally, in writing - punctually: with commas.

Introductory words and remarks are divided into groups according to the meaning they express.

Our examples will help you notice introductory words and sentences:

Emotions, feelings, appreciation

Fortunately, to joy, unfortunately, to chagrin, to chagrin, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to amazement, for happiness, for joy, surprisingly, fortunately, in truth, in conscience, in fairness, what good , strange thing, amazing thing, funny to say, not in reproach, be it said

Degree of reliability, capability, confidence

No doubt, no doubt, no doubt, no doubt, no doubt, it goes without saying, indisputable, of course, apparently, apparently, probably, true, perhaps, probably, in all probability, perhaps, it seems, should be, maybe, maybe I suppose, I suppose, I think, (I) think, (I) believe, (I) hope, (I) believe

Message source

According to the report, according to the information, according to the opinion, according to rumors, in accordance with, they say, report, convey, in my opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, I remember, I remember

Consistency of presentation, coherence of speech

Therefore, so, in this way, then, finally, therefore, further, by the way, by the way, by the way, by the way, by the way, in general, in general outline, in particular, in addition, in addition, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, firstly, secondly (and others like that), on the one hand, on the other hand

Formulation techniques, ways of expressing thoughts

In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, in other words, more precisely, more precisely, in short, briefly speaking, frankly speaking, truthfully speaking, frankly speaking, without going around the bush, to put it mildly, calling things by their proper names, if possible so say, so to speak, if I may say so, with your permission, it is better to say, more precisely, so to speak, as they say

Increasing the attention of the interlocutor, including with the aim of establishing confidence

You understand (-te), know (-te), see (-see), understand (-te), believe (-te), listen (-te), agree (-me), imagine (-te), imagine ( -me) yourself, imagine (-te), do you believe (-you), know (-you), I repeat, I emphasize, speaking between us, between us, be it said

The measure of what is being said

The most, the least, the most unusual, the most amazing, at least

Usual, typical of what is said

It happens, it happened, it happens, it happened, according to custom, as usual, as a last resort

Everyone knows that introductory words and combinations are separated by commas in writing.

The difficulty is not in punctuation as such, but in the need to recognize such words, word combinations and constructions. The fact is that in the Russian language one and the same word can act in different roles.
How not to confuse introductory words with homonymous members of the sentence?

Do not confuse:

Fortunately, my mother did not ask what time I returned, and there was no unpleasant conversation.
Fortunately- introductory word, separated by a comma.
Dishes beat for happiness
Fortunately- addition, syntactic link - control: beats (to what?) fortunately.

Try to omit fortunately. In the second sentence, it is impossible to do this without violating the meaning and grammatical structure of the sentence. Let's compare:

The dishes are beating for happiness.
The dishes are beating.

They are not the same thing at all. Why doesn't the second sentence allow for such a transformation? Because Fortunately- a member of the sentence, grammatically and meaningfully related to another member of the sentence. If you exclude it, the structure changes. In the first sentence Fortunately is not a member of the offer. In addition, it is not grammatically associated with any of the members of the sentence. Therefore, the structure of the sentence does not change if the introductory word is omitted.

In Russian, many words can be used in two ways: both as introductory words and as members of a sentence.

Maybe my brother will become a musician.

(may be- introductory combination)

Brother maybe a musician: he has perfect pitch.

(may be- part of the predicate)

You are from the North, right?

(right- introductory word)

You solved the problem correctly.

(right- circumstance)

Perhaps he will call today.

(possibly- introductory word)

An article can be written in a week.

(possibly- part of the predicate)

You see, we were not late, you were unnecessarily worried.

(see- introductory sentence)

Do you see the road sign?

(see- predicate)

In some cases, a double interpretation of the meaning of the sentence is possible.

1) certainly= of course: speaker's confidence, introductory word

She is definitely right.

(Synonymously: I think she's right. Of course she's right.)

2) certainly= without conditions and restrictions, circumstance measure and degree

She's absolutely right.

(Synonymously: She's absolutely right., She's completely right.)

Example 2.
1) later- a word that introduces an argument, an introductory word

Then, he became a famous actor.

(Synonymously: In short, he became a famous actor. So, he became a famous actor.)

2) later= later, circumstance of time

Then he became a famous actor.

