Strange, but not yet married ... Nikolai Larina's mom died in 1997, and dad after a while remarried. But the relationship is still warm, trusting, which, in fact, should, probably, be between a son and a father. Dad, Yuri Nikolaevich, is a fairly well-known

Punctuation marks in introductory words are often difficult. And how do you even understand which words in a sentence are introductory? How to recognize them and how to choose where to put a comma, and where you can do without it? We will help you figure it out. Carefully study this instruction and copy it for yourself - it will help you out with your homework more than once and will be useful in preparing for the State Examination and Unified State Exam.

What are introductory words

Introductory words do not enter into a syntactic relationship with the members of the sentence and are not themselves members of the sentence. Serve to express a certain attitude to the message or its characteristics. And they can also serve as a means of logical formation of thoughts, referring to the source, etc.

The introductory words can be:

• verbs (infinitives, personal forms);
• gerunds;
• nouns;
• pronouns;
• adverbs;
• unions.

Signs of introductory words:

• They cannot be asked questions from other members of the proposal.
• You can replace it with another introductory word or construction.
• Can be easily removed from a sentence without losing meaning.

Everything introductory words can be divided into semantic groups according to their role and meaning in the sentence. For convenience, we have combined groups of introductory words into a table:

Much depends on the choice of one or another introductory word in a sentence. For example, its intonation and the nature of the message. Compare the same sentence if you substitute introductory words into it really and probably.

• Really, children have succeeded.
• The children must have succeeded.

Most words, depending on the context, can act both as introductory words and as ordinary members of a sentence. Examples will help you better understand exactly how to deal with introductory words.

Remember the words that are never introductory: as if, as if, meanwhile, as if, as if, just, moreover, nevertheless, almost, approximately, suddenly, even, as if, in addition, little by little, as it were, after all, behold, whether harming, precisely, necessarily, only.

Commas for introductory words (simple cases)

If two introductory words are side by side, a comma is placed between them.

• However, oddly enough, it was he who turned out to be right.

If the introductory word but stands at the beginning of a simple sentence, it is not introductory and for this reason is not separated by commas.

• but they were very wrong.

A similar rule applies when but begins part of a complex sentence or serves as a means of communication for homogeneous members in a sentence. In this case, it takes on the meaning of an adversarial union. but, is not introductory and should not be separated by commas.

• Everyone is looking forward to spring, crossing out the last days of winter on the calendar. but it's already March, and the snow on the streets hasn't melted yet.

If a but is located in the middle or end of a sentence, it acts as an introductory word and must be separated by commas.

• And life, but, is getting better!

By the way, the introductory word plays a very similar meaning and role in the sentence however.

If the introductory word finally has the meaning in the end, as a result etc., you do not need to separate it with commas.

• Katya studied a lot and finally was able to pass this difficult exam successfully.

Introductory word finally beats off with commas, if it is after the listing, sums up, and also if it is equal in value to words and further.

• Zhenya played the violin, went to the taekwondo section, drew well and, finally, wrote great stories.

By the way, the introductory word at all although not self-evident, it also has an indirect relation to enumerations. The truth is most often at the level of several sentences: it summarizes and summarizes several previously expressed thoughts and brings them to a common denominator.

• At all, you can talk about this for a long time and in detail, but it is better to see everything with your own eyes once.

Introductory word means separated by commas in value hence, therefore.

• Well, since even my mother has already supported this idea, means, so it should be done.

Introductory word mainly separated by commas when relevant the most important thing.

• Mark spoke quickly, passionately, interrupting himself, in a hurry not only to convey his thought to the audience, but, mainly trying to make it understandable and obvious to everyone.

If a so is written together, then this is an introductory word that must be separated by commas. If it is a union + particle so, this construction is not introductory and should not be separated by commas.

• so, let's get down to the lesson.
• So will be with everyone who goes against us.

Remember that the particle used to always separated by commas.

• She is, used to, sat by the window for hours and watched the bizarre and varied life on the other side of the window frame.

Introductory word in combination with a separate turnover

If the introductory word in the sentence comes before a separate turnover, commas are placed before the introductory word and after the turnover. There is no need to put commas between the introductory word and the separate turn of the commas.

• This tradition spread quickly and is still alive today in many places, particularly in remote villages and small towns.

If the introductory word is inside a separate turnover, it is separated by commas on both sides. All signs that should be used to break off a separate turnover are also preserved.

• Everything that happens in my deep conviction, or rather, faith, can be explained by exclusively rational reasons.

If the introductory word is located after a separate turnover, commas are placed before the turnover and after the introductory word. The very same introductory word is not separately separated by commas.

• So it pulls on a journey, to distant and warm countries, on a tropical island for example.

Remember that if a separate turnover from the rest of the sentence is separated not by commas, but by brackets, inside them the introductory word is broken off with commas as a general rule.

• I had a somehow stupid idea ( or brilliant, maybe) to travel around the globe in 80 days.

If the introductory word comes before a separate turnover that begins with the words how to, it is fought off with commas as a general rule.

• The teacher was silent for a moment, probably to catch my breath.

Remember that for introductory words or rather, more precisely two options for setting punctuation marks are acceptable:

The introductory words themselves are highlighted with commas, and those after or rather, more precisely members of the sentence are not separated by commas.

• You, or rather I owe my position to your family.

IN fiction quite often there is a different approach to the setting of punctuation marks - the specifying members of the sentence are separated by commas. The words or rather, more precisely stand at the beginning of a separate turnover and are not separated from it by commas.

• Analyze the past or rather - bad in the past, makes sense only if, on the basis of this analysis, it is possible to correct the present or prepare the future. (V. Nekrasov)

Introductory word in combination with union

Whether or not to separate introductory words and constructions from the union that stands in front of it in the sentence determines the context.

A comma is used if the introductory word can be omitted or moved without loss of meaning.

• I used to make all the important decisions myself, but as you know Sometimes friendly advice is essential.

Otherwise, no comma is required. Often this rule applies to such combinations of an introductory word and a union. but, as: and hence, and therefore... Or an introductory word and union but: but therefore.

• The day has passed the middle, which means, the streetlights will be on soon.

If the sentence begins with an adjoining union followed by an introductory word, no comma is put.

• And indeed why am I so upset?

However, if the intonation of the sentence in this place suggests a pause between the union and the introductory word, a comma must be put.

• And to my great shame, she bent down and snatched the book that had just been spoiled from my hands.

Introductory word in combination with homogeneous members and / or parts of a complex sentence

Introductory words are not separated by commas from the words following them and the sentences to which they refer, if located next to homogeneous members or on the border between parts of a complex sentence.

• Something thumped loudly on the floor in the hallway, it must have jumped off the closet.

Introductory sentences have about the same meaning as introductory words. In a sentence, they are separated by commas, in some cases - by a dash.

• Behind me, as my grandfather used to say, will not rust.

Conclusion

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1. If the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, commas are putbefore the introductory word and after all the stand-alone turnover... There is no comma after the introductory word(in other words, the comma, which was supposed to "close" the introductory word, is carried to the end of the isolated turn).

Little by little, everyone who has completed some rather important homework, such as those who have talked to their doctor about the weather and about a small pimple that has jumped on their nose, who have learned about the health of their horses and their children, join their society. however showing great talents... N. Gogol, Nevsky prospect. ... Vera Nikolaevna felt in front of her master - in general, not at all like Ivan the Terrible - a thrill in love, maybe even admiration for a loyal subject. V. Kataev, The Grass of Oblivion. I'm also used to writing my thoughts on just about anything, in particular on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. ... Regarding the gold that Cagliostro mined without any difficulty from all other metals, such as copper turning them into gold with the touch of his hands, Stroganov also had a low opinion. Yu. Tynyanov, Citizen Ocher.

2. If the introductory word is inside a separate turnover, it is separated by commas on both sides, while the signs at the beginning and at the end of the isolated turn are preserved.

Overwhelmed by these bitter thoughts not quite, however, fair and inspired by Anikanov's letter that worried him Travkin emerged from the barn into the cold dawn. E. Kazakevich, Star. This is my composition - or rather a lecture- has neither a definite form, nor a chronological structure, which I do not recognize ... V. Kataev, My Diamond Crown.

3. If the introductory word is at the end of a separate turnover, commas are put before a separate turnover and after him. There is no comma before the introductory word.

And instead of a speck, another road appeared in front, that is, not that a road, an earthly scratch, groove rather. V. Astafiev, So I want to live. For the holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kiev for example.

Introductory sentences have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and combinations. They are separated by commas, or, much more rarely, by a dash:I was led as it was said in the old days, the mysterious power of predestination.V. Kataev, Holy well.Now,as befitting real state, Schwambrania needed a history... L. Kassil, Conduit and Schwambrania.how it is customary to say in newspaper reports, "Its walls have been seen" by many famous people... K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. ...Sitting here on pain of death and - even worse- in the pouring rain.E. Kazakevich, Star.

Comma after unionput, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place of the sentence without violating its structure.

I only learned that he had once been a coachman at an old childless lady, ran with the three horses entrusted to him, disappeared whole year and, should be convinced in practice of the disadvantages and disasters of a wandering life, he returned himself, but already lame ... I. Turgenev, Singers. However, Volodya, seeing how difficult it was for the boy, did not swear at all, but, on the contrary, said something encouraging. Yu. Vizbor, An alternative to the top of the Key ... Before leaving, I took out a list from under the glass and with extreme pressure blotted out the word "Volobuy" with my rainbow pen. I decided on this because it was shaggy with paper fibers. and, means, he was already scratched before me with a claw ... K. Vorobyov, Here comes a giant. She suffered for a very long time after separation, but, as known, time heals any wounds.

If the removal of the introductory word is impossible (i.e., the union is included in introductory structure, forming a single combination with it), then the comma after the union not put(usually this happens with a union but).

“You are not hindering me in the least,” he objected, “if you please yourself, shoot, but by the way, as you please; your shot is yours; I am always ready for your service. " A. Pushkin, Shot. You, it seems, later loved the Portuguese, // Maybe, with the Malay you left. A. Vertinsky, Where are you now ... The grass in our meadow, yellowed and blown away, nevertheless remained alive and soft, free from the game were busy on it, better to say, the lost guys. V. Rasputin, French Lessons. Gas appears by chance or not, whether it is associated with cyclones, which means whether it is possible to predict on this basis - the question requires clarification. A. Gladilin, Forecast for tomorrow.

The introductory word is usually does not separate punctuation mark from the connecting union at the beginning of the sentence.

And indeed During these four years, while I serve in the gymnasium, I feel that strength and youth are dripping out of me every day. A. Chekhov, Three Sisters. “No, life is still wise, and you have to obey its laws,” he said thoughtfully. - And besides, life is Beautiful". A. Kuprin, Lenochka. And generally speaking , now, when he was a little distracted from the thought of the missing violin and began to believe that it was from him that was stolen from his personal belongings, household property, some kind of shy awkwardness appeared in him ... A. and G. Weiners, Visit to the Minotaur. On the second floor there was a soft carpet in the corridor, and Dmitry Alekseevich felt the closeness of his superiors. And indeed, he immediately saw a plate of thick glass: "Director." V. Dudintsev, Not by bread alone. In 1925 he seemed to have some time left. Yes, besides, he has already done something worthwhile. D. Granin, Bison.