(Synonymous: He later became a famous actor. After that, he became a famous actor)

In such cases, the broader context and intonation of the oral statement or the punctuation of the written one help to distinguish between introductory words and members of a sentence. It is also important that introductory words and combinations can be omitted without breaking the syntactic relations and structure of the sentence.

Attention:

There are no introductory words:
suddenly, as if, as if, literally, in addition, unlikely, nearly, hardly, ostensibly, even, exactly, after all, certainly, behold, after all, all the same, like, necessarily, exclusively, by decision, by the proposal, by decree, to top it off, in the end and others like that.

They are never separated by commas. Examples:

By the decision of the director, the lessons were canceled.
Kirill hardly knows where we are going. We need to call him.
Be sure to come! We will be waiting for you.
But he's right!

§2. Introductory sentences

Introductory sentences are similar in their role to introductory words.
Examples:

I think he will come tomorrow.

(I think= in my opinion)

(if I'm not mistaken= in my opinion)

Like introductory words, introductory sentences have different meanings.
For example:

I think (I think, I believe, I am sure, ...) - the degree of reliability, confidence.

As known ( as reported on the radio, as reported in the media, as stated in the report etc.) - a source of information.

Like introductory words, introductory sentences are highlighted in oral speech intonation, and in writing - punctuation: commas, less often - dashes.

§3. Plug-in structures

Plug-in structures differ from introductory words and sentences by a number of features.

They have their own utterance goals, which may be the same or different from the utterance goal of the main sentence:

He - no one expected this - did not call until a year later.

(the purpose of the statement of the inserted construction and the sentence containing it are the same: these are messages)

Peter - have you already heard about this? - went to China.

(the purpose of the statement of a sentence containing a plug-in is a message, the goal of a plug-in is a question)

Plug-in constructions have their own spectrum of meanings: they contain additional remarks, comments, explanations, or serve as a means of activating the interlocutor's attention:

Is he - are you listening to me or not? - I called only a year later.

(activation of the interlocutor's attention)

Plug-in constructions have an independent sentence structure. These can be simple or complex sentences.

In the village (I mean the village closest to our summer cottage) there was a large pond.

(in this example, both the sentence and the plug-in structure have the structure of a simple sentence, but the structure of the plug-in is complicated by a separate definition)

In oral speech, they are distinguished intonationally, and in writing - punctuation: by means of brackets or dashes.

Finally - how I dreamed about it! - I finished school and entered the university.

And now the former classmates (can you imagine?) Met after fifty years!

Test of strength

Check your understanding of the content of this chapter.

Final test

Are introductory words and combinations part of a sentence?
Are introductory words and combinations grammatically related to the members of the sentence?
How do introductory words and combinations stand out in writing?
- do not stand out in any way
- separated by commas
- highlighted by a dash
is it by the way You came by the way.?
is it by the way introductory word in a sentence: By the way, look at the watch I bought.?
suddenly, necessarily, certainly, exclusively, literally?
Can there be introductory words: by decision, by proposal, by decision, to top it off, ultimately?
Are introductory sentences: As reported in the media, as stated in the report, as said by Maria Ivanovna?
How do introductory sentences stand out in the letter?
- do not stand out in any way
- separated by commas
- highlighted by a dash
How do insert structures stand out in writing?
- separated by commas
- highlighted by dashes or brackets

Right answers:

separated by commas
separated by commas
highlighted by dashes or brackets

A22. Words and constructions that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
Chapter 11. Punctuation of a simple sentence, complicated by introductory words, introductory sentences and inserted constructions

In contact with

1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can serve the same function.

For example: I dare say they fell in love with me in the house(Turgenev) - structured as a definite personal one-piece sentence; In life, do you know, there is always a place for exploits(M. Gorky) - a two-part proposal in structure; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - structured as a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Digits of introductory words by meaning

Value	Introductory components	Examples of
1. Evaluation of the reported from the point of view of reliability, etc .:
1.1. Confidence, reliability	Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without doubt, undoubtedly, indeed, in fact, true, of course, of course, genuine and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, seen, apparently, apparently, right, maybe, it must be, I think, I think, I suppose, I suppose, I hope , in a way, in a sense, suppose, suppose, say, if you like, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning(Fadeev). Life doesn't seem to have begun yet(Paustovsky). The free bread, apparently, tasted(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach in a different way, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). My head started to ache. Must be bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different senses:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, which is good, which is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught a steamer sailing to Frankfurt.(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, a whole locksmith's workshop is set up on the old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to grief, to chagrin, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died.(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible business and etc.	Naydenov, to the amazement of Nagulny, in one second brushed the leather jacket off his shoulders, sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, what good, God forbid, that and look and etc.	That and look, the oar will snatch and throw himself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in fairness, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it's funny to say, to tell in honor, between us speaking, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, in essence and etc.	They followed him, however, some weaknesses(Turgenev). I, I confess, do not like this tree too much - aspen ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, I dare say, does not offend me more than ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Message source	According to the report of someone, in the opinion of someone, in my opinion, in your opinion, in the words of someone, in the expression of someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember they say, they say, they say, as they say, they say, as they say, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as I remember, as they say, as they say, as you know, as indicated, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples the size of his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune with a garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linear Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. The order of thoughts and their connection	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, moreover, on top of everything, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical, and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the door and listened to how my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Evaluation of the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, frankly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, shorter, or rather, better to say, frankly, it’s easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.	In a word, Streshnikov every day thought harder and harder to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but an employee(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well or, rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts presented	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, it happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Spoke to me at least as an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the hole ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov).
7. Attracting the attention of the interlocutor to the message, emphasizing, underlining	See (do), know (do), remember (do), understand (do), believe (do), listen, let me, imagine, imagine, you can imagine, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe, not believe it, agree, mind you, please, if you want to know, I remind you, remind you, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is more important, what is essential, what is even more essential and etc.	Did you get cold feet, confess, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where is it, excuse me, was(Pavlenko).

2. By their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to various parts speech and various grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, for happiness and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Really, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

Besides, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in a positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, or rather.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think if you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

Look, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with gerunds;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

As long as I can remember, I often think.

impersonal sentences;
She thought we all remember it well.
indefinite personal proposals.
So they thought of him, as they usually talked about him.

That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (therefore, not members of the sentence), or sometimes as members of the sentence. In order not to be mistaken, it should be remembered that:

but) a question can be posed to a member of the proposal;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the above meanings;

in) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

It's true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, long-winded creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen we right let's go? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we will probably get along if we sit next to(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the ability to add a word speaking.

By the way, he never came("By the way"); You, in fact, could not have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("shortly speaking"); I really don't want to go back to what I said.("in truth").

When defining the syntactic function and the placement of punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word is probably introductory in the meaning of "probably, apparently":

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word is probably a member of a sentence meaning "surely, exactly":

If i know(as?) probably that I must die, then I'll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) Finally, the word is introductory:

if it indicates a connection between thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of "and more"), completes the enumeration:

Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first a self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous terms of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing of the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, leave at last!(Chekhov).

Note!

Finally, the word is not introductory and serves as a circumstance in the meaning of "at the end", "at last", "after everything", "as a result of everything."

Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).

In this sense, the particle -to can usually be added to the word at last (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (At last got to the station). - You can finally ask your father for advice.(adding a particle something impossible).

3) Distinguishing the combination in the end as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence - the circumstances are similar in terms of the terms of the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we have not yet decided anything completely! (eventually denotes not time, but the conclusion reached by the speaker as a result of a series of reasoning). - Finally agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance "as a result of everything").

4) However, a word is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of communication homogeneous members the word, however, has the meaning of an adversarial conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - what kind of witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning to the interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word, of course, is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about the "national heroes"(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, acquires the meaning of an affirmative particle and does not stand out punctually:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word really is introductory in the meaning of "yes, so, right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops opened up.(L. Tolstoy).

How an adverb really means "really, really, in reality" (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word is generally introductory if it is used in the meaning "generally speaking":

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

in the meaning of "in general", "in general":
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);
in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":
To light the fires he at all forbidden, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":
It at all looked eccentric(Turgenev).

This provision also applies to the form in general.

Wed: In general, there is nothing to grieve about(introductory word, you can replace - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning "in the end"); Made a few comments on various little things, but generally highly praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive and evaluative value:

Anyway, his surname was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information, at least in short term , it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:

You anyway will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished by the employed, if it is used in a meaning close to the direct one, or in the meaning “in response”, “on its part”:

It in turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked them to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater's artistic council.

IN figurative meaning the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation is highlighted:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, stand out an essay, a feuilleton, a pamphlet.

10) The combination really in the meaning "really" is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if, in particular, it is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it stands out as employed along with this structure:

Many will willingly undertake this work, and in particular me; Many will willingly undertake this work, and myself in particular.

If in particular is included in the design in general and in particular, then such a construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea, we started talking about the household in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory, if it serves to highlight a fact, to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley ... and it was mainly the public who walked along it(Bitter) (it is impossible to form the combination "mainly to walk", therefore in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the offer); The article should be corrected and mainly supplemented with fresh material. (mainly meaning "the most important thing"). The combination mainly that is part of the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers crowded not far away(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of "first of all", "most":

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; The main thing I like about him is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the meaning of "especially important", "especially important":

You can take an arbitrary topic for the story, but, most importantly, it should be interesting; Details can be omitted, and most importantly - to keep it entertaining.(You cannot put a comma after the conjunction a, and a dash is put after the introductory combination to strengthen punctuation).

14) The word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words hence, therefore:

People will be born, get married, die; so it is necessary, so good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So you can't come today?

If a word means close in meaning to "means", then punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed in front of it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases, it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is between the subordinate clause and the main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is separated from both sides by commas:

If he so stubbornly defends his views, then he feels that he is right; If you didn't save the child, then blame yourself.

15) The word is the opposite in the meaning of “as opposed to what is said or expected; opposite "is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the trestle and desperately twirled the whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the union and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, then no sign is placed in front of the union:

In the picture, light colors turn into dark ones and vice versa.(i.e. dark to light);

when, and vice versa, it joins a whole sentence, then a comma is placed before the union:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa.(whole sentence is replaced: The farther away the light source, the less bright the light it emits.; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is before the union and is not put:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in ancient world considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses are formed with a non-repeating conjunction and: ... and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) A combination is at least an introductory one if it has an evaluative and restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker's attitude to the expressed thought:

Someone, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akaky Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised me to try to transfer her to a political one, or at least to a nurse in a hospital.(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas, if it has the value "not less than", "least":

From his sunburnt face it was possible to conclude that he knew what smoke is, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) A turnover that includes a combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it has the meaning "in opinion":

Choosing a place for building a cottage, from my point of view, is successful.

If such a combination has the meaning "in relation", then the turnover with commas is not highlighted:

I know that a crime has been committed if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word about is introductory in the meaning of "for example" and is not introductory in the meaning of "about".

Wed: I try about her, about("eg"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are about("about") in these tones and with such conclusions they talked(Furmanov).

19) A word for example is associated with the following punctuation:

separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to argue persistently, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe throughout his life.(Turgenev);
stands out together with the turnover, at the beginning or at the end of which there is:

requires a comma in front of itself and a colon after itself, if it appears after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: pale toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, hardly, allegedly, almost, even, precisely, after all, only, certainly, here, just, after all, necessarily, all of a sudden.

3. General rules for setting punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I confess that he did not make a pleasant impression on me.(Turgenev); You probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is put before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all kinds of printed matter were lying on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then the comma before the dash is placed on the basis general rule separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and marries, out of tenderness of the soul ...(Dostoevsky); Therefore, in your opinion, should everyone, without exception, be engaged in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Amplifying particles are not separated from them by a comma during introductory words:

This is probably so, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover (separation, clarification, explanation, addition), then it is not separated from the turnover by any sign:

The swarthy, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among the comrades there are such poets, lyrics or something, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from a separate turnover, even if they are at the very beginning or very end of the sentence:

Apparently wary of snow drifts, the leader of the group canceled the ascent to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and contrived of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to the mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, and cases when it is between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate turnover, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical guide(without the introductory word, there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small and technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when there may be a doubt to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or following, the introductory word located between them refers, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information is gleaned from the new, seems especially for the givencase drawn up, reference book(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by god and people, corner of the earth(qualifying definition for demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of the turn, enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both posts (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a compositional union before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be as follows. Introductory words are separated from the preceding compositional union by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged in another place of the sentence without violating its structure (as a rule, with the unions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then the comma after the union is not put (usually with the union a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and, probably, the book will go on sale in a few days. (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made. (This issue has been considered several times, but the final decision has not yet been made.); Not coal can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It can be used not coal, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made in a hurry and therefore inaccurate.(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately.); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa.(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, and vice versa).

Note!

Homogeneous term of the sentence after the introductory words and hence, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not put after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of the incoming signals, and hence the strength of the reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be checked.

6) After the joining union (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not put, since the union is closely adjacent to the introductory word following it:

And imagine, he staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance was wonderful; And what do you think, he got his way; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (with intonation highlighting of introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinate union), after the connecting union, a comma is put before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words before the comparative turnover (with the union like), the target turnover (with the union to), etc., are separated from them on the basis of the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as well as to others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases, the introductory word does not refer to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) A dash may be used instead of a comma in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

Dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (some word is missing, which can be reconstructed from the context), then instead of one comma, a dash is usually put:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses rest, on the other, to rest and refresh themselves.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by a dash);

A dash is placed in front of the introductory word as an additional decimal point if the introductory word is between two parts of a complex sentence and, in terms of meaning, can be attributed to either the preceding or the following part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it from the yard(the dash emphasizes that not “the dog must have disappeared”, but that “the dog must have been driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes a causal or connecting relationship between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, the circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate turn, and after it - a comma to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additionally for the exam - for example, those who are re-taking (let's say in the meaning of "suppose", "say");

A dash is placed before the introductory word after the comma, if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme accuracy who the governor was in the city, who was the chairman of the chamber, who was the prosecutor - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person.(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have minor members):

To suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it was not easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him break away is a big nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

An introductory word is a word (or phrase) that is part of a sentence, but does not enter into a syntactic relationship with its members. Usually gives information about the source of the message or connection with the context, and also expresses the attitude towards the statement (assessment).

In this task you will come across such a phenomenon in the Russian language as introductory words and constructions, and the site will help you figure everything out.

Introductory words are called words, phrases and sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the utterance.

Video about introductory words in Russian

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Signs of introductory words and constructions:

they cannot be asked a question from other members of the proposal;
they are replaced by synonymous introductory words and constructions;
they are easily removed from the text without losing their meaning.

Distinguish! The same words may or may not be introductory.

Rule.

Introductory words and constructions in the letter are highlighted on both sides with commas.

List of introductory words (examples). The following categories of introductory words and constructions can be distinguished:

VALUE	INTRODUCTORY WORD	EXAMPLE
Confidence or uncertainty	of course, undoubtedly, without any doubt, obvious, certainly, of course, self-evident, indisputable, indeed, probably, perhaps, true, probably, in all likelihood, maybe, maybe, maybe, it would seem, it would seem apparently, apparently, perhaps, in fact, truly, though, isn't it, in essence, in essence, in essence, right, tea, I suppose, I think, I hope, I suppose	The birds will surely fly south very soon. We might go fishing this Sunday.
Various feelings and emotions	fortunately, unfortunately, fortunately, unhappily, joy, sorrow, sorrow, annoyance, unfortunately, surprise, amazement, horror, shame, happiness, joy, unfortunately, what good , there is nothing to hide, a strange thing, an amazing thing	Suddenly, to our delight, we saw a large ship on the horizon.
Source of utterance	they say, report, convey, according to ..., according to the message ..., according to the information ..., in the opinion ..., in my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, in my opinion, according to rumors, according to legend, I remember it is audible, they say	The distant lakes are rumored to be rich in fish.
The order of phenomena or thoughts and the relationship between them	so, therefore, it means, on the contrary, on the contrary, further, by the way, by the way, in general, in particular, first of all, in addition, in addition, therefore, for example, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, by the way to say, by the way, to say, firstly, secondly, and so on, on the one hand, on the other hand, I repeat, I emphasize	Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, was a never-ending service.
Assessment of the style of expression, the way of expressing thoughts	in a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, in other words, in short, simply to say, to put it mildly, so to speak, so to speak, if I may say so, it is better to say, so to speak, what are called others; words actually, in general, or rather, more precisely, rather, and the like (if you can add to them speaking)	In a word, the role of each comment is enormous.
Call to interlocutor	see (do), see (do), understand (do), understand (do), know (do), know (do), understand, understand, believe, listen, agree, imagine, imagine, excuse me, forgive, believe (whether), believe (whether), please	Explain to me, please, what miracles are

Trap # 1! They are not introductory and are NOT highlighted with commas: little by little, at the beginning, suddenly, as if, supposedly, ultimately, it is unlikely, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, just, as if, almost, as would, just, moreover, meanwhile, by proposal, simply, by decision, by resolution, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, once, as if, on top of everything, for now, as it were, decisively , exclusively, that's about, even.

Trap # 2! Particle used to highlighted with commas.

Algorithm for the task.

1) Remember if the word that you consider introductory refers to those words that are not highlighted in the letter.

2) Take it out of the offer. The meaning has not changed? Separate with commas.

3) Try asking a question for a word that you think is introductory. If not set, most likely, it is introductory and separated by commas.

4) Remember the meanings of the introductory words. Is your word among them?

Analysis of the task.

In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in their place in the sentence must be commas?

It is (1) possible (2) to do, but not very soon. Claudia left (3) or rather (4) ran away, embarrassedly covering her face with a shawl.

We try to remove them from the proposal: Do it, but not very soon. Claudia left and ran away, embarrassedly covering her face with a shawl. In the first sentence, the word possibly is not removed, since without it it is violated, so it is not separated by commas.

In the second sentence or rather easily extracted from the sentence. Also, you cannot ask a question to it, it belongs to the category of introductory words that express the way thoughts are formed. We conclude: in a letter or rather separated by commas.

In this way, the correct answer is option number 2.

Practice.

1. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in place of which in sentences must be commas?

One of the heroes of the novel (1) of course (2) Eugene Onegin is a typical young nobleman of the early XIX century. But the main character(3) no doubt (4) A.S. Pushkin himself is the author of the work.

1) 1, 2 2) 1, 3 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

2. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in place of which in sentences must be commas?

The sounds of music from the open windows of the outbuilding poured timidly, uncertainly: they (1) seemed to (2) were looking for, were trying to express something. Just about (3) it seemed (4) the topic would be grasped.

1) 1, 2, 3 2) 1, 2 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 3

3. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in their place in sentences must be commas?

"Autumn Day in Sokolniki" is the only (1) most likely (2) painting by Levitan, in which a person is present. It is a landscape where gray autumn (3) truly (4) comes alive.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4 2) 1, 2 3) 3, 4 4) 1, 3

Example: Unfortunately he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can serve the same function.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Digits of introductory words by meaning

Value	Introductory components	Examples of
1. Evaluation of the reported from the point of view of reliability, etc .:
1.1. Confidence, reliability	Of course, of course, undoubtedly, undoubtedly, without doubt, undoubtedly, indeed, in fact, true, of course, of course, genuine and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel needless to say, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died ... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, seen, apparently, apparently, right, maybe, it must be, I think, I think, I suppose, I suppose, I hope , in a way, in a sense, suppose, suppose, say, if you like, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning(Fadeev). Life doesn't seem to have begun yet(Paustovsky). The free bread, apparently, tasted(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach in a different way, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). My head started to ache. Must be bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different senses:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, for happiness, for joy, for joy, for the pleasure of someone, which is good, which is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught a steamer sailing to Frankfurt.(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, a whole locksmith's workshop is set up on the old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to grief, to chagrin, to misfortune, as to misfortune, as if on purpose, a sinful deed, which is even worse, which is insulting, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Paul died.(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible business and etc.	Naydenov, to the amazement of Nagulny, in one second brushed the leather jacket off his shoulders, sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, what good, God forbid, that and look and etc.	That and look, the oar will snatch and throw himself into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. The general expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in fairness, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, truth, in truth, it is necessary to tell the truth, if the truth is told, it's funny to say, to tell in honor, between us speaking, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, in essence and etc.	They followed him, however, some weaknesses(Turgenev). I, I confess, do not like this tree too much - aspen ...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, I dare say, does not offend me more than ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Message source	According to the report of someone, in the opinion of someone, in my opinion, in your opinion, in the words of someone, in the expression of someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember they say, they say, they say, as they say, they say, as they say, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as I remember, as they say, as they say, as you know, as indicated, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples the size of his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune with a garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago, Linear Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. The order of thoughts and their connection	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, moreover, on top of everything, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical, and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room outside the door and listened to how my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Evaluation of the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in a word, in other words, in other words, frankly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, shorter, or rather, better to say, frankly, it’s easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what is called and etc.	In a word, Streshnikov every day thought harder and harder to marry(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but an employee(Chekhov). We got up and went to push to the well or, rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts presented	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, it happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Spoke to me at least as an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the hole ...(Turgenev) It happens that my luck is happier(Griboyedov).
7. Attracting the attention of the interlocutor to the message, emphasizing, underlining	See (do), know (do), remember (do), understand (do), believe (do), listen, let me, imagine, imagine, you can imagine, believe, imagine, confess, believe, believe, not believe it, agree, mind you, please, if you want to know, I remind you, remind you, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is more important, what is essential, what is even more essential and etc.	Did you get cold feet, confess, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where is it, excuse me, was(Pavlenko).

2. According to their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, for happiness and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Really, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

Besides, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in a positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably shorter, or rather.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think if you believe, it seemed, they say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

Look, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with gerunds;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it bluntly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

As long as I can remember, I often think.

impersonal sentences;
She thought we all remember it well.
indefinite personal proposals.
So they thought of him, as they usually talked about him.

That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

but) a question can be posed to a member of the proposal;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the above meanings;

in) introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

It's true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes ... it's not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, long-winded creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen we right let's go? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we will probably get along if we sit next to(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and members of a sentence is the ability to add a word speaking.

When defining the syntactic function and the placement of punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word is probably introductory in the meaning of "probably, apparently":

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word is probably a member of a sentence meaning "surely, exactly":

If i know(as?) probably that I must die, then I'll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) Finally, the word is introductory:

if it indicates a connection between thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of "and more"), completes the enumeration:

Opekushin was a native of the common people, at first a self-taught, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often the word is finally preceded by homogeneous terms of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word is finally the closing of the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker's face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, leave at last!(Chekhov).

Note!

Finally, the word is not introductory and serves as a circumstance in the meaning of "at the end", "at last", "after everything", "as a result of everything."

Gave three balls annually and squandered finally (Pushkin).

In this sense, the particle -to can usually be added to the word at last (with an introductory word, such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (At last got to the station). - You can finally ask your father for advice.(adding a particle something impossible).

3) Distinguishing the combination in the end as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence - the circumstances are similar in terms of the terms of the word finally.

4) However, a word is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

Heat and fatigue took, however, their(Turgenev); How clever I am, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word, however, has the meaning of an adversarial union (it can be replaced by the union but), therefore a comma is placed only in front of this word:

However, it is desirable to know - what kind of witchcraft did the peasant take such power over the whole district?(Nekrasov).

5) The word, of course, is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor still worked in the rear, heard, of course, and read many times about the "national heroes"(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction, acquires the meaning of an affirmative particle and does not stand out punctually:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word really is introductory in the meaning of "yes, so, right, exactly" (usually it takes a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops opened up.(L. Tolstoy).

How an adverb really means "really, really, in reality" (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really is as you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word is generally introductory if it is used in the meaning "generally speaking":

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

in the meaning of "in general", "in general":
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);
in the meaning of "always", "absolutely", "under all conditions":
To light the fires he at all forbidden, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
in the meaning of "in all respects", "in relation to everything":
It at all looked eccentric(Turgenev).

This provision also applies to the form in general.

Wed: In general, there is nothing to grieve about(introductory word, you can replace - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning "in the end"); Made a few comments on various little things, but generally highly praised(Garshin) (meaning "as a result").

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive and evaluative value:

Anyway, his surname was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information, in any case in a short time, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning "under any circumstances" this combination is not introductory:

You anyway will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll meet him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished by the employed, if it is used in a meaning close to the direct one, or in the meaning “in response”, “on its part”:

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, acquires the meaning of introductory and punctuation is highlighted